kenya case study gcse geography

Tourism in Kenya

An example of how the growth of tourism in kenya (a nee) helps to reduce the development gap.

Kenya is a country in East Africa that has successfully developed a tourism industry over the past 40 years. 

Tourists visit Kenya for many reasons, including to go on safari and to visit its spectacular coastline around Mombasa. Wildlife viewing of animals such as lions, elephants and giraffes is the major tourist attraction in Kenya. Elephants and rhinos almost died out in the 1980’s because of poaching and hunting but tourism has offered a more sustainable economic activity. As can be seen on the graph, Kenya attracted nearly 1.4 million visitors in 2017.

Kenya faces numerous problems as a country, it suffers from periodic failure of the rains such as during the 2011-12 Horn of Africa famine and terrorist attacks from the Al-Shabaab group linked to Al Qaeda. The GDP in 2013 was only $1,245 per person, just above LIC status and making it a lower middle income country.

Some facts about tourism in Kenya

• Travel & Tourism generated 226,500 jobs directly in 2013, indirectly 11.6% of Kenyan’s jobs rely on tourism • 11% of the total wage employment is accounted for by tourism and earnings from tourism allow the government to reduce their level of debt • Tourism contributed DIRECTLY 4.8% of Kenya’s GDP in 2013 and a massive 12.1% of GDP through direct and indirect (e.g. farms supplying hotels) tourist services. • 7.6% of Kenya’s capital investment (money coming into the country to develop industry and projects) comes from tourism • Money spent by tourists in 2014 within Kenya was 17% of Kenya’s exports.   • Tourism brings in US$5.3billion to Kenya’s economy

All of these positive economic features have allowed Kenya to develop as a country – tourism directly supports the development of Kenya as a country and allows the government to reinvest money into improving the quality of life for its people. However there are positives and negatives of the tourism.

Positives of tourism 

1. Tourists like to see cultural shows by Maasai warriors and will pay good money for it 2. Local infrastructure is improved as water and sanitation facilities, roads, buses, taxis and airports are provided for tourists. 3. Tourists see beautiful landscapes, wildlife such as elephants and plants. They can also be educated about the dangers to fragile ecosystems in the modern world. 4. The Kenyan government loves tourism - foreign currency spent by tourists can be invested in improving local education, health and other services 5. Tourism creates jobs for local people in Kenya and people can learn new skills in tourism services and construction 6. Visitors get an insight into local customs and traditions.

Negatives of tourism

1. Foreign companies may bring foreign workers to do the skilled jobs; so local people only do low skilled, poorly paid work. 2. Important projects for local communities might be side lined as infrastructure developments are focused on tourists. 3. Pollution and disruption to wildlife habitats could occur if tourism isn't sustainable. 4. Profits can often go to foreign companies, such as tour operators and hotel chains, rather than to the local community. 5. Coastal Environments such as those in Mombasa have been damaged by tourism e.g. destruction of coral reefs as tourists step on the coral and also take souvenirs

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Case study: Urban problems in Nairobi, Kenya

By Matt Burdett, 7 May 2020

In this article, we look at Nairobi in Kenya has a case study of the incidence of poverty, deprivation and informal activity (housing and industry) in urban areas at varying stages of development

Nairobi: A brief introduction

Nairobi is the capital city of Kenya, with a population of 4.4 million according to the 2019 Kenya census ( Kenya Bureau of Statistics, 2019: p7 ), but this expands during the day to over 6 million people due to incoming workers ( Nairobi City County, 2019 ).

The city was founded in 1899 as part of the colonial British government’s development of a railway. It attracted a greater population due to the cooling effects of altitude and the availability of a continuous water supply, owing to its location on swampland ( Nairobi City County, n.d. ).

• Map showing the location of Nairobi in Kenya. Source: TUBS, 2012 .

Nairobi itself is officially known as Nairobi City County. The city is split into seventeen electoral constituencies as shown on the map below, with each area represented by a member of parliament.

• Constituencies in Nairobi. Note the incorrect spelling of ‘Kibra’ which should read ‘Kibera’ to the west of the centre of the map. Source: Nyanchama, 2019 .

Poverty, deprivation, informal housing and informal industry

Poverty in nairobi.

