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speech in urdu topic/100 best Speech topics in urdu

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• پاکستان میں دینی تعلیم کی اہمیت
• خواتین کے حقوق
• پاکستان کی ثقافتی زندگی
• ماحولیاتی آلودگی  اسباب اور سد باب
• نوجوانوں کا قومی تعمیر و ترقی میں کردار
• سوشل میڈیا کے اثرات
• پاکستان میں صحت اور صفائی کے روحجانات
• قومی تعطیلات اور ان کی اہمیت
• مسئلہ کشمیر : تاریخی پسِ منظر
• پاکستانیوں کا رول ماڈل
• غربت کم کرنے کے اقدامات
• روزمرہ زندگی پر ٹیکنالوجی کے اثرات
• ماحولیاتی تبدیلی اور پاکستان
• اُردو زبان کی اہمیت
• کاروبار اور چھوٹے کاروبار کی ترقی
• پاکستانی روایتی کھانے ؛صحت کے فوائد یا نقصانات
• شہروں کی آبادی میں بے ہنگم اضافہ اسباب اور سدِ باب
• مذہبی ہم آہنگی کی اہمیت
• پاکستانی ادب کا دنیاوی ادب سے تقابل
• CPEC (چین-پاکستان اقتصادی راہداری): مواقع اور چیلنجز
• سوشل میڈیا کا ملک کی ترقی میں کردار
• پاکستان میں ثقافتی تہوار اور جشن
• پاکستان میں سائبر سکیورٹی اور آن لائن کاروبار
• اسلامی ثقافت میں خوش نویسی کا کردار
• آبادی میں اضافہ : اسباب اور حل
• علامہ اقبال اور نوجوان
• پاکستان میں سماجی فلاحی پروگرام
• دیہی اور شہری شراکت داری کی اہمیت
• پاکستان کے ہمساؤں کے ساتھ تعلقات
• ذہانت کی اہمیت
• اسلامی بینکنگ کی اہمیت
• پاکستانی سینما: ماضی ، حال اور مستقبل
• پاکستان کی ترقی میں غیر حکومتی تنظیموں کا کردار
• پانی کی کمی اور بچاو کے اقدامات
• کووڈ-19 کے مجموعی معاشرت پر اثرات
• پاکستان میں متعدد زبانوں کو سیکھنے کے فوائد
• معاشی امکانات کے ذرائع اور چیلنجز
• پاکستان میں نیوکلیئر توانائی کا مستقبل
• جنگلات کی اہمیت
• پاکستان کی آزادی کی تاریخ
• پاکستان میں سیاحت کی صلاحیت
• ثقافتی وراثت اور حفاظت
• پاکستان کی تعلیمی اصلاحات
• پاکستان کے پڑوسی ملکوں کے ساتھ تعلقات
• پاکستان کے نوجوانوں کے سامنے چیلنجز
• پاکستان کی لوکل موسیقی کی انڈسٹری اور آلات کا کردار
• کرپشن : اسباب اور حل
• پاکستان میں بین الاقوامی صحت کا حصول
• نوجوانوں اور معاشی کاروبار
• پاکستان کے بین الاقوامی تنظیموں میں کردار
• پاکستان میں صوفیت کے اثرات
• پاکستان میں قدرتی کاشت کاری
• قائد اعظم محمد علی جناح
• تعلیمی نظام میں زراعت کی افادیت
• سوشل میڈیا کے سیاست پر اثرات
• مذہبی روایات کی ترویج
• جسمانی صحت کی اہمیت
• پاکستان ترقی میں خواتین کا کردار
• بجلی کی کمی: اسباب اور مواقع
• صفائی اور پاکستان
• پاکستانی موسیقی کے دنیا پر اثرات
• پانی کی آلودگی اسباب اور سد باب
• پاکستان میں عدم تشدد کی تحریک
• چائنہ-پاکستان دوستی کے اثرات
• پاکستان میں بچوں کی دماغی صحت
• پاکستان میں ڈیجیٹل تبدیلی
• تاریخی مقامات کی حفاظت
• پاکستان میں کھیلوں کی کارکردگی
• پاکستان میں انسانی حقوق کے مسائل
• چھوٹے کاروبار سے غربت کا خاتمہ
• ماڈل کاروبار کرنے کی اہمیت
• بچوں کی تعلیم کی اہمیت
• پاکستان میں دیانتداری کا کردار
• پانی کی آلودگی اور اصلاحات
• پاکستان میں ای-حکومت کا مستقبل
• پاکستان کا فضائی پروگرام اور کامیابیاں
• پاکستان کے معاشی معاملات
• اسلامی بینکنگ کا معاشی ترقی میں کردار
• پاکستان ترقی میں طب کا کردار
• پاکستان میں ٹیکنالوجی  کا مستقبل
• پاکستان میں دماغی صحت کے چیلنجز
• پاکستان میں نوجوانوں کا سیاست میں کردار
• بچپن کی شادی کے اثرات
• پاکستان کے کسانوں کو درپیش چیلنجز
• متاثرہ حلقوں کو قوت دینے کی اہمیت
• پاکستان کا عالمی فورموں میں کردار
• بچوں کی بدولت شادی کی ترویج کرنے کی اہمیت
• پاکستان اور قدرتی آفات
• صحت مند زندگی کی ترویج
• پاکستان میں ڈرامانگاری کی روایت
• سائبر بلیئنگ: آگاہی اور روک تھام
• تجرباتی سوچ کی اہمیت
• پاکستانی کسانوں کےچیلنجز
• متاثرہ حلقوں کو طاقت دینے کی کوشیش
• پاکستانی اقامے کی اہمیت
• پاکستان میں تعلیم کا حصول
• پاکستان میں سائنس اور ٹیکنالوجی
• پاکستان میں ذرائع آمدو رفت
• پاکستان کے پڑوسی

