essay about flood experience

Flood Essay for Students and Children

500+ words essay on flood.

Flood is one of the most dangerous natural disasters. It happens when excessive water is collected in any area. It usually happens due to heavy rainfall. India is highly prone to flood. There are many regions in the country that face this natural disaster because of the overflowing of rivers. Moreover, it also happens because of the melting of snow. Another reason for floods is when the dam breaks down. If we look at the coastal areas, the hurricanes and tsunamis are held responsible for causing floods. In this essay on flood, we will see the prevention and after-affect of flood.

In other words, whatever the cause may be, it is equally dangerous. It has a lot of harmful consequences. Flood damages the living conditions and it takes a lot of time to recover from this disaster. Therefore, the consequences of floods must be known and steps must be taken to prevent it.

After-effects of Flood

Floods interrupt with the day to day functioning of the affected area. The severe floods sometimes cause mass destruction. A lot of people and animals lose their lives due to floods. Several others are injured. Floods also bring a rise in diseases. The stagnant water attracts mosquitoes causing malaria , dengue, and more illnesses.

Furthermore, people face power cuts due to the danger of electrocution. They also have to face expensive pricing. As the supply of food and goods gets limited, the prices naturally grow higher. This creates a big problem for the common man.

Most importantly, the whole country faces economic loss. The resources needed to rescue people and tackle this disaster demands a hefty amount. Plus, the citizens lose their houses and cars which they worked all their lives for.

Subsequently, floods also hamper the environment. It causes soil erosion and this degrades the quality of the soil. We lose out on fertile soil. Similarly, floods also damage flora and fauna. They damage crops and displace trees. Thus, the measure should be taken to avoid these grave consequences.

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Ways to Prevent flood

The government and citizens must work together to formulate ways to prevent floods. Proper awareness must be spread about the steps to take when floods occur. Warning systems must be set up so people get sufficient time to save themselves. In addition, areas that are more likely to have floods must have tall buildings above the flood level.

Other than that, dams must be constructed strongly. The use of cheap materials causes dams to break. The government must ensure there is a quality building of dams to prevent floods.

In short, we cannot prevent natural causes like rain and the melting of glaciers. However, we can stop the manmade causes like breaking of dams, poor drainage system, installing warning systems and more. We should take inspiration from countries like Singapore that never experience floods despite having heavy rainfall for most time of the year.

FAQ on Flood Essay

Q.1 what are the consequences of a flood.

A.1 Floods cause immense destruction. They are responsible for the loss of human and animal lives. People lose their homes and cars in floods. They also cause soil erosion and uproot of trees.

Q.2 How can we prevent floods?

A.2 Governments must take up certain measures to prevent floods. We can install flood warning systems. Make people aware of what to do in times of flood. Moreover, we can also build a proper drainage system that will ensure no waterlogging.

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The Many Effects of Flooding

Floods can be destructive to humans and the natural environment, but they also help to drive biodiversity and are essential to the functioning of many ecosystems.

Earth Science, Climatology, Geography, Physical Geography

1931 Yangtze River Flood

In 1931, water overwhelmed the banks of the Yangtze and Huai Rivers, resulting in the Central China flood. Killing at least hundreds of thousands and potentially millions of people, it was one of the worst flooding events in recorded history. Here, people near the Yangtze River are shown.

Photograph from Adrienne Livesey, Elaine Ryder, and Irene Brien

It is hardly surprising that rivers have been an important part of human history: They provide food, freshwater, and fertile land for growing crops. While water is essential to life, it can be a destructive force too. When rivers flood, the effects can be catastrophic. Flooding is one of the most common types of natural disaster, and the results are often fatal. The Central China flood of 1931, for example, was one of the worst flooding events in recorded history. The Yangtze and Huai Rivers broke their banks, killing as many as several million people. The aftermath was devastating; deadly waterborne diseases like dysentery and cholera spread quickly, and those who survived faced the threat of starvation. The human cost of flooding can be large, but events like this have a big impact on the natural world too, and the effects are not always negative. In fact, some ecosystems rely on seasonal flooding to drive ecological processes. Floods Can Harm Wildlife Flooding can have a negative effect on wildlife, causing drowning, disease proliferation, and habitat destruction. In 2012, hundreds of animals, including many vulnerable one-horned rhinos ( Rhinoceros unicornis ), were killed in floods that swamped Kaziranga National Park in the Indian state of Assam. Unpredictable floods can be harmful even to aquatic life. For example, fish can be displaced and their nests destroyed.

Floods Cause Sedimentation and Erosion Floodwater can also alter the landscape, for instance, by eroding riverbanks and causing them to collapse. As floodwater carries material from the eroded banks, it suspends sediment in the water, which can degrade water quality and lead to harmful blooms of algae. Suspended sediment eventually settles out of the water in a process called sedimentation, which can clog riverbeds and streams, smother aquatic organisms, and destroy habitats. Erosion and sedimentation have a more negative impact on ecosystems that are already degraded or heavily modified. Floods Carry Contamination Floodwater can be contaminated with pollutants such as agricultural pesticides , industrial chemicals, debris, and sewage. If contaminated floodwater enters the ocean it can affect water quality and disrupt delicate ecosystems, such as coral reefs. In February 2019, marine biologists feared for the safety of the Great Barrier Reef off the coast of Queensland, a state in Australia, after it was inundated with polluted floodwater. Floods Spread Diseases Floods are the leading cause of weather-related infectious disease outbreaks. Flooding events increase the chance of spreading waterborne diseases, such as hepatitis A and cholera. Receding floodwater can create stagnant pools of water, which provide the perfect breeding ground for mosquitoes, which can transmit malaria and other diseases. Flood events also lead to an increase in some forms of zoonosis , such as leptospirosis. Floods Carry Nutrients While floods bring hazards, they also bring nutrients and essential components for life. Seasonal floods can renew ecosystems, providing life-giving waters in more ways than one. Floods transport vital nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic material, to the surrounding land. When the water recedes, it leaves sediment and nutrients behind on the floodplain. This rich, natural fertilizer improves soil quality and has a positive effect on plant growth, thus increasing productivity in the ecosystem. Ancient civilizations first arose along the deltas of seasonally flooded rivers, such as the Nile in Egypt, because they provided fertile soil for farmland. Floods Recharge Groundwater Floods can replenish underground water sources. Floodwater gets absorbed into the ground then percolates through layers of soil and rock, eventually reaching underground aquifers . These aquifers supply clean freshwater to springs, wells, lakes, and rivers. Ecosystems rely heavily on groundwater during dry spells when it may be the only supply of freshwater available. A good supply of groundwater has a positive impact on soil health and leads to more productive crop and pasture lands. Floods Can Trigger Breeding Events and Migrations Floods can trigger breeding events, migrations, and dispersal in some species. In 2016, thousands of water birds flocked to the Macquarie Marshes in the Australian state of New South Wales. Flooding had filled their wetland habitat for the first time in years, triggering a mass breeding event. In Cambodia, monsoon rains cause an annual flood pulse on the Mekong River that prompts migrations for some animals. The floodwaters cause the Tonle Sap river, which connects the Mekong River to Tonle Sap lake, to reverse its flow, filling the lake. When floodwater enters the lake, it triggers fish migrations, supporting one of the world’s most productive fisheries. Floods Can Boost Fish Stocks Small seasonal floods can be beneficial to native fish stocks and can help those fish outcompete invasive species that are not adapted to the river’s cycles. Sediment deposited on riverbeds during floods can provide a nursery site for small fish. Nutrients carried by floodwater can support aquatic food webs by boosting productivity. Floods Bring Life to Wetlands Wetlands are an extremely important ecosystem; approximately 40 percent of the world’s species rely on them. They filter water, mitigate flooding, and act as a carbon sink . The Okavango Delta in Botswana is a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Site and one of the world’s largest, most important wetland habitats. The river captures rainfall from far to the north in the highlands of Angola. This causes a flood pulse that replenishes the wetlands at the height of the dry season, providing a lush oasis in the Kalahari Desert. National Geographic Explorer Steve Boyes, with a team of scientists and Explorers, has participated in a series of expeditions to trace the Okavango from source to sand to protect the waters of this unique habitat. Floods are a force of nature, and their consequences, both positive and negative, are strongly felt by affected ecosystems. Floods can be destructive to humans and the natural environment, but they also help to drive biodiversity and are essential to the functioning of many ecosystems. Whether you regard floods as good or bad, one thing is for certain: The world would be a very different place without them.

