The Italian Academic Research System and Its Evaluation: A Conceptual Framework Inception
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- First Online: 09 December 2021
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- Francesco Bertolotti 11 ,
- Angela Locoro 11 ,
- Luca Mari 11 ,
- Eliana Alessandra Minelli 11 ,
- Aurelio Ravarini 11 &
- Maria Rucsandra Stan 11
Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Information Systems and Organisation ((LNISO,volume 50))
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- Conference of the Italian Chapter of AIS
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In this paper, we introduce the main topics and the initial settings of an Italian PRIN project aimed at investigating how the systematic adoption of systems for the evaluation of research in the Italian academic context may influence research outcomes. We motivate the need to adopt and adapt a conceptual framework, which may identify, define and describe the relevant entities involved in the evaluation process, their measurable properties and relations. We then present the first draft of an ontology derived from an existing ontology about the academic world, namely the VIVO ontology, and the criteria for its design. We report the steps taken to modify the received ontology in order to fit it to our purposes, with an interdisciplinary contribution to the selection and adaptation of entities. Novel considerations about the use of formal conceptual systems and the contribution of our work to the socio-technical view are finally drawn, and some further directions of the project are proposed.
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For documentation please follow the official VIVO link: https://duraspace.org/vivo/ , where the last version of the ontology is available. At https://www.w3.org/community/vivo/ the official page of the VIVO as a W3C standard certified project.
Both the inspection and modifications step of the VIVO ontology were done by uploading an.owl version of the ontology, available in the VIVO repository, into the Protégé tool, a Java-based specialized knowledge representation and reasoning tool freely available online (at https://protege.stanford.edu/ ).
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Bertolotti, F., Locoro, A., Mari, L., Minelli, E.A., Ravarini, A., Stan, M.R. (2022). The Italian Academic Research System and Its Evaluation: A Conceptual Framework Inception. In: Za, S., Consorti, A., Virili, F. (eds) Organizing in a Digitized World. ItAIS 2020. Lecture Notes in Information Systems and Organisation, vol 50. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86858-1_17
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- 23 December 2021
The Italian science news that shaped 2021
Leggi in italiano
Giorgio Parisi showing his Nobel Prize diploma after the ceremony at Sapienza University in Rome, Italy, on 6 December 2021. Credit. Nobel Prize Outreach. Photo: Laura Sbarbori
The year 2021 began with Italy in the grip of its second COVID-19 wave. In the first days of January, the country was recording on average more than 15,000 new cases and more than 450 deaths each day, as the vaccine rollout started . Despite early surveys showing high vaccine hesitance, Italy would become one of the European countries with the highest vaccination rate.
Science funding in the recovery plan
Prime Minister Mario Draghi presents the National Resilience and Recovery Plan in the Italian Parliament, on 27 April 2021. Credit: Massimo Di Vita/Archivio Massimo Di Vita/Mondadori Portfolio via Getty Images.
While the country was in semi-lockdown, the government approved the first draft of the National recovery and resilience plan (PNRR). Out of €209 billion from the European Union, the draft allocated more than €11 billion for research. Scientists welcomed the funding, but noted the emphasis on applied and industrial research, and feared that basic research will be overlooked. Many asked the government to adopt physicist Ugo Amaldi’s proposal to increase research funding up to 1.1% of GDP by 2026, prioritizing basic research. Four months later, on 30 April, a new government led by Mario Draghi presented the final version to parliament and sent it to the European Commission. Apart from a slight increase of the research budget, to €12.92 billion, the final plan was not significantly different from the first draft.
A new minister and a new CNR president
When Mario Draghi replaced Giuseppe Conte as prime minister on 13 February, Maria Cristina Messa became the new research minister. An expert in medical imaging and nuclear medicine, and former Rector of the University of Milan-Bicocca, upon taking office she pledged to reform university recruitment and careers, to streamline the management of funds and cut red tape, and to simplify the evaluation process for assigning public funds. One of Messa’s first decisions was to name Maria Chiara Carrozza , an engineer and herself a former research minister, as president of the National Research Council, Italy’s main research body. Her appointment ended an unusually long process.
Neanderthals remains discovered near Rome
Neanderthal skull and fragments found in the Guattari Cave in San Felice Circeo, near Rome. Credit: Ministero della Cultura.