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Urdu Essays List 3

Essay on discipline in urdu, essay on city life in urdu, essay on good citizen in urdu, essay on doctor profession in urdu, essay on co-education in urdu, essay on zindagi in urdu, essay on juma in urdu, essay on first aid in urdu, essay on doctor in urdu, mera yadgar safar essay in urdu, essay on fashion in urdu, essay on water pollution in urdu, essay on my family in urdu, essay on women’s rights in urdu, essay on vegetables in urdu, essay on democracy in urdu, essay on uswa hasana in urdu, essay on father in urdu, essay on four seasons in urdu, dehati zindagi essay in urdu, تغیر کے موضوع پر ایک مضمون, اولمپک کھیل پر مختصر نوٹ, “چوری ایک بری عادت ہے” مضمون, عورتوں کی حالت پر ایک مختصر مضمون, benefits of knowledge urdu | تعلیم کے فوائد پر ایک مضمون, عمل سے زندگی بنتی ہے جنت بھی جہنم بھی مضمون, ہمت مرداں مدد خدا مضمون, علم روشنی ہے مضمون, sohanjana plant benefits in urdu | سوہانجنا کے فوائد, essay on sword in urdu | تلوار پر مضمون, essay on badshahi mosque in urdu, essay on anti corruption in urdu, essay on fateh makkah in urdu, essay on ramzan in urdu, essay on police in urdu, meri pasandeeda kitab mazmoon , essay on subah ki sair in urdu, essay on seerat-e-nabvi in urdu, essay on childhood in urdu, essay on tree plantation in urdu, how to become a successful person essay in urdu, essay on bijli in urdu, essay on cleanliness in urdu, essay on bulb in urdu, essay on indian army in urdu, essay on beauty of j&k in urdu, essay on qur’an in urdu, essay on patriotism in urdu, essay on parents in urdu, essay on drugs in urdu, essay on badminton in urdu, meri maa essay in urdu, my father my hero essay in urdu, essay on eidain in urdu, essay on election in urdu, essay on eid milad un nabi in urdu, essay on agriculture in pakistan in urdu, essay on electricity in urdu, essay on hajj in urdu, essay on alodgi in urdu, essay on qutub minar in urdu, essay on quran in urdu, aab e zam zam essay in urdu, my hobby essay in urdu, kitab insan ki behtreen dost hai essay, lalach buri bala hai essay in urdu, mobile phone essay in urdu, dehshat gardi essay in urdu, urdu essay allah ki naimat, ajaib ghar essay in urdu, tandrusti hazar naimat hai | تندرستی ہزار نعمت ہے, minar e pakistan essay in urdu | مینار پاکستان پر مضمون, national river of pakistan in urdu | پاکستان کا قومی دریا, qaumi parchan mazmoon | پاکستان کا قومی پرچم, جوانی زندگی کا بہترین وقت مضمون, essay on shahadat in urdu, waqia karbala in urdu, essay on shaheed in urdu, pollution essay in urdu, qaumi ittehad essay in urdu, hubul watni mazmoon in urdu, benefits of banana in urdu, great wall of china history in urdu, essay on ramzan ki barkatain in urdu, role of media essay in urdu, role of media in pakistan in urdu, taleem essay in urdu, benefits of strawberry in urdu, benefits of pomegranate in urdu, essay on lahore in urdu, essay on karachi in urdu, barsat ka mausam essay in urdu, adab e zindagi essay in urdu, superstition essay in urdu, short essay on population problem in india, berozgari essay in urdu, media ki azadi essay in urdu, how to achieve world peace essay, masla e kashmir essay in urdu, mera school essay in urdu, essay on jahez in urdu, essay on school uniform in urdu, essay on forest in urdu, what is global warming in urdu, causes of global warming in urdu, کامیابی کے اصول, ٹک ٹاک ایپلیکیشن کی حقیقت, khush ikhlaqi essay in urdu, essay on insaaf in urdu, essay on respect of teacher in urdu, essay on insaniyat in urdu, essay on zil hajj in urdu, akhbar bini essay in urdu, language of jammu and kashmir, essay on dengue in urdu, ilm e deen ki ahmiyat essay, غزوۂ بدر پر مضمون, اگر میں وزیر تعلیم ہوتا, میری پسندیدہ شخصیت حضرت محمد ﷺ, اسلام زندہ ہوتا ہے ہر کربلا کے بعد مضمون, عزم کامرانی کی کنجی ہے, انسداد گداگری مضمون, کرونا وائرس اور ہماری ذمہ داریاں, ماں پر مضمون.