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Home — Essay Samples — Environment — Flood — The Flood: Reflection and Mitigating the Impact

The Flood: Reflection and Mitigating The Impact

Categories: Flood Natural Disasters

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Published: Mar 16, 2024

Words: 652 | Page: 1 | 4 min read

The impact of floods, factors contributing to floods, measures to mitigate flood effects.

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Flood Essay

Essay on Flood

Students who are looking for a good essay to study on the topic of flood should not be worried anymore. That is because Vedantu has come up with a sample essay on the flood that students of any class of any educational board can refer to and study from. This essay is designed by subject experts in English who work with Vedantu to create more like these study materials on a regular basis.

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If students of any class and any educational board (including CBSE, ICSE, state board, etc.) learn from these study materials, they can get good marks and can score a high rank in any examination or even any small test. All they have to do is to read the sample essay provided by Vedantu on the topic of floods.

Students can read it online on the page or can download it so that they can access it whenever they need it. This study material is available in a pdf format for downloading. Being in a pdf format, students can access it from any device (like mobile phones, laptops, personal computers, or even tablets) To download, students should have to sign in on the page with their Gmail ID after clicking the download link provided on this website.

FAQs on Flood Essay

1. What Are the Consequences of Floods?

The damage caused by a flood is up to 90% when compared to other natural disasters. Major flooding causes loss of human and animal lives, they also cause severe damage to economic infrastructures. Floods also cause severe damage to government buildings and public properties.

2. How Do Satellites Help During Floods?

Weathering satellites play an important role in monitoring flood situations over a large region and detecting floods. At ISRO (Indian space research organization) Optical remote sensing from geostationary platforms helps in providing rapid and valuable information on cloud patterns and rainfall patterns for a particular area.

3. Is Vedantu's sample essay on floods PDF costly?

The brief and one-word answer to this question is, no. It is not costly. In fact, it is completely free of cost for students to access or even download. Almost all of the study materials students can find on Vedantu's website is completely free of cost and not for sale. It is open for everyone to access or download. Students don't need to pay any amount to access these study materials. They can just visit the website or download Vedantu's app to be able to access it.

4. Is Vedantu's sample essay on floods PDF downloadable?

To answer this question in one word, yes, this study material is downloadable. Students can click on the provided link on this page to download it. This link is in the form of a blue button with the text "Download PDF" written on it. After clicking on the provided download link, students will be asked to provide their Gmail ID to sign in on Vedantu's portal. After signing in, students can access the pdf version of the sample essay on floods from their mobile phones, laptops, personal computers, or tablets.

5. Why is it necessary to learn flood management in school?

By teaching the topics like flood management or disaster management in schools, the students will be prepared for almost any type of natural or man-made disaster. It is entirely clear that teaching students about managing these tough times and helping others is a great way to create leaders. These young minds learning leadership from such a young age can really be the most important asset to the country. That is why teaching flood management or disaster management in schools is necessary.

6. Can I use this essay on flood for my test or examination?

Yes, students can use this sample essay for academic application. These essays are designed by experts working at Vedantu. These experts are well versed in English and write essays in a manner that is most suitable for academic success. Also, these essays are completely up to date and relevant to the paper pattern followed by these educational boards. These essays are created in a way that will be helpful for students to score good marks in the examination.

7. Is floods a big problem in India?

Yes, floods are a big problem in India. In fact, it is considered one of the most common natural disasters, if not the most common natural disaster in India. The heavy rivers like Brahmaputra or others from any part of the country almost always end up flooding the nearby areas in monsoon. Amongst a few causes of floods are extreme precipitation, unplanned urban growth, degradation of the environment, frequent changes in monsoon etc. The most flood-prone areas in India are Punjab, Haryana, Gangetic plains, etc.

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Essay on Flood for Students and Children in 1000+ Words

October 12, 2020 by ReadingJunction Leave a Comment

In this post read an Essay on Flood (Natural Disaster) for Students and Children in 1000+ Words.

Table of Contents

Essay on Flood (1000+ Words)

This essay includes what is flood?, its causes, effect, and preventive measures.

What is Flood?

A flood is a natural disaster that arises due to excessive runoff of water in the rivers due to rainfall . This causes the water of rivers to come out from the edges and flow into the plains. Floods can last from a few hours to a few days, but it can cause great harm to people, money and crops.

Causes of Flood

Among the most severe natural hazards are floods. This happens in every environment where excessive water is stored. Generally, it is heavy rainfall. In India, there is a strong probability of floods.

Due to heavy river rains, several places in the world face natural disaster . Besides, the breaking of the dam is another cause of a flood. Furthermore, this is also triggered by melting ice.

If we aim at coastal regions, floods are liable for hurricanes or tsunamis. We should look at flood avoidance and its long term side-effects throughout this essay about floods. Nevertheless, it really is equally risky, but whatever cause might be.

This has some negative effects. Floods cause harm to living conditions or recovery from this tragedy takes a very long time. The effects of flooding should therefore be understood, and steps should be taken to avoid them.

Effect of Flood

The day-to-day operation of the flood-affected region was disrupted. Extreme floods cause immense devastation often. Owing to flooding, many individuals, or animals risk their lives. Many more are being wounded. Floods raise illnesses, as well. Stagnant weather, due to malaria, dengue, and much more illnesses, attracts insects.

Moreover, due to electrical risks, individuals face power outages. They face expensive costs, too. Prices inevitably rise as the availability of food and products become reduced.

This, for the average man, is a big issue. Most significantly, economic losses are suffered by the entire world. To save lives and deal with this tragedy, a huge amount of resources are needed. At the very same time, people are losing their homes or their vehicles, which they have dedicated all their lives to.

Floods also ultimately damage the climate. This triggers soil erosion which degrades the consistency of the soil. On a fertile planet, we are destroyed.

Floods also do damage to fauna and flora in the same way. Crops are destroyed, & trees are displaced. Steps to prevent these serious effects should also be taken.

Ways to Prevent flood

To devise solutions to avoid flooding, government and people must work together. Proper knowledge of these steps can be taken and disseminated in the aftermath of a natural disaster.

In order for people to get enough time to defend themselves, an alert system must be established. Furthermore, areas more vulnerable to flooding must have elevated buildings just above the point of flooding.

In addition, an effective system for processing excessive water due to bad weather should be usable. Excess water can avoid this. Reinforcing the drainage scheme is among the most critical steps. This will eliminate water-logging, to prevent flooding.

The dams must, however, be heavily built. The use of inexpensive materials breaks dams must be applied and government should ensure that the efficiency of dams is designed to stop flooding.

We have split the causes of floods into two stages viz: organic and inorganic floods. First, natural floods would be addressed.

Natural floods

Floods are called natural floods due to natural factors.

1. Excess of rain – often at one location there is a lot of constant rainfall due to that there is water logging all over, and it comes in the form of flooding in a certain period.

2. Cloud Burst -A large volume of water that flows in the next few hours due to bursting of a cloud, because from which the water flows at a high pace as well as a flood situation occurs, the clouds mainly burst and in mountain terrain. Due to thunderstorm, the Uttarakhand region is flooded every other year in their region.

3. Melting of ice from the glacier- The glaciers are starting to melt even more snow owing to the increase in the Earth’s temperature that causes the water to fall from the mountains at a high velocity so this water has become so high. That one can easily knock out every town or village and fully submerge it.

4. When rivers are overflowing- A significant volume of drainage into the rivers is caused by excess rainfall and melting snow, allowing the water to abandon its course and flow around rather than flood its lowlands of cities and villages near the river , it goes.

5. Sea Flood – A tsunami is often considered the first flood of water. This happens when in certain areas of a sea, a cyclonic storm or even a powerful earthquake happens, due to that, high waves increase, or the seawater floods the villages and cities. This refers to areas for flooding. Because of this, many coastal communities of the sea are impacted very badly. Sea storm waves could be as higher than 10 feet, and that’s much more than the height of every building.

