phd programs in radiology

Biomedical Imaging

The Master of Science in Biomedical Imaging Program is designed to provide STEM bachelor’s degree recipients with a comprehensive introduction to the physics, mathematics, radiochemistry, and engineering principles and methods that underly each of the major imaging modalities currently in use in clinical radiology and pathology.  The Program is highly interdisciplinary and includes faculty members with expertise in physics, radiology, engineering, mathematics, radiochemistry, and pathology.  Nearly all courses will be developed by faculty specifically for the Program.

The Master’s thesis portion of the program enables students to directly apply knowledge gained in the courses, either in one of the imaging research laboratories at Weill Cornell Medicine or Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, or with a faculty member devoted to clinical service and innovation.  Graduates of the Program will be well positioned to secure jobs in academia, industry, and government, or further education in PhD or MD programs.

There has recently been tremendous growth in biomedical imaging research and clinical applications worldwide, and many faculty members participating in the Program are world leaders in the development of imaging biomarkers and their application to an extremely broad range of human diseases.  Weill Cornell Medicine and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center are located on adjacent campuses, and together manage one of the most comprehensive inventories of imaging hardware and software in the world.  These scanners will provide a hands-on training environment to students.

A unique feature of the Program is the two-track structure.  While all students will enroll in the same courses, the Laboratory Track offers a traditional imaging research thesis project, while the Clinical Track offers a thesis project designed around innovations in the practice of Radiology.

Curriculum / Courses

Program features include:

• 24 months duration, full-time study
• cohesive interdisciplinary educational program
• individual mentored research project
• career development training

Imaging Resources

Both Weill Cornell Medical College and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center operate large, well-funded imaging research Core facilities that will be available to all students enrolled in the Program.  At Weill Cornell, the Citigroup Biomedical Imaging Center and Microscopy and Image Analysis Core facilities support over 100 research groups and include MRI, PET, SPECT, CT, ultrasound and optical imaging for studies of human subjects, animal models of disease, and specimens.  At Memorial Sloan-Kettering, the Animal Imaging Core provides investigators with unique capabilities for the noninvasive detection, localization, and characterization of primary and metastatic cancer cells in vivo in small animal models.  This Core also contains MRI, PET, SPECT, CT, ultrasound and optical imaging scanners and offers image analysis services.

Program Requirements

The Program is designed for applicants holding a bachelor’s degree in physics, chemistry, mathematics or engineering. Applicants must have completed undergraduate-level coursework in multivariable calculus including Fourier analysis techniques, ordinary and partial differential equations, linear algebra, probability theory or statistics, and computer programming.

We seek applications from students with diverse undergraduate degrees and welcome applications from talented individuals of all backgrounds.   All application forms and supporting documents are submitted online. You will be asked to submit or upload the following:

• Personal Statement describing your background and specific interest in the MS-BI program.
• Résumé/C.V.
• Three letters of recommendation. Letters must be submitted electronically as instructed through the online application.
• Transcripts from all previously attended colleges and universities:
• Domestic Transcripts - Unofficial transcripts from U.S. institutions may be submitted for application review. Official transcripts will be requested from accepted students prior to matriculation.
• If using WES, please select the WES Basic Course-by-Course evaluation and choose "Cornell University - Manhattan NY" as the recipient with "Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences" as the School/Division 
• Evaluations are accepted only from  current members of the National Association of Credit Evaluation Services (NACES) .  Official course-by-course evaluations are required for application review.
• $80 application fee
• Results of the General Graduate Record (GRE) examination are optional. The Institution Code Number is 2119.
• Scores from the  Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) ,  International English Language Testing System (IELTS) , or  Duolingo English Test . Test scores are valid for two years after the test date. To see if you qualify for an exemption, see below.
• To submit your official TOEFL scores, please go to  http://www.ets.org/toefl  and request your scores to be sent to Weill Cornell Graduate School using code 2119. Please monitor your application to ensure that your scores are populated by ETS. Note: If you have taken the TOEFL iBT test more than once within the last 2 years, ETS will automatically include your  MyBest scores  along with the traditional scores from your selected test date. If you would like us to consider your MyBest scores, please write to let us know.  While the Graduate School will consider your MyBest scores, individual programs may not accept them.
• IELTS scores are valid for two years after the test date. IELTS results must be submitted directly via e-delivery to “Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences.”
• Results for the Duolingo English Test are valid for two years after the test date. Applicants must submit their results directly through Duolingo to “Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences".

Tuition, Fees, and Scholarships

The student services website contains program-specific details on tuition and fees:  https://studentservices.weill.cornell.edu/student-accounting/tuition-fees-program .

New scholarship opportunity: The Biomedical Imaging program is proud to announce the John Evans Professorship Endowed Tuition Assistance scholarship. This endowed tuition assistance scholarship was established to help support the professional development of two students enrolled in the​ master's program in Biomedical Imaging who have a financial need and to support diversity and inclusion in the field of Radiology/STEM as a path to reducing healthcare disparities. Find more information about this scholarship here:  John Evans Professorship Scholarship

Please note that tuition and fees are set for the current academic year but are subject to change each year.

English Language Proficiency Exam

The English language proficiency requirement may be waived if an applicant meets at least one of the following criteria:

Citizenship/Permanent Residency

• If the applicant is a citizen or permanent resident of the United States or its territories (e.g., Puerto Rico), or a citizen of the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, or Canada, they are exempt.
• Applicants who are citizens of all other countries, including India, Pakistan, the Philippines, Hong Kong, Singapore, etc. are not exempt and must submit English language proficiency exam scores.

English-Language Instruction

• Applicants who, at the time of enrollment, have studied in full-time status for at least two academic years within the last five years in the United States, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, or New Zealand, or with English language instruction in Canada or South Africa, are exempt.
• Applicants must submit a transcript that shows they studied in one of the approved locations, and that the academic program was at least two years in length.
• Even if English was the language of instruction of the course or institution, it must have been in one of the eligible locations, otherwise the applicant is not exempt from the requirement.

Application Timeline & Deadline

The application site for Fall 2024 admission is open.  Deadline for applications: April 30, 2024.     

Program Address

Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences 1300 York Ave. Box 65 New York, NY 10065 Phone: (212) 746-6565 Fax: (212) 746-5981

Upcoming Events

We're always working on putting events together. Be sure to check back soon for more event listings.

Student Stories

As a first-year graduate... I was amazed by the quantity and quality of our lab experience. 

• Burgess, Mark
• Deasy, Joseph
• Mahmood, Usman
• Mukherjee, Sushmita
• Niogi, Sumit
• Otazo, Ricardo
• Robinson, Brian
• Veeraraghavan, Harini

Douglas J. Ballon PhD Program Chair Professor of Physics in Radiology Director, Citigroup Biomedical Imaging Center Department of Radiology Weill Cornell Medical College 1300 York Avenue, Box 234 New York, NY 10021 (212) 746-5679 [email protected]

Andrew D. Schweitzer MD Program Director (Weill Cornell Medical College) Associate Clinical Professor of Clinical Radiology Department of Radiology Weill Cornell Medical College 1300 York Avenue, Box 234 New York, NY 10021 (212) 746-6711 [email protected]

Pat B. Zanzonico PhD Program Director (Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center) Attending Physicist and Member Co-Director, Small Animal Imaging Facility Department of Medical Physics Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center 1275 York Avenue New York, NY 10021 (646) 888-2134 [email protected]

Lucia Li Program Coordinator 1300 York Ave, Box 65 New York, NY 10065 [email protected]

Courses and Required Curricular Components

• Anatomy for Imaging Scientists
• Biomedical Imaging Master’s Thesis Research
• Career Development in Biomedical Imaging
• Health Literacy
• Machine Learning with Images
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Optical and Electron Microscopy
• Physics in Nuclear Medicine
• Special Topics in Biomedical Imaging
• Ultrasound Imaging
• X-Ray Methods and Computed Tomography

Student Handbook

To view the MSBI Student Handbook, click here .

Weill Cornell Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences 1300 York Ave. Box 65 New York, NY 10065 Phone: (212) 746-6565 Fax: (212) 746-8906

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PhD in Radiology

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The Department of Radiology usually admits three to five postgraduate students each year to study for a PhD. Students will join one of the department's active research themes, which are currently MRI, Hyperpolarised MRI, PET, Imaging in Oncology, Breast Imaging and Neuroradiology.

The University Department of Radiology is fully integrated into Addenbrooke's Hospital and students will work with both University and NHS specialists in their research area. Being able to work well as part of a team is essential, but students must also be self-motivated and have the initiative to pursue their research independently, albeit under the guidance of their supervisor.

In addition to the research training provided within the department, as part of the Postgraduate School of Life Sciences students will have access to several other courses to widen their experience and to enable them to acquire or develop technical and practical skills. Students are also likely to attend external meetings and conferences, and when their research is sufficiently developed they could be submitting research posters. In exceptional circumstances, a short verbal presentation may be possible, most likely supporting the supervisor.

Students are expected to attend the weekly Radiology Forum lectures which cover all imaging topics and actively participate in the department's Research Seminars. There are also many opportunities for students to attend other lectures and seminars in the department, Addenbrooke's Hospital, elsewhere in the clinical school and further afield in the University.

Depending on the nature of their research, students may be participating in the recruitment of patients onto trials and closely monitoring their progress. If they have the required training, students may also undertake basic procedures, such as taking samples. Interaction with patients will require either an honorary contract or a research passport from the NHS Trust.

Students will be supervised by an academic in the University Department of Radiology, and may also be co-supervised by a specialist (such as a medical physicist) in the NHS.

Those who wish to progress to a PhD after completing an MPhil will be required to satisfy their potential supervisor, Head of Department and the Faculty Degree Committee that they have the skills and ability to achieve the higher degree and funding in place.

The Postgraduate Virtual Open Day usually takes place at the end of October. It’s a great opportunity to ask questions to admissions staff and academics, explore the Colleges virtually, and to find out more about courses, the application process and funding opportunities. Visit the  Postgraduate Open Day  page for more details.

See further the  Postgraduate Admissions Events  pages for other events relating to Postgraduate study, including study fairs, visits and international events.

Key Information

3-4 years full-time, 4-7 years part-time, study mode : research, doctor of philosophy, department of radiology, course - related enquiries, application - related enquiries, course on department website, dates and deadlines:, lent 2024 (closed).

Some courses can close early. See the Deadlines page for guidance on when to apply.

Easter 2024 (Closed)

Michaelmas 2024 (closed), easter 2025, funding deadlines.

These deadlines apply to applications for courses starting in Michaelmas 2024, Lent 2025 and Easter 2025.

Similar Courses

• Medical Science (Radiology) MPhil
• Clinical Neurosciences PhD
• Medical Science (MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit) PhD
• Medical Science (MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit) MPhil
• Medical Science (Clinical Neurosciences) MPhil

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Radiology and Radiologic Technologist Degrees Guide

In nearly all states, radiologic technologists (also known as rad techs or RTs) must have at least an associate’s degree in order to use diagnostic medical imaging equipment (although there are exceptions for limited x-ray techs, who typically must have a technical diploma). Earning a bachelor’s degree in radiologic technology is another option that can lead to expanded career potential , particularly in supervision and management. Many states require rad techs to earn certification from the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT) in order to receive a state-issued license or permit to work with medical imaging equipment, while others view ARRT certification as sufficient on its own. According to O*NET OnLine data, 63% of radiologic technologists recommend that prospective RTs have an associate degree, while 24% recommend a postsecondary certificate and 6% recommend a professional degree such as a master’s degree . 1

With additional training and experience, radiologic technologists can become chief radiologic technologists, supervisors, administrators, or directors. Many hospitals may require advanced coursework or a master’s degree in health administration or business for these more advanced roles.

What Can You Do with a Degree in Radiologic Technology?

Those who choose a career in radiologic technology (variously referred to radiography, medical imaging, and radiologic science, and sometimes incorrectly as radiology) use diagnostic imaging methods to administer and capture 2D and 3D images of specific parts of a patient’s body, which are analyzed by a radiologist or trained physician who uses these images to make diagnoses and treatment decisions. The exact imaging methods used will vary based on the tech’s education and training. Specific certifications are required in most states and by most employers in order to use the various types of diagnostic imaging equipment.

Equipped with a degree, radiologic techs are presented with a host of career options. With an associate’s degree, RTs are most commonly employed in hospitals, clinics, doctor’s offices, and urgent care facilities. Rad tech associate’s and bachelor’s degree holders may also work in such areas as imaging sales and technology repair, while careers in academia and research are possible with a master’s or doctoral degree. These pathways are discussed in further detail below.