In May, a team of archaeologists announced that the fossils of nine Neanderthals had been found in the Guattari Cave in San Felice Circeo, near Rome. A much-studied Neanderthal skull was discovered in the same cave in 1939, and the Italian Culture Ministry said the new finding confirmed that the site is “one of the most significant places in the world for the history of Neanderthals.” The fossilized remains include intact skulls, skull fragments, teeth and other bones. The remains come from different epochs, with the oldest ones dating from between 100,000 and 90,000 years ago, and the most recent ones to 50,000 years ago.
A new farming law angers scientists
A draft law on organic farming approved by the Senate at the end of May caused disquiet among Italian scientists for proposing that the biodynamic agriculture method could be considered organic farming. Biodynamic agriculture features the use of practices and preparations, from herbal and mineral additives, to field sprays prepared by stuffing manure and quartz into animal horns and burying it for months, with no proven impact on food and soil quality. Scientific societies, such as Accademia dei Lincei, the Italian Academy for Agriculture, the Italian Federation of Life Sciences, expressed opposition to the law and asked for its amendment. Several months later, the law still has to be discussed in the lower chamber. In a recent speech, Italy’s president, Sergio Mattarella, has suggested that it is unlikely to be approved soon.
Cosmic collisions
In June, scientists at the Virgo gravitational observatory in Cascina, near Pisa, and their colleagues at the LIGO observatory in the USA, announced the detection of two gravitational waves caused by black holes swallowing neutron stars. No observatory had ever observed such binary systems, let alone their collision. The two events were both detected in January 2020, but it took 18 months to analyse the data and rule out all other explanations. Later, in November, the collaboration released their latest catalogue of cosmic collisions, adding 35 new events to the previous release and bringing the total number of detections to 90.
Future uncertain for the Italian COVID-19 vaccine
A researcher at work in the Reithera laboratories in Castel Romano, near Rome. Credit: Alessandro Serrano/AGF/Universal Images Group via Getty Images.
In July, it became clear that Italy’s plan to develop its own Covid-19 vaccine was facing a roadblock . Since the summer of 2020 Reithera, a biotech company based near Rome, had been working on a candidate vaccine based on an engineered gorilla-derived adenovirus. With financial backing from the Italian government, the vaccine went through phase-1 and phase-2 trials, and on 12 July the company announced that it provoked a strong immune response and no major side effects. But a court’s ruling that blocked a €50-million public investment into the firm disrupted the company’s plans to fund late-stage clinical trials, and to expand its vaccine production facility. Clinical trials on the candidate vaccine have not advanced further.
An Italian Nobel prize winner
On 6 October Giorgio Parisi, a physicist from Sapienza Università di Roma and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, and current vice-president of Accademia dei Lincei, was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics . The Nobel committee highlighted his contributions to “the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales”. Parisi, an eclectic physicist whose research work has covered areas such as fundamental particles, condensed matter, statistical physics and disordered materials, was the sixth Italian scientist to win the Physics Nobel Prize.
The road from Milan to Glasgow
Swedish climate activist Greta Thunberg delivers a speech during the opening plenary of the Youth4Climate: Driving Ambition event on September 28, 2021 in Milan, Italy. Credit: Emanuele Cremaschi/Getty Images.
From 30 September to 2 October, climate and energy ministers gathered in Milan for the pre-COP26, the main preparatory event before the 26th United Nations Climate Change Conference. The meeting was accompanied by the Youth4Climate event, where hundreds young delegates presented prepared proposals for climate action to world leaders. The pre-COP final statement approved in Milan stressed the need to accelerate actions during the next decade to keep global warming below 1.5 degrees, in line with the Paris Agreement, and to keep the pledge to invest $100bn per year to help poorer countries in reducing emissions and adapting to climate change. Negotiators met again in Glasgow a month later for the much-anticipated COP26. Despite some important achievements, including India’s first commitment to climate neutrality and a landmark agreement to curb methane emissions, the final outcome was a disappointment to climate scientists and activists.