Unnatural floods

The work undertaken by human’s triggers unnatural floods are:

1. Dam Breakdown – Large reservoirs are designed for water storage by humans; however, the dam is not reinforced due of corruption and bad design that breaks up a dam full of thousands of liters of water in the next few years.

There is a heavy flow of water with this and the areas from around the dam were covered in water. Suddenly, the ward arrives, so citizens do not get an opportunity to regain, and there is further loss of life or property.

2. Flooding due to Global Warming – Global Warming This scenario has been produced by humans just because humans are harvesting indiscriminate trees, and also spreading a huge amount of pollution .

Since the global climate is rising while at the same time that Earth’s climate is also shifting because there is a lot of rain for certain areas, there is a lot of rain in certain areas and because of the increase in the temperature of the Earth, the ice mostly on glaciers Millions of liters of water accumulated in the form begins to melt because of the water crisis.

3. Plastic pollution – A large volume of plastic is often used in India, and this plastic is dumped in such open areas, however, this plastic is stuck in the hair created to drain the water because the water may not get in the hair when it rains as well as the flood situation occurs.

10 Lines on Flood

The flood is an immense quantity of water that overflows covering a wide region that causes damage.
Not only is the flood devastating a vast city, but it also takes several lives or destroys property.
Each year, many regions of the world are hit by flooding, taking lots of lives.
Lead to increasing rainfall or a lack of proper sewage system inside an area, flooding occurs.
In an area that causes double harm, floods often occur like an after-effect of a horrible cyclone.
The farmers have to be the worst impacted citizens of the flood as flood kills their fields and also their land’s productivity.
Flood water obtained at a specific location allows individuals to have different kinds of diseases.
When the flood situation is serious, all the stores are closed, affecting the availability of essential products.
In order to reduce the effects of flooding, the government must develop a strong drainage system.
Early warning implementation must be carried out, and individuals are sent to safe areas until floods occur.

In short, natural factors, such as rain or melting glaciers, could not be avoided. We may escape human-made triggers, however, like dam breakage, bad drainage systems, installation of alarm systems, and much more. We must draw inspiration in countries such as Singapore that, for much of the year, do not experience floods despite heavy rain.

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Essay on Flood

List of essays on flood in english, essay on flood – essay 1 (150 words), essay on flood: reasons, effects and conclusion – essay 2 (250 words), essay on flood in india – essay 3 (300 words), essay on flood: causes, consequences and prevention – essay 4 (400 words), essay on flood: types, causes and adverse effects – essay 5 (500 words), essay on flood: with causes, mitigating steps and warning system – essay 6 (600 words), essay on flood: with causes – essay 7 (750 words), essay on flood in india – essay 8 (1000 words).

Introduction:

Flood, simply put is an overflow of water from several sources. The nature of the world is to have dry land and water. When water gets on dry land in large quantity flood is said to have occurred.

Causes of Flood:

There are several events that can lead to a flood.

A few of them are highlighted below:

1. Heavy rain pours.

2. Melting ice and snow.

3. Rising sea levels and the overflowing river.

4. Bad drainage systems.

How Flood Affects our Environment:

A flood is by far a negative occurrence. Heavy flooding can have a damaging effect on our environment and the infrastructures in it. First, they can destroy houses and make them inhabitable. Also, they can remove sand from farmland making it difficult to grow crops. Aside from the above, flooding also contaminates clean water causing diseases and ailments.

Conclusion:

Governments around the world can reduce the risk of flooding by building a solid drainage system. We as individuals could also help by stopping drainage blockage.

Any dry land filled by excess water is called flood. It is a natural calamity caused due to several factors.

Reasons for Flood:

The reasons for floods can be natural and unnatural caused due to human activities. When there is excessive rainfall in river banks and coastal areas, there is an increase in water level which leads to overflow of water into the nearby dry land. Also, natural calamities like earthquakes cause Tsunami in oceans which leads to flooding of lands close to beaches. In heavily populated cities, due to congested buildings and roadways, flooding happens as there is not enough room for water to drain. In such cases clogged drainages lead to even more flooding of the area.

Global warming has resulted in the melting of glaciers which increase water levels of rivers and flooding of river banks. Deforestation also plays a major role in flooding.

Effects of Flood:

Floods cause large scale destruction to life and property. Buildings, roads and bridges are heavily damaged. Vast acres of crops are destroyed. Arable lands turn barren and clogged with salts. Countless homes and cattle get washed away. All electronic and digital communication seizes. Many lives are lost. And it does not stop there. Post flood, there is a huge risk in the spreading of water borne diseases. Scarcity of food and basic necessities arises. On the whole, floods cause multiple hardships and turn the livelihood of affected people upside-down.

Effective weather forecasting systems are to be maintained by the Government for timely intimation and evacuation of flood prone areas which will greatly help in keeping the many losses due to floods in check.

Flood is a natural disaster that involves overflowing of water over a region of land that is dry under usual conditions. It submerges the area with water. They are the most common kind of weather-related disasters and are a costly hazard. The level of flood can vary a lot – from a few inches to a level that goes up to meters high like a roof level of a house.

The causes of floods are many. They can happen during heavy rains when the drainage system is unable to handle the amount of rain fall. It can also happen even if low levels of rain occur continuously for many days. Floods can occur when the snow melts as temperature changes and it can result in bulk movement of water in the plains. Rivers can overflow sometimes and create flood in the neighboring regions. They can also be a result of breaking of dam which can flood the nearby areas.

There has been increase in the frequency of floods recently. Because of global warming, the average temperature of sea has increased significantly. This has led to higher rate of tropical storms in the Caribbean. It is also responsible for increase in sea level because of melting of ice caps and glaciers.

Floods cause large-scale loss to life and great damage to properties. Floods cause severe damage to agricultural regions of the affected area. There is loss of life of humans as well as animals. People and the government both suffer from loss in financial terms. Re-building of affected areas takes a lot of time and money.

In India, there are many regions which are affected by floods. Some of these are the Gangetic plains, coastal Andhra Pradesh and Orissa, Brahmaputra valley and South Gujarat. Within this year, more than 70 lakh people were affected by floods in India.

Flood is one of the recurring natural disasters which is an outcome of above average rainfall and accumulation of excessive water in every living area. Floods may occur due to overflow of water from the reservoirs or due to heavy down pour of rain in places where the drainage systems are not properly maintained.

Water may look so harmless and peaceful until the large quantities termed Floods harms us.

Common Causes of Flood:

Some of the common causes of Flooding are Heavy Rains, Overflowing Rains, Broken Dams, Urban Drainage Basins, Storm Surges & Tsunami’s, Channels with steep sides, lack of vegetation and melting of snow and Ice. Although the causes of floods are varied, most of the causes can be managed if not prevented.

Global Warming and Floods:

Another primary factor of Flood is increase in the atmospheric temperature i.e., Global Warming. Heating up of earth’s surface can lead to melting of ice glaciers and ice caps which leads to the rise in sea level thereby leading to overflowing floods in the coastal regions. Global Warming brings instability in the climatic condition of the earth, where one part of the world experiences floods and the other goes through drought.

Consequences of Flood:

Floods mostly disrupt the normalcy of living things on the planet. Floods are a great threat to the living things; floods also make way for mosquitoes to thrive thereby leading to all communicable diseases such as malaria, Dengue etc. Another impact of floods is loss of drinking water . Floods also lead to power cuts, damage of crops and soil erosion. Floods can also have an economic backslide, thus putting the country at risk.

Preventing Floods:

Some of the measures that can be done to prevent Floods are:

i. To ensure the meteorological departments are well equipped to provide flood warnings to the indicated zones.

ii. Flood resilient homes with efficiency to waterproof homes and moving electric sockets which moves higher as the flood rises.

iii. Protecting wetlands and planting trees systematically can help alleviate the direct floods.

iv. Stop encroaching of river beds and allowing the rivers to take its natural course can drastically bring down floods.

Floods can be scary, but it is in the hands of human beings to ensure it doesn’t impact our daily life. Water storing areas such as ponds, lakes and other water reservoirs should be maintained. Floods can be avoided by improving the soil conditions thereby allowing easy water absorption. Flood barriers can be used as a defense during Flood crisis.