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Inam Yaafta Taqreerain Pdf Urdu Book Free Download

Contents/Sample Pages of the Urdu Book "Inam Yafta Taqreerain" By Professor Mohammad Akram Raza

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mujhy speech chahiy "tum sbhi kuch ho pr btao k musalman bhi ho??" topic pe...mil skti h kisi book se...help

Assalam o Alaikum Mujhe speech mil sakti he is topic pe"HUM MULK KE WAFADAR HE"favour me bi Aur against bhi...Plzzz

AOA Mujhe speech chahiye " Charty hoye sooraj ki paristar hai Duniya" Please

Mujhko taqreer chai nami koi baghair mushaqat nahi HOA against ma

Chrhtai huwai Suraj ki paristar Hai duniya...is topic pr koi speech dai do Plz

Urgently Speech needed "Musalman Or Asar e Hazir k Taqazay" Please....

Assalamualaikum. I need Ashar on h. Umme Kulsoom binte Muhammad saw. JazakAllah

plz plz plz mujay sapich mil sakti ha is topic par((((bay norujalo ko sahar kacay samaj lo))))))))))))))

Zalim k sath jena b aik jurm ha

thanks many many, this helped me a lot,,,,

I need speech on fard qaim rabt e millat sy hai tanha kuch ni

Mujy speech chaiya mil skti ha urgent mard e momin sa badal jati han taqdeerain

AOA NEW MEMBER

Aslamo Alaikum plese mujy speech chahia [Istahkam e pakistan mai pak foj ka kardar] please

Ye waqt bari zalim cheez hai

I need a speech on the topic kiya kiya qayamat Dhata hai gussa for class 3 student

i need a speech on taleem taraqi k zamin hi hai

need speech on is ehad k sultan sy kuch bhool hui hy. plz help

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Muje speach chahye tere khoon pe wavela mare khoon pe khamoshi Urgently

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A Comprehensive Guide to Parts of Speech in Urdu

By B9Q Urdu

Table of Contents

Parts of Speech in Urdu

The first part of speech we will discuss is the noun. In Urdu, a noun is known as “ism” and it is used to identify a person, place, thing, or idea. Nouns can be singular or plural, and they can also be categorized as common nouns or proper nouns. Common nouns refer to general things, while proper nouns refer to specific names of people, places, or things. For example, “kitab” (book) is a common noun, while “Lahore” is a proper noun.

The next part of speech is the pronoun, known as “zarf” in Urdu. Pronouns are used to replace nouns in a sentence to avoid repetition. They can refer to a person, thing, or idea. Some common pronouns in Urdu include “woh” (he/she), “yeh” (this), and “woh” (that). Pronouns help to make sentences more concise and fluid.

Verbs, or “fi’al” in Urdu, are another important part of speech. Verbs are action words that describe what a subject is doing or experiencing. They can be used in different tenses to indicate past, present, or future actions. Verbs in Urdu can also be conjugated to match the gender and number of the subject. For example, the verb “khana” (to eat) can become “khata” (he eats) or “khati” (she eats) depending on the subject.

Adjectives, or “sifat” in Urdu, are words that describe or modify nouns. They provide more information about the qualities, characteristics, or attributes of a noun. Adjectives in Urdu can agree with the gender and number of the noun they are describing. For example, the adjective “sundar” (beautiful) can become “sundar” (for a singular masculine noun), “sundari” (for a singular feminine noun), “sundaray” (for a plural masculine noun), or “sundariyan” (for a plural feminine noun).

Adverbs, or “zarf-e-makaan” in Urdu, are words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They provide information about the time, place, manner, or degree of an action or description. Adverbs in Urdu can be formed by adding the suffix “-tar” to an adjective. For example, the adjective “tez” (fast) can become “tez-tar” (faster) when used as an adverb.

Prepositions, or “harf-e-jarr” in Urdu, are words that show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence. They indicate location, time, direction, or manner. Some common prepositions in Urdu include “ke” (of), “mein” (in), “se” (from), and “ko” (to). Prepositions help to clarify the relationship between different elements in a sentence.

Conjunctions, or “harf-e-illat” in Urdu, are words that connect words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence. They help to join ideas together and show the relationship between them. Some common conjunctions in Urdu include “aur” (and), “lekin” (but), “ya” (or), and “agar” (if). Conjunctions are important for creating complex sentences and expressing different ideas.

Lastly, we have interjections, or “harkat-e-izhar” in Urdu, which are words or phrases used to express strong emotions or sudden reactions. Interjections are often used in informal speech and writing to convey excitement, surprise, or frustration. Some common interjections in Urdu include “wah” (wow), “aiy” (oh), and “uff” (ugh). Interjections add color and emotion to a sentence.