Radiologic Technology Degree Levels

Sometimes referred to as radiology technology degrees or radiology degrees, degrees in radiologic technology start at the certificate level and extend to the doctoral level. Each level represents different opportunities for certifications and licensure, which influence the career paths available, from limited scope x-ray technologists at the technical certificate level up to radiologist MDs at the doctoral level. Continue reading to learn more about what you can do with a degree in radiologic technology.

Radiologic Technology Certificate

A certificate in radiologic technology (occasionally called a radiology certificate) is the minimum education required to enter the field of radiologic technology. For entry-level work, such certificates are usually encountered as limited scope x-ray programs, which prepare candidates to safely work with x-ray machines in a limited range of practice. Radiologic technology certificates can also be ideal for working professionals seeking to gain additional expertise in specialties of medical imaging like CT, MRI, or ultrasound. As an alternative to earning a second degree for those who are already working in radiologic technology, these certificates are often available at the undergraduate level. It typically takes six months to a year to earn a certificate.

After graduation, individuals may be required to obtain state or other certification to practice in the new modality. RT certificates can also be useful for people with no prior experience in the field, often in conjunction with an associate’s degree, to qualify for ARRT credentialing and/or state licensure. Certificate programs are most commonly found on campus, but online radiologic technology certificates may be available in select modalities for those who are already certified in one or more areas.

Radiologic Technology Associate Degree

Associate’s degree programs in radiologic technology are offered at many community colleges and technical schools. An associate’s degree in radiologic technology is the minimum requirement to work in most healthcare facilities or hospitals as a member of a diagnostic imaging team. The titles for a radiologic technology associate’s degree vary and commonly include the Associate of Science (AS) in Radiography, Associate of Applied Science (AAS) in Radiologic Technology, and Associate of Science (AS) in Diagnostic Medical Sonography (Ultrasound). You can also find associate’s degrees in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and nuclear medicine technology.

The coursework required will vary according to the major, though with any accredited program graduates will typically be qualified for work as entry-level radiologic techs after meeting state certification or licensing requirements. In addition to classes like math, anatomy, and medical terminology, students gain hands-on, clinical experience with equipment operation and patient care. It takes approximately two years to complete an associate degree in radiologic technology with full-time study. Due to the need for hands-on training to adequately prepare students to work with medical imaging equipment, the majority of study will likely take place on campus, though select courses may be offered online.

Bachelor’s in Radiologic Technology

There are over 1,000 accredited bachelor’s degree programs in radiologic technology. While the terminology and details may vary, common names for these programs include Bachelor of Science in Radiologic Technology (BSRT), Bachelor of Science (BS) in Radiologic Sciences, Bachelor of Applied Science (BAS) in Radiologic Technology, Bachelor of Radiography, and Bachelor of Science (BS) in Diagnostic Medical Sonography. It is also common to find Bachelor of Science (BS) in Nuclear Medicine Technology programs. In all modalities, a bachelor’s degree can lead to a higher salary, greater opportunities to assume leadership roles, and management opportunities.

Coursework typically covers patient care, patient positioning, ethics, and radiation safety and protection in addition to radiation physics, pathology, anatomy, and other advanced topics. Typically, it takes about four years to earn a bachelor’s in radiologic technology; graduates are required to become certified by the ARRT and/or licensed in most states prior to becoming a practicing radiologic tech. A growing number of schools are offering transfer programs that allow those who already completed an associate’s degree in medical imaging to earn an online bachelor’s degree in radiologic science.

Master’s in Radiologic Technology

A master’s degree is designed for students who already hold a bachelor’s degree and are seeking an advanced understanding of biomedical imaging and associated research methods. A master’s degree usually takes one to two years to complete while studying full-time and three years to complete as a part-time program. A common reason for pursuing a master’s in radiologic technology is to become a radiologist assistant (RA), who is a type of advanced practice radiologic technician with greater responsibilities in the areas of patient assessment and radiological procedures. Degree titles you may find at this level include Master of Science in Radiologic Science (MSRS), Master of Science (MS) in Radiation Sciences, Master of Science (MS) in Biomedical Imaging, and Master of Science in Radiologic Science (MSRS)-Radiologist Assistant (RA).

Doctoral Degrees in Radiology

At the undergraduate and master’s levels, most degrees are radiologic technology degrees rather than true radiology degrees. This changes at the doctoral level, where a radiology degree prepares graduates to pursue advanced careers in radiologic science. The Doctor of Medicine (MD) in Radiology is the most common, which prepares graduates to work as medical fellows and seek licensure and medical board certification as doctors. You can also find Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Radiology programs, which lead to careers in medical imaging research and possible board certification as medical physicists, who are “behind the scenes” equipment specialists.

Online Radiology Degree Options

As noted above, learning how to safely use radiologic technology typically requires hands-on learning that can’t be replicated in an online setting. As a result, most undergraduate degrees in radiologic technology that lead to first-time certification or licensure will be primarily, if not fully, on campus. Some programs may be in a hybrid format, allowing you to complete general education courses (such as math, English, and basic science) online while radiologic technology courses occur on campus. However, for those who already have an associate’s degree in radiologic science, there are online certificates and bachelor’s degrees for rad techs designed as add-on or transfer programs. It is also fairly common to find online master’s degrees in radiologic science that schedule coursework around the needs of working professionals.

Radiologic Technology Degree Types

At all levels, radiology or radiologic technology degrees will have a major, concentration, or specialization. The most common major is in radiologic technology/radiography, but you will also see programs that allow students to major in ultrasound, nuclear medicine technology, and MRI, among others. At the certificate level, you will also see programs for limited scope x-ray. These options are discussed in further detail below; as you read, keep in mind that the major you select will influence the professional certifications and/or licensure areas for which you are eligible.

Radiologic Technology/Radiography

Radiologic technology and radiography are often used interchangeably when referring to degree programs. Such programs will focus on the use of x-ray (full scope, as compared to limited scope discussed in further detail below), fluoroscopy, and sometimes other modalities such as CAT/CT scans and MRI. Individuals with degrees in radiologic technology have completed academic and clinical education to prepare them for medical imaging careers. After graduation, radiologic techs with a radiography degree may be employed at clinics, medical institutions, urgent care facilities, and physicians’ offices.

After earning a radiologic technology degree, radiography techs may be required to pass the national certification exam(s) from the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT), depending on the licensing rules in their state. Whether or not it is required, ARRT certification is a helpful credential that is held in high regard by many employers.

Radiation Therapy/Radiotherapy

A degree in radiation therapy or radiotherapy prepares graduates for certification in this specialty field, which uses radiation as a treatment for certain types of cancer. Most commonly found as a bachelor’s degree (a Bachelor of Science in Radiation Therapy (BSRT)), radiation therapy programs can also be found as one- to two-year certification programs for those who already have a radiologic science associate’s degree. Somewhat more rarely, there are select radiation therapist associate degree programs, though these are often intended as combined or transfer programs. In addition to courses in radiation physics and patient care, radiation therapy students will take courses in oncology (the diagnosis and treatment of cancers), medical dosimetry, and advanced anatomy. Multiple clinical placements during the course of study are another typical feature of radiation therapy programs.

Sonography/Ultrasound

Most commonly found as associate’s degrees but also as bachelor’s degrees and occasionally advanced certificate programs, diagnostic medical sonography degrees (also known as ultrasound degrees) prepare graduates to become sonographers (also known as ultrasound technicians). Common titles for this degree include Associate of Science (AS) in Diagnostic Medical Imaging and Bachelor of Science (BS) in Diagnostic Medical Sonography. The curriculum and clinical work for this degree will cover the use of sonography equipment and patient positioning, medical terminology, and the fundamentals of patient care in a medical imaging setting. Many sonography degree programs are structured to address the certification exams of subspecialties like breast sonography and abdominal sonography. After earning an associate’s or bachelor’s degree in ultrasound technology, it is also possible to earn a specialty certificate in one or more areas of sonography, such as cardiovascular sonography. There are also degree programs with this level of specialization, though they are somewhat less common.

Nuclear Medicine Technology

Degrees in nuclear medicine technology are typically found at the associate’s and bachelor’s levels, with bachelor’s degrees (typically a Bachelor of Science (BS) in Nuclear Medicine Technology) being more common. As an area of the radiologic sciences, nuclear medicine technology centers on using radiologic agents introduced into the body (most commonly orally or intravenously) to produce medical images. Students in nuclear medicine technology programs can expect to take courses in radiation physics, radiochemistry/radiopharmacy, and nuclear medicine technology equipment, as well as complete clinical placements. Many nuclear medicine technology programs also include courses in computed tomography (CT), potentially leading to dual certification and/or licensure in CT and nuclear medicine technology.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technology

As a degree program, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is typically found at the associate degree level as an Associate of Science (AS) in MRI or an Associate of Applied Science (AAS) in MRI. It is somewhat more common to find the study of MRI as part of a combined degree program with radiography or ultrasound, or as a postsecondary certificate. Combined programs such as these may have titles including Associate of Science (AS) in Radiologic Science or Bachelor of Science (BS) in Imaging Sciences. MRI tech schools often offer certificate programs in MRI intended for professionals with previous training and/or experience in diagnostic imaging who are seeking to expand their skills and marketability. One-year MRI tech programs are common and are sometimes offered as part of a degree or as an add-on option for a degree in radiologic technology or sonography.

Limited Scope X-Ray

Also known as limited medical radiography and, more rarely, basic x-ray machine operator programs, limited scope x-ray technician programs are most commonly found as certificate programs and require a high school diploma or GED for admission. Students who study limited medical radiography learn to conduct x-ray exams, prep patients and explain the procedure, and position the equipment and patient according to proper safety standards. To work as a limited scope x-ray tech, you must pass the appropriate ARRT credentialing exam and/or pursue the appropriate registration or license with the state in which you wish to practice. Appropriately credentialed graduates may find work in hospitals, labs, outpatient centers, and doctors’ offices.

Finding Accredited Radiologic Technology Programs

Completing an accredited program in radiologic technology is important because accreditation can impact your eligibility for licensure as well as your ability to transfer credits to another program, such as if you wanted to earn a certification for a new modality or transfer to a four-year program after completing a two-year program. There are two types of accreditation to be aware of: regional (also known as institutional) accreditation and programmatic accreditation. Regional accreditation means that a school has been recognized by one of the six regional accreditors recognized by the US Department of Education . Some states require this type of accreditation as part of the rad tech licensing process, and most credentialing exams require candidates to have graduated from an accredited school. This type of accreditation is also required for students to be eligible for federally-backed student loans and certain other types of financial aid. Finally, a school that holds regional accreditation will generally require any transfer credits to be from institutions that also hold regional accreditation.

The second type of accreditation to consider is programmatic accreditation. Programmatic accreditation means that a program has been accredited by a specialty organization. In the medical imaging field, there are three major program accreditors: the Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology (JRCERT); the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP); and the Joint Review Committee on Educational Programs in Nuclear Medicine Technology (JRCNMT). These accreditations are an indicator of quality as programs must go through a thorough review and vetting process to earn accreditation. As a result, many states and credentialing exam administrators consider programmatic accreditation in the licensing process. Each of these three accreditors is recognized for specific modalities.

The Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology (JRCERT) is the only organization recognized by the US Department of Education for accreditation of radiologic technology degree programs. JRCERT specifically accredits radiography, radiation therapy, magnetic resonance, and medical dosimetry programs. You can find the accreditation status of a program by searching the JRCERT database . While JRCERT accreditation is not required for rad tech program graduates to be eligible to take the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT) or the Medical Dosimetry Certification Board (MDBC) licensing exams, JRCERT accreditation typically means that candidates are eligible to take these exams upon graduation.

The Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP) and the Joint Review Committee on Educational Programs in Nuclear Medicine Technology (JRCNMT) are smaller accreditors in the medical imaging field. CAAHEP accredits various health education programs, including the medical imaging modalities of advanced cardiovascular sonography and diagnostic medical sonography, from the diploma to the master’s level . CAAHEP accreditation is not considered in the ARRT licensing process, though CAAHEP-accredited ultrasound schools may be more likely to be on the ARRT approved programs list.

The JRCNMT specifically accredits programs in nuclear medicine technology. Graduation from a JRCNMT-accredited nuclear medicine technologist degree program is required to be eligible for the Nuclear Medicine Technologist Certification Board (NMTCB) exam, though graduates from non-JRCNMT accredited programs may still be eligible to take the ARRT exams.

As you plan your career in radiologic technology and medical imaging, it is strongly recommended that you check with your state’s RT licensing board(s) for specific requirements in the modalities you wish to practice.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is radiography.