Floods can either occur naturally or they can be facilitated by environmental factors that destruct the flow of water. Flood incidences have increased due to global warming. Global warming is an adverse effect of environmental pollution that causes a rise in temperatures on the earth’s surface. Global warming is associated with intense climatic changes like heavy storms, snowing and raised sea water levels. These changes in climate contribute to flooding. A flood is the spilling of water on dry land surfaces and causes it to submerge. It occurs when water overflows from the water bodies beyond its usual boundaries. Floods are destructive to the environment.

Types of Floods:

There are three main types of floods. Surge floods are floods that occur in the coast regions due to surges and tidal changes that occur in the sea or ocean. Hurricanes and storm surges on the sea or ocean can cause minor, moderate or major floods. The extent or severity of the floods are determined by the strength, size, speed and directions of the surges. Surge flood are usually severe and massively destructive.

Another type of floods is fluvial floods that occurs due to overflow of rivers. Rivers overflow due to heavy rains that increase water levels in rivers beyond its capacity therefore resulting in floods. Heavy snowing can also cause fluvial floods when the ice melts. Fluvial floods are risky when dams are involved because the increased levels of water in rivers creates immense pressure that cause increase pressure on the walls of dams and cause breakage which results in excessive flooding and environmental destruction.

The other type of floods is pluvial floods. Pluvial floods are caused by surface water as a result of heavy rainfall. Pluvial floods are destructive because they disrupt the drainage systems and cause an overflow which affects structures. Pluvial flooding occurs together with surge floods and fluvial floods. Although pluvial flooding does not involve a lot of water, it causes massive destruction of the environment and the infrastructure.

Causes of Floods:

Floods occur naturally due to some environmental factors. Heavy rains can cause an overflow of water form water bodies. Breakage of water body boundaries like riverbanks or walls of dams. Catastrophes like tsunamis and surges in storms cause heavy flooding. During heavy rains the lack of vegetation on the surface of the earth.

Adverse Effects of Floods:

Foods are destructive in nature and have negative impacts on the environment and the ecosystem. Floods cause death of living things and humans. Destruction of property and infrastructure negatively affects the economy of the region affected and economic activities are at a standstill due to disrupted livelihoods. Migrations from areas that are prone to floods is common, which results in overpopulation in urban areas. Financial constraints are experienced due to the rehabilitations from flood destructions. Prevention of floods that result from natural causes is a challenge.

In conclusion, it is evident that floods are destructive. The adverse effects of floods affects normal livelihood and the environment.

Flood is one of the natural calamities which is known to wreck a lot of havoc. There are so many different instances wherein floods are known to damage the whole area and bring massive loss of life and property as well.

Let us check further into the possible causes of flood and how we can eradicate it too.

The Causes of Flood:

Of course, there can be a lot of different cases of floods. Some of the key ones among them are as follows.

Heavy rains: owing to climate changes, many a times, it so happen that it rains torrentially. If the rain is much above normal, it can lead to flooding.

Broken dams: Dams help in keeping the water level in check. If the dams get broken sometimes, it is likely to lead to flood.

Tsunami: Natural calamities like tsunami is likely to create problems of flood and can bring massive loss of life and property.

Global warming: Owing to the increase in global temperature, the ice cap is melting and the increased level of water in the river bed is going to cause a flood.

Of course, there can be a lot of other reasons too which leads to flood and it is important to keep an eye on the water levels to issue a warning well in time.

The Mitigating Steps:

Now that we know the key causes which leads to flood, let us focus on some of the best mitigation measures which you can take to steer clear of this problem.

Flood Warning System:

This is by far the most important thing which one needs to do. It is important to have a sound flood warning system in place. When you have a dedicated system, it can help warn people who can move to higher altitude or take the right steps.

Restore Rivers to their Natural Courses:

Owing to the excessive development work which we have been carried out and harming the environment, too many rivers have diverted from their natural courses. This is another important reason for excessive flood. So, the right thing to do is to help in restoring the rivers to their natural course as it may prevent flood.

The Global Warming Remedial:

Action must be taken to cure the problem of global warming as it is definitely the cause of too many natural disasters. By choosing to cut the level of air and water pollution and minimizing the use of non bio-degradable products, we may be able to directly or indirectly help in controlling the problem of flood and its aftermath.

Modern Day Construction:

While flood is a natural calamity which may sometime come unannounced, it is important that we construct buildings in accordance with the modern technical advancements. The buildings should be so made that they are above the flood levels and they should be sturdy enough to withstand flood as well.

So, these are some of the important points which you should keep in mind. While some of them are ways by which we can prevent the implication and aftermath of flood, a few of them would help in preventing its occurrence as well.

Whenever any calamity occurs, it is important to do your bit to create awareness. The kind of destruction which can happen is whopping. By knowing about it a little ahead of time helps people be better prepared for it.

The bottom line remains the fact that we should all try and minimize the negative impact we are having on the environment. Doing this will ensure that we will be able to curtail the frequency of natural disasters like flood.

Flood is simply defined as the overflow of a very huge quantity of water that covers a very large area of land and leads to the destruction of land and properties and sometimes lives in the areas that are affected. A lot of regions in the world experience flooding every year. A flood basically occurs when there is excessive rain and there is no proper or good drainage system. The amount of flood is different from place to place and the extent of destruction also varies. For the overflow of water to be classified as flood, the area of land affected has to be mostly dry. Flooding can also happen as a result of water overflowing from bodies of water like lakes, oceans and rivers. Floods cause mass destruction. The effects and destruction caused by flood can take many years to fix and repair.

There are a lot of causes of flood; a few of them are discussed below:

1. Heavy Rains:

As discussed earlier, flood is mostly caused by an extended period of rain. This can happen if the quantity of rainfall is a lot more than the capacity of the drainage system. Flood can also be a result of high intensity rainfall in a short period of time.

2. Snow Melting:

Mountains that were covered with snow in the season of winter start to melt once temperature begins to rise. The sudden rise of the temperature causes the snow to melt and this leads to the massive movement of a lot of water to the plains and lands around. If the area receiving the water does not have a proper and good drainage system that will help in getting rid of the large quantity of water, there is going to be flooding. Flood that is caused by snow melting is also called a snowmelt flood.

3. Dam Breaking:

Dams are constructed to be able to hold the water that is flowing downwards from an area of land that is higher. The energy of the water can be used to turn and power propellers that can be used for the generation and creation of electricity. The dam can sometimes break when they can’t hold a large quantity of water and this causes the areas nearby to experience flooding. Sometimes, excessive water can be released intentionally by the dam to stop the dam from breaking which also results in flood but the flood from the intentional release of water isn’t as harsh as that from the dam breaking.

4. Water Bodies Overflowing:

Rivers and other water bodies can overflow sometimes and this leads to a situation that is flood like in the areas nearby. The areas that are low lying and are near the water body are the ones that are affected the most during the periods of water overflowing downstream.

5. Coastal Region Winds:

Hurricanes and very strong winds have the ability to carry sea water into coastal lands that are dry and this is a serious cause of flood. The coastal regions can experience severe damage and destruction. Tsunamis and hurricanes are widely known causes of serious devastation to areas of coastal lands.

Apart from all of the causes of flood discussed above, it is very important to note that the major cause of flood is global warming. The frequency and rate of flood has drastically increased recently. Researchers have said that the average temperature of the sea has wildly increased because of global warming and it has led to the increased sternness and rate of storms that are tropical in and around the Caribbean. The storms are said to have caused the countries in the region experiencing heavy rainfall. Global warming causes an increase in the atmosphere’s temperature and also causes the ice caps and glaciers to melt which in turn causes flood in a lot of regions. Global warming is believed to have a very major effect on the ice caps at the poles and it is believed that the situation is only going to get worse with time.

Overall, the climatic conditions of the earth have gone through a lot of very major changes and it is believed that global warming is the main cause of all of the change. It is believed that global warming is the reason why there is extreme drought in some places and serious flood in other places. Even though there isn’t much we can do about the glaciers melting or rain, we can do our part by building very good and reliable drainage systems that can handle water.