By understanding and utilizing these different parts of speech in Urdu, you can enhance your language skills and effectively communicate your thoughts and ideas. Whether you are learning Urdu as a second language or are a native speaker, a solid understanding of parts of speech is essential for clear and effective communication.

Nouns (Ism)

Nouns, known as “Ism” in Urdu, are words that represent people, places, things, or ideas. They are the building blocks of sentences and can be either singular or plural. Nouns can also be classified into different categories based on their gender and number.

For example:

• مکتب (maktab) – school
• لڑکا (larka) – boy
• کتابیں (kitabein) – books

Nouns can also be used as subjects, objects, or possessive forms within a sentence. When used as subjects, nouns typically indicate the doer of the action or the topic of the sentence. For instance, in the sentence “مکتب میں پڑھ رہا ہے” (The boy is studying in the school), the noun “مکتب” (school) is the subject, representing the place where the action is taking place.

Similarly, nouns can also function as objects in a sentence. In the sentence “لڑکا کتاب پڑھ رہا ہے” (The boy is reading a book), the noun “کتاب” (book) is the object, as it is the thing being read by the boy.

In addition to being subjects and objects, nouns can also take on possessive forms. This indicates ownership or association with something. For example, in the sentence “یہ لڑکا کتابیں لے رہا ہے” (This boy is taking the books), the noun “لڑکا” (boy) is in the possessive form, indicating that he is the one taking the books.

Overall, nouns play a crucial role in the Urdu language, allowing us to express ideas, describe people and things, and create meaningful sentences. By understanding the various forms and functions of nouns, learners can enhance their language skills and effectively communicate in Urdu.

Pronouns (Zameer)

Pronouns, known as “Zameer” in Urdu, are words that replace nouns or other pronouns in a sentence. They are used to avoid repetition and make the language more concise. Pronouns can refer to a specific person, thing, or group of people.

• وہ (woh) – he/she
• میں (main) – I
• ہم (hum) – we

Pronouns can also be categorized into different types, such as personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, and demonstrative pronouns.

Personal pronouns are used to refer to specific individuals or groups of individuals. They include pronouns like “میں (main)” for “I,” “تم (tum)” for “you” (informal), and “وہ (woh)” for “he/she.” These pronouns help us avoid repetition and make our sentences more concise.

Possessive pronouns, on the other hand, show ownership or possession. They include pronouns like “میرا (mera)” for “my,” “تیرا (tera)” for “your” (informal), and “اس کا (iska)” for “his/hers.” These pronouns indicate that something belongs to someone or is associated with them.

Demonstrative pronouns are used to point out specific people or things. They include pronouns like “یہ (yah)” for “this,” “وہ (woh)” for “that,” and “وہاں (wahan)” for “there.” These pronouns help us indicate the location or proximity of something in relation to the speaker or the listener.

By using pronouns, we can express ourselves more efficiently and effectively in Urdu. They allow us to avoid repetition and make our sentences flow more smoothly. Understanding the different types of pronouns and when to use them is essential for mastering the Urdu language.

Verbs (Fi’l)

Verbs, known as “Fi’l” in Urdu, are words that express actions, states, or occurrences. They are the backbone of a sentence and determine the tense, mood, and voice. Verbs can be regular or irregular, and they can also be conjugated to match the subject of the sentence.

• چلنا (chalna) – to walk
• کھانا (khana) – to eat
• پڑھنا (parhna) – to read

Verbs can also be used in different tenses, such as present, past, and future, to indicate when the action took place or will take place.

In Urdu, verb conjugation is based on the gender and number of the subject. For example, if the subject is singular and masculine, the verb will be conjugated differently than if the subject is plural and feminine. Additionally, the verb conjugation can also change depending on the level of formality or politeness being used.

Let’s take the verb “کرنا” (karna) which means “to do” as an example. Here is how it can be conjugated:

• میں کرتا ہوں (main karta hoon) – I do
• تم کرتے ہو (tum karte ho) – You do
• وہ کرتا ہے (woh karta hai) – He does
• وہ کرتی ہے (woh karti hai) – She does
• ہم کرتے ہیں (hum karte hain) – We do
• آپ کرتے ہیں (aap karte hain) – You do (formal)
• وہ کرتے ہیں (woh karte hain) – They do

As you can see, the verb “کرنا” (karna) has different endings depending on the subject. This is just one example of how verb conjugation works in Urdu.

Furthermore, verbs in Urdu can also be used in different moods and voices. The mood of a verb indicates the attitude or intention of the speaker, while the voice indicates the relationship between the subject and the action.

Some common moods in Urdu include:

• Indicative mood: used to state facts or ask questions
• Imperative mood: used to give commands or make requests
• Subjunctive mood: used to express doubt, possibility, or necessity

Similarly, the voice of a verb can be active or passive. In active voice, the subject performs the action, while in passive voice, the subject receives the action.