Extreme events
This was also a year when Italy’s vulnerability to climate change became evident. In August, the highest temperature ever recorded in Europe was reported in Sicily. At the end of October, the south-eastern part of the same island was hit by a Mediterranean hurricane, known as a Medicane, when strong winds and intense rainfall which triggered landslides, floods and killed at least one person. According to the European Severe Weather Database, Italy was hit by 1499 extreme weather events in 2020 compared to 380 extreme weather events in 2010. MOSE, the system of mobile gates designed to protect Venice from high tides and rising sea level, was activated 20 times during 2021. The system, partially operational since October 2020 but still under construction, succeeded in preventing severe flooding, but couldn’t stop parts of the city, including Piazza San Marco , occasionally being submerged by water.
A new Italian space mission
The launch of the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) spacecraft from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, on 9 December. Credit: NASA/Joel Kowsky.
On 9 December, the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) mission, a joint effort of NASA and the Italian Space Agency, launched from Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Its three onboard telescopes rely on detectors developed by scientists from the National Institute of Nuclear Physics (Infn) and the National Institute of Astrophysics (Inaf), and funded by ASI. By measuring the amount and direction of polarization of X-ray light, IXPE’s instruments will help scientists understand why pulsars have such strong X-ray emission, and to study the evolution of the black hole at the centre of the Milky Way. The mission continues a long tradition of Italian space-based high energy astrophysics, that includes national missions such as BeppoSax and Agile and the participation in NASA’s major Fermi mission.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d43978-021-00158-8
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Capitalization and Personal Names in Foreign LanguagesThis page contains reccomendations for writing personal names and for capitalizing in Italian . For more information on MLA style, please refer to the Citing Sources Guide . All of the following samples are taken from: The Modern Language Association of America. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7th ed. New York: The Modern Language Association of America, 2009. PrintPersonal Names The names of many Italians who have lived before or during the Renaissance are alphabetized by first name. Dante AligheriLeonardo da vinci, michaelangelo buonarroti. But other names follow standard practice. Boccaccio, GiovanniCellini, benvenuto. The names of members of historic families are also usually alphabetized by last name. Este, Beatrice d'Medici, lorenzo de'. In modern times, Italian da , de , del , della , di , and d' are usually capitalized and used with the last name alone. Da Ponte (Lorenzo Da Ponte)Della robbia (andrea della robbia). Capitalization In prose and verse, Italian capitalization is the same as English, except that in Italian centuries and other large divisions of time are capitalized ( il Seicento ) and the following terms are not capitalized, unless the begin sentences or, usually, lines of verse: 1. The subject pronoun io 'I'2. the names of months and days of the week, 3. the names of languages and nationalities, 4. nouns, adjectives, and adverbs derived from proper nouns, 5. titles preceding personal names, 6. the words meaning "street," "square," and so on, in most place-names. In a title or subtitle, capitalize only the first word and all words normally capitalized. Bibliographia della critica pirandelliana
Help | Advanced Search Computer Science > Computer Vision and Pattern RecognitionTitle: scalable diffusion models with transformers. Abstract: We explore a new class of diffusion models based on the transformer architecture. We train latent diffusion models of images, replacing the commonly-used U-Net backbone with a transformer that operates on latent patches. We analyze the scalability of our Diffusion Transformers (DiTs) through the lens of forward pass complexity as measured by Gflops. We find that DiTs with higher Gflops -- through increased transformer depth/width or increased number of input tokens -- consistently have lower FID. In addition to possessing good scalability properties, our largest DiT-XL/2 models outperform all prior diffusion models on the class-conditional ImageNet 512x512 and 256x256 benchmarks, achieving a state-of-the-art FID of 2.27 on the latter.