What is a flood? In normal terms, the excess availability of water in a region then it can usually hold is called flood. Floods are usually heard of it in news and through channels as every year, large portions of India are drastically affected by floods. It is mainly during the monsoon season with the onset of rain, we hear of different floods and the havoc they have caused to humans, animals and plant life. It is, therefore; very important to understand what floods are all about?

Types of Floods and their Causes:

Flood is not just the excess rainfall we talk about. There is a lot more to it. For instance, there are Flash Floods in which there is a sudden heavy downpour due to a cloudburst and the entire area is flooded within minutes. In India, areas in the states of Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and Uttarakhand witness occurrence of flash flood every year. Similarly, we have river floods in which the areas around a river are flooded due to the swelling of the river. Some parts in Delhi witness river flood every year due to the overflowing of the river Yamuna due to excessive rains and the excess flow of water from the Hathnikund Dam. Another type of floods is the inland flooding . In the case of inland flooding, the area witnessing a rainfall get flooded with the roads and lanes all filled with water. This happens usually when proper drainage system is not in place or is inefficient due to severe blockages which obstruct the flow of water and leading to flooding of lanes and roads in the city. Again, Delhi and Mumbai are cities which see such floods even after an hour of continuous rainfall. People living in coastal areas are prone to coastal floods . These floods are usually caused by high tides or Tsunami which bring huge volumes of water on the land thereby flooding it. Another reason for coastal floods is global warming due which the rise in sea level temperatures has led to the subsequent rise in water level in coastal areas. Coastal areas of Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Orissa witness such floods every year.

Deadliest Floods in Indian History:

India witness floods every year in different states. In fact, some regions are sure to be flooded with the onset of monsoon season. However, there have been occurrences of the flood which have caused massive destruction and hence are termed as the deadliest floods. Hence there is a need to know about them so as to understand and analyse what can be done in order to minimise such destruction in future years.

Deadly floods are a common occurrence in India after every few years. One of the deadliest floods in recent times was the flood in Gujarat in the year 1979 in the Machhu Dam-II. The Machhu Dam-II flopped on Aug. 11, 1979, discharging the full power of the Macchu River on the town of Morbi. The flood thus created in western India caused somewhere around 1,335 deaths, as per the Press Trust of India at the time.

Another of the deadliest floods in India is the one that shook Bihar in the year 1987 in the Kosi River. In any case, the Kosi River is prone to floods and is flooded almost every year. However, this year was particularly exceptional. The most decimating surge in Bihar’s history happened in 1987, when an avalanche obstructed the Bhote Kosi River, making it surge and crush more than 1.7 million homes. As per the statistics of the state, government flooding led to the death of 1,399 individuals and 5,302 animals.

The Tsunami that struck coastal India in the year 2004 was another such disaster which engulfed a number of lives. An extent 9.0 quake under the Indian Ocean on Dec. 26, 2004, set off a tidal wave that crushed southern India. As per the Government statistics 10,749 individuals died, 5,640 went missing and 2.79 million people were affected by the wave. It likewise devastated 11,827 hectares of products and demolished the occupation of 300,000 fishermen.

The Recent Kerala and Kedarnath Floods:

The most noticeably bad climate-related floods in India’s history happened in June 2013, when a few days of overwhelming precipitation activated blaze surges and avalanches in the northern territory of Uttarakhand. The downpour struck amid the bustling visitor season in Uttarakhand when a huge number of Hindu pilgrims rush to the region to visit its memorable sanctuaries. The rain happened some time before the start of rainstorm season, getting numerous off guard. An expected 4,094 individuals died and about 1 million were influenced by the catastrophe in Uttarakhand and neighbouring Himachal Pradesh, the worst affected being the region around Kedarnath. The military was brought in to evacuate around 100,000 people from rocky parts of the state, where they had turned out to be caught by the avalanches.

The recent floods in Kerala are another perfect example of how human activities have led to calling of nature’s ire in different forms such as floods. Had it there been a proper drainage system with no blockages, Kerala would not have witnessed such a massive flood.

The Need for Action:

We must not forget that older civilisations emerged around rivers and seas only and they just vanished with time due to the ever-rising water level on the earth. With the recent back to back occurrences in Kedarnath and Kerala, it is high time the Government as well all of us sit down and think what harm we have done to nature. The blooming of industrial units with no waste management in place, the inefficient drainage system and the careless attitude of both the Government and the people are all collectively responsible for these disasters. Not all disasters can be avoided, but, at least measures can be taken to minimise their impact or at least the ones caused by own carelessness can surely be avoided. It is for own good and for the benefit of future generations that we all do our bit to protect the life on earth from the backlash of nature.

Flood , Flood in India , Natural Disasters

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127 Flood Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Inside This Article

Floods are natural disasters that can have devastating effects on communities and ecosystems. They can cause widespread destruction, displacement of people, and loss of life. Writing an essay on flood-related topics can help raise awareness about the importance of preparedness and resilience in the face of such disasters. Here are 127 flood essay topic ideas and examples to inspire your writing:

The impact of floods on agriculture and food security
The role of climate change in increasing the frequency and intensity of floods
How urbanization and deforestation contribute to flooding
The social and economic costs of flood disasters
The psychological effects of experiencing a flood
The importance of early warning systems in flood preparedness
How communities can build resilience to floods
The role of government in mitigating flood risks
The intersection of race, class, and vulnerability in flood disasters
A comparative analysis of flood management strategies in different countries
The ethical implications of rebuilding in flood-prone areas
The impact of floods on wildlife and ecosystems
The challenges of providing aid and relief after a flood
The role of technology in predicting and monitoring floods
The relationship between floods and water pollution
The long-term effects of flooding on infrastructure
The cultural significance of floods in different societies
The role of insurance in mitigating the financial impact of floods
The health risks associated with flooding
The impact of floods on tourism and local economies
The role of NGOs in disaster response and recovery after a flood
The connection between floods and water scarcity
The impact of floods on education and school infrastructure
The role of community-based organizations in flood preparedness
The impact of floods on mental health
The effectiveness of flood protection measures such as levees and dams
The ethical dilemmas of prioritizing resources in flood response
The impact of floods on vulnerable populations such as the elderly and disabled
The relationship between floods and infectious diseases
The impact of floods on transportation and mobility
The role of media in shaping public perceptions of floods
The impact of floods on small businesses and entrepreneurship
The challenges of rebuilding after a flood
The impact of floods on water quality and sanitation
The role of education in increasing awareness about flood risks
The impact of floods on cultural heritage sites
The connection between floods and climate refugees
The impact of floods on mental health in children
The role of community engagement in flood preparedness
The impact of floods on gender dynamics and women's empowerment
The relationship between floods and humanitarian crises
The impact of floods on energy infrastructure
The role of faith-based organizations in flood response and recovery
The impact of floods on indigenous communities
The effectiveness of early warning systems in reducing flood casualties
The impact of floods on housing and homelessness
The role of international aid in responding to flood disasters
The impact of floods on waterborne diseases
The relationship between floods and food insecurity
The impact of floods on mental health in first responders
The role of social media in disaster communication during floods
The impact of floods on air quality and respiratory health
The connection between floods and environmental justice
The impact of floods on mental health in displaced populations
The role of community-based adaptation in flood resilience
The impact of floods on educational attainment and school performance
The relationship between floods and conflict and violence
The impact of floods on access to healthcare and medical services
The role of local government in flood preparedness and response
The impact of floods on water scarcity and drought
The connection between floods and food waste
The impact of floods on social cohesion and community resilience
The role of art and storytelling in documenting flood experiences
The impact of floods on wildlife conservation and biodiversity
The relationship between floods and mental health stigma
The impact of floods on infrastructure and public services
The role of technology in connecting flood survivors with resources
The impact of floods on cultural traditions and practices
The connection between floods and displacement and migration
The impact of floods on access to clean water and sanitation
The role of youth in advocating for flood resilience and preparedness
The impact of floods on LGBTQ+ communities and mental health
The relationship between floods and poverty and inequality
The impact of floods on access to education and learning opportunities
The role of faith and spirituality in coping with flood trauma
The impact of floods on mental health in older adults

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Addressing Worldwide Flood Concerns: Empowering Local Communities

Denise Corsel

Over the last 25 years, the world has seen a rise in the frequency of natural disasters in rich and poor countries alike. Today, more people than ever are at risk from natural hazards, with those in developing countries particularly at risk. This essay series is intended to explore measures that have been taken, and could be taken, in order to improve responses to the threat or occurrence of natural disasters in the MENA and Indo-Pacific regions. Read more ...

