unit 1 assignment 1 cancer research

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Cancer: Unit 1

What is cancer and why should we care.

The purpose of this unit is to engage students on the topic of cancer, by showing them how they can be personally impacted by cancer and by explaining how major questions in the cancer field impact our ability to treat cancer successfully. Students learn about how we know what causes cancer and how their own personal choices can affect their likelihood of developing cancer.

Why should we care about cancer?

This lesson engages students on the idea that cancer is relevant to young people, not simply a disease of old age. It uses Steve Jobs as a case study example of how a cancer that manifests clinical symptoms as a person ages may actually have arisen when the person was young. Students will learn when Jobs’ pancreatic cancer developed and when it spread to his liver and lung and hence evaluate whether his choice at the age of 56 to delay pancreatic surgery for several months actually impacted his life expectancy. They will also discuss how early exposure to carcinogens may have impacted his cancer development.

How has our understanding of cancer changed over time?

This lesson reviews how cancer has been viewed through history. Students will learn how historical context has always influenced how cancer has been perceived and will investigate the technological breakthroughs that have led to our understanding of cancer biology. Students will come to appreciate how what was once a death sentence, is now often treatable.

What do we now know about what causes cancer?

This lesson introduces students to the idea that carcinogens can cause cancer by damaging the DNA of genes involved in cell growth. Students will learn about the different assays that are used to evaluate carcinogenicity of substances that we encounter in our daily lives.

How can we identify a novel carcinogen?

In the  Infectious Diseases module , students learn to prove that a pathogen is responsible for an infectious disease, using Koch’s postulates. In this lesson, students understand that Koch’s postulates cannot be applied to carcinogens that are not infective agents, and that it is impossible to establish causation when dealing with diseases of unknown and complex origins such as cancer. Instead, students will learn about Hill’s postulates which use correlation to determine the likelihood of a particular agent being a carcinogen. They will use Hill’s postulates to evaluate the evidence that specific carcinogens ’cause’ certain types of cancer.

How do we determine cancer risk?

In the final lesson students are introduced to important cancer terms that they will encounter in the media including the concepts of risk and exposure. Using population statistics to calculate risk factors, they will determine how to assess the risk of developing different kinds of cancers and will be able to evaluate the choices they themselves make. In this way they will begin to learn how to make informed decisions to minimize their own risk of developing cancer.

Teacher Prep: Unit 1 Lesson Overview Videos

In the YouTube embed below, click the order listing in the upper right to toggle the display for the full playlist.

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Unit 1 Exploring Business Assignment 1 Learning aims A & B

Subject: Business and finance

Age range: 16+

Resource type: Unit of work

Last updated

25 April 2020

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This report covers** Unit 1 Exploring Business - Assignment 1**. It explores the features of Asda (for profit) and Cancer Research UK (non-profit) and analyses what makes them successful. Further it analyses the organisation structure of both companies and how it allows them to achieve their objectives. Finally, it evaluates what makes both companies successful, with the help of the evidences gathered throughout the report. The report covers all of the criteria required to achieve distinction as well as the correct structure and layout needed to reach those high grades. Just follow the content, it will save you time and help you effortlessly achieve distinctions.

Content covered:

P1 - Explain the features of two contrasting businesses. P2 - Explain how two contrasting businesses are influenced by stakeholders. P3 - Explore the organisation structures, aims and objectives of two contrasting businesses. M1 - Assess the relationship and communication with stakeholders of two contrasting businesses using independent research. M2 - Analyse how the structures of two contrasting businesses allow each to achieve its aims and objectives. D1 - Evaluate the reasons for the success of two contrasting businesses, reflecting on evidence gathered.