As a country, Kenya is successfully reducing poverty with a decrease of the number of Kenyans living under the international ‘dollar a day’ poverty line decreasing from 46.8% in 2005-06 to 36.1% in 2015-16 ( World Bank, 2018 ), although there is still massive inequality in incomes in different parts of the country and amongst different groups of people. Within Nairobi, the situation is less severe than in other parts of the country: in fact, by 2016, Nairobi had the lowest rates of absolute poverty at 16.7% of the population compared to the national average of 36.1% ( Kenei, 2018 ).

The distribution of poverty is quite evenly spread over the city, with slum settlements found in almost all parts of Nairobi. The map belows the variation in income. It’s notable, however, that the lack of poverty – i.e. higher incomes – are not evenly spread and are strongly found towards the central areas, around the Central Business District. However, in this area there is a juxtaposition of rich and poor, with some of the highest income areas located next to slums.

• Poverty and income divides in Nairobi, Kenya. Source: Boniburini, I. 2015 .

Causes of poverty in Nairobi

Nairobi’s population has grown exponentially since the 1960s, adding about a million people in the decade 2009-2019, as shown on the graph below. This has brought enormous problems as the city struggles to satisfy the needs of its inhabitants, but also economic opportunities too.

• Population growth in Nairobi. Source: Mutisya & Yarime, 2011 .

Even so, the increasing population puts a strain on the ability of the city to deliver services to its population. This inability of the city’s systems to meet the needs of its population is known as ‘urban stress’. (Note: urban stress is incorrectly defined in some sources as the emotional and bodily stresses that come from living in an urban area, but this is not a geographical definition.) As more people require resources, it means that the amount of resources per person is less, which means that some people remain in poverty.

Patterns of deprivation in Nairobi

Deprivation relates to lack of person’s access to the things that people in a society consider to be normal, such as diet, clothing, housing, as well as healthcare, education and recreation, among many others ( Mack, 2016 ).

Across Nairobi, general welfare conditions significantly. Dr Villa, a researcher in the University of Manchester, proposed a new way of measuring deprivation in 2016 called the “Living Conditions Score” (LCS). The LCS gives a score between 0 and 100. The higher the score, the better the household’s provisions in terms of “dwelling materials, provision of electricity, water and sanitation, household composition and endowment of education attainment” ( Villa, 2016 ). The map below shows this variation very clearly: levels of deprivation – as opposed to simply measuring poverty through income – are generally worse towards the centre of the city, and slums near the centre are the most deprived.

• Living Conditions Score across Nairobi, Kenya. A high score indicates better living conditions. Source: Villa, 2016.

The explanation for this may lie in population density. Although incomes may be better in some parts, people still do not have access to appropriate sources of water, housing and so on, and this is what causes deprivation to be high. These areas largely correspond with high population density, which may indicate that people are paying a high proportion of their income on housing in order to be near their location of work.

• Population density across Nairobi. Source: Ledant, 2013.

Deprivation: Lack of access to water

A specific issue in Nairobi is access to water. Much of the city does not have piped water directly to the house, and rely on either local water sources such as rivers and boreholes, or water that is brought in by truck. The map below shows this distribution which follows very closely the population distribution. The most densely populated areas (especially slums) are more likely to lack access to a stable water supply.

• Water coverage across Nairobi as a percentage of households with piped water. Source: Ledant, 2013.

Deprivation: Lack of access to healthcare

A further issue is the lack of access to healthcare. Facilities are spread throughout the city, with the main concentration in the CBD. Notably the facilities are generally distributed in the higher income areas.

• Health facilities and their distribution across Nairobi. Source: Murphy et al., 2017 .

Kenya currently (at time of writing in 2020) has a mixture of public and private healthcare provision, with the aim of achieving universal healthcare, i.e. government-funded healthcare for everyone, by 2022, and in 2018 only 19% of people had private healthcare insurance ( Barasa, 2018 ). This means the majority use a public health system which struggles to cope with the demands made upon it.

Informal housing

Informal settlements are “areas where groups of housing units have been constructed on land that the occupants have no legal claim to, or occupy illegally” and unauthorised housing is “unplanned settlements and areas where housing is not in compliance with current planning and building regulations” ( OECD, 2001 ).

There are many informal settlements in Nairobi, which reflects both the poverty levels and the rapid expansion of the city, as newcomers are forced onto marginal land (land which no-one else wants to use). Around half of Nairobi’s population is believed to live in areas such as these, but the estimates can vary wildly due to the lack of accurate data.