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Research Paper Format | APA, MLA, & Chicago TemplatesPublished on November 19, 2022 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on January 20, 2023. The formatting of a research paper is different depending on which style guide you’re following. In addition to citations , APA, MLA, and Chicago provide format guidelines for things like font choices, page layout, format of headings and the format of the reference page. Scribbr offers free Microsoft Word templates for the most common formats. Simply download and get started on your paper. APA | MLA | Chicago author-date | Chicago notes & bibliography
Instantly correct all language mistakes in your textUpload your document to correct all your mistakes in minutes  Table of contentsFormatting an apa paper, formatting an mla paper, formatting a chicago paper, frequently asked questions about research paper formatting. The main guidelines for formatting a paper in APA Style are as follows:
Watch the video below for a quick guide to setting up the format in Google Docs. The image below shows how to format an APA Style title page for a student paper.  Running headIf you are submitting a paper for publication, APA requires you to include a running head on each page. The image below shows you how this should be formatted.  For student papers, no running head is required unless you have been instructed to include one. APA provides guidelines for formatting up to five levels of heading within your paper. Level 1 headings are the most general, level 5 the most specific.  Reference pageAPA Style citation requires (author-date) APA in-text citations throughout the text and an APA Style reference page at the end. The image below shows how the reference page should be formatted.  Note that the format of reference entries is different depending on the source type. You can easily create your citations and reference list using the free APA Citation Generator. Generate APA citations for free Receive feedback on language, structure, and formattingProfessional editors proofread and edit your paper by focusing on:
See an example  The main guidelines for writing an MLA style paper are as follows:
Check out the video below to see how to set up the format in Google Docs. On the first page of an MLA paper, a heading appears above your title, featuring some key information:
 Page headerA header appears at the top of each page in your paper, including your surname and the page number.  Works Cited pageMLA in-text citations appear wherever you refer to a source in your text. The MLA Works Cited page appears at the end of your text, listing all the sources used. It is formatted as shown below.  You can easily create your MLA citations and save your Works Cited list with the free MLA Citation Generator. Generate MLA citations for free The main guidelines for writing a paper in Chicago style (also known as Turabian style) are:
 Chicago doesn’t require a title page , but if you want to include one, Turabian (based on Chicago) presents some guidelines. Lay out the title page as shown below.  Bibliography or reference listChicago offers two citation styles : author-date citations plus a reference list, or footnote citations plus a bibliography. Choose one style or the other and use it consistently. The reference list or bibliography appears at the end of the paper. Both styles present this page similarly in terms of formatting, as shown below.  To format a paper in APA Style , follow these guidelines:
The main guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style are as follows:
The main guidelines for formatting a paper in Chicago style are to:
To automatically generate accurate Chicago references, you can use Scribbr’s free Chicago reference generator . Cite this Scribbr articleIf you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator. Caulfield, J. (2023, January 20). Research Paper Format | APA, MLA, & Chicago Templates. Scribbr. Retrieved June 11, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/research-paper/research-paper-format/ Is this article helpful? Jack CaulfieldOther students also liked, apa format for academic papers and essays, mla format for academic papers and essays, chicago style format for papers | requirements & examples, what is your plagiarism score. The state of AI in early 2024: Gen AI adoption spikes and starts to generate valueIf 2023 was the year the world discovered generative AI (gen AI) , 2024 is the year organizations truly began using—and deriving business value from—this new technology. In the latest McKinsey Global Survey on AI, 65 percent of respondents report that their organizations are regularly using gen AI, nearly double the percentage from our previous survey just ten months ago. Respondents’ expectations for gen AI’s impact remain as high as they were last year , with three-quarters predicting that gen AI will lead to significant or disruptive change in their industries in the years ahead. About the authorsThis article is a collaborative effort by Alex Singla , Alexander Sukharevsky , Lareina Yee , and Michael Chui , with Bryce Hall , representing views from QuantumBlack, AI by McKinsey, and McKinsey Digital. Organizations are already seeing material benefits from gen AI use, reporting both cost decreases and revenue jumps in the business units deploying the technology. The survey also provides insights into the kinds of risks presented by gen AI—most notably, inaccuracy—as well as the emerging practices of top performers to mitigate those challenges and capture value. AI adoption surgesInterest in generative AI has also brightened the spotlight on a broader set of AI capabilities. For the past six years, AI adoption by respondents’ organizations has hovered at about 50 percent. This year, the survey finds that adoption has jumped to 72 percent (Exhibit 1). And the interest is truly global in scope. Our 2023 survey found that AI adoption did not reach 66 percent in any region; however, this year more than two-thirds of respondents in nearly every region say their organizations are using AI. 1 Organizations based in Central and South America are the exception, with 58 percent of respondents working for organizations based in Central and South America reporting AI adoption. Looking by industry, the biggest increase in adoption can be found in professional services. 