Radiography can be used as a synonym for the x-ray modality; less commonly, it is used as a synonym for radiologic technology. There are many certificate programs in limited medical radiography as well as associate’s degrees and postprimary certificates in x-ray therapy, x-ray and fluoroscopy, and x-ray and proton therapy which fall under the radiography umbrella.

What are the qualities of successful radiographers?

To be successful in radiography or radiologic technology, you should be passionate about patient care and healthcare, proficient at math and science, skilled at working with patients, interested in anatomy and physiology, and have effective interpersonal skills. An accredited radiologic technology degree program will help you build skills in these areas and prepare for your career.

What are the job opportunities with a radiologic technology degree?

Depending on the area(s) (also known as modalities) in which they are trained, rad techs produce images and assist in the delivery of treatments using computerized tomography (CT), cardiac laboratories, mammography, sonography/ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear medicine, and radiation therapy. Technologists performing these tasks will most often be found at hospitals, doctors’ offices, and clinics. A smaller number of radiologic technologists work in medical and diagnostic laboratories or outpatient care centers.

Which radiology technologist degree should I choose?

The right degree for your needs will depend on a variety of factors. For first-time certification, you will need to choose a degree that offers a major (also known as a concentration, emphasis, or specialty) in the modality you wish to practice: MRI, ultrasound, radiography, and so on. Ensuring that your degree is appropriately accredited is also key since this will influence your eligibility for certification and/or licensure. For first-time certification you will typically need at least an associate’s degree; however, depending on your educational background and goals, a postsecondary certificate or bachelor’s degree may be a better fit. Review the available programs and be sure to speak with program admissions advisors to plan your path.

Do I need a degree to get ARRT certification?

Yes, to qualify for certification from the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT), you must meet minimum formal education requirements. These minimums include a postsecondary technical diploma for limited x-ray technologists, an associate’s degree or the equivalent for radiologic technologists and ultrasound technicians, and a bachelor’s degree or above for radiologist assistants. Visit the ARRT website for further guidelines.

How long does it take to become a radiology tech?

It typically takes at least two years to become a radiologic tech (sometimes incorrectly referred to as a radiology tech). This is because in most states that require licensure for rad techs, and in all states that require ARRT certification, an associate’s degree is the minimum education required to use most types of radiologic imaging equipment.

How long is radiology school?

When searching for the term “radiology school,” people typically mean to search for radiologic technology school. For first-time RTs, an associate’s degree in radiologic technology takes about two years of full-time study to complete, while a bachelor’s degree takes about four years of full-time study. Those who are already certified in one or more areas of radiologic technology may be able to earn additional certificates in less time. Those seeking advanced careers via a master’s degree will need to plan for at least five years of study (four years for a bachelor’s plus one to two years for a master’s). By comparison, it typically takes 10 years to become a radiologist (four years for a bachelor’s, four years in medical school, and at least two years of residency).

How long does it take to become an x-ray tech?

Since in most cases becoming a limited scope x-ray tech only requires a postsecondary technical certificate or diploma, you may be able to become an x-ray tech in less than a year. Limited scope x-ray tech programs are offered at many community colleges and technical schools. To become a full-scope x-ray tech, you will typically need at least an associate’s degree in radiography, which takes two years to complete with full-time study (depending on the program and your educational background).

Are there online radiology degrees?

Those who are pursuing first-time certification and licensure in radiologic technology should plan for on-campus study since it is not possible to adequately learn the fundamentals of radiologic science and patient care through an online radiology tech degree. However, for those who have a degree and are already certified in at least one modality, there are online options. Perhaps the most common is an online bachelor’s degree for those who already have an associate’s degree; these are typically structured as transfer programs. It is also common to find online master’s in radiologic technology and online master’s in radiology assistant degrees, which are designed for working professionals with a bachelor’s degree in the radiologic sciences.

Can I attend sonography school online?

If you do not already have at least an associate’s degree in ultrasound/sonography, you should expect to complete at least some on-campus study for your first degree. This is because hands-on learning is critical in order to safely use medical imaging equipment. However, if you already have an associate’s degree in sonography, it is possible to complete a bachelor’s degree in ultrasound technology online via a transfer program. You may also be able to earn online sonography certificates in specialty areas, such as vascular sonography, if you already hold an associate’s degree. Check with the schools you are considering for details on options and requirements.

How do I know if radiology tech programs will qualify me for licensure or certification?

The best source of information on whether a given radiology tech program will qualify you for licensure is your state board of radiation safety, radiologic technologists, or public health (the overseeing agency varies by state). Many states follow the ARRT’s guidelines for certification in whole or in part; if your state is one of these, you should also review the ARRT’s requirements for first-time (primary) and/or add-on (postprimary) credentials .

What is the difference majoring in sonography vs. radiology (radiologic technology)?

While sonography is a subfield of radiologic technology, it is a different modality because it uses ultrasound waves instead of radioactive or radiologic agents to produce medical images. As a result, in order to become a sonographer or ultrasound technician, you will need to specifically earn an ultrasound degree or certificate. Similarly, a radiology technician education prepares you to specifically use radiographic imaging, such as x-rays and CT scans; you typically will not qualify for ultrasound certification if you have a radiography degree.

References: 1. O*NET OnLine, Radiologic Technologists: https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/29-2034.00

Department of Radiation Oncology

Medical School

• Department History
• Evaluation of Curricula
• Sample Academic Plans
• Program Faculty
• Alumni Spotlight
• New Student Orientation
• Student Progress Evaluation
• Current Students
• Application Process
• Benefits & Stipends
• Current Medical Residents
• Radiation Physics and Radiobiology Courses
• Well-Being & Professional Development
• Life in Minnesota
• Resident News & Kudos
• Current Medical Physics Residents
• Brachytherapy Research Lab
• Molecular Cancer Therapeutics Lab
• Patient Care
• Radiation Oncology Anniversary

Medical Physics Graduate Program

The Medical Physics Graduate Program is accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Medical Physics Education Programs (CAMPEP) and offers MS and PhD degrees.

The goal of the program is to prepare students for entering a clinical medical physics residency program in therapy or imaging physics and/or to pursue a career in research and teaching in radiation therapy, radiology, or magnetic resonance imaging. 

The program meets the requirements of the Graduate School of the University of Minnesota, AAPM Reports 197, 197S, and the CAMPEP Standards for Accreditation of Graduate Educational Programs.

The Medical Physics Graduate Program generally admits students in the Fall semester. This program does not grant conditional admissions. Deadline for Fall 2025 admissions will be January 5, 2025.

+ What is Medical Physics?

Medical physicists are professionals with education and specialist training in the concepts and techniques of applying physics in medicine. Medical Physicists work in clinical, academic or research institutions. (Source: IOMP)

Medical physicists are concerned with three areas of activity:

• Clinical service and consultation in radiation oncology and radiology departments
• Research and development in areas such as cancer, heart disease, and others
• Teaching medical physics students, resident physicians, and radiology and radiation therapy technology students

(Source: AAPM)  

AAPM's public education web page describing medical physics:

https://www.medicalradiationinfo.org/medical-physics/

AAPM's public education web page describing a career in medical physics:

https://www.medicalradiationinfo.org/careers/

+ Program Governance

The program governance includes the Director of Graduate Studies (DGS), the Steering Committee, and the Admissions Committee. The Steering Committee addresses the long term needs of the program and any short term issues. The Admissions Committee reviews applications for admissions and makes admissions decisions.

The majority of the instructors for the program are from the Departments of Radiation Oncology and Radiology at the University of Minnesota. Faculty are listed as full if they advise and support student(s) in the program at least once every five years, actively participate in the program by serving on student(s) MS and PhD committees, teaching courses, or serve in one of the graduate program committees.

+ Facilities

The facilities and clinical equipment of the University of Minnesota Medical Center are available to the faculty and students of the graduate program in Medical Physics. These include departments of Radiation Oncology and Radiology, including  The Center for Magnetic Resonance Research .  

Additional facilties within various University of Minnesota departments and centers are also available to graduate students as needed.

The full resources of the University of Minnesota Library systems both online and its physical holdings are available to all graduate students of the University of Minnesota. Other materials not directly accessible within the University of Minnesota Library system can be acquired via interlibrary loan.

Read a general description of the  University of Minnesota Libraries .

Read about particular  library services offered to graduate students.

+ Active Research Projects

+ Recent Student Publications and Presentations

Recent Publications:

N. Becerra-Espinosa , L. Claps, P. Alaei , Comparison of visual and semi-automated kilovoltage cone beam CT image QA analysis, J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys. e14190 (2024)

S. Fakhraei , E. Ehler, D. Sterling, L.C. Cho, P. Alaei , A Patient-Specific correspondence model to track tumor location in thorax during radiation therapy, Phys Medica 116 (2023)

N. Zulkarnain , A. Sadeghi-Tarakameh, J. Thotland, N. Harel, Y. Eryaman, Aworkflow for predicting radiofrequency-induced heating around bilateral deep brain stimulation electrodes in MRI, Med. Phys. (2023)

A. Sadeghi-Tarakameh, L. DelaBarre, N. Zulkarnain , N. Harel, Y. Eryaman, Implant-friendly MRI of deep brain stimulation electrodes at 7 T,  Mag. Reson. Med. (2023)

E. Torres, P. Wang, S. Kantesaria, P. Jenkins, L. DelaBarre, D. Cosmo Pizetta, T.   Froelich , L. Steyn, A. Tannús, K. Papas, D. Sakellariou, M. Garwood, Development of a compact NMR system to measure pO2 in a tissue-engineered graft, J. Magn. Reson (2023)

T. Froelich , L. DelaBarre, P. Wang, J. Radder, E. Torres, M. Garwood, Fast spin-echo approach for accelerated B1 gradient–based MRI,  Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (2023)

AAPM 2024 Presentations:

A. Monsef , P. Sheikhzadeh, J. Steiner, M. Elhaie, M. Fooldai, F. Sadeghi, Optimization of Ga-68 Dotatate Activity for Oncologic PET Imaging: Phantom and Patient Study

A. Alshreef , M. Assalmi, T. Allen, B. Rogers, C. Oare, C. Ferreira, “Dose to brain versus dose to water for GammaTile implanted brachytherapy”

A. Alshreef , M. Assalmi. T. Allen, B. Rogers, C. Oare, F. Jafari, C. Ferreira, “Dose Heterogeneity Simulation for Permanently Implanted Cs ‑ 131 Seeds for Brain Tumor Brachytherapy”

T. Adhikari , A. Alshreef, C. Ferreira, "Dose Coverage and Dose to Organs at Risk for GBM Patients Treated with Gammatile"

S. Pani, B. Nguyen , D. Mathew, Y. Watanabe, “Preliminary Evaluation of Hall Effect Sensor Array for Patient Motion Tracking”

S. Lee , Y. Watanabe, "Prediction of Heterogeneous Treatment Planning in Gamma Knife Radiosurgery Using Homogeneous Plan with Conditional Generative Adversarial Network

ISMRM 2024 Presentations:

S. Lee ,   F. Branzoli, O. Andronesi, C. Chen, A. Lin, R. Liserre, G. Melku, T. Nguyen, M, Marjanska, Analysis of MRS voxel placements in brain tumors performed by MRS experts

N. Zulkarnain , A. Sadeghi-Tarakameh, D. Koski, N. Harel, Y. Eryaman, In-vivo Validation of a Workflow to Predict Heating around a Deep Brain Stimulation Contacts

ABS 2024 Presentation:

C. Ferreira, D. Sterling, S. Zhang, M. Reynolds, K. Dusenbery, L. Sloan, A. Alshreef , C. Chen, Gammatile Cs-131 Permanent Brain Implants: From Clinical Implementation To Treatment Outcomes And Beyond

+ Graduate Outcomes

Program History

This graduate program was started as an interdisciplinary graduate program under the name Biophysical Sciences in the 1950s by Dr. Otto Schmidt to encourage collaboration among biologists, chemists, and physicists. Then, as now, faculty had their salaried appointments in various home departments, including departments within the Medical School, but participated in Biophysical Sciences because of their interests in collaborative, interdisciplinary projects.

• 1960 - 1970
• 1980 - 1990
• 2000 - Present

By the late 1960s and early 1970s, disciplines such as biophysics, biochemistry, physical chemistry, etc. were established in the mainstream, so the emphasis in Biophysical Sciences shifted to health informatics (integration of computers for modeling and data base analysis) and medical applications of biochemistry with Dr. Gene Ackerman and Dr. Russell K. Hobbie as Directors of Graduate Studies. 