Overall, verbs play a crucial role in Urdu language and are essential for constructing meaningful sentences. Understanding verb conjugation, tenses, moods, and voices will greatly enhance your ability to communicate effectively in Urdu.

Adjectives (Sifat)

Adjectives, known as “Sifat” in Urdu, are words that describe or modify nouns. They provide additional information about the noun, such as its size, color, shape, or quality. Adjectives usually come before the noun they modify.

• خوبصورت (khubsurat) – beautiful
• بڑا (bara) – big
• نیلا (neela) – blue

Adjectives agree with the gender and number of the noun they modify. In Urdu, adjectives show agreement with the noun by changing their form. When modifying a masculine singular noun, the adjective remains in its base form. However, when modifying a feminine singular noun, the adjective takes the form of the feminine singular noun. Similarly, when modifying a plural noun, the adjective takes the form of the plural noun.

• میری خوبصورت بہن (meri khubsurat behan) – My beautiful sister
• وہ بڑی کتاب (woh badi kitab) – That big book
• ان لڑکوں نے نیلی چادریں پہنائی ہیں (in larkon ne neeli chadrein pehnai hain) – These boys are wearing blue shirts

It is important to note that adjectives in Urdu do not change for gender when modifying plural nouns. They only show agreement with the number of the noun.

Adverbs (Zarf)

Adverbs, known as “Zarf” in Urdu, are words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They provide information about the manner, time, place, frequency, or degree of the action or description. Adverbs play a crucial role in adding depth and specificity to a sentence, allowing the reader or listener to understand the context and nuances of the action or description.

For example, consider the adverb “تیزی سے” (tezi se), which means “quickly.” This adverb conveys how an action is performed, indicating that it is done with speed or haste. The addition of this adverb in a sentence can significantly alter the meaning and perception of the action. For instance, “وہ بھاگتا ہے” (woh bhagta hai) means “he runs,” but when we add the adverb “تیزی سے” (tezi se) before the verb, it becomes “وہ تیزی سے بھاگتا ہے” (woh tezi se bhagta hai), which means “he runs quickly.”

Similarly, the adverb “بہت” (bohat) means “very.” This adverb is used to intensify the degree or extent of an adjective or adverb. By adding the adverb “بہت” (bohat) before an adjective or adverb, we emphasize the intensity or magnitude of the description. For example, “وہ خوبصورت ہے” (woh khoobsurat hai) means “she is beautiful,” but when we add the adverb “بہت” (bohat) before the adjective, it becomes “وہ بہت خوبصورت ہے” (woh bohat khoobsurat hai), which means “she is very beautiful.”

In addition to modifying verbs and adjectives, adverbs can also modify other adverbs. This enables us to provide more precise information about the manner, time, place, frequency, or degree of an action or description. For example, the adverb “یہاں” (yahan) means “here.” By placing this adverb before or after another adverb, we can specify the location or context of the action or description. For instance, “وہ تیزی سے بھاگتا ہے” (woh tezi se bhagta hai) means “he runs quickly,” but when we add the adverb “یہاں” (yahan) before the adverb, it becomes “وہ تیزی سے یہاں بھاگتا ہے” (woh tezi se yahan bhagta hai), which means “he runs quickly here.”

Adverbs in Urdu can be placed before or after the verb, adjective, or adverb they modify. The placement of the adverb depends on the desired emphasis and the sentence structure. By strategically positioning adverbs, we can create a more nuanced and expressive sentence, enriching the overall communication and conveying our message effectively.