• Distribution of informal settlements in Nairobi Administrative Divisions. Source: Mutisya & Yarime, 2011 .

Conditions in the informal settlements are generally very poor. In Kibera, one of the largest slums, there are upwards of 170,000 people in just 250 hectares. You can read more about the conditions in Kibera elsewhere on this site (scroll to the last section on the page).

Informal industry

Informal industry is part of the shadow or hidden economy. It takes place when economic activity is not monitored nor taxed by the government, which means many workers do not have access to basic rights such as protective equipment or sick pay.

Data on the informal industry in Nairobi is, therefore, by nature hard to gather. It is likely that a lot of workers actually work in the formal sector, but may do so on casual terms – such as a labourer being hired on a construction site for a day. Kenya’s employment is almost entirely in the informal sector, accounting for up to 95% of entrepreneurship. Across Kenya as a whole, up to seven in every eight of the 800,000 jobs created in the period 2013 to 2014 were in the informal sector ( World Bank, 2016 ). It is reasonable to suspect that owing to Nairobi’s dominant position in terms of government and economy that the informal sector is very strong in Nairobi.

Barasa, 2018. Kenya National Hospital Insurance Fund Reforms: Implications and Lessons for Universal Health Coverage. Full suggested citation: Edwine Barasa, Khama Rogo, Njeri Mwaura & Jane Chuma (2018) Kenya National Hospital Insurance Fund Reforms: Implications and Lessons for Universal Health Coverage, Health Systems & Reform, 4:4, 346-361, DOI: 10.1080/23288604.2018.1513267. Available at https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23288604.2018.1513267 Accessed 7 May 2020.

Boniburini, I. 2015. Production of Hegemony and Production of Space in Nairobi. Territoire en mouvement. 28. 10.4000/tem.3110. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286511479_Production_of_Hegemony_and_Production_of_Space_in_Nairobi Accessed 7 May 2020.

Kenei, 2018. The needs of Kenyans by county: exploring the latest poverty data. https://devinit.org/blog/the-needs-of-kenyans-by-county-exploring-the-latest-poverty-data/ Accessed 7 May 2020.

Kenya Bureau of Statistics, 2019. 2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume I: Population by County and Sub-County. https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-i-population-by-county-and-sub-county Accessed 7 May 2020.

Ledant, 2013. Water in Nairobi: Unveiling inequalities and its causes. https://journals.openedition.org/com/6951 Accessed 7 May 2020.

Mack, 2016. Deprivation and poverty. http://www.poverty.ac.uk/definitions-poverty/deprivation-and-poverty Accessed 7 May 2020.

Murphy et al., 2017. Estimating the need for inpatient neonatal services: an iterative approach employing evidence and expert consensus to guide local policy in Kenya. Full citation requested as follows: Murphy GAV, Waters D, Ouma PO Health Services that Deliver for Newborns Expert Group, et alEstimating the need for inpatient neonatal services: an iterative approach employing evidence and expert consensus to guide local policy in KenyaBMJ Global Health 2017;2:e000472. https://gh.bmj.com/content/2/4/e000472 Accessed 7 May 2020.

Mutisya & Yarime, 2011. Understanding the Grassroots Dynamics of Slums in Nairobi: The Dilemma of Kibera Informal Settlements. In International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies Volume 2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/50392060_Understanding_the_Grassroots_Dynamics_of_Slums_in_Nairobi_The_Dilemma_of_Kibera_Informal_Settlements Accessed 7 May 2020.

Nairobi City County, n.d. History of Nairobi. https://nairobi.go.ke/history/ Accessed 7 May 2020.

Nairobi City County, 2019. Growing Nairobi population an indicator of more opportunities – Sonko. https://nairobi.go.ke/growing-nairobi-population-indicator-opportunities-sonko/Accessed 7 May 2020.

Nyanchama, 2019. List of Nairobi County wards. https://www.tuko.co.ke/285791-list-nairobi-county-wards.html Accessed 7 May 2020.

OECD, 2001. Glossary of statistical terms. https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=1351 Accessed 7 May 2020.

TUBS, 2012. Kenya, administrative divisions. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kenya,_administrative_divisions_-_de_-_colored.svg Accessed 7 May 2020.