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Unit 1 – Exploring Business Assignment 1 BTEC Business Level 3 *DISTINCTION* GRADED COURSEWORK – Covers: P1,P2,P3,M1,M2,D1

This document includes 50 detailed pages of Distinction* graded coursework for Unit 1 – Exploring Business Assignment 1, covering: P1,P2,P3,M1,M2 and D1. This assignment is on Tesco and Cancer Research UK and can be used as a guide of exactly what you need to include to achieve a Distinction in the unit. Use this document to save countless hours working on assignments. Breakdown of each part that is covered in this document: P1: Explain the features of two contrasting businesses. P2: Explain how two contrasting businesses are influenced by stakeholders. P3: Explore the organisation structures, aims and objectives of two contrasting businesses. M1: Assess the relationship and communication with stakeholders of two contrasting businesses using independent research. M2: Analyse how the structures of two contrasting businesses allow each to achieve its aims and objectives. D1:Evaluate the reasons for the success of two contrasting businesses, reflecting on evidence gathered.

EDU REPORT: Compiled by (Name) Unit 1 – Assignment 1, Learning aims A and B Features of Business which contribute to the success of two contrasting businesses INTRODUCTION: This report will cover two contrasting businesses. The first business is a FOR-PROFIT organisation (Tesco) operating in the private sector, the second is a NOT-FOR-PROFIT organisation (Cancer Research) which is a charitable trust. This report will explore the features, organisational structures, aims and objectives, stakeholders alongside how Tesco and Cancer Research UK communicate with their stakeholders and an evaluation of what makes the two businesses successful, drawing to a conclusion reflecting all areas covered in the report. FEATURES OF THE BUSINESSES (A.P1) In P1 I will firstly cover the features of Tescos which includes, how it is owned, its liability, shareholders, scope, size, sector, background and growth of the business, I will then repeat this explanation and analysis for Cancer Research UK. Before I cover the features of these businesses, I will define the features in detail then link them to each business after. CORPORATE SECTORS: Businesses exist in three main sectors, private sector (also addressed as the FOR-PROFIT sector), where the business is run by private individuals and will aim to maximise profits, the profits in the private sector are taxed by the government, these taxes are used for the funding of the public sector. Some private sector businesses combine with the government to create a public-private partnership where the government helps the private business to supply essential goods or services to the public. The public sector is owned and run by the government, they are usual services that benefit society, for example the NHS and education. The public sector is funded by the taxes of the private sector (and income tax of the public), without this money they would not be able to operate as they do not generate any income. The third sector is NOT-FOR-PROFIT which is made up of charities and voluntary projects also focused at benefitting society, they will still aim to maximise profit, however this profit is not used to satisfy those who own the business, instead it is reinvested and ploughed back into the business to fund their activities and help the cause that they are representing. NOT-FOR-PROFIT organisations are exempt from tax, this means that the government does not take a percentage of their profits due to the business actively trying to benefit society and it would cause lots of criticism, this helps them because it means they can reinvest more money into their work. OWNERSHIP: 1

In this section I will go into great detail about each ownership type, then later link it to Tesco and Cancer Research UK and explain how it is suitable for the way they operate. There are six common types of business ownership which are specific to how they operate and run. The most common type is a Sole Trader also known as a Sole Proprietorship, which is the most basic and simple ownership type as it is unincorporated and owned by one individual who is personally responsible for the businesses debts, profits and liabilities, meaning that they have unlimited liability and the business is not seen as a separate identity so the owners personal finances and assets can be used to pay off debts. The Sole Trader is the most common and basic type of ownership because of the limited paperwork needed to get it up and running due to its simple legal structure and minimal licences that need to be acquired in order for it to legally function, however this simple structure carries a large risk which can make it hard to raise capital as potential lenders, such as banks will be hesitant to lend money in fear that they will not get it back. An example of a Sole Trader would be a micro or small business like an electrician with few employees or who is self employed because this ownership type is suitable for very small businesses, in fact 59% of businesses in the UK are Sole Traders. A Partnership is also an unincorporated business which is driven by 2 or more individuals (usually up to 20), each partner holds a percentage/share of the business, this percentage determines the sum of profit the partner gets. The partners also share responsibility for the losses/debts of the business. There are two types of partners; a general partner who is actively engaging in the business’s decisions and bringing new ideas to help improve, innovate and advance the business, whereas a sleeping partner is an individual who has no interest in contributing to the business other than making money from their investment. A typical example of a partnership are dentists as they will commonly go into partnership with each other sharing expertise and offering private dental services. The third type of ownership is a Public Limited Company (PLC), the shares are offered to the public on the stock exchange market and anyone who purchases these shares are labelled as ‘shareholders’, the more shares an individual has the more influence they have when making decisions. This can also lead to hostile takeovers where a different organisation acquires 51% or more of the shares/voting stock giving them full control over the business. Unlike Sole Traders and Partnerships PLC’s are incorporated, becoming incorporated is the process of legally proclaiming a corporate entity detached from its shareholders and owners this requires a lot of paperwork due to the complex structure, a few examples of the paperwork needed are;