By the late 1980s the computerization of all disciplines had become routine and most of the faculty had minimized their participation in the Biophysical Sciences Program. At about that time, however, a resurgence of interest in applications of various disciplines to problems in “radiologic sciences” – medical imaging, radiation therapy, and radiobiology – resulted in a renewal of interest in the program. In the US, the field of radiologic science is known as a profession by the term “Medical Physics”. Thus, by the early 1990’s the emphasis of the program had shifted to Medical Physics. In 1993, the program underwent an internal review under the direction of Associate Dean Kenneth Zimmerman at the request of Vice President and Dean Anne Petersen. The purpose of the review was to explore the future of involvement of the Medical School in the program. E. Russell Ritenour, became Director of Graduate Studies at that time.

In 2012, the name of the Biophysical Sciences and Medical Physics program was changed to Medical Physics to more closely align the name of the program with the focus of the majority of the students in the program. The program as it currently stands focuses on Medical Physics but does not preclude the student from having a graduate project that is outside the traditional borders of Medical Physics. This is due to the fact that there are several professors associated with the program that have interests aligned with Medical Physics that are not purely clinical in focus. To aid in this transition of the program and to promote the accreditation process, Bruce J. Gerbi, PhD was installed as the Program Director. Upon retirement of Dr. Gerbi, Parham Alaei, PhD was elected as program director in May 2017. 

Education & Training

• Curriculum & Courses
• Medical Residency Program
• Medical Physics Residency Program

For specific program information, please contact:

Parham Alaei, PhD, Professor University of Minnesota Medical School Department of Radiation Oncology 612-626-6505 [email protected] Mayo Mail Code 494 420 Delaware Street SE  Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455

For general program information, please contact:

Training the Physician-Scientist in Radiology

New section.

Radiology is a rapidly evolving clinical specialty where basic, translational, and clinical research has become an increasingly important part of the field. In addition to its traditional role in carrying out and interpreting non-invasive medical imaging studies such as X-ray, CT, ultrasound, and MRI, Radiology has expanded to include rapidly evolving practices in image-guided tissue sampling, interventional radiology (IR), and radiopharmaceutical therapy.

Research in Radiology encompassed a wide spectrum of topics that includes imaging devices and methods for image generation, image informatics and analytics (including AI), and molecular imaging and image guided therapy.  In addition to work in advancing radiologic methodology, research in radiology also applies imaging methods to basic, translational, and clinical research in cancer, neurosciences, cardiovascular biology, and other topics where the information provided by imaging is key to the research focus -- for example cancer metabolism. 

The American Board of Radiology governs the certification for Radiology and related subspecialties. The traditional Diagnostic Radiology (DR) Residency includes an internship followed by 4 years in an ACGME-accredited residency program. This is often followed by a subspecialty fellowship  training in areas such as abdominal imaging, breast imaging, chest/cardiovascular imaging, interventional radiology, musculoskeletal, nuclear medicine imaging and therapy, or pediatric radiology, especially for academic practices.

In addition to the standard DR residency pathways, there are combined pathways that integrate training diagnostic and interventional  radiology (Integrated IR or IR/DR pathway), and nuclear medicine (16-month integrated DR/NR pathway).

With the acceleration of Research in radiology, programs designed to train physician-scientists (Radiology PSPTs) have been developed using one of two approaches: 

• The ABR Holman Pathway. This is a formal ABR-sanction training pathway is designed for “the exceptional trainee who has both strong clinical abilities and a background in research.” This pathway is individualized to each trainee after the trainees acceptance to the host diagnostic radiology residency program and offers up to 18-20 months dedicated to research. This pathway requires formal approval by the ABR for each individual trainee participating in the Holman Pathway. Applications to the Holman pathway occur after the trainee enters his/her dedicated residency program and are accepted in the second 6 months of the R1 year or anytime in the R2 year. (Note that a similar program exists for Radiation Oncology, which is also governed by the ABR.)
• Radiology PSPTs with a Dedicated “Research Track”.  In the past 10-15 years, a number of programs have developed dedicated PSPT slots in the residency programs in the form of a research track. This track typically has its own dedicated applications in the NRMP Match® and fulfill all of the training requirements for DR certification. The format of these programs varies somewhat, but almost all include at least one full year dedicated to research, as well as specific training in research methodology. Many Dedicated Radiology PSPTs have benefit from support from the National institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) T32 grant support, which typically provides support for a dedicated mentored research year and other research training. Several of the dedicated Radiology PSPTs have formal links to fellowship-level training at the same center to enable additional research to be carried out during subspecialty training.

General Information on Radiology, Radiology Training, and Radiology Research :

ACGME Requirements for Radiology Training Programs

ACGME Information on Radiology Subspecialties

ABR Radiology-supported Certification Pathways :

Diagnostic Radiology (DR)

  Integrated Interventional Radiology (IR/DR)

Diagnostic Radiology/Nuclear Medicine (16-moth DR/NR)

ACR Residency Training Support Tools

Academy of Radiology Research (ARR)

Radiologic Society of North America (RSNA)

Information for Specific Radiology PSPT Programs :

ABR Radiology Holman Pathway

NIBIB T32 Research Training Program Grants

Currently Active NIBIB T32 Training Programs

• @AAMCpremed

Helpful tools and information regarding medical MD-PhD programs.

Information about applying to MD-PhD programs, emphasizing the application process during COVID-19.

Information about MD-PhD programs, emphasizing the career and application process.

Learn about MD-PhD Programs from program leaders.

Upcoming short presentations will describe features of MD-PhD training, alumni careers, and detailed logistics of the application process.

Emily battled viral encephalitis for years during college, and now as a MD/PhD student, she reminds premeds that it's okay to ask for help.

Cesar couldn't apply to medical school when he first graduated from college due to his undocumented status. Now he's in a MD-PhD program and hopes to practice in the Southwest where there's a high need for Spanish-speaking physicians.

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Course type

Qualification, university name, phd degrees in diagnostic imaging.

11 degrees at 9 universities in the UK.

Customise your search

Select the start date, qualification, and how you want to study

About Postgraduate Diagnostic Imaging

Diagnostic imaging is a branch of healthcare technology which uses a variety of machines and methods to let doctors look inside the body to diagnose medical issues and prescribe treatments. It’s an important area of medicine as it allows for fast, non-invasive diagnosis and monitoring of health conditions and there is a range of imagine technologies to suit a diversity of use-cases, such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI technology and ultrasound.

PhD courses represent the highest formal academic level of study in this field and contain a significant research component. Applicants are generally expected to hold a minimum 2:1 undergraduate degree in a related medical or biological sciences subject area for entry to a PhD programme. Courses last two to four years full-time or can be studied part-time with a typical duration of four to six years. There are nine such courses available in the UK and provide strong preparation for roles as researchers, educators and advanced practitioners in the field of diagnostic imaging.

What to Expect

A diagnostic imaging PhD programme involves advanced research in medical imaging technologies, such as radiography, CT scans and MRI. Students conduct in-depth research on imaging innovations, diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes and you can expect to be supervised by leading experts in both diagnostic and therapeutic radiography. Universities which run PhD courses generally have very strong connections with national and international patient groups, research centres and professional bodies.

Trans-disciplinary collaboration with industry partners and major teaching hospitals is also a regular feature of research degrees like this and after graduation, you’ll be ready to take on work at the very highest level of the professional field of diagnostic imaging.

Related subjects:

• PhD Diagnostic Imaging
• PhD Audiology
• PhD Biomedical Engineering
• PhD Cardiovascular Medicine
• PhD Dental Health Education
• PhD Dental Hygiene
• PhD Dental Technology
• PhD Dentistry
• PhD Dermatology
• PhD Emergency First Aid
• PhD Endocrinology
• PhD Endodontics
• PhD Epidemiology
• PhD Forensic Medicine
• PhD Gastroenterology
• PhD Geriatric Medical Studies
• PhD Haematology
• PhD Immunology
• PhD Medical Radiography
• PhD Medical Radiology
• PhD Medical Sciences
• PhD Medical Statistics
• PhD Medical Technology
• PhD Neurology
• PhD Obstetrics
• PhD Oncology
• PhD Ophthalmology
• PhD Optometry
• PhD Orthodontics
• PhD Orthopedics
• PhD Paramedical Services and Supplementary Medicine
• PhD Paramedical Work
• PhD Parenting and Carers
• PhD Pathology
• PhD Pediatrics
• PhD People with Disabilities: Skills and Facilities
• PhD Personal Health and Fitness
• PhD Pharmacology
• PhD Pharmacy
• PhD Prosthetics
• PhD Prosthodontics
• PhD Psychiatry
• PhD Psychoanalysis
• PhD Radiotherapy
• PhD Respiratory & Chest Diseases
• PhD Rheumatology
• PhD Sports Medicine
• PhD Surgery
• PhD Surgery, Medicine and Dentistry
• PhD Women's Health

• Course title (A-Z)
• Course title (Z-A)
• Price: high - low
• Price: low - high

Cardiovascular Sciences PhD,MPhil - Biomarkers

University of leicester.

The School of Cardiovascular Sciences offers supervision for the degrees of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) - full-time and part-time Master Read more...

• 3 years Full time degree: £4,786 per year (UK)
• 6 years Part time degree: £2,393 per year (UK)

Medical Imaging MRes and MPhil/PhD

Ucl (university college london).

In partnership with our NIHR Biomedical Research Centres and Unit, PhD projects will be strongly multi-disciplinary, bridging the gap Read more...

• 3 years Full time degree: £6,035 per year (UK)
• 5 years Part time degree: £2,930 per year (UK)

Medical Physics and Imaging, PhD

Swansea university.

Our Medical Physics and Imaging PhD programme is available on a full-time or part-time basis, over 3 or 6 years. Do you want a career as a Read more...

• 3 years Full time degree: £4,800 per year (UK)

PhD Medical Imaging

University of exeter.

Our research based around four distinct themes • Diabetes, Cardiovascular risk and Ageing • Environment and Human Health • Health Services Read more...

• 4 years Full time degree: £4,786 per year (UK)
• 8 years Part time degree

Biomedical Imaging and Biosensing PhD

University of liverpool.

The Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology builds on a long and prestigious history and remains a leading international centre Read more...

• 2 years Full time degree: £4,712 per year (UK)
• 4 years Part time degree: £2,356 per year (UK)

PhD/MPhil Biomedical Imaging Sciences

University of manchester.

Programme description Our PhD Biomedical Imaging Sciences programme enables you to undertake a research project that will improve Read more...

PhD in Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging

University of york.

As an internationally renowned research department we have a vibrant community of research postgraduates. We offer full-time and part-time Read more...

Neuroimaging Research MPhil/PhD

King's college london, university of london.

Neuroimaging at the IoPPN is world-renowned. The Department of Neuroimaging is embedded in the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, a joint Read more...

• 3 years Full time degree: £7,950 per year (UK)
• 6 years Part time degree: £3,975 per year (UK)

PhD / MPhil Imaging

Keele university.

The School of Allied Health Professions (SAHP) Research topics within SAHP are aimed at optimising technical elements of imaging Read more...

• 3 years Full time degree: £4,712 per year (UK)
• 6 years Part time degree: £2,356 per year (UK)

Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences MPhil/PhD MD/(Res)

A diverse and talented group working across the whole Medtech sector, we advance research, innovation and teaching progress through our Read more...

• 3 years Full time degree: £6,540 per year (UK)
• 6 years Part time degree: £3,300 per year (UK)

PhD / MPhil Diagnostic Science

Specific research areas include Selected Ion Flow Tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) for the trace gas analysis of breath and urine; Read more...

Course type:

• Full time PhD
• Part time PhD

Qualification:

Related subjects:.

Medical Imaging MRes + MPhil/PhD

London, Bloomsbury

This degree aims to train future leaders in AI-powered medical imaging innovations. From undertaking next-generation medical imaging research, development and enterprise, to producing intelligent, radical healthcare innovations focused on either imaging or imaging-enabled systems, this group of researchers are working to transform healthcare and medicine.

UK tuition fees (2024/25)

Overseas tuition fees (2024/25), programme starts, applications accepted.

Applications open

• Entry requirements

A minimum of an upper second-class UK Bachelor’s degree in Physics, Engineering, Computer Science, Mathematics, or another closely related discipline, or an overseas qualification of an equivalent standard. Knowledge and expertise gained in the workplace may also be considered, where appropriate.

The English language level for this programme is: Level 2

UCL Pre-Master's and Pre-sessional English courses are for international students who are aiming to study for a postgraduate degree at UCL. The courses will develop your academic English and academic skills required to succeed at postgraduate level.