2 Includes respondents working for organizations focused on human resources, legal services, management consulting, market research, R&D, tax preparation, and training. Also, responses suggest that companies are now using AI in more parts of the business. Half of respondents say their organizations have adopted AI in two or more business functions, up from less than a third of respondents in 2023 (Exhibit 2). Gen AI adoption is most common in the functions where it can create the most valueMost respondents now report that their organizations—and they as individuals—are using gen AI. Sixty-five percent of respondents say their organizations are regularly using gen AI in at least one business function, up from one-third last year. The average organization using gen AI is doing so in two functions, most often in marketing and sales and in product and service development—two functions in which previous research determined that gen AI adoption could generate the most value 3 “ The economic potential of generative AI: The next productivity frontier ,” McKinsey, June 14, 2023. —as well as in IT (Exhibit 3). The biggest increase from 2023 is found in marketing and sales, where reported adoption has more than doubled. Yet across functions, only two use cases, both within marketing and sales, are reported by 15 percent or more of respondents. Gen AI also is weaving its way into respondents’ personal lives. Compared with 2023, respondents are much more likely to be using gen AI at work and even more likely to be using gen AI both at work and in their personal lives (Exhibit 4). The survey finds upticks in gen AI use across all regions, with the largest increases in Asia–Pacific and Greater China. Respondents at the highest seniority levels, meanwhile, show larger jumps in the use of gen Al tools for work and outside of work compared with their midlevel-management peers. Looking at specific industries, respondents working in energy and materials and in professional services report the largest increase in gen AI use. Investments in gen AI and analytical AI are beginning to create valueThe latest survey also shows how different industries are budgeting for gen AI. Responses suggest that, in many industries, organizations are about equally as likely to be investing more than 5 percent of their digital budgets in gen AI as they are in nongenerative, analytical-AI solutions (Exhibit 5). Yet in most industries, larger shares of respondents report that their organizations spend more than 20 percent on analytical AI than on gen AI. Looking ahead, most respondents—67 percent—expect their organizations to invest more in AI over the next three years. Where are those investments paying off? For the first time, our latest survey explored the value created by gen AI use by business function. The function in which the largest share of respondents report seeing cost decreases is human resources. Respondents most commonly report meaningful revenue increases (of more than 5 percent) in supply chain and inventory management (Exhibit 6). For analytical AI, respondents most often report seeing cost benefits in service operations—in line with what we found last year —as well as meaningful revenue increases from AI use in marketing and sales. Inaccuracy: The most recognized and experienced risk of gen AI useAs businesses begin to see the benefits of gen AI, they’re also recognizing the diverse risks associated with the technology. These can range from data management risks such as data privacy, bias, or intellectual property (IP) infringement to model management risks, which tend to focus on inaccurate output or lack of explainability. A third big risk category is security and incorrect use. Respondents to the latest survey are more likely than they were last year to say their organizations consider inaccuracy and IP infringement to be relevant to their use of gen AI, and about half continue to view cybersecurity as a risk (Exhibit 7). Conversely, respondents are less likely than they were last year to say their organizations consider workforce and labor displacement to be relevant risks and are not increasing efforts to mitigate them. In fact, inaccuracy— which can affect use cases across the gen AI value chain , ranging from customer journeys and summarization to coding and creative content—is the only risk that respondents are significantly more likely than last year to say their organizations are actively working to mitigate. Some organizations have already experienced negative consequences from the use of gen AI, with 44 percent of respondents saying their organizations have experienced at least one consequence (Exhibit 8). Respondents most often report inaccuracy as a risk that has affected their organizations, followed by cybersecurity and explainability. Our previous research has found that there are several elements of governance that can help in scaling gen AI use responsibly, yet few respondents report having these risk-related practices in place. 