Prepositions, known as “Harf-e-Jarr” in Urdu, play a crucial role in the structure and meaning of a sentence. These words establish a connection between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence, providing essential information about location, direction, time, manner, or cause. Without prepositions, sentences would lack clarity and coherence, making it challenging for readers or listeners to understand the intended message. Let’s take a closer look at some commonly used prepositions in Urdu and their meanings. One such preposition is “کے پاس” (ke paas), which translates to “near” in English. This preposition helps to convey proximity or closeness between two objects or individuals. For instance, if we say “میرے کے پاس کتاب ہے” (mere ke paas kitaab hai), it means “I have a book near me.” Another frequently used preposition is “کے لئے” (ke liye), which means “for” in English. This preposition indicates the purpose or intention behind an action. For example, if we say “میں نے تمھارے لئے کھانا بنایا ہے” (main ne tumhare liye khana banaya hai), it translates to “I have cooked food for you.” Furthermore, the preposition “کے بعد” (ke baad) is used to express “after” in English. It signifies a sequence of events or the occurrence of something following another. For instance, if we say “تقریب کے بعد ہم گھر جائیں گے” (taqreeb ke baad hum ghar jayenge), it means “We will go home after the event.” Prepositions are typically followed by a noun or pronoun to complete the phrase or expression. This combination of preposition and noun/pronoun is known as a prepositional phrase. These phrases provide additional information and context to the sentence, enhancing its meaning and clarity. In summary, prepositions are crucial elements of the Urdu language. They establish relationships between different parts of a sentence, conveying essential details about location, direction, time, manner, or cause. By using prepositions effectively, Urdu speakers can create well-structured sentences that effectively communicate their intended message. Conjunctions, also known as “Harf-e-Atf” in Urdu, play a crucial role in connecting words, phrases, or clauses within a sentence. By doing so, they establish a logical relationship between the connected elements and ensure a coherent and smooth flow of ideas. These small yet powerful words are essential in constructing meaningful and well-structured sentences. One commonly used conjunction in Urdu is “اور” (aur), which translates to “and” in English. This conjunction is frequently employed to join two similar ideas or elements within a sentence. For instance, one might say, “میں نے کتاب پڑھی اور فلم دیکھی” (main ne kitaab parhi aur film dekhi), which means “I read a book and watched a movie.” Here, the conjunction “اور” (aur) connects the actions of reading and watching, indicating that they occurred together. On the other hand, the conjunction “لیکن” (lekin) serves as the Urdu equivalent of “but” in English. It is used to introduce a contrasting or contradictory element in a sentence. For instance, one might say, “میرے پاس پیسے تھے لیکن میں نے کھرچ کردیے” (mere paas paisay thay lekin main ne kharch kar diye), which translates to “I had money, but I spent it.” In this example, the conjunction “لیکن” (lekin) highlights the contradiction between having money and spending it. Furthermore, the conjunction “یا” (ya) is used to present alternatives or choices. It is equivalent to the English word “or.” For instance, one might say, “تم کھیلنا چاہتے ہو یا پڑھنا؟” (tum khelna chahte ho ya parhna?), which means “Do you want to play or study?” Here, the conjunction “یا” (ya) offers two options, indicating that the person can choose between playing or studying. In conclusion, conjunctions, or “Harf-e-Atf,” are essential components of the Urdu language. They facilitate the connection between words, phrases, or clauses within a sentence, allowing for the expression of various relationships and ideas. Whether it is joining similar concepts, contrasting different elements, or presenting alternatives, conjunctions play a crucial role in creating meaningful and coherent sentences in Urdu. Interjections, known as “Ehtejaji Lafz” in Urdu, are words or phrases that express strong emotions, feelings, or reactions. They are usually used independently and can be followed by an exclamation mark. Interjections play a significant role in communication as they add emphasis and convey the speaker’s emotions in a sentence. They allow individuals to express their immediate reactions or feelings without the need for lengthy explanations. In Urdu, interjections are commonly used in various contexts, such as expressing surprise, admiration, disappointment, or even frustration. These words or phrases serve as a linguistic tool to capture the intensity of emotions in a concise and impactful manner. For instance, the interjection “واہ” (wah) is equivalent to the English word “wow” and is often used to express astonishment or admiration. Similarly, the interjection “آہ” (aah) conveys a sense of wonder or realization, similar to the English interjection “oh.” Another commonly used interjection in Urdu is “شاباش” (shabash), which is equivalent to the English phrase “well done.” This interjection is often employed to express appreciation, encouragement, or praise towards someone’s achievements or efforts. It serves as a way to acknowledge and applaud the accomplishments of others. Interjections in Urdu not only add depth and emotion to conversations but also contribute to the overall expressiveness of the language. They allow speakers to convey their sentiments more effectively and create a stronger connection with their audience. Whether it is expressing joy, surprise, or disappointment, interjections provide a linguistic outlet for individuals to articulate their immediate reactions and feelings. In addition to their emotional significance, interjections also play a role in the rhythm and flow of spoken Urdu. They can be used to add pauses, create suspense, or emphasize certain words or phrases. By incorporating interjections into their speech, individuals can enhance the overall impact and delivery of their message. Overall, interjections are an integral part of the Urdu language, enabling individuals to express their emotions, reactions, and feelings in a concise and powerful manner. They serve as linguistic tools that add depth and impact to conversations, allowing for more expressive and engaging communication. Whether it is expressing astonishment, admiration, or appreciation, interjections in Urdu play a vital role in conveying the speaker’s emotions and creating a lasting impression on the listener.

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Accelerating extinction rate triggers domino effect of biodiversity loss

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While nearly one million species are currently at risk of extinction, the United Nations University (UNU) in Bonn is drawing attention to “co-extinctions”: the chain reaction occurring when the complete disappearance of one species affects another.  

The issue is in the spotlight ahead of the  International Day for Biological Diversity , observed annually on 22 May, and covered in the most recent edition of UNU’s Interconnected Disaster Risks report.

Among the animals at risk is the gopher tortoise, one of the oldest living species on the planet. This tragic story of biodiversity loss is unfolding at the heart of the coastal plains of the southern United States. 

Ecosystem ‘architect’ 

Their reduced number is not just problematic for the survival of the tortoise as a species, however, as these charismatic creatures also play a vital role in preserving the delicate balance of their coastal realm.  