Further information can be found on our English language requirements page.

If you are intending to apply for a time-limited visa to complete your UCL studies (e.g., Student visa, Skilled worker visa, PBS dependant visa etc.) you may be required to obtain ATAS clearance . This will be confirmed to you if you obtain an offer of a place. Please note that ATAS processing times can take up to six months, so we recommend you consider these timelines when submitting your application to UCL.

Equivalent qualifications

Country-specific information, including details of when UCL representatives are visiting your part of the world, can be obtained from the International Students website .

International applicants can find out the equivalent qualification for their country by selecting from the list below. Please note that the equivalency will correspond to the broad UK degree classification stated on this page (e.g. upper second-class). Where a specific overall percentage is required in the UK qualification, the international equivalency will be higher than that stated below. Please contact Graduate Admissions should you require further advice.

About this degree

In partnership with our NIHR Biomedical Research Centres and Unit, PhD projects will be strongly multi-disciplinary, bridging the gap between engineering, clinical sciences and industry. Over 100 non-clinical and clinical scientists across UCL will partner to co-supervise a new type of individual, ready to transform healthcare and build the future UK industry in this area.

Who this course is for

As a multi-disciplinary subject at the interface of physics, engineering, life sciences and computer science, our postgraduate students have a diverse range of options upon graduation. Many choose to continue in academia through the subsequent award of a PhD studentship or a postdoctoral research post.

What this course will give you

The programme sits within i4health, a new centre for doctoral training focused on intelligent, integrated imaging in healthcare. The i4health centre aims to transform patient care through next-generation imaging tools and analysis. UCL's internationally leading positions in medical imaging and devices, data science and AI, robotics, and human-centred design, together with unique access to healthcare data and equipment, ideally place our centre to lead this transformation. UCL has significant activity in medical and biomedical imaging and several centres of excellence in their own right, and receives significant funding for its high-quality research. The Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) is a British Research Council which funds the i4health centre among other centres for doctoral training. UCL currently holds over 40% of the EPSRC funding portfolio in medical imaging more than any other university.

The foundation of your career

Postgraduate study within the department offers the chance to develop important skills and acquire new knowledge through involvement with a team of scientists or engineers working in a world-leading research group. Graduates complete their study having gained new scientific or engineering skills applied to solving problems at the leading edge of human endeavour. Skills associated with project management, effective communication and teamwork are also refined in this high-quality working environment.

Employability

A common career route is employment in industry where newly-acquired skills are applied to science and engineering projects within multi-national medical device companies, or alternatively, within small-scale start-up enterprises. A substantial number of graduates also enter the NHS or private healthcare sector to work as a clinical scientist or engineer upon completion of further clinical training.

Supervision and mentorship are available from scientists and engineers who have collaborated nationally and internationally across clinical, industrial and academic sectors. This provides natural opportunities to work in collaboration with a variety of external partners and showcase output at international conferences, private industry events and clinical centres to audiences of potential employers. Moreover, the department holds close working relationships with a number of charitable, research council and international organisations, for example, in new projects involving radiotherapy and infant optical brain imaging in Africa.

Teaching and learning

The MRes programme will be delivered through a combination of formal lectures, seminars, laboratories, workshop sessions and independent or group project work.

The MRes year consists of compulsory units and transferable skills (135 credits) and further optional modules (45 credits). The MRes project is a compulsory element and often (but not necessarily) forms the basis for PhD research. Students will be provided with a list of available projects before enrolment which will be subject to a selection process.

Advanced electives are available to all students in years two and three (MPhil and PhD) and are designed to enhance learning and skills.

Students are registered for the MPhil degree from year two and transfer to PhD status.

The modules of this MRes Programme will be assessed by a series of methods including exams, coursework, group work, lab sessions and project work.

Each taught MRes module typically consists of around 30-40 lectures over a ten-week term (excluding reading week). During each week, including problem classes, you should therefore expect about 10 contact hours. This time is made up of formal learning and teaching events such as lectures and problem classes. You will need to spend your own time in addition to the timetabled hours reviewing the material and completing coursework. You should expect to be spending at least 40 hours per week on your studies as a full-time student. A pro-rata rate should be used as a guide for part-time students. Lectures are timetabled between 9am and 6pm apart from Wednesday afternoon when there are no lectures.

Research areas and structure

Our Methodological Research Portfolio is focussed around three major themes:

Imaging Technologies

• Imaging Devices
• Image Acquisition
• Image Reconstruction

Image Computing

• Image Analysis
• Computational Modelling

Integrated systems

• Actionable Analytic Systems
• Interventional Systems

Our Enabling Technology Portfolio includes:

• AI and Machine Learning
• Data Science and Health Informatics
• Robotics and Sensing
• Human-Computer Interaction

Finally, the eight clinical research programmes in our Translational Portfolio are:

• Cancer Imaging
• Cardiovascular Imaging
• Infection and Inflammation Imaging
• Neuroimaging
• Ophthalmology Imaging
• Paediatric Imaging
• Perinatal Imaging

Research environment

Our vision is to train the translational imaging research leaders of the future, filling a critical gap identified in academia, pharmaceutical and medical devices industries, while delivering internationally competitive research. Our innovative training has a strong focus on new image acquisition technologies, novel data analysis methods and integration with computational modelling.

The MRes degree is a 1 year programme followed by the research degree is a 3 year programme (full-time or 5 year part-time) which offers an MPhil or PhD outcome.

You are required to register for the MPhil degree and then transfer to PhD after successful completion of an upgrade Viva (9 -18 months after initial registration).

Upon successful completion of your approved period of registration you may register as a completing research student (CRS) whilst you write up your thesis.

Students are permitted to include an internship either via an interruption or in conjunction with their research - these opportunities are discussed with the supervisor and programme directors. Students are strongly encouraged to attend and present at conferences relating to their area of research.

Upon successful completion of your approved period of registration you may register as a completing research student (CRS) whilst you write up your thesis

Accessibility

Details of the accessibility of UCL buildings can be obtained from AccessAble accessable.co.uk . Further information can also be obtained from the UCL Student Support and Wellbeing team .

Fees and funding

Fees for this course.

The tuition fees shown are for the year indicated above. Fees for subsequent years may increase or otherwise vary. Where the programme is offered on a flexible/modular basis, fees are charged pro-rata to the appropriate full-time Master's fee taken in an academic session. Further information on fee status, fee increases and the fee schedule can be viewed on the UCL Students website: ucl.ac.uk/students/fees .

Additional costs

There are no additional costs associated with this programme.

For more information on additional costs for prospective students please go to our estimated cost of essential expenditure at Accommodation and living costs .

Funding your studies

Please visit the EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Intelligent, Integrated, Imaging in Healthcare (i4Health) for current funding information. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/intelligent-imaging-healthcare/ For a comprehensive list of the funding opportunities available at UCL, including funding relevant to your nationality, please visit the Scholarships and Funding website.

For a comprehensive list of the funding opportunities available at UCL, including funding relevant to your nationality, please visit the Scholarships and Funding website .

Deadlines and start dates are usually dictated by funding arrangements so check with the department or academic unit to see if you need to consider these in your application preparation. In most cases you should identify and contact potential supervisors before making your application. For more information see our How to apply page.

Please note that you may submit applications for a maximum of two graduate programmes (or one application for the Law LLM) in any application cycle.

Choose your programme

Please read the Application Guidance before proceeding with your application.

Year of entry: 2024-2025

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Doctoral Programs

Department doctoral programs.

The School of Biological Sciences offers graduate training in a collaborative environment with several schools and graduate programs. This provides excellent research training and professional development for graduate students pursuing the doctorate. Training opportunities include broad areas of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences including Neuroscience, Immunology and Pathogenesis, Cancer Biology, Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Systems and Computational Biology, Genomics, Structural Biology, Ecology, and Evolutionary Biology.

Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, PhD

Research in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology uses a range of methodologies spanning field studies, experimental approaches, and computational approaches. Students and faculty have easy access to field sites that include marine, desert, and California chaparral communities. The faculty have diverse interests including evolutionary biology, population genetics, genomics, behavioral ecology, physiology, and global change biology. Faculty in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology have extensive collaborations with scientists in neuroscience, molecular biology, genomics and microbiomes, global climate biology, systems biology, mathematics, as well as with faculty at other institutions.

The Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology offers admission directly to a departmental graduate program with full financial support. Students initiate research with a faculty thesis advisor while they take required coursework and complete other degree requirements. 

Learning Outcomes by Department

The Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology is the only department that offers direct admission to a PhD Program. The other Dunlop Dunlop School departments offer admission to their PhD programs through a gateway disciplinary program such as CMB or INP. Click below to learn more about learning outcomes by department.

Neurobiology and Behavior, PhD

Charlie Dunlop School of Biological Sciences   PLOs

Neurobiology and Behavior M.S./Ph.D.

PLO1: Core Knowledge

• Demonstrate a basic knowledge of central concepts in the biological sciences
• Understand the current concepts in molecular biology, biochemistry, and biomedical sciences
• Demonstrate specialized knowledge of cellular and molecular biology sufficient to carry out substantive independent research

PLO2: Research Methods and Analysis

• Read and critically evaluate the scientific literature
• Formulate hypotheses based on current concepts in the field
• Design, conduct, and interpret their independent research projects
• Understand the range of tools appropriate for research in their sub-field
• Understand and follow research ethics

PLO3: Pedagogy:

• Communicate effectively to large and small groups in pedagogical settings including teaching, research seminars, and other formats
• Identify and effectively deploy suitable technologies for use in all aspects of instruction

PLO4: Scholarly Communication:

• Review and discuss relevant literature and their significance
• Publish research results in peer-reviewed publications and in a dissertation
• Communicate research results effectively through oral presentations at scientific seminars, conferences, and other venues
• Make clear and cogent oral presentations, including effective use of technology

PLO5: Professionalism

• Write compelling abstracts describing their research for consideration at research conferences
• Prepare oral presentations suitable for presentation at a research conference
• Make effective contributions to research teams and learning seminars
• Make effective contributions to department, university, community, and professional service
• Mentor junior researchers (e.g., undergraduates, beginning graduate students)

PLO6: Independent Research

• Develop their own research projects that meet high standards of theoretical and methodological rigor with lasting impact
• Produce scholarship that is comparable in scope and format to articles that appear in leading peer-reviewed journals in molecular and biomedical sciences
• Supervise junior researchers (e.g., high school students, undergraduates, beginning graduate students) effectively

Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, PhD

Molecular Biology and Biochemistry M.S./Ph.D.

• Master current concepts in molecular biology, biochemistry, and biomedical sciences
• Acquire specialized knowledge of cellular and molecular biology sufficient to carry out substantive independent research

PLO2: Research Methods and Analysis 

• Design, conduct, and interpret experiments to complete an original research project
• Understand the range of tools appropriate for research in the specific sub-field
• Appreciate and adhere to research ethics

PLO3: Pedagogy: 

• Communicate effectively to small and large groups in pedagogical settings such as teaching and research seminars

PLO4: Scholarly Communication: 

• Review and discuss relevant literature and its significance
• Complete an individual development plan (IDP) at the time of entering the MBB program (Fall quarter of the 2 nd year) and update it annually
• Submit fellowship proposals to private and governmental agencies to solicit independent funding for graduate research
• Anticipate and meet the needs for professional transitions in a timely fashion (prior to degree completion)
• Write compelling abstracts describing research for consideration at research conferences

PLO6: Independent Research 

• Effectively supervise junior researchers (e.g., high school students, undergraduates, beginning graduate students)

Interdepartmental Doctoral Gateway Programs

Gateway programs offer admission to the doctoral programs affiliated with the Charlie Dunlop School of Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, School of Physical Sciences, Engineering and Information & Computer Science. Students enroll for the first academic year while they do lab rotations and take required coursework. Then, students select a thesis advisor and transfer to a department and complete remaining degree requirements. Gateway programs offer students excellent opportunities to perform laboratory rotations with any of a large number of faculty participants in that program, and in many areas of biological sciences.

Cellular Molecular Dunlop Schoolences

The PhD program in Cellular & Molecular Biosciences (CMB) at UC Irvine provides ideal training to launch the careers of talented researchers in diverse fields of biological and biomedical sciences. With five different study focuses, the CMB PhD program gears future scientists to be ready for a diverse field.  The program offers a rigorous but flexible curriculum with an extensive choice of laboratories and allows students to tailor their training to individual interests and goals. Outstanding facilities, a collaborative culture, a commitment to diversity, and guaranteed on-campus housing all contribute to a productive graduate experience. 