4 “ Implementing generative AI with speed and safety ,” McKinsey Quarterly , March 13, 2024. For example, just 18 percent say their organizations have an enterprise-wide council or board with the authority to make decisions involving responsible AI governance, and only one-third say gen AI risk awareness and risk mitigation controls are required skill sets for technical talent. Bringing gen AI capabilities to bearThe latest survey also sought to understand how, and how quickly, organizations are deploying these new gen AI tools. We have found three archetypes for implementing gen AI solutions : takers use off-the-shelf, publicly available solutions; shapers customize those tools with proprietary data and systems; and makers develop their own foundation models from scratch. 5 “ Technology’s generational moment with generative AI: A CIO and CTO guide ,” McKinsey, July 11, 2023. Across most industries, the survey results suggest that organizations are finding off-the-shelf offerings applicable to their business needs—though many are pursuing opportunities to customize models or even develop their own (Exhibit 9). About half of reported gen AI uses within respondents’ business functions are utilizing off-the-shelf, publicly available models or tools, with little or no customization. Respondents in energy and materials, technology, and media and telecommunications are more likely to report significant customization or tuning of publicly available models or developing their own proprietary models to address specific business needs. Respondents most often report that their organizations required one to four months from the start of a project to put gen AI into production, though the time it takes varies by business function (Exhibit 10). It also depends upon the approach for acquiring those capabilities. Not surprisingly, reported uses of highly customized or proprietary models are 1.5 times more likely than off-the-shelf, publicly available models to take five months or more to implement. Gen AI high performers are excelling despite facing challengesGen AI is a new technology, and organizations are still early in the journey of pursuing its opportunities and scaling it across functions. So it’s little surprise that only a small subset of respondents (46 out of 876) report that a meaningful share of their organizations’ EBIT can be attributed to their deployment of gen AI. Still, these gen AI leaders are worth examining closely. These, after all, are the early movers, who already attribute more than 10 percent of their organizations’ EBIT to their use of gen AI. Forty-two percent of these high performers say more than 20 percent of their EBIT is attributable to their use of nongenerative, analytical AI, and they span industries and regions—though most are at organizations with less than $1 billion in annual revenue. The AI-related practices at these organizations can offer guidance to those looking to create value from gen AI adoption at their own organizations. To start, gen AI high performers are using gen AI in more business functions—an average of three functions, while others average two. They, like other organizations, are most likely to use gen AI in marketing and sales and product or service development, but they’re much more likely than others to use gen AI solutions in risk, legal, and compliance; in strategy and corporate finance; and in supply chain and inventory management. They’re more than three times as likely as others to be using gen AI in activities ranging from processing of accounting documents and risk assessment to R&D testing and pricing and promotions. While, overall, about half of reported gen AI applications within business functions are utilizing publicly available models or tools, gen AI high performers are less likely to use those off-the-shelf options than to either implement significantly customized versions of those tools or to develop their own proprietary foundation models. What else are these high performers doing differently? For one thing, they are paying more attention to gen-AI-related risks. Perhaps because they are further along on their journeys, they are more likely than others to say their organizations have experienced every negative consequence from gen AI we asked about, from cybersecurity and personal privacy to explainability and IP infringement. Given that, they are more likely than others to report that their organizations consider those risks, as well as regulatory compliance, environmental impacts, and political stability, to be relevant to their gen AI use, and they say they take steps to mitigate more risks than others do. Gen AI high performers are also much more likely to say their organizations follow a set of risk-related best practices (Exhibit 11). For example, they are nearly twice as likely as others to involve the legal function and embed risk reviews early on in the development of gen AI solutions—that is, to “ shift left .” They’re also much more likely than others to employ a wide range of other best practices, from strategy-related practices to those related to scaling. In addition to experiencing the risks of gen AI adoption, high performers have encountered other challenges that can serve as warnings to others (Exhibit 12). Seventy percent say they have experienced difficulties with data, including defining processes for data governance, developing the ability to quickly integrate data into AI models, and an insufficient amount of training data, highlighting the essential role that data play in capturing value. High performers are also more likely than others to report experiencing challenges with their operating models, such as implementing agile ways of working and effective sprint performance management. About the researchThe online survey was in the field from February 22 to March 5, 2024, and garnered responses from 1,363 participants representing the full range of