Villa, 2016. A note on the new proposed welfare prediction method for Kenya’s cash transfer programmes. http://blog.gdi.manchester.ac.uk/a-note-on-the-new-proposed-welfare-prediction-method-for-kenyas-cash-transfer-programmes/ Accessed 7 May 2020.

World Bank, 2016. Informal Enterprises in Kenya. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/262361468914023771/pdf/106986-WP-P151793-PUBLIC-Box.pdf Accessed 7 May 2020.

World Bank, 2018. Poverty Incidence in Kenya Declined Significantly, but Unlikely to be Eradicated by 2030. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/kenya/publication/kenya-economic-update-poverty-incidence-in-kenya-declined-significantly-but-unlikely-to-be-eradicated-by-2030 Accessed 7 May 2020.

Case study: Urban problems in Nairobi, Kenya: Learning activities

• Describe the location of Nairobi. [2]
• Define ‘poverty’ in the urban context. [2]
• Describe the pattern of poverty in Nairobi. [3]
• Identify at least two features of urban deprivation in Nairobi and for each, describe its distribution. [2+4]
• Outline the health issues that are likely to stem from urban deprivation in Nairobi. [4]
• Explain why it is hard to present information about the informal sector in Nairobi. [4]

Other tasks

Conduct an image search for Kibera, one of the slums in Nairobi. Annotate the images to show the features of urban deprivation. Consider whether the image is balanced: are there also reasons to suggest that the areas of greatest urban deprivation are positive in any way? How far do any positive features balance out the negative aspects of urban deprivation?

Going further

These two documents contain a wealth of information about the informal sector in Kenya and specifically Nairobi.

Click to access Draft_Report_-_Exploring_Vulnerability_of_Informal_Traders_in_Nairobi.pdf

Click to access 106986-WP-P151793-PUBLIC-Box.pdf

© Matthew Burdett, 2020. All rights reserved.

All secondary material on this site is clearly referenced and may be subject to copyright restrictions by the original authors. All original material on this page is subject to copyright.

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Tourism in Kenya- Case Study for GCSE/ A level Geography

Subject: Geography

Age range: 14-16

Resource type: Assessment and revision

Last updated

21 July 2020

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A comprehensive case study of the advantages and disadvantages of tourism in Kenya as well as possible management solutions. This resource is suitable for both GCSE and A level geography and covers all exam boards.

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GCSE Geography | Case Study: Makueni Food and Water Security Programme (Resource Management - Food 10)

Last updated 25 May 2024

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Makueni County is around 200 km south-east of Nairobi in eastern Kenya (an LIC). It is a rural area with a population of roughly 885,000, who are spread out across lots of isolated villages. People in Makueni grow a variety of crops, including sweet potatoes, cassava (see image below), beans, millet and maize, which is helped by the nutrient-rich volcanic soils. However, the population lives in poverty and faces food insecurity as the climate makes it difficult to grow crops. The region is semi-arid with low and unreliable rainfall (an average of 500 mm per year) which affects food production and means that crops fail regularly.

Makueni Food and Water Security Programme

The Makueni Food and Water Security Programme is an example of a sustainable small-scale project . This programme was set up by the local community with the support of two non-governmental organisations (NGOs) - 'Just a Drop' and the 'African Sand Dam Foundation', with the aim of improving food and water security in the villages of Musunguu and Muuo Wa Methovini (with a combined population of 800) and increasing food and safe water to the 463 pupils of Kanyenyoni Primary School. The unreliable rainfall used to mean there were times in the year when food supplies ran low because there wasn’t enough water to grow crops.

The programme has many different aspects...

The construction of a sand dams in each village - these small dams are an example of appropriate technology as they were set up with the local community and are very cheap to operate and maintain. A simple dam is built across a river, trapping rain when it falls. In around four years, sand carried by the water fills up the area behind the dam, forming a sand dam. Sand dams store water in the ground, filtering and cleaning the rainwater as it soaks into the soil. When rain falls it still flows down the river channel, but is trapped in the sand behind the dam. People can easily dig down to get to the water, which is protected from evaporation by the sand, which also filters the water, enabling them to access a clean and safe water supply, for drinking, but also for watering crops and for livestock. The programme also includes a rainwater harvesting system on the roof of the school (another example of appropriate technology), a training programme to educate local farmers on sustainable agricultural techniques, and an afforestation project to reduce the risk of desertification. The trees will provide shade to stop the soil drying out, roots to bind the soil together, and leaf litter to add nutrients back to the soil. The trees will also increase biodiversity in the area and provide medicinal products that can be used by the local population.