Floods have become a growing concern throughout the world. [1] Fueling this concern is the prediction that climate change will increase the intensity and severity of flooding. [2] There are also growing concerns that climate change will dramatically increase the health risks associated with contaminated water and dangerous substances that are released during floods. [3] These concerns need to be addressed in order to reduce the negative impact of floods upon communities worldwide.

Coping with floods is a major challenge for many communities, especially those in developing nations, which generally have to manage the responses to and recovery from them mostly on their own. Governments, NGOs and other organizations provide aid during a natural disaster when, where and how they can. However, their extent of their contributions sometimes fail to meet the needs of local communities, especially immediately following the disaster but also in the longer term, due to their limited financial capabilities, inadequate access to affected areas, lack of awareness or political constraints under which they operate.

This essay focuses on the role of local communities during the recovery stage from floods. By drawing on a case study of rural communities in Laos, [4] the essay highlights the potential benefits of equipping local communities with long-term practices that will assist them in recovery efforts. The essay concludes with a discussion of the lessons and insights gained from this case and that they could be applied in other countries to improve flood resiliency.

The Importance of a Community-Centered Approach

This essay discusses floods from the perspective of long-term recovery since the latter contributes to resiliency, which is defined as “the ability to recover readily.” [5] The recovery stage—encompassing the process and outcome—is crucial because it covers everything that is required for the affected community to return to conditions of normality. [6] Floods are almost impossible to prevent and the scale of adverse consequences from floods is exceedingly difficult to gauge. Therefore, mitigating the consequences of floods is often quite challenging, especially in rural villages in developing countries, where technology and finances are in short supply. This overall magnifies the importance of the recovery stage.

Local communities are directly affected by floods and thus are the primary risk-bearers in such situations. They are the first on the scene and generally carry out the initial response. It is thus important to focus particularly on local communities during their recovery. Floods can inflict enormous damage, [7] especially upon those who are the most vulnerable community members. The damage affects property, finances, job security, emotional and health status, and livelihoods. Therefore, the community affected has an investment and a strong motive to recover and to return to normal life as quickly as possible. Compared to others, such as aid organizations, supporters and governments, the community itself will prioritize the recovery process the most. Therefore, a community-centered approach to improve flood resiliency is recommended. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction [8] supports this by emphasizing that there should be a people-centered approach when preventing disaster risk. To do so, during the recovery stage of a flood it is important for people to be both reflective and pro-active so that they can improve the management of future flooding.

Another reason why a community-centered approach is recommended is because with the increase of natural disasters throughout the world, [9] aid response will not be enough on its own. Resilient development [10] is, therefore, more important now than ever before. Developing the community to be resilient will not only enhance the efficiency of the recovery, but will assist with building a stronger system that can better manage all types of risks while improving the chances of maintaining the progress made by the community. Overall it will strengthen the current links between aid organizations and the communities’ development work, which allows for a lasting change. [11]

A community-centered approach can be highly efficient since communities know and understand their own situations best. Some would argue that experts possess greater expertise, theoretical knowledge and specific skills than the communities they seek to assist. Nonetheless, the local public has more everyday knowledge regarding their own surroundings and how their community members are likely to respond to certain recovery actions, which may be crucial to recover efficiently. Additionally, when preparing for a potential flood disaster, the community is the only party that has a clear emotional investment regarding the potential impacts and risks. In any event, it is imperative that all relevant stakeholders are included and participate to have a successful recovery process and outcome. [12] Community participation will enable more effective and long-term flood practices, improve the overall flood management process in place and allow for safer and quicker decisions to be made.

Helping to equip local communities, including their most vulnerable members, with recovery practices will enable them in the long-term to augment their own resilience to floods, which will be especially useful in case the prediction [13] that climate change will produce more intense and severe flooding is correct. As illustrated in the case of Laos’ rural communities, local communities, specifically those that are prone to flooding, tend to already have several recovery practices in place that could, and should be bolstered through the contributions of experts, government authorities and aid.

Recovery Practices in Laos

While numerous flood recovery practices are used throughout the world, local communities in Laos have their own practices, especially since they often experience flooding due to the annual rainy season. Flooding is Laos’ main hazard [14] that affects communities all across the county and often develops into a disaster. [15] Therefore, Laos’ coping practices have developed over many generations. They include traditional practices such as constructing houses on stilts; setting up community banks of rice; using traditional medicines; seeking shelter in temples and/or schools; creating dug-out drainage systems for paddy fields; and removing water from houses with baskets. These practices do indeed help with recovery, though they are predominantly needs-based coping strategies. However, NGOs and United Nations staff are teaching and/or sharing with rural communities other, more advanced flood resilience practices, such as using pumps to remove water; creating official village disaster committees and disaster preparedness plans; employing sturdier home building and repair techniques (e.g. using concrete or stronger wood); and implementing food and drinking storage systems.

In Laos, the management of flooding, which is challenging due to unpredictable flash floods, is primarily conducted at local levels and appears to be effective due to enhanced focus on villages’ own disaster management committees. Owing to the country’s financial situation, [16] flood management is mostly conducted by the individual village, which has its own village chief and elder. Often when a flood occurs, it is not possible for outsiders, including government officials, to enter/reach the villages affected. Therefore, it is important to focus particularly on local communities’ own coping mechanisms during recovery. In such a situation, Laos’ citizens currently manage and work together as a community to manage floods. So far, this has been working satisfactorily. However, with the building of houses in floodplains, logging trees and signs that changing climate is increasing the severity of floods and droughts, [17] existing local coping mechanisms might not be enough. Yet, whether their current practices are adequate to meet these immediate challenges or not, equipping Laos’ citizens with additional recovery practices would be highly beneficial, as it would allow the communities to better manage the (current and future) physical, emotional and secondary damage created by flooding disasters by strengthening their resilience. Additionally, it would allow them to handle the floods better in the long-term, especially if flooding worsens.

Laos’ villagers could learn from other recovery practices used in other countries. For instance, in Khammouane Province (Laos) the main concern during the recovery stage is health since floods spread disease and drinking and washing water become contaminated. This issue could be mitigated by chemically treating the water, as is done in Tanzania [18] or by using water purification tablets, as is done in Bangladesh. [19] Furthermore, another recovery practice that the majority of communities throughout Laos would benefit from would be the introduction of a rice variety that can withstand flooding because currently during floods the loss of rice, the main source of their livelihood, [20] is reducing their capability to recover. This practice has been effective in India, Bangladesh and Nepal, [21] and research is being conducted on how this would work in Laos. [22] There are many other practices that may be helpful, such as in Thailand, where communities are involved with hazard mapping to enhance education, [23] and in Vietnam, where they use schools to hold flood safety campaigns. [24] The idea that building on current practices while introducing new ones to enhance communities’ resilience is gathering momentum.

Nevertheless, it is important that communities are supported in selecting the most beneficial and realistic recovery practices. Additionally, it is crucial that the practices are manageable and accessible by the communities over the long term, thereby ensuring that they are sustainable. As a result, the communities would be empowered and capable of recovering from floods better and quicker, as well as potentially recovering from other natural disasters because some of these practices are transferable.

Some of Laos’ citizens may be content with the way floods are currently managed; however, most are open to learning and to trying out new practices and/or enhancing their current recovery practices. Moreover, villages, such as those in Laos, where residents have learned to cope with disasters on their own and thus, a community-centered approach is already in place, are likely to be more open to strengthening and building on their current approach than to acceding to outsiders’ management of the recovery stage. In fact, Laos’ government, in apparent recognition of this, supports village disaster management committees. Several aid organizations, including the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery [25] and the United Nations also promote sustainable assistance to ensure that long-term resilience is strengthened in such a manner that the country and its communities will be better able to manage disasters and ‘build back better’ [26] without them.