regions, industries, company sizes, functional specialties, and tenures. Of those respondents, 981 said their organizations had adopted AI in at least one business function, and 878 said their organizations were regularly using gen AI in at least one function. To adjust for differences in response rates, the data are weighted by the contribution of each respondent’s nation to global GDP. Alex Singla and Alexander Sukharevsky are global coleaders of QuantumBlack, AI by McKinsey, and senior partners in McKinsey’s Chicago and London offices, respectively; Lareina Yee is a senior partner in the Bay Area office, where Michael Chui , a McKinsey Global Institute partner, is a partner; and Bryce Hall is an associate partner in the Washington, DC, office. They wish to thank Kaitlin Noe, Larry Kanter, Mallika Jhamb, and Shinjini Srivastava for their contributions to this work. This article was edited by Heather Hanselman, a senior editor in McKinsey’s Atlanta office. Explore a career with usRelated articles.  Moving past gen AI’s honeymoon phase: Seven hard truths for CIOs to get from pilot to scale A generative AI reset: Rewiring to turn potential into value in 2024 Implementing generative AI with speed and safety An official website of the United States government Here's how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock ( Lock Locked padlock ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.  Staff Working Papers Working Paper 24-03: The Lock-In Effect of Rising Mortgage RatesRoss M. Batzer, Jonah R. Coste, William M. Doerner, and Michael J. Seiler Abstract: People can be “locked-in” or constrained in their ability to make appropriate financial changes, such as being unable to move homes, change jobs, sell stocks, rebalance portfolios, shift financial accounts, adjust insurance policies, transfer investment profits, or inherit wealth. These frictions—whether institutional, legislative, personal, or market-driven—are often overlooked. Residential real estate exemplifies this challenge with its physical immobility, high transaction costs, and concentrated wealth. In the United States, nearly all 50 million active mortgages have fixed rates, and most have interest rates far below prevailing market rates, creating a disincentive to sell. This paper finds that for every percentage point that market mortgage rates exceed the origination interest rate, the probability of sale is decreased by 18.1%. This mortgage rate lock-in led to a 57% reduction in home sales with fixed-rate mortgages in 2023Q4 and prevented 1.33 million sales between 2022Q2 and 2023Q4. The supply reduction increased home prices by 5.7%, outweighing the direct impact of elevated rates, which decreased prices by 3.3%. These findings underscore how mortgage rate lock-in restricts mobility, results in people not living in homes they would prefer, inflates prices, and worsens affordability. Certain borrower groups with lower wealth accumulation are less able to strategically time their sales, worsening inequality. Mortgage lock-in data are available below in two formats at the bottom of this webpage. The first file offers a data supplement that could be used to recreate figures shown in the working paper. The second file offers additional developmental data aggregates produced from estimations in the working paper. Both files are subject to change with working paper revisions. Our FAQs address common questions about the datasets. Please cite this working paper when using either dataset.
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Read in English. Oggi lanciamo Nature Italy, una nuova rivista digitale dedicata alla ricerca in Italia e alla comunità scientifica italiana.In doppia lingua, italiano e inglese, metterà in luce ...
Italiano Research Papers - Academia.edu. Cristiani e Saraceni nell'Orlando Furioso: personaggi cross-border e tracce di transculturalità. In Italia Transculturale: Il Sincretismo Italofono Come Modello Eterotopico. Franco Cesati Editore: Firenze, 2018. Download.
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By. Nicola Nosengo. Leggi in Italiano. Today we launch Nature Italy, a new digital magazine focused on Italian research and on the Italian scientific community. Written in both Italian and English ...
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View Italian language Research Papers on Academia.edu for free. Skip to main content ... Sebbene la crisi dell'italiano in Svezia rispecchi la crisi dell'italiano nel mondo, dovuta a una politica linguistica italiana tradizionalmente fallimentare (cfr. Vedovelli 2011), è possibile individuare alcune criticità specifiche del contesto ...
Web-based version of printed Philosophers' Index with abstracts covering scholarly research in the fifteen fields of philosophy, published in journals and books since 1940. The database cites works in English, Spanish, German, French, Italian, Russian, Chinese and Japanese. Iter: Gateway to the Middle Ages and Renaissance.
The approach in unfolding the research questions took the perspective of a socio-technical system, i.e., a model defined by four interdependent variables: task, people, technology, and structure, where each of them influences the others (Leavitt 1965).In brief, the socio-technical perspective implies that all the activities considered under its framework regard both the social subsystems ...
Italian Studies was founded in 1937 as the journal of the Society for Italian Studies (SIS), the principal professional association of teachers of Italian and Italian studies in Higher Education in the UK and Ireland, whose aim is 'to advance public education by furthering the study of Italy, Italian language, literature, thought, history, society, and arts in the United Kingdom and Ireland'.