Has the project been successful?

The sand dams have given people access to a more reliable and safer source of water, reducing the incidence of waterborne diseases, and therefore the health of local people. As a result, crop yields have increased and food security has improved, which again means better health for the population. Time has been saved as women and children don’t have to spend so much time fetching water, which means they can spend more time doing paid work or going to school. The trees planted around the dams have reduced soil erosion and improved soil quality, and improved the habitat for other plants and animals. Fruit trees have also provided food and a source of medicine.

Sand dams are very useful in some areas, however, they only work in places with suitable geology and must be carefully planned. It is important to involve local people in decision making so that disagreements are reduced.

Sustainable food management

The Makueni Food and Water Security Programme is an example of a sustainable strategy to increase food supply. Sustainable solutions have the following features in common...

Small scale - sustainable solutions to increasing water supply are usually small-scale - they improve the quality of life for individual communities, rather than whole regions or countries. They are easy to manage and relatively cheap.

Appropriate technology - these are small projects using basic machinery that are cheap and easy to maintain, for example, hand pumps. This is better than using complex machinery that require specialist skills to operate and maintain.

Community management - sustainable water projects need to be managed by the local community, rather than relying on other people - for example, local people build and maintain them, so it they breakdown they know how to carry out repairs.

Local decision making - local people decide what they need to improve their water supply, where they will build their project, how big it is, etc - this is an important part of sustainable solutions - it’s not just telling the people involved what they need - therefore there is more by-in and projects are likely to be more effective.

Non-governmental organisatio n - NGOs have no government funding and rely on donations, e.g. Just a Drop, who work across LICs and NEEs to improve water and food security. NGOs are important here as they give local communities the support and skills they need to get their sustainable food projects up and running.

• Food production
• Food sustainability
• Food supply
• Food security
• Food supply management

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Case Study: Kenya's Sand Dams

Sand dams in machakos district, kenya.

Kenya is a low-income country. It has designed special dams to capture water which would otherwise be lost as surface runoff. Kenya's sand dams are cost-effective and have been built in the Machakos, Makueni, and Kitui districts.

How do sand dams work?

• Sand dams store water in the rainy season under a layer of sand. Water gets stuck amongst the sand particles, creating a layer of trapped water.
• In the summer, when other water sources dry up, the water is still stored under the sand.
• Local people can access the water through wells or taps, giving them drinking water in the hottest and driest part of the year.

Advantages of sand dams

• Sand dams are cheap, don't need any special materials, and give access to water in the driest months of the year.