Gopher tortoises are not merely occupants of their habitat; they are architects, sculpting ecosystems and providing sanctuaries for over 350 other species. With their front legs functioning like shovels, they dig burrows that range in size from 20 to 30 feet (6 to 9 metres) long and from 6 to 8 feet (1.8 to 2.5 metres) deep.  

From small insects to larger amphibians, each organism plays a vital role in the ecosystem's intricate web of life these burrows provide. For some, the burrows of the gopher tortoise are a safe haven for breeding and nurturing offspring, while for others, they offer respite from predators and the elements.

Should the gopher tortoise vanish, it is likely a domino effect would be felt throughout the ecosystem.  

Among the most vulnerable is the critically endangered dusky gopher frog, a species already teetering on the brink of extinction. Reliant on the tortoise's burrows for shelter and survival, the disappearance of the tortoise would most likely put the frog’s survival at risk too. 

The role of humans 

In shedding more light on co-extinctions, UNU said that intense human activities, such as land-use change, overexploitation, climate change, pollution and the introduction of invasive species, is causing an extinction acceleration that is at least tens to hundreds of times faster than the natural process of extinctions.  

In the last 100 years, over 400 vertebrate species were lost, for example. The report therefore includes accelerated extinctions among its six interconnected ‘risk tipping points’.  

Such points are reached when the systems that humanity relies on cannot buffer risks and stop functioning like expected – mainly as a result of human actions.  

Extinction breeds extinction 

Ecosystems are built on intricate networks of connections between different species, as the gopher tortoise-dusky gopher frog example indicates.  

The domino effect could lead to more species going extinct and eventually even to the collapse of entire ecosystems.  

With nearly one million plant and animal species currently under threat, the ripple effect of the extinction of a single species can affect countless others, disrupting vital ecological functions. 

The endangered sea otter provides another example of intricate dependencies within ecosystems. Calling the Pacific kelp forests their home, they were once plentiful, but are now locally endangered due to being relentlessly hunted for their fur in the past.  

In a finely tuned ecological dance, sea otters prey on sea urchins, halting the unrestrained growth of sea urchin populations. Without the presence of otters, these spiky grazers run rampant, transforming lush kelp forests into desolate ‘urchin barrens’.  

But the demise of sea otters would have impacts that extend far beyond the disappearance of kelp alone, UNU said. Over1,000 species– including sharks, turtles, seals, whales, birds, and a multitude of fish– rely on these underwater havens for their very existence.  

Creating the future we want  

Addressing the biodiversity crisis demands a multifaceted approach that recognizes the interconnectedness of risks and solutions.  

The theme of the International Day for Biological Diversity  calls for everyone to support implementation of  the Biodiversity Plan , adopted in 2022, which sets goals and concrete measures to stop and reverse the loss of nature by 2050. 

One of the goals includes reducing the extinction rate of all species tenfold by mid-century and increasing the abundance of native wild species to healthy and resilient levels, said Zita Sebesvari, Deputy Director of UNU’s Institute for Environment and Human Security and lead author of the  Interconnected Disaster Risks report.  

“While adaptation strategies, such as restoring and protecting green corridors between animal habitats offer some respite, tackling underlying drivers of extinction remains crucial, because this goal cannot be reached as long as we risk accelerating extinctions,” she explained. 

In the long term, avoiding extinctions and co-extinctions will be the only realistic solution to halt biodiversity loss, which requires a shift of mindsets.  

“Conservation efforts must extend beyond individual species to encompass entire ecosystems”, Ms. Sebesvari said.  

“Urgent and decisive action is needed to preserve the resilience of ecosystems and ensure the survival of our planet’s diverse web of life. Embracing nature as an integral part of our culture is essential to secure a sustainable future, recognizing that our fate is inevitably intertwined with the fate of the natural world.” 

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Paralysis can rob people of their ability to speak. Now researchers hope to give it back

When Jaimie Henderson was 5 years old, his father was in a devastating car crash. The accident left his father barely able to move or speak. Henderson remembers laughing at his dad's jokes, though he never could understand the punchlines. "I grew up wishing I could know him and communicate with him."

That early experience drove his professional interest in helping people communicate.

Now, Henderson's an author on one of two papers published Wednesday showing substantial advances toward enabling speech in people injured by stroke, accident or disease.

Although still very early in development, these so-called brain-computer interfaces are five times better than previous generations of the technology at "reading" brainwaves and translating them into synthesized speech. The successes suggest it will someday be possible to restore nearly normal communication ability to people like Henderson's late father.

"Without movement, communication is impossible," Henderson said, referencing the trial's participant who has amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS , which robs people of their ability to move. "We hope to one day tell people who are diagnosed with this terrible disease that they will never lose the ability to communicate."

Both the technologies, developed at Stanford and nearby at the University of California, San Francisco , enabled a volunteer to generate 60 to 80 words per minute. That's less than half the pace of normal speech, which typically ranges from 150 to 200 words per minute, but substantially faster than previous brain-computer interfaces. The new technologies can also interpret and produce a much broader vocabulary of words, rather than simply choosing from a short list.