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The Italian science news that shaped 2021. Nature Italy outlines some key moments for science and research this year on the home front. Leggi in italiano. Giorgio Parisi showing his Nobel Prize ...
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The Modern Language Association's online hub that provides free resources on using MLA style in research, writing, and documentation. It offers a quick guide to citing any source according to the MLA template of core elements, a practice template, a Q&A feature with hundreds of citation examples, a blog of writing tips, guidelines for formatting a paper and avoiding plagiarism, sample papers ...
Italiano: research paper n (written study) (di ricerca) articolo nm (articolo) ricerca nf : ... 'research paper' si trova anche in questi elementi: Italiano: ricerca. Forum discussions with the word(s) 'research paper' in the title: Discussioni nei forum nel cui titolo è presente la parola 'research paper': letteratura di riferimento (research ...
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research effort n. (work done in studying or investigating) lavoro di ricerca nm. research facility n. (place for scientific experimentation) ente di ricerca, centro di ricerca nm. research findings npl. (discoveries of an investigation or study) risultati di ricerca nmpl.
Table of contents. Step 1: Introduce your topic. Step 2: Describe the background. Step 3: Establish your research problem. Step 4: Specify your objective (s) Step 5: Map out your paper. Research paper introduction examples. Frequently asked questions about the research paper introduction.
Choose a research paper topic. Conduct preliminary research. Develop a thesis statement. Create a research paper outline. Write a first draft of the research paper. Write the introduction. Write a compelling body of text. Write the conclusion. The second draft.
Italian. Personal Names. The names of many Italians who have lived before or during the Renaissance are alphabetized by first name. Dante Aligheri. Leonardo da Vinci. Michaelangelo Buonarroti. But other names follow standard practice. Boccaccio, Giovanni. Cellini, Benvenuto.
Traduzione di "research paper" in italiano. Students will then complete a qualifying research paper. Gli studenti potranno quindi completare un documento di ricerca di qualifica. In both streams, the research paper is based on independent fieldwork. In entrambi i flussi, il documento di ricerca si basa su ricerche sul campo indipendenti.
A decimal outline is similar in format to the alphanumeric outline, but with a different numbering system: 1, 1.1, 1.2, etc. Text is written as short notes rather than full sentences. Example: 1 Body paragraph one. 1.1 First point. 1.1.1 Sub-point of first point. 1.1.2 Sub-point of first point.
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Scalable Diffusion Models with Transformers. We explore a new class of diffusion models based on the transformer architecture. We train latent diffusion models of images, replacing the commonly-used U-Net backbone with a transformer that operates on latent patches. We analyze the scalability of our Diffusion Transformers (DiTs) through the lens ...
Conclusion. There are many machine learning papers to read in 2024, and here are my recommendation papers to read: HyperFast: Instant Classification for Tabular Data. EasyRL4Rec: A User-Friendly Code Library for Reinforcement Learning Based Recommender Systems. Label Propagation for Zero-shot Classification with Vision-Language Models.
In a business context, innovation is the ability to conceive, develop, deliver, and scale new products, services, processes, and business models for customers. Successful innovation delivers net new growth that is substantial. As McKinsey senior partner Laura Furstenthal notes in an episode of the Inside the Strategy Room podcast, "However ...
Formatting a Chicago paper. The main guidelines for writing a paper in Chicago style (also known as Turabian style) are: Use a standard font like 12 pt Times New Roman. Use 1 inch margins or larger. Apply double line spacing. Indent every new paragraph ½ inch. Place page numbers in the top right or bottom center.
About the research. The online survey was in the field from February 22 to March 5, 2024, and garnered responses from 1,363 participants representing the full range of regions, industries, company sizes, functional specialties, and tenures. Of those respondents, 981 said their organizations had adopted AI in at least one business function, and ...
This paper finds that for every percentage point that market mortgage rates exceed the origination interest rate, the probability of sale is decreased by 18.1%. This mortgage rate lock-in led to a 57% reduction in home sales with fixed-rate mortgages in 2023Q4 and prevented 1.33 million sales between 2022Q2 and 2023Q4.
A record number of retractions — more than 10,000 scientific papers in 2023.Nineteen academic journals shut down recently after being overrun by fake research from paper mills. A single ...