1 The Challenge of Natural Hazards

1.1 Natural Hazards

1.1.1 Types of Natural Hazards

1.1.2 Hazard Risk

1.1.3 Consequences of Natural Hazards

1.1.4 End of Topic Test - Natural Hazards

1.1.5 Exam-Style Questions - Natural Hazards

1.2 Tectonic Hazards

1.2.1 Tectonic Plates

1.2.2 Tectonic Plates & Convection Currents

1.2.3 Plate Margins

1.2.4 Volcanoes

1.2.5 Effects of Volcanoes

1.2.6 Responses to Volcanic Eruptions

1.2.7 Earthquakes

1.2.8 Earthquakes 2

1.2.9 Responses to Earthquakes

1.2.10 Case Studies: The L'Aquila & Kashmir Earthquakes

1.2.11 Earthquake Case Study: Chile 2010

1.2.12 Earthquake Case Study: Nepal 2015

1.2.13 Living with Tectonic Hazards 1

1.2.14 Living with Tectonic Hazards 2

1.2.15 End of Topic Test - Tectonic Hazards

1.2.16 Exam-Style Questions - Tectonic Hazards

1.2.17 Tectonic Hazards - Statistical Skills

1.3 Weather Hazards

1.3.1 Global Atmospheric Circulation

1.3.2 Surface Winds

1.3.3 UK Weather Hazards

1.3.4 Tropical Storms

1.3.5 Features of Tropical Storms

1.3.6 Impact of Tropical Storms 1

1.3.7 Impact of Tropical Storms 2

1.3.8 Tropical Storms Case Study: Katrina

1.3.9 Tropical Storms Case Study: Haiyan

1.3.10 UK Weather Hazards Case Study: Somerset 2014

1.3.11 End of Topic Test - Weather Hazards

1.3.12 Exam-Style Questions - Weather Hazards

1.3.13 Weather Hazards - Statistical Skills

1.4 Climate Change

1.4.1 Evidence for Climate Change

1.4.2 Causes of Climate Change

1.4.3 Effects of Climate Change

1.4.4 Managing Climate Change

1.4.5 End of Topic Test - Climate Change

1.4.6 Exam-Style Questions - Climate Change

1.4.7 Climate Change - Statistical Skills

2 The Living World

2.1 Ecosystems

2.1.1 Ecosystems

2.1.2 Ecosystem Cascades & Global Ecosystems

2.1.3 Ecosystem Case Study: Freshwater Ponds

2.2 Tropical Rainforests

2.2.1 Tropical Rainforests - Intro & Interdependence

2.2.2 Adaptations

2.2.3 Biodiversity of Tropical Rainforests

2.2.4 Deforestation

2.2.5 Case Study: Deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest

2.2.6 Sustainable Management of Rainforests

2.2.7 Case Study: Malaysian Rainforest

2.2.8 End of Topic Test - Tropical Rainforests

2.2.9 Exam-Style Questions - Tropical Rainforests

2.2.10 Deforestation - Statistical Skills

2.3 Hot Deserts

2.3.1 Overview of Hot Deserts

2.3.2 Biodiversity & Adaptation to Hot Deserts

2.3.3 Case Study: Sahara Desert

2.3.4 Desertification

2.3.5 Case Study: Thar Desert

2.3.6 End of Topic Test - Hot Deserts

2.3.7 Exam-Style Questions - Hot Deserts

2.4 Tundra & Polar Environments

2.4.1 Overview of Cold Environments

2.4.2 Adaptations in Cold Environments

2.4.3 Biodiversity in Cold Environments

2.4.4 Case Study: Alaska

2.4.5 Sustainable Management

2.4.6 Case Study: Svalbard

2.4.7 End of Topic Test - Tundra & Polar Environments

2.4.8 Exam-Style Questions - Cold Environments

3 Physical Landscapes in the UK

3.1 The UK Physical Landscape

3.1.1 The UK Physical Landscape

3.2 Coastal Landscapes in the UK

3.2.1 Types of Wave

3.2.2 Weathering & Mass Movement

3.2.3 Processes of Erosion & Wave-Cut Platforms

3.2.4 Headlands, Bays, Caves, Arches & Stacks

3.2.5 Transportation

3.2.6 Deposition

3.2.7 Spits, Bars & Sand Dunes

3.2.8 Case Study: Landforms on the Dorset Coast

3.2.9 Types of Coastal Management 1

3.2.10 Types of Coastal Management 2

3.2.11 Coastal Management Case Study - Holderness

3.2.12 Coastal Management Case Study: Swanage

3.2.13 Coastal Management Case Study - Lyme Regis

3.2.14 End of Topic Test - Coastal Landscapes in the UK

3.2.15 Exam-Style Questions - Coasts

3.3 River Landscapes in the UK

3.3.1 The River Valley

3.3.2 River Valley Case Study - River Tees

3.3.3 Erosion

3.3.4 Transportation & Deposition

3.3.5 Waterfalls, Gorges & Interlocking Spurs

3.3.6 Meanders & Oxbow Lakes

3.3.7 Floodplains & Levees

3.3.8 Estuaries

3.3.9 Case Study: The River Clyde

3.3.10 River Management

3.3.11 Hard & Soft Flood Defences

3.3.12 River Management Case Study - Boscastle

3.3.13 River Management Case Study - Banbury

3.3.14 End of Topic Test - River Landscapes in the UK

3.3.15 Exam-Style Questions - Rivers

3.4 Glacial Landscapes in the UK

3.4.1 Erosion

3.4.2 Landforms Caused by Erosion

3.4.3 Landforms Caused by Transportation & Deposition

3.4.4 Snowdonia

3.4.5 Land Use in Glaciated Areas

3.4.6 Tourism in Glacial Landscapes

3.4.7 Case Study - Lake District

3.4.8 End of Topic Test - Glacial Landscapes in the UK

3.4.9 Exam-Style Questions - Glacial Landscapes

4 Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1 Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1.1 Urbanisation