• Memorandum of Association
• Articles of Association
• Supplying Companies House with a set of accounts every year As the company has a separate legal identity to its owners it gives them limited liability, which means the owners are not personally accountable for the debts incurred by the company, they will only lose the capital they have invested. 2

A Private Limited Company (LTD) is very similar to a PLC as it is also incorporated with limited liability and is owned by shareholders, however the shares are not publicly available on the stock exchange instead the company will ‘invite’ certain individuals to buy their shares. Some LTD’s will convert into a PLC by ‘floating’ their shares onto the stock exchange, this process is called Flotation and it allows companies to raise capital very quickly which is most commonly used to expand the business. An example of a private limited company is Netflix as their shares cannot be publicly bought on the stock exchange market. The LTD ownership type is commonly adopted by larger companies because it is suitable for a company with many employees and departments. A Cooperative is controlled by its employees, customers, and local communities rather than distant shareholders. The members decide where the profits go and have an equal say in how the business should be run. The biggest example of a cooperative is CO-OP who are a large retailer, it is owned by individual members rather than investors holding shares. The last type of business ownership is a Franchise, an established company ‘franchisor’ will licence the rights to sell under their name to a ‘franchisee’. The Franchisor will offer equipment, advice and training to the franchisee, and the franchisee will sell products/services under the franchisor’s name, in return the franchisee has to pay a royalty fee regularly. LIABILITY: Unlimited liability – The owners of the business are personally liable for all debts and money owed by the business, the owners may not only just lose their investment in the business, they will also lose their personal assets and finances in order to pay the sum of money that they owe. This is because the business does not have its own legal identity. Having unlimited liability holds a greater risk than limited liability and it can be hard to find investors to raise capital. Usually smaller businesses (SMEs) will have unlimited liability due to the mass paperwork required to become incorporated and get limited liability, it requires a lot of money and time to become incorporated and therefore it may not be possible for small businesses to do so. The ownership types that have unlimited liability are Sole Traders, Partnership and some types of charities. Limited liability – This is where the business has a separate legal identity to its owners/shareholders and if the business gets into debt the owners are not held personally liable for the debts, instead they will only lose the money they have invested into the business. It is typical for larger businesses to have limited liability as it carries a reduced risk and investors are much more confident in investing and therefore it may be easier for the business to raise capital. A disadvantage to acquiring limited liability is that to do so it requires a lot of paperwork however this is not much of a problem to a large businesses as they have certain functional departments that will deal with the paperwork whereas small businesses may not have this and will find it difficult to produce all legal documents required to become incorporated and 3