At Stanford, researchers chose to decode signals from individual brain cells. The resolution will improve as the technology gets better at allowing recording from more cells, Henderson said.

"We're sort of at the era of broadcast TV, the old days right now," he said in a Tuesday news conference with reporters. "We need to increase the resolution to HD and then on to 4K so that we can continue to sharpen the picture and improve the accuracy."

The two studies "represent a turning point" in the development of brain-computer interfaces aimed at helping paralyzed people communicate, according to an analysis published in the journal Nature along with the papers .

"The two BCIs represent a great advance in neuroscientific and neuroengineering research, and show great promise in boosting the quality of life of individuals who have lost their voice as a result of paralysing neurological injuries and diseases," wrote Dutch neurologist Nick Ramsey and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine neurologist Nathan Crone.

Paralyzed patients walking in minutes: New electrode device a step forward in spinal injury care

Two different approaches to communication, both work

At UCSF, researchers chose to implant 253 high-density electrodes across the surface of a brain area involved in speech.

The fact that the different approaches both seem to work is encouraging, the two teams said Tuesday.

It's too early to say whether either will ultimately prove superior or if different approaches will be better for different types of speech problems. Both teams implanted their devices into the brains of just one volunteer each, so it's not yet clear how challenging it will be to get the technology to work in others.

The UCSF team also personalized the synthesized voice and created an avatar that can recreate the facial expressions of the participant, to more clearly reeplicate natural conversation. Many brain injuries, like ALS and stroke also paralyze the muscles of the face, leaving the person unable to smile, look surprised, or offer concern.

Ann, the participant in the USCF trial, had a brain stem stroke 17 years ago and has been participating in the research since last year. Researchers identified her only by her first name to protect her privacy.

The electrodes intercepted brain signals that, if not for Ann's stroke, would have gone to muscles in her, tongue, jaw and larynx, as well as her face, according to UCSF. A cable, plugged into a port fixed to her head, connected the electrodes to a bank of computers.

For weeks, she and the team trained the system’s artificial intelligence algorithms to recognize her distinctive brain signals by repeating phrases over and over again.

Instead of recognizing whole words, the AI decodes words from phonemes, according to UCSF. “Hello,” for example, contains four phonemes: “HH,” “AH,” “L” and “OW."

Researchers used video from Ann's wedding to create a computer-generated voice that sounds much like her own did and to create an avatar that can make facial expressions similar to the ones she made before her stroke.

Advances in machine learning have made such technologies possible, said Sean Metzger, a bioengineering graduate student who helped lead the research. " Overall, I think this work represents accurate and naturalistic decoding of three different speech modalities, text, synthesis and an avatar to hopefully restore fuller communication experience for our participant," he told reporters.

The healing power of a good beat: Neurologic music therapy helps kids with brain injuries

Stanford approach: Tiny sensors on the brain

The Stanford trial relied on volunteer Pat Bennett, now 68, a former human resources director, who was diagnosed with ALS in 2012.

“When you think of ALS, you think of arm and leg impact,” Bennett wrote in an interview with Stanford staff conducted by email and provided to the media. “But in a group of ALS patients, it begins with speech difficulties. I am unable to speak.”

On March 29, 2022, neurosurgeons at Stanford placed two tiny sensors each on the surface of two regions of Bennett's brain involved in speech production. About a month later, she and a team of Stanford scientists began twice-weekly, four-hour research sessions to train the software that was interpreting her speech.

She would repeat in her mind sentences chosen randomly from telephone conversations, such as: “It’s only been that way in the last five years.” Another: “I left right in the middle of it.”

As she recited these sentences, her brain activity was translated by a decoder into a stream of "sounds" and then assembled into words. Bennett repeated 260 to 480 sentences per training session. Initially, she was restricted to a 50-word vocabulary, but then allowed to choose from 125,000 words, essentially, all she would ever need.

After four months, she was able to generate 62 words per minute on a computer screen merely by thinking them.

“For those who are nonverbal, this means they can stay connected to the bigger world, perhaps continue to work, maintain friends and family relationships,” she wrote.

The technology made a lot of mistakes. About 1 out of every 4 words was interpreted incorrectly even after this training.

Frank Willett, the research scientist who helped lead the Stanford work, said he hopes to improve accuracy in the next few years, so that only 1 out of 10 words will be wrong.

Edward Chang, the senior researcher on the UCSF paper, said he hopes his team's work will "really allow people to interact with digital spaces in new ways," communicating beyond simply articulating words.

All four researchers said restoring communication abilities to Ann and Bennett during the trial was a highlight in their professional careers.

"It was quite emotional for all of us to see this work," said Chang, a member of the UCSF Weill Institute for Neuroscience.

"I felt like I'd come full circle from wishing I could communicate with my dad as a kid to seeing this actually work," Henderson added. "It's indescribable."

Contact Karen Weintraub at [email protected].

Health and patient safety coverage at USA TODAY is made possible in part by a grant from the Masimo Foundation for Ethics, Innovation and Competition in Healthcare. The Masimo Foundation does not provide editorial input .