4.1.2 Urbanisation Case Study: Lagos

4.1.3 Urbanisation Case Study: Rio de Janeiro

4.1.4 UK Cities

4.1.5 Case Study: Urban Regen Projects - Manchester

4.1.6 Case Study: Urban Change in Liverpool

4.1.7 Case Study: Urban Change in Bristol

4.1.8 Sustainable Urban Life

4.1.9 End of Topic Test - Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1.10 Exam-Style Questions - Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1.11 Urban Issues -Statistical Skills

5 The Changing Economic World

5.1 The Changing Economic World

5.1.1 Measuring Development

5.1.2 Classifying Countries Based on Wealth

5.1.3 The Demographic Transition Model

5.1.4 Physical & Historical Causes of Uneven Development

5.1.5 Economic Causes of Uneven Development

5.1.6 How Can We Reduce the Global Development Gap?

5.1.7 Case Study: Tourism in Kenya

5.1.8 Case Study: Tourism in Jamaica

5.1.9 Case Study: Economic Development in India

5.1.10 Case Study: Aid & Development in India

5.1.11 Case Study: Economic Development in Nigeria

5.1.12 Case Study: Aid & Development in Nigeria

5.1.13 Economic Development in the UK

5.1.14 Economic Development UK: Industry & Rural

5.1.15 Economic Development UK: Transport & North-South

5.1.16 Economic Development UK: Regional & Global

5.1.17 End of Topic Test - The Changing Economic World

5.1.18 Exam-Style Questions - The Changing Economic World

5.1.19 Changing Economic World - Statistical Skills

6 The Challenge of Resource Management

6.1 Resource Management

6.1.1 Global Distribution of Resources

6.1.2 Food in the UK

6.1.3 Water in the UK 1

6.1.4 Water in the UK 2

6.1.5 Energy in the UK

6.1.6 Resource Management - Statistical Skills

6.2.1 Areas of Food Surplus & Food Deficit

6.2.2 Food Supply & Food Insecurity

6.2.3 Increasing Food Supply

6.2.4 Case Study: Thanet Earth

6.2.5 Creating a Sustainable Food Supply

6.2.6 Case Study: Agroforestry in Mali

6.2.7 End of Topic Test - Food

6.2.8 Exam-Style Questions - Food

6.2.9 Food - Statistical Skills

6.3.1 The Global Demand for Water

6.3.2 What Affects the Availability of Water?

6.3.3 Increasing Water Supplies

6.3.4 Case Study: Water Transfer in China

6.3.5 Sustainable Water Supply

6.3.6 Case Study: Kenya's Sand Dams

6.3.7 Case Study: Lesotho Highland Water Project

6.3.8 Case Study: Wakel River Basin Project

6.3.9 Exam-Style Questions - Water

6.3.10 Water - Statistical Skills

6.4.1 Global Demand for Energy

6.4.2 Factors Affecting Energy Supply

6.4.3 Increasing Energy Supply: Renewables

6.4.4 Increasing Energy Supply: Non-Renewables

6.4.5 Carbon Footprints & Energy Conservation

6.4.6 Case Study: Rice Husks in Bihar

6.4.7 Exam-Style Questions - Energy

6.4.8 Energy - Statistical Skills

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Case Study - Kenya

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Tourism in an LEDC – Kenya

Kenya has two very distinctive environments that attract tourists. These are the coastline of the Indian Ocean and wildlife parks. As part of package holidays foreign tourists often spend a week at each.

Beach holidays Some of the most beautiful beaches in the world can be found along Kenya’s coastline between Mombassa and Malindi. White sandy beaches, the coral reefs and the warm Indian Ocean attract tourists from around the world. Water sports such as scuba diving are very popular pastimes.

The satellite photograph below shows Mombassa. Notice the sandy beaches and coral reef.

Safari holidays Kenya has a number of National Parks. These include Samburu, Massai Mara, Amboseli and Tsavo. Attractions in the National Parks include the range of wildlife (examples include the big five – elephant, lion, leopard, rhino and buffalo), bush safaris with English speaking guides, trekking , a chance to sample local culture (e.g. the Massai Mara) and the stunning scenery.

Problems  associated with tourism in Kenya Tourism in Kenya is not without its problems. There are a range of issues relating to tourism in Kenya. These include: 1. Falling numbers of tourists 2. Conflict with local people 3. Damage to the environment

The introduction of ecotourism is an attempt to overcome these problems.

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