Interdepartamental Neuroscience Program

The Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program (INP) provides a vehicle for meeting the diversity and challenges of graduate training in such a broad discipline. Neuroscience is an inherently broad and multidisciplinary area of scientific pursuit and scholarship. It has intellectual links to fields as diverse as developmental and cell biology, molecular biology, physiology, pharmacology, anatomy, psychology, computer science, and physics. The substantial breadth of Neuroscience is one of its strengths as a discipline, and one of the features that makes it an attractive and important area for graduate study. Students may train with any participating faculty member and are exposed to a variety of approaches before deciding on a research area for focused dissertation work. After the initial year of academic coursework and laboratory rotations, students join the more specialized graduate program of their chosen thesis advisor.

Mathematical, Computational, and System Biology

The goal of UCI’s program in Mathematical, Computational and Systems Biology (MCSB) is to provide students from a variety of academic backgrounds with doctoral training suitable for research careers in the nascent field of Systems Biology. The program emphasizes in-depth classroom study, interdisciplinary research rotations, and individualized advising. The MCSB Program is supported by funding from UCI’s Graduate Division, by a National Institute of General Medical Sciences grant to the UCI Center for Complex Biological Systems, and an NIH Training Grant.

Academic and Private Practice Radiology: A General Overview for Students

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Vraj Patel, BS, M3, William Carey University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Hattiesburg, MS

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New Stanford School of Medicine doctoral program in biomedical physics

A new PhD program, hosted by the departments of radiology and radiation oncology, trains students in technologies used for therapy and diagnostics.

October 11, 2022 - By Emily Moskal

The inaugural members of the biomedical physics program at the Stanford School of Medicine and their advisors.  Jim Gensheimer

In high school, Ashwin Kumar wrote a paper about titanium bone implants and how to best treat them with lasers before they’re implanted so they are less likely to be rejected. Until the treatment, the implant surface looks, under a microscope, like crumpled-up aluminum foil. When Kumar saw images of the smooth post-laser titanium, he believed what the data indicated: Laser treatments work.

That fascination with the microscopic and its sometimes-invisible influence on medicine led Kumar to pursue an emerging field: biomedical physics.

He began his doctoral studies last month, one of six students in the new biomedical physics program at the Stanford School of Medicine . The field employs physics and engineering to solve clinical problems.

“The applicability of biomedical physics is astounding,” Kumar said. “You can develop engineering methods through this program and through the research that you do in order to transcend traditional medical knowledge and improve patient care.”

The program, which emphasizes translational research from bench to bedside, follows a traditional five- to six-year doctoral track, but it’s “packed with more technology and flexibility than other biomedical programs,” said Edward Graves , PhD, the program’s director.

“This program is unique in its emphasis on translational science and engineering and is designed to provide students the tools they need to directly solve problems facing clinicians in the treatment of human disease,” said Graves, who is also a Stanford Medicine associate professor of radiation oncology.

Future-focused

There are around 50 similar programs accredited by the Committee on Accreditation of Medical Physics Education Programs in the United States. But Graves said he didn’t want to create just another medical physics program; he wanted to build one that emphasized technology and was forward-focused.

“We wanted to look to the future, at where this field is going, and prepare students to lead in that direction,” Graves said.

He noted that Stanford Medicine has a strong reputation in the technology used in biomedical physics, having pioneered the use of medical linear accelerators for cancer treatment and non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging.

The biomedical physics program is similar to bioengineering and biophysics, but it’s applied to clinical problems as opposed to informing basic science. Most incoming students have undergraduate degrees in physics, engineering or biology, ideally with experience in each.

The program will offer training in imaging and radiation oncology science as well as molecular imaging and diagnostics. Building on classes taught to residents in the radiology and radiation oncology departments, it is designed to be highly customized, with only one required class per quarter. The remaining courses are electives, spanning a range of departments but mostly housed in radiology and radiation oncology.

Launching pad

Students also have a fair amount of freedom in choosing their doctoral research because of the large staff-to-student ratio, Graves said. Around 50 faculty are available as mentors for the program.

Students can research topics such as using machine learning to diagnose cancer from medical imaging. Or, like Kumar, they can learn about advancing neuroscience imaging and analysis for medical applications. Kumar imagines that soon we will have augmented reality immersions, enabled by lessons in biomedical physics — in which a person’s vision is superimposed by computer images — that will help technology companies understand personalized brain-computer interfaces.

After graduation, the students will design imaging systems and hardware, quantify how much radiation should be delivered to a patient, and pursue other careers that require knowledge of physics, according to Graves.

Graves envisions that most students will work at clinics, for medical or imaging device companies, or in academia.

“We are giving students a top-notch education in physics, engineering, biology and medicine as well as exposure to the clinical settings,” Graves said. “We know they’ll make a big impact.”

About Stanford Medicine

Stanford Medicine is an integrated academic health system comprising the Stanford School of Medicine and adult and pediatric health care delivery systems. Together, they harness the full potential of biomedicine through collaborative research, education and clinical care for patients. For more information, please visit med.stanford.edu .

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Graduate program jumps to 13th among publics

In the latest  U.S. News & World Report  Best Graduate Schools compilation, The Ohio State University College of Engineering’s graduate program ranked 27th overall, once again first in Ohio and moving up to 13th among public universities.

Several departments within the college also placed among the best programs in the nation. The Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering remained at 8th among its U.S. university peers. Eight other engineering specialties placed in the top 25: materials (14); nuclear (16); industrial/manufacturing (17); aerospace/aeronautical (18); electrical (20); mechanical (23); computer (24); and chemical (25). Civil (27), environmental (29) and biomedical (36) round out the list of ranked specialties. Biomedical and environmental improved the most, jumping seven and five spots, respectively.

For the  U.S. News   rankings of graduate programs , 219 engineering schools that grant doctoral degrees were surveyed.

As of autumn semester 2023, 1,776 engineering graduate students were pursuing one of 13 advanced degrees at Ohio State.

“This recognition underscores the exceptional work of our talented graduate students and the high caliber of our graduate programs,” said Associate Dean of Graduate Programs La’Tonia Stiner-Jones.

While overall engineering graduate school rankings are derived from a combination of nine quantitative and qualitative indicators, the publication’s engineering specialty rankings are based solely on peer assessments by department heads in each area. Assessment surveys and statistical data were collected in fall 2023 and early 2024.

Computer science program rankings were included in  U.S. News & World Report’s   Best Graduate Science Schools  rankings, which were published on April 8. In this year’s list, Ohio State ranked 27th overall and 23rd in the “Systems” specialty.

“As Ohio’s flagship engineering program, and among the best in the Midwest, we embrace the responsibility to prepare exceptionally talented engineers for careers in a multitude of industries as well as academia,” said Dean Ayanna Howard. “Our continuous improvement in overall and specialty rankings is a nod to the commitment of our extraordinary faculty and staff. We are all invested in our students’ success.”

In last September’s  U.S. News & World Report  2024 Best Colleges issue,  Ohio State’s undergraduate engineering program  again ranked first in Ohio and rose 25th overall and 14th among public universities nationwide.

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MIT graduate engineering and business programs ranked highly by U.S. News for 2024-25

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U.S. News and Word Report has again placed MIT’s graduate program in engineering at the top of its annual rankings, released today. The Institute has held the No. 1 spot since 1990, when the magazine first ranked such programs.

The MIT Sloan School of Management also placed highly, in rankings announced April 9. It occupies the No. 5 spot for the best graduate business programs. 

Among individual engineering disciplines, MIT placed first in six areas: aerospace/aeronautical/astronautical engineering, chemical engineering, computer engineering (tied with Stanford University and the University of California at Berkeley), electrical/electronic/communications engineering, materials engineering, and mechanical engineering. It placed second in biomedical engineering/bioengineering (tied with Duke University, Georgia Tech, and Stanford) and nuclear engineering.

In the rankings of individual MBA specialties, MIT placed first in four areas: business analytics, information systems, production/operations, and project management (tied with Carnegie Mellon University). It placed second in supply chain/logistics.

U.S. News bases its rankings of graduate schools of engineering and business on two types of data: reputational surveys of deans and other academic officials, and statistical indicators that measure the quality of a school’s faculty, research, and students. The magazine’s less-frequent rankings of graduate programs in the sciences, social sciences, and humanities are based solely on reputational surveys. Among the 12 peer-review disciplines ranked this year, MIT placed first in computer science.

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Biostatistics Graduate Program

Yuqi tian is first author of jasa paper.

Posted by duthip1 on Friday, June 21, 2024 in News .

Congratulations to Yuqi Tian (PhD 2022), former associate professor Chun Li (now at University of Southern California), soon-to-graduate doctoral candidate Shengxin Tu, Nathan T. James (PhD 2022), and professors Frank Harrell and Bryan Shepherd on the publication of “ Addressing Multiple Detection Limits with Semiparametric Cumulative Probability Models ” in  Journal of the American Statistical Association.  The article first appeared online in April and subsequently in the June print issue, with Dr. Shepherd as corresponding author.

In the words of the abstract: “Detection limits (DLs), where a variable cannot be measured outside of a certain range, are common in research. DLs may vary across study sites or over time. Most approaches to handling DLs in response variables implicitly make strong parametric assumptions on the distribution of data outside DLs. We propose a new approach to deal with multiple DLs based on a widely used ordinal regression model, the cumulative probability model (CPM). The CPM is a rank-based, semiparametric linear transformation model that can handle mixed distributions of continuous and discrete outcome variables. These features are key for analyzing data with DLs because while observations inside DLs are continuous, those outside DLs are censored and generally put into discrete categories. With a single lower DL, CPMs assign values below the DL as having the lowest rank. With multiple DLs, the CPM likelihood can be modified to appropriately distribute probability mass. We demonstrate the use of CPMs with DLs via simulations and a data example. This work is motivated by a study investigating factors associated with HIV viral load 6 months after starting antiretroviral therapy in Latin America; 56% of observations are below lower DLs that vary across study sites and over time. Supplementary materials for this article are available online including a standardized description of the materials available for reproducing the work.”

After graduation, Tian worked as an applied scientist for Uber before joining Mastercard in 2023 as lead data scientist.

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Graduate Student Council announces 2024 Anchor Award winners

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Jun 17, 2024, 11:30 PM

The Vanderbilt Graduate Student Council has announced the winners of the 2024 Graduate Leadership Anchor Awards, honoring the hard work and leadership of Vanderbilt graduate students schoolwide. This year’s awards recognize outstanding service, mentorship, departmental leadership, research and best overall.

Service Award

Mariana Jimenez, Neuroscience

During her time as a doctoral student, Mariana Jimenez has provided leadership and service for the Vanderbilt Brain Institute, the Neuroscience Student Organization and the Neuroscience Graduate Program. She has been the president, Social Committee co-chair, and chair of the Equity, Diversity and Inclusion Event Planning Subcommittee with the NSO. Through her creative event programming with this organization, Jimenez increased EDI initiatives with her colleagues and new students. Her work on campus has extended to supporting creativity and research opportunities for high schoolers through programs such as the Initiative for Maximizing Student Diversity, designed to help underserved high school students in Nashville. Beyond her work in her field, Jimenez has also been a valued member and leader in the Society for the Advancement of Chicanos/Hispanics and Native Americans, the Latin American and Caribbean Student Association, and the Vanderbilt International Researchers Alliance. “Mariana has been a paragon of service,” one nominator writes.

Mentorship Award

Simon J. Ward, Electrical and Computer Engineering

Simon Ward’s commitment to his research through the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering has helped form his legacy of leadership and mentorship to junior doctoral, undergraduate, and senior graduate students. One nominator highlights Ward’s passion for helping others by noting that, “Simon is extremely generous with his time and resources.” Ward has been a mentor to prospective Ph.D. students, serving them through multiple stages of preparing for their Ph.D. Ward’s dedication to his field and the vitality of colleagues is evident through his attention to detail and planning.

Department Leadership Award

Samantha H. Schaffner, Biological Sciences

Sam Schaffner was the Service chair for the Biological Sciences Graduate Student Association. In this role, she helped lead her department on multiple service outings, uniting her colleagues and inspiring care for the local community. Currently, Schaffner is the GSA co-chair of professional development and facilitates “Tangents and Trajectories,” a conversation that gives graduate students the opportunity to connect with senior scientists. She also serves as president of the Inclusivity in Biosciences Association, where she works with her department to improve equity in their research fields. “Through her extensive service, leadership and mentoring, Sam has heavily contributed to the welcoming environment of the Biological Sciences department and is an excellent role model for younger students,” one nominator writes.

Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Award

Andrew R. Kittleson, Neuroscience

Drew Kittleson is president of Pride in Medicine, the Vanderbilt School of Medicine’s LGBTQ+ medical student organization. Through his time in this position, he has worked with community and Vanderbilt partners to host events and has helped create department-wide curriculum improvements surrounding LGBTQ+ health. Since the 2022–23 academic year, he has given talks that are embedded in the School of Medicine’s curriculum, including “The History, Evolution, and Medicalization of Gender Variance in America” for colleagues in the Medical Scientist Training Program and “Putting LGBTQ+ Health in Context: Talking to Queer and Trans Folks About Their Health” for first-year medical students. One nominator writes, “Drew is an outstanding leader and displays his dedication to advancing health equity for the LGBTQ+ community in many ways.”

Research Excellence Award

Sajal Islam, Interdisciplinary Materials Science

As a student in Interdisciplinary Materials Science, Sajal Islam has focused his research on the reliability of high-voltage devices made from wideband semiconductors. He has won many awards for this work. In 2023 he won an AI-generated image contest at CS MANTECH, was a co-winner of the IMS Sales Pitch, and received the Fan Favorite Poster Award at VINSE NanoDay. He has authored or co-authored five publications and has presented his work at Vanderbilt and beyond. When considering his role as a researcher, one nominator writes, “Sajal is one of the most productive graduate students with whom I have worked in nearly 40 years as a professor.”

Best Overall

Jiaxin Jessie Wang, Special Education

Jiaxin Jessie Wang has been described by one of her nominators as “… one of our extraordinary students whose vision for success is set to wide view, encompassing not only her own academic and professional development but also that of her fellow students.” Wang is the founder of the Special Education Graduate Students Association and has used this platform to create a professional development series and resource network for students. She has served as a Race and Disability Equity Fellow for The Education Trust and president of the Peabody Asian Pacific Islander Desi American Student Association. Through APIDA, Wang helped organize their first Diwali program that served more than 100 students. During her tenure as president in this organization, she helped double their overall budget and increase membership by 500 percent. She has served as a mentor to many students in her program, going so far as to create an open-source guide for incoming students to her program, Vanderbilt and Nashville as a whole. She received the Lacy-Fischer Interdisciplinary Research Grant and has many articles currently under review for publication.

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Purdue Agricultural and Biological Engineering Graduate Program ranked first in U.S.

• June 18, 2024

P urdue University’s Agricultural and Biological Engineering (ABE) Graduate Program is ranked #1 in the 2025 U.S. News & World Report Rankings, marking the thirteenth consecutive year ABE has been ranked in the top two. ABE’s undergraduate program was also ranked #1 last year and consistently in the top two for over a dozen years.

“ABE achieves this ranking because the faculty and staff focus on making a global impact in key areas of research and preparing and working with our students to take that impact to the next level,” said Glenn W. Sample Dean of Agriculture Bernie Engel, who is also an ABE professor and former department head. “I am grateful to ABE’s department head Nate Mosier, who skillfully leads an exceptional team.”

Arvind Raman, the John A. Edwardson Dean of the College of Engineering, said the No. 1 ranking also acknowledges the department’s commitment to growth: “The field of agricultural and biological engineering is rapidly evolving with disruptive technologies such as synthetic biology, IoT (the Internet of Things), automation and artificial intelligence. Purdue’s ABE department has been quick to adapt to these changes, and this ranking validates its reputation during this period of rapid transformation in the field.”

Mosier, who as the Indiana Soybean Alliance Soybean Utilized Endowed Chair focuses his research on bioprocessing and the conversion of renewable resources to fuels, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, praises the department’s research diversity. “I believe our department earned this honor for many reasons. It is through the outstanding work of our graduate students, mentoring of our faculty and support of our staff that we have stayed at the top for so long.”

ABE’s key areas of research align with the department’s degree programs: agricultural systems management; biological and bioprocess engineering; data science and digital applications; environmental and natural resource engineering; and machine systems engineering.

2025 U.S. News & World Report Rankings for Purdue Agricultural and Biological Engineering

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Countries and Areas

Overviews of national nuclear, chemical, biological, and missile programs and nonproliferation efforts. Select profiles of countries and other areas include in-depth explorations of WMD programs and associated facilities. Material prepared for NTI by the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies.

Recently updated and trending profiles of countries and other areas

North Korea

Category Category Nuclear Biological Missile Chemical

See All Facilities

Scientific Studies and Research Center (Chemical)

• Location Damascus
• Type Chemical-Research and Development
• Facility Status Operational

Parchin Military Complex (Nuclear)

• Location Tehran
• Type Nuclear-Weaponization

Tehran Research Reactor (TRR)

• Location Tehran Nuclear Research Center
• Type Nuclear-Research Reactors

Pilot Fuel Enrichment Plant (PFEP)

• Location Natanz Enrichment Plant
• Type Nuclear-Enrichment

Natanz Enrichment Complex

• Location Natanz, Iran

Zirconium Production Plant (ZPP)

• Location Isfahan (Esfahan)
• Type Nuclear-Fuel Fabrication

Imam Hussein University (IHU)

• Type Nuclear-Education and Training
• Facility Status Open

Isfahan (Esfahan) Nuclear Technology Center (INTC)

• Location University of Isfahan
• Type Nuclear-Research and Development

Isfahan (Esfahan) Nuclear Fuel Research and Production Center (NFRPC)

• Location Reshandasht, south east of Isfahan (Esfahan)

Fuel Fabrication Laboratory (FFL)

Bushehr nuclear power plant (bnpp).

• Location Halileh, 12km south of Bushehr
• Type Nuclear-Power Reactors
• Facility Status 1 reactor operational, 2 new reactors planned

Fuel Enrichment Plant (FEP)

• Facility Status Partially operational

Fordow Fuel Enrichment Plant

• Location Qom, Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) Base
• Facility Status Operational as nuclear, physics and technology center under IAEA safeguards

Bandar Abbas Uranium Production Plant (BUP)

• Location Bandar Abbas
• Type Nuclear-Mining and Milling
• Facility Status Non-Operational

Amirkabir University of Technology

Arak nuclear complex.

• Location Arak, Iran
• Facility Status Ongoing redesign to meet JCPOA and IAEA requirements

Ardakan Yellowcake Production Plant

• Location Ardakan

Atomic Energy Organization of Iran (AEOI)

• Type Nuclear-Regulatory

Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Facility

• Location Punggye-ri (풍계리), Gilju-gun (길주군), North Hamgyeong Province (함경북도), North Korea
• Type Nuclear-Test Site
• Facility Status Partially Dismantled, but Resumed Construction

Kim Il Sung University

• Location Ryongnam-dong (룡남동), Daesong-kuyok (대성구역), Pyongyang (평양시), North Korea

Sohae Satellite Launching Station

• Location Dongchang-dong (동창동), Cheolsan-gun (철산군), Pyonganbuk-do (평안북도), North Korea
• Type Missile-Base

Tonghae Satellite Launching Ground

• Location Musudan-ri (무수단리), Hwadae-kun (화대군), North Hamgyong Province (함경북도), North Korea
• Facility Status Operational; second launch pad under construction

Hamheung University of Chemical Industry

• Location Segori-dong (세거리동), Hamhung (함흥시), Hamgyongnam-do (함경남도), North Korea

Yŏngjŏ-ri Missile Base

• Location Between Kungmangbong (국망봉) and Mujungbong (무중봉), Yŏngjŏ-ri (영저리), Kimhyŏngjik-kun (김형직군), Yanggang Province (양강도), North Korea, about 20km from the Chinese border [Note: “Yŏngjŏ-ri” is often misidentified as “Yŏngjŏ-dong (영저동)” but the actual administrative unit is a “ri (리).”]

Sangnam-ri Missile Base

• Location Sangnam-ri (상남리), Hŏch'ŏn-kun (호천군), South Hamgyŏng Province (함경남도), North KoreaPrimary Function: Deployment and launch of missiles, possibly Nodong and/or TaepodongSubordinate to: Missile Division (미사일 사단), Ministry of the People's Armed Forces (인민무력성), National Defense Commission (국방위원회)
• Facility Status Unknown

Kumcheon Scud Missile Base

• Location Kŭmch'ŏn-ri (금천리), Anbyŏn-kun (안변군), Kangwŏn Province (강원도), North Korea

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology (GIKI)

• Location Topi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
• Type Missile-Education and Training

Sonmiani Flight Test Range (FTR)

• Location 50km W Karachi [1]
• Type Missile-Testing
• Facility Status Active

Defense Science and Technology Organization (DESTO)

• Location Chaklala Cantt, Rawalpindi
• Type Missile-Production

Pakistan Ordnance Factories (POF)

• Location Wah Cantt

Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO)

• Location Headquartered in Karachi; additional facilities in Islamabad, Lahore, Multan, and Peshawar [1]

Air Weapons Complex (AWC)

• Location Kamra, Wah Cantonment

Karachi Institute of Power Engineering (KINPOE)

• Location Approximately 25km west of Karachi

Rafael Advanced Defense Systems

• Location Haifa; Yodefat
• Type Missile-Research and Development

Rafael/Yodefat

• Location Yodefat

Israel Atomic Energy Commission

• Location Dimona (Negev Desert) and Yavne

Soreq Nuclear Research Center

• Location Yavne

Shahroud Missile Test Site

• Location Shahroud, Tehran province

Imam Ali Missile Base

• Location Khorramabad, Lorestan
• Type Missile-Missile Bases

Fajr Industrial Group

Shahid bakeri industrial group, parchin military complex (missile).

• Location Parchin

Ministry of Defense and Armed Forces Logistics (MODAFL)

• Type Missile-Regulatory

Bandar Abbas

• Location Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan

Bakhtaran Missile Base

• Location Kermanshah

Aerospace Industries Organization (AIO)

Defense industries organization (dio) (missile), vehicles research & development establishment.

• Location Ahmednagar, Maharashtra

Laser Science and Technology Centre

• Location Delhi
• Facility Status Inactive

Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited (Midhani)

• Location Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh

IBP Company Limited

• Location Nashik, Maharashtra

Hindustan Aeronautics Limited

• Location Bangalore, Karnataka

Defence Electronics Applications Lab

• Location Dehradun, Uttarakhand

Defence Terrain Research Laboratory

• Location New Delhi
• Type Nuclear-Exploration and Mining

Bharat Electronics Limited

Armament research and development establishment (arde).

• Location Pune, Pashan (Maharashtra)

Bharat Dynamics Limited

Bharat earth movers limited.

• Location Southeast of Tel Nof Air Base
• Type Nuclear-Storage

Tel Nof Airbase

• Location Approximately 18km west of Ashdod

Ministry of Defense

• Location Tel Aviv

IMI Systems

• Location Ramat Hasharon (headquarters)

Israel Aerospace Industries Ltd.

• Location Ben Gurion International Airport
• Location Approximately 8km east of Hadera

Al-Safir Missile Base

• Location 301km north of Damascus and approximately 30km southeast of Aleppo in the province of Halab

Der Al-Hadjar Nuclear Research Center

• Location 140km north of Damascus

Al-Kibar (Nuclear)

• Location Dayr Az Zawr region, 140 km from Iraqi border, 10 km north of At Tibnah
• Facility Status Alleged reactor destroyed
• Location 6 km Northeast of Masyaf
• Type Chemical

Marj as-Sultan Uranium Conversion Facility

• Location Marj as-Sultan, 15km east of Damascus
• Type Nuclear-Conversion

Iskandariyah

• Location North of Hama

A.A. Bochvar High-Technology Scientific Research Institute for Inorganic Materials (VNIINM)

• Location Moscow
• Type Nuclear-Waste Management

AtomRedMetZoloto (ARMZ Uranium Holding)

Novosibirsk chemical concentrates plant (nccp).

• Location Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk Oblast

Siberian Chemical Combine (SKhK)

• Location Seversk, Tomsk Oblast

Imam Khomeini Space Center

• Location Semnan, Iran

Plesetsk Cosmodrome

• Location Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russian Federation

Mining and Chemical Combine (GKhK)

• Location Zheleznogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Mayak Production Association

• Location Ozersk, Chelyabinsk Oblast

N.A. Dollezhal Scientific Research and Design Institute of Energy Technologies (NIKIET)

Machine-building plant (elemash).

• Location Elektrostal, Moscow Oblast

National Operator for Radioactive Waste Management (NO RAO)

National research center kurchatov institute.