have limited liability. Businesses can have limited liability in two ways. The first is limited by shares, this means that the company is owned by shareholders and those shareholders will only lose the value of the share that they hold (however much money they bought their shares for and how much they have additionally invested into the business). Some examples of businesses that are limited by shares are Tescos, Netflix, Amazon and Tesla which fall under the business ownership types of PLC, LTDs, Cooperative, and Franchises. The second is limited by guarantee which means that the business is not owned by shareholders and that there are guarantors who have agreed on a sum of money that they would pay to the creditor if the business got into debt. An example of a business that is limited by guarantee are charitable companies such as Cancer Research UK, British Red Cross and WWF. BUSINESS SECTORS: Primary – Businesses that operate here extract raw materials (drilling for oil, mining for metals), they will then sell them to the secondary sector businesses or use the raw materials for themselves. An example of this is oil rigs which is a large offshore platform which drills for oil. Secondary – The raw materials are manufactured into a suitable product that is sellable and designed to do a specific job, these businesses will then sell their finished products to retailers in the tertiary sector. Some examples of businesses that operate in this sector include Tesla as they manufacture their cars in large factories and building companies. Tertiary – Retail businesses operate in the tertiary sector as they provide services to distribute the manufactured goods to customers, this sector also includes general services such as education, transport, training and tourism. This can be B2B (business to business) or B2C (business to customer). Some examples of businesses that run in this sector include Amazon, Tesco, Budgens and Uber. Quaternary – The quaternary sector coincides with the tertiary sector in some areas. Some examples are; communications, information services, research and development where information is sourced from other sectors to develop new products and services. Some businesses operate in different sectors, for example Tesla operate in the secondary, tertiary and quaternary sector because they firstly manufacture their cars in factories using the raw materials supplied by the primary sector, they then also fulfil orders for their cars and distribute the cars to customers which means that they also operate in the tertiary sector. They also run in the quaternary sector as they research and develop more efficient electric motors for example, using scientific research. These sectors allow businesses to be interdependent, as they are relying on separate businesses in other sectors to supply them with raw materials to manufacture goods and finished goods to then distribute and sell to customers. SCOPE AND SIZE: 4 Powered by https://learnexams.com/search/study?query=aqa

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Job Opportunity: Cancer Registry of Greater California - Research Quality Control Specialist I

1.  job opportunity: cancer registry of greater california - research quality control specialist i.

Dear NAACCR colleagues,

The CRGC – Research Unit is excited to announce a job opportunity for a Research Quality Control Specialist I (QCSI).

The research QCSI is responsible for supporting and managing short- and long-term primary data collection projects at the CRGC's Research Unit. This includes assisting with abstracting medical records, other data collection efforts, and project management as needed. The QCSI works directly with the study project coordinator and/or principal investigator, to ensure that data collection is completed within the project timeline and complies with the requirements of the study protocols. The QCSI will be responsible for abstracting cancer-relevant data from medical records and coding as per study protocol, coordinating requests for medical records and biospecimens from medical facilities, and recruiting participants.

The full details of the job and instructions to apply for this posting (#1852) can be found at:

https://www.phi.org/employment/current-opportunities/research-quality-control-specialist-i/

CRGC, a program of Public Health Institute (PHI), is the largest registry in the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results SEER program, covering 48 of the 58 California counties, with a population of nearly 20 million residents and over 100,000 incident cancer cases each year. In addition to cancer surveillance, the CRGC conducts surveillance research using cancer registry data to enhance understanding of cancer incidence, mortality, treatment utilization, and survival in CRGC catchment areas and within California. It's research staff often work collaboratively with internal and external epidemiologists/researchers including research staff from California Cancer Registry (CCR) and other regional registry researchers on surveillance and outcome research. CRGC is also responsible for broadening the use of registry data for cancer research through data access and disclosure and responding to community concerns around cancer occurrences within its catchment areas.

The Public Health Institute (PHI) is an independent, nonprofit organization dedicated to promoting health, well-being, and quality of life for people throughout California, across the nation and around the world. As one of the largest and most comprehensive public health organizations in the nation, we are at the forefront of research and innovations to improve the efficacy of public health statewide, nationally, and internationally.

Anshu Shrestha, PhD, MPH

Interim Program Director/Research Scientist III

Cancer Registry of Greater California/Public Health Institute

1750 Howe Avenue, Suite 550

Sacramento, CA  95825

Phone: (916) 779-0360

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