Equipping local communities with long-term recovery practices, some of which may be learned from other countries and adapted to country-specific circumstances could contribute to more effective disaster recovery, a better flood management process, and safer and quicker decisions. The main lesson learned from the case study of rural communities in Laos is that in countries where aid is not always readily accessible and where a community-centered management approach has been forming over the years, it is important to focus on and enhance the community-centered approach during the flood recovery stage. Given that the incidence of flooding has increased and is predicted to worsen in countries, including Laos, [27] special attention should be devoted to strengthening long-term local recovery practices, which is part of resilient development. In particular, as also illustrated by this case study, it is crucial to consider sustainability when improving flood resilience at local levels.

Undeniably government agencies and aid organizations play a vital role in disaster management. Nevertheless, they should focus on enhancing the communities’ resilient development so that, in the future, communities can manage floods better on their own and conduct the recovery process with greater efficiency. Particularly during the recovery stage, the risk-bearers should be principally in charge of managing their situation, as it is they who know best what is required to return the community to a state of ‘normality’ as quickly as possible. Where possible, the risk-bearers should be supported in their efforts to guide ‘building back better’ initiatives. [28] In sum, attention should be focused more sharply upon, and more support and resources should be invested in local communities to improve their flood resilience by enhancing their current recovery practices and introducing new ones.

[1] Dawei Han, Flood Risk Assessment and Management (Sharjah: Bentham Science Publishers, 2011) 1.

[2] Duncan Geere, “Global Flooding Risk Could Triple by 2030,” Wired , March 5, 2015, accessed April 15, 2016, http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2015-03/05/flooding-predictions-2030 ; and Tianyi Luo , Andrew Maddocks , Charles Iceland , Philip Ward and Hessel Winsemius, “World’s 15 Countries with the Most People Exposed to River Floods,” World Resources Institute , March 5, 2015, accessed April 15, 2016, http://www.wri.org/blog/2015/03/world%E2%80%99s-15-countries-most-peopl… .

[3] Roger Few and Franziska Matthies, eds ., Flood Hazards & Health: Responding to Present and Future Risks (London: Earthscan, 2006); and National Geographic, “Floods,” National Geographic , 2015, accessed June 26, 2015, http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/natural-disasters… .

[4] Laos, located in South-East Asia, is officially known as Lao PDR, which is short for Lao People’s Democratic Republic.

[5] Michael Pitt, Learning Lessons from the 2007 Floods: An Independent Review by Sir Michael Pitt (London: Cabinet Office, 2008) 349, accessed April 15, 2016, http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100807034701/http:/archive… .

[6] Home Office, Dealing with Disaster (London: Cabinet Office, 1998), accessed April 15, 2016, http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20050523205851/http:/ukresili… .

[7] Roger Few and Franziska Matthies, eds ., Flood Hazards & Health: Responding to Present and Future Risks (London: Earthscan, 2006).

[8] United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (U.N.I.S.D.R.), Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 (2015) 10, accessed April 15, 2016, http://www.unisdr.org/files/43291_sendaiframeworkfordrren.pdf .

[9] International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Introduction to the Guidelines for the Domestic Facilitation and Regulation of International Disaster Relief and Initial Recovery Assistance (Geneva: International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, 2011) 3.

[10] Natalia Adler, “Resilient Development Means Better Preparing Children, Families and Communities for Shocks, Making Sure They Can Better Withstand Them, and Helping Them to Recover Quickly,” U.N.I.C.E.F. Technical Note: Resilient Development (2016) 3.

[12] Upala Banerjee, “Adopting Rights-Based Programming Strategies Towards Developing Capacities for Accessing Sustainable Water and Sanitation Facilities: The NAM SAAT/Sida/UNICEF Partnership in Luang Prabang Province in Laos - A Case Study” (U.N.D.P., 2005) 249, accessed May 15, 2016, http://www.unescobkk.org/fileadmin/user_upload/appeal/LLP/LLP_Documenta… .

[13] Duncan Geere, “Global Flooding Risk Could Triple by 2030,” Wired , March 5, 2015, accessed April 15, 2016, http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2015-03/05/flooding-predictions-2030 .

[14] United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (U.N.I.S.D.R.), Country Assessment Report for Lao PDR: Strengthening of Hydrometeorology Services in Southeast Asia (2013), accessed April 15, 2016, http://www.unisdr.org/files/33988_countryassessmentreportlaopdr[1].pdf .

[15] Saysoth Keoduangsine, Robert Goodwin and Paul Gardner-Stephen, “A Study of an SMS-Based Flood Warning System for Flood Risk Areas in Laos,” International Journal of Future Computer and Communication 3 (2014): 182-186, accessed May 15, 2016, http://www.ijfcc.org/papers/292-M052.pdf .

[16] The World Bank, “Lao PDR Overview,” last modified April 2016, http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/lao/overview .

[17] “Laos Yet to Formulate Drought Response Plan,” Vientiane Times , April 29, 2016, accessed May 11, 2016, http://www.vientianetimes.org.la/FreeContent/FreeConten_Laosyet.htm .

[18] Tumpale Sakijege, John Lupala and Shaaban Sheuya, “Flooding, Flood Risks and Coping Strategies in Urban Informal Residential Areas: The Case of Keko Machungwa, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania,” J àmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies 4 (2012): 1-10, accessed April 15, 2016, doi: 10.4102/jamba.v4i1.46.

[19] S. Paul and J. Routray, “Flood Proneness and Coping Strategies: The Experiences of Two Villages in Bangladesh,” Disasters 34 (2010): 489-508, accessed April 15, 2016, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7717.2009.01139.x.

[20] “Lao PDR,” The International Rice Research Institute (2015), accessed April 15, 2016, http://irri.org/our-work/locations/lao-pdr .

[21] Amy Kazmin, “Asia Races to Find Drought-Resistant Rice,” Future of the Food Industry , last modified January 13, 2016, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/dea46c3e-982a-11e5-9228-87e603d47bdc.html .

[22] “Lao PDR,” The International Rice Research Institute (2015), accessed April 15, 2016, http://irri.org/our-work/locations/lao-pdr .

[23] A. Phonmart, “Promoting Community Awareness and Strengthening Community Resilience.” Presentation by Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation (D.D.P.M.), (Bangkok: Ministry of Interior).

[24] Standing Office of Tien Giang Provincial Committee for Flood and Storm Control (P.C.F.S.C.), “Activities under MRC – ADPC – ECHO Project and Achievement . ” Presentation at Regional Workshop, Tien Giang, Laos, 2009.

[25] World Bank, Resilient Recovery: An Imperative for Sustainable Development (2015), accessed May 8, 2016, https://www.gfdrr.org/sites/gfdrr/files/publication/Resilient-Recovery-An-Imperative-for-Sustainable-Development.pdf .

[26] United Nations Lao PDR, “UN Disaster Risk Reduction Chief: Building Back Better Makes Communities More Resilient,” October 9, 2012, accessed April 15, 2016, http://www.la.one.un.org/media-center/news-and-features/20-un-disaster-risk-reduction-chief-building-back-better-makes-communities-more-resilient .

[27] “Laos: Floods highlight disaster-preparedness needs,” IRIN , September 7, 2011, accessed May 7, 2016, http://www.irinnews.org/fr/report/93672/laos-floods-highlight-disasterp… .

[28] United Nations Lao PDR, “UN Disaster Risk Reduction Chief: Building Back Better Makes Communities More Resilient.”

The Middle East Institute (MEI) is an independent, non-partisan, non-for-profit, educational organization. It does not engage in advocacy and its scholars’ opinions are their own. MEI welcomes financial donations, but retains sole editorial control over its work and its publications reflect only the authors’ views. For a listing of MEI donors, please click here .

Essays on Flood

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Essay On Floods – 10 Lines, Short & Long Essay For Children

Key Points To Remember When Writing An Essay On The Flood For Lower Primary Classes

10 lines on the flood for kids, a paragraph on the flood for children, 200-word essay on the flood for kids, long essay on the flood for children, what will your child learn from this essay.

Flooding occurs when water from water bodies like rivers, lakes, and ponds builds up and overflows due to significant rainfall. Flooding causes severe challenges for the residents in flooded areas, significantly impairs people’s ability to live normally, and destroys agricultural products, which impacts farmers. Encouraging children to write essays about floods will help create more awareness among the kids so they can be mindful of what they can do to prevent them, and it will also equip them with strategies they can use in the event of a flood. To help with this, here are a few ideas for writing an essay on the flood in English. The article covers different kinds of essays on the flood for classes 1, 2 & 3.