• Location Kurchatov, Kursk Oblast

Moscow Engineering and Physics Institute (MIFI or MEPhI)

• Location Moscow, Russia

I.I. Leypunsky Institute of Physics and Power Engineering (IPPE)

• Location Obninsk, Kaluga Oblast
• Type Nuclear-Power Reactor

Rosenergoatom

State atomic energy cooperation rosatom, urals electrochemical combine (uekhk).

• Location Novouralsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast

Urals Elektromechanical Plant (UEMZ)

• Location Yekaterinburg, Sverdlovsk Oblast

Start Production Association (PO Start)

• Location Zarechny, Penza Oblast

Sever Production Association (PO Sever)

Troitskii institute of innovative and thermonuclear research (triniti).

• Location Troitsk, federal city of Moscow

Scientific Research Institute for Instruments (NIIP) (Lytkarino)

• Location Moscow Lytkarino, Moscow Oblast

Zababakhin All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Technical Physics (VNIITF)

• Location Snezhinsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast

All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Experimental Physics (VNIIEF) (Nuclear)

• Location Sarov, Nizhniy Novgorod Oblast

All-Russian Scientific Institute of Measuring Systems (NIIIS)

All-russian scientific research institute for experimental physics (vniief) (missile), akademik lomonosov.

• Location Pevek, Chukotka
• Facility Status Construction completed in 2019

Saghand Uranium Mine

• Location Northeast of Yazd province in central Iran desert, Kavir

Tehran Nuclear Research Center (TNRC)

Lashkar ab’ad.

• Location Hashtgerd
• Facility Status Possibly operational

Uranium Conversion Facility (UCF)

• Facility Status Operational; undergoing maintenance since summer 2009

Instrumentation Factory (PSZ)

• Location Tryokhgorny, Chelyabinsk Oblast

Elektrokhimpribor Combine

• Location Lesnoy, Sverdlovsk Oblast
• Location Saratov, Saratov Oblast

All-Russia Research Institute of Automatics (VNIIA)

Central test site of russia on novaya zemlya.

• Location Novaya Zemlya District, Arkhangelsk Oblast

B.P. Konstantinov St. Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute (IPPN or PNPI)

• Location Gatchina, Leningrad Oblast

A.P. Aleksandrov Scientific Research Technological Institute (NITI)

• Location Sosnovyy Bor, Leningrad Oblast

A.I. Alikhanov Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP)

• Type Nuclear-Heavy Water Production

Fuel Company of Rosatom (TVEL)

Federal service for environmental, technological, and nuclear oversight (rostekhnadzor), joint institute for nuclear research (jinr).

• Location Dubna, Moscow Oblast

Afrikantov Experimental Design Bureau for Mechanical Engineering (OKBM)

• Location Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast

Chepetsky Mechanical Plant (ChMZ)

• Location Glazov, Udmurt Republic

Electrochemical Plant (EKhZ) Production Association

• Location Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Yongbyon High-Explosive Test Site

• Location Near the banks of the Kuryong River (구룡강), Bungang-jigu (분강지구), Yongbyon-gun (영변군), North Pyeongan Province (평안북도), North Korea
• Facility Status Probably unused since the 1990s

Yongdeok-dong High-Explosive Test Site

• Location Yongdeok-dong (용덕동), Guseong (구성), North Pyeongan Province (평안북도), North Korea*

MGC-20 Cyclotron

• Location Sosan-dong (서산동), Sosong-guyok (서성구역), Pyongyang (평양시), Pyongyang, North Korea*

Taecheon 200MWe Nuclear Reactor

• Location Taecheon-gun (태천군), Pyeonganbuk-do (평안북도), North Korea
• Facility Status unfinished, abandoned

Yongbyon Nuclear Research Center

• Location Pungang-jigu (분강지구), Yongbyon-gun (영변군), Pyonganbuk-do (평안북도), North Korea*
• Type Nuclear-Reprocessing

Atomic Energy Research Institute

• Location Bungang-jigu (분강지구), Yongbyon-gun (영변군), Pyonganbuk-do (평안북도), North Korea

Geumho-Jigu Light Water Reactor Site

• Location Geumho-Jigu (금호지구), Sinpo (신포시), Hamgyeongnam-do (함경남도), North Korea
• Facility Status Unfinished, construction stopped

Geumchang-ri Underground Facility

• Location Geumchang-ri (금창리), Taegwan-gun (대관군), North Pyeongan Province (평안북도), North Korea

Hagap Underground Suspected Nuclear Facility

• Location Area around Gaphyundong (갑현동), Huicheon (희천시), Jagang Province (자강도), North Korea. Note: Hagap (하갑), Nammyeon (남면), Huicheon-gun (희천군), North Pyeongan Province is an old administrative name for Gaphyeondong. In 1949, Huicheon-gun became part of Jagang Province, which was formed from part of North Pyeongan Province. Huicheon is now a city.

Mashhood Test Firing Range (MTFR)

• Location Tilla Jogian (25km west of Jhelum)

Khan Research Laboratories (KRL)

• Location Rawalpindi

National Defense Complex (NDC)

• Location Fatehjang, Tarwanah suburb, Rawalpindi (50km, SW Islamabad)

National Engineering and Scientific Commission (NESCOM)

• Location Islamabad

Strategic Plans Division (SPD)

• Location Islamabad, Pakistan

National Command Authority (NCA)

• Facility Status Active [3]

National Security Council of Pakistan (NSC)

Pakistan atomic energy commission (paec), kundian nuclear complex-1 (knc-1).

• Location Kundian, NW region of Punjab Province; Approximately 200km SW of Islamabad

Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics (IPM)

Yazd radiation processing center (yrpc).

• Location Yazd

Light Water Sub-Critical Reactor (ENTC-LWSCR)

• Location Esfahan (Isfahan) Nuclear Technology Center (INTC)

Heavy Water Zero Power Reactor (ENTC-HWZPR)

• Location Esfahan (Isfahan) Nuclear Technology Center (ENTC)

Graphite Sub-Critical Reactor (ENTC GSCR)

Bonab atomic energy research center.

• Location Bonab

Qom Waste Disposal Site

• Location Qom

Anarak Waste Storage Facility

• Location Anarak

Miniature Neutron Source Reactor (MNSR)

• Location Isfahan Nuclear Technology Center

Heavy Water Production Plant (HWPP)

• Location Khondab, near Arak
• Facility Status Probably Operating

Defense Industries Organization (DIO) (Nuclear)

Tabriz missile base.

• Location Tabriz

Isfahan Missile Complex

• Location Isfahan

Shahid Hemmat Industrial Group

Shiraz missile plant.

• Location Shiraz, Fars

Semnan Missile Complex

• Location Semnan

P’yŏngsan Uranium Milling Facility

• Location P'yŏnghwa-ri (평화리), P'yŏngsan-kun (평산군), North Hwanghae Province (황해북도), North Korea
• Type Nuclear-Milling

Pakch’ŏn Uranium Mine

• Location P'akch'ŏn-kun (박천군), North P'yŏng'an Province (평안북도), North Korea

Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory

• Location Chandigarh, Punjab

Semiconductor Complex Limited (SCL)

Solid state physics laboratory, centre for environment and explosive safety, research & development establishment, engineering.

• Location Pune, Maharashtra

Institute of Armament Technology

High energy materials research laboratory, research center imarat, defence research and development laboratory, defence metallurgical research laboratory, vikram sarabhai space center.

• Location Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India

Defence Electronics Research Laboratory

Sriharikota high altitude range.

• Location Sriharikota Island, Andhra Pradesh

Combat Vehicles R&D Establishment

• Location Avadi, Tamil Nadu

Chiha-ri Missile Base

• Location Chiha-ri (지하리), P'an'gyo-kun (판교군), Kangwŏn Province (강원도), North Korea

No. Seven Factory

• Location Yongsŏng-kuyŏk (용성구역), Pyongyang (평양시), North Korea, about "a 20-30 minute bus ride from the Man'gyŏngdae Electric Machinery Factory"

Sŭngni Automobile Factory

• Location Tŏkch'ŏn (덕천군), South P'yŏng'an Province (평안남도)

Pukchung Machine Complex

• Location Pukchung-nodongjagu (북중노동자구), Yongch'ŏn-kun (용천군), North Pyŏng'an Province (평안북도)

Pyongyang Semiconductor Factory

• Location Taedonggang-dong (대동강동), Taedonggang-kuyŏk (대동강구역), Pyongyang

Kusŏng Machine Tool Factory

• Location Kusŏng (구성시), North P'yŏng'an Province (평안북도), North Korea

Kum Song Tractor Factory

• Location Nampo (남포시), North Korea

January 18th Machine Factory

• Location Kag'am-dong (각암동), Kaech'ŏn (개천시), South P'yŏng'an Province (평안남도), North Korea

No. 26 Factory

• Location Konggwi-dong (공귀동), Kanggye (강계시), Chagang Province (자강도), North Korea

No. 125 Factory

• Location Northwestern part of Pyongyang. There are conflicting reports on the location of this facility. Some reports place the factory in Chung'i-dong (중이동), Yongsŏng-kuyŏk (용성구역), Pyongyang, and others place it in Hyŏngjesan-kuyŏk (형제산구역), Pyongyang. Yongsŏng-kuyŏk and Hyŏngjesan-kuyŏk are adjacent to each other, and Chung'i-dong is right next to Hyŏngjesan-kuyŏk, which could be the cause for confusion. The South Korean Ministry of Unification reports that the factory is in "Chunggye-dong" (중계동), Hyŏngjesan-kuyŏk, Pyongyang, but apparently there is no "Chunggye-dong" in Hyŏngjesan-kuyŏk. There is a "Ch'ŏnggye-dong," which is nearby, but in Yongsŏng-kuyŏk.

Yongnim-ŭp Missile Base

• Location Yongnim-ŭp (용림읍), Yongnim-kun (용림군), Chagang Province (자강도), North Korea

Shin’o-ri Missile Base

• Location Shin'o-ri (신오리), Unjŏn-kun (운전군), North P'yŏng'an Province (평안북도), North KoreaPrimary Function: Deployment and launch of Nodong missiles

Sakkabbong Missile Base

• Location Sakkabbong (삿갓봉), Koksan-kun (곡산군), North Hwanghae Province (황해북도), North Korea

Okp’yŏng-dong Missile Base

• Location Okp'yŏng-dong (옥평동), Munch'ŏn (문천시), Kangwŏn Province (강원도), North Korea
• Missile
• Nuclear

Electronics and Radar Development Establishment

Electronics corporation of india limited, gas turbine research establishment, godrej and boyce manufacturing co. ltd., instrumentation limited, larsen and toubro, metallurgical and engineering consultants (india) ltd., microwave tube research and development centre, pantex gee bee fluid power ltd., s.k. machine tools private ltd., srijan control drives, the kcp limited, 929th state test flight center (taysoygan), baikonur cosmodrome, baykal-1 (baikal) research reactor complex, committee on atomic energy, institute of atomic energy (iae), institute of nuclear physics, joint stock company “biomedpreparat-engineering center”.

• Biological

Joint Venture Inkai (INKAY)

Kapustin yar, kaskor joint stock company, katko joint venture, m. aikimbayev kazakh scientific center of quarantine and zoonotic diseases (kscqzd), m. aikimbayev kazakh scientific center of quarantine and zoonotic diseases (kscqzd), mangyshlak atomic energy combine, mining directorate no. 6, national nuclear center (nnc), sary-shagan, scientific research institute for biological safety problems, semipalatinsk test site, spent fuel storage sites, stepnoye mining directorate, tsentralnoye mining directorate, ulba metallurgical plant, volkovgeologiya jsc, vozrozhdeniye open-air test site, zharys state holding company.

• Chemical

IGR Nuclear Reactor Complex

Al-kibar (missile), aleppo missile factory, atomic energy commission of syria (aecs), cyclotron facility, deposit no. 1182, deposit no. 1184, deposit no. 1188, electronics institute, hama missile base and production factory, higher institute of applied science and technology, homs missile factory, ion beam accelerator facility, ministry of petroleum and mineral resources of syria, national standards and calibration laboratory, non-destructive testing laboratory, nuclear analytical laboratory, nuclear electronics laboratory, nuclear training laboratory, phosphoric acid pilot plant, radioactive waste management division (rwmd), radiological and nuclear regulatory office (rnr), scientific studies and research center (missile), scientific studies and research center (nuclear).

Treaties & Regimes

Information on treaties, organizations, and regimes relating to disarmament, arms control, and nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction.

Treaties and Regimes

The Global Health Security Index

The 2023 NTI Nuclear Security Index

A Global Playbook for Nuclear Energy Development in Embarking Countries: Six Dimensions for Success

The Convergence of Artificial Intelligence and the Life Sciences

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