There are some basic pointers to keep in mind when writing an essay. Here are some tips that you can use as a guide to write about the flood:

Essay writing is a delicate art, and each age group of students is expected to cover different points in their essays.
Write an introductory paragraph about what floods are.
Extrapolate this to various reasons that cause floods.
Speak about what one can do to prevent them.
Conclude the essay with an impactful paragraph.

Essays in the form of bullet points are suitable for small kids. Here are 10 lines on floods for kids:

A flood occurs when a place is run over with a great volume of water, causing destruction.
Floods not only cause extensive property damage and destruction but also claim many lives.
Each year, floods strike several regions of the world and cause numerous fatalities.
Floods are caused by excessive rainfall and an area’s poor drainage system.
Sometimes, a bad storm in a place is followed by floods, which leads to double damage.
Farmers are severely impacted by flooding because it ruins their crops and land fertility.
Accumulated flood water in one location can make people sick with many ailments.
When there is a severe flood, the availability of essential supplies gets impacted.
The government must build an effective drainage system to lessen the effects of floods.
Before floods begin, early warning systems should be implemented, and people should be sent to safe locations.

Short paragraphs are easy for small kids who can quickly understand the subject. Here is a short paragraph about floods:

A flood is a natural occurrence in which a normally dry area or piece of land is suddenly covered in water. Because of excessive rainfall in many different ways, rivers, lakes, and oceans overflow. People lose their lives, and there is devastation and significant property damage when heavy rain occurs. Flooding has the power to damage properties, automobiles, homes, and even bridges. Floods can harm trees, crops, and other crucial land resources. These floods can vary in size, duration, and region; some take days or even months to develop and dissipate. The majority of the positions occur in waves. Rain, ruined waterfalls, and hurricanes are a few factors contributing to flooding in various locations.

Here is a short essay on floods. Kids can use this essay for their assignments:

Places that have an excessive amount of rainfall and an inadequate drainage system may experience flooding. Other reasons for the flood include water pouring from rivers and oceans due to a dam failure, too much water moving through the plains, and increased water due to abrupt glacier melting. Flooding is a result of hurricanes and tsunamis in coastal locations. In addition to other natural disasters, flooding can also cause extensive damage. Around the world, numerous towns and cities are experiencing severe flooding, which can harm both people and animals as well as cause damage to land and plants. The flood also impacts farmers since the weather wastes their crops. When severe flood conditions prevail, offices and schools are shuttered, affecting how people live their everyday lives. Extreme flood-prone areas require months to return to normalcy. The irony is that while the government is aware of some places that are frequently flooded, no appropriate action is taken to address the issue. The government should create adequate drainage and water storage infrastructure to tackle this issue.

Older children are required to write long essays covering many different points. To help with this, here is an essay for class 3 children on floods:

What Is A Flood?

One of the frequent natural disasters is flooding, which results from copious rain and the buildup of surplus water in all populated areas. A flood is when water seeps through cracks and covers the dry ground, and it happens when water sources flow outside their normal range. Floods can occur when reservoirs overflow or pour down rain for days in areas where the drainage systems are not adequately maintained. Floods may occur naturally or be aided by environmental conditions disrupting the flow of water. Intense climate changes, including strong storms, snowfall, and rising sea levels, are associated with global warming, and such alterations in the atmosphere cause flooding.

Different Types Of Flood

There are different types of floods that can occur. Understanding the different types of floods is important to maintain accurate preventive measures. Listed below are the various types:

1. Fluvial Floods

River flood is another name for a fluvial flood. They occur when water from rivers, lakes, and streams rushes onto surrounding shorelines and land areas. Fluvial floods can occur due to increased snowfall, ice melting, and significant rainfall. Fluvial floods can inflict extensive damage by destroying dams and dikes and flooding the surrounding communities.

2. Floods Caused By Surges

Coastal floods are another name for surge floods. Floods that arise in the coastal areas because of storm surges and tidal changes are called surge floods. Surges are produced when strong winds from a windstorm, tsunami, or hurricane push water toward low-lying shorelines. Surge floods are at their most destructive during high tides.

3. Pluvial Floods

Floods caused by heavy rain are also known as pluvial floods. However, they can occur even in locations far from the overflowing water bodies and are independent of those bodies of water. Surface water floods and flash floods are the two types of pluvial floods.

What Are The Causes & Effects Of A Flood?

Causes of a flood.

Natural Causes: Heavy rains, earthquakes, and tsunamis are examples of natural causes of floods. Intense rainstorms are brought on by climate change. Floods can occur when there is more rain than usual. Due to the heavy rain, the water levels in the rivers and oceans rise.
Global Warming: One of the unnatural causes of floods is global warming. It raises the planet’s average temperature, which significantly impacts the climate. Mountain top ice melts, causing glacier sheets to fall. This further increases the amount of seawater and causes flooding.

Effects Of A Flood

Mass Destruction: Following the floods, widespread loss of human life, property, infrastructure, and vegetation is not uncommon. The majority of survivors suffer injuries. Animals perish, and the soil quality of the drowned region declines.
Power Cuts: Floods lead to extended power cuts due to the destruction.
Shortage in Food Supply: Food supply and necessities are scarce.
Diseases: Flood aftereffects include spreading water-borne illnesses like dengue, malaria, etc.

What Are The Ways To Prevent A Flood?

1. Build Structures Above Flood Levels

In order to protect both the residents and the property, buildings in flood-prone areas must be built on higher grounds than the flood level.

2. Systems for Flood Warning

Better flood warning systems must be installed immediately to provide people ample time to prepare themselves and their things for the impending disaster.

3. Erect Flood Barriers

Flood barriers should be implemented in locations prone to flooding. When the water has subsided, these can be taken out.

4. Water Storage System Introduction

The government must establish water storage infrastructure to store and reuse rainwater. Instead of allowing it to overflow on the plains and causing flooding, this will allow the extra water to be used.

5. Consolidate the Drainage System

The inadequate drainage system is one of the primary causes of floods. Building effective drainage systems are crucial to preventing water logging, which causes flooding.

Your children will learn about the different causes of floods through this essay. They will also learn about the aftereffects of floods and ways to prevent and deal with them. It will also help them gain a good command of English.

This article gives you all the necessary information about floods. Your children can use this as a reference to complete their essay assignments.

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Essay on Flood in India

Students are often asked to write an essay on Flood in India in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Flood in India

Introduction.

Floods in India are a common natural disaster, often occurring during the monsoon season. They cause significant damage to life, property, and the environment.

The primary cause is heavy rainfall, but other factors like deforestation, poor drainage systems, and urbanization also contribute.

Floods disrupt daily life, causing loss of life, damaging infrastructure, and leading to diseases.

Preventing floods involves improving infrastructure, forest conservation, and proper urban planning.

Floods in India are a serious issue. It’s crucial to focus on prevention to reduce their impact.

250 Words Essay on Flood in India

Floods, a recurrent natural disaster in India, have a profound impact on the nation’s socio-economic fabric. India’s geographical diversity and monsoon patterns make it susceptible to severe flooding, which often results in loss of life, property, and infrastructure.

Several factors contribute to the frequency and intensity of floods in India. Primarily, the monsoon season brings excessive rainfall, causing rivers to overflow. Additionally, deforestation, lack of proper drainage systems, and rapid urbanization contribute to the problem. Climate change exacerbates these issues, leading to unpredictable weather patterns and increased rainfall.

Impacts of Floods

The aftermath of floods in India is devastating. It disrupts normal life, causing displacement, loss of human and animal life, and damage to crops and property. Flooding also poses significant health risks due to waterborne diseases and lack of clean drinking water. The economic impact is severe as well, with the destruction of infrastructure and agriculture, which are crucial to India’s economy.

Preventive Measures and Mitigation

Addressing the flood problem in India requires a multifaceted approach. This includes constructing flood-resistant infrastructure, improving early warning systems, and implementing effective evacuation plans. Additionally, afforestation and the development of sustainable urban planning strategies can reduce the risk of flooding.

While floods are a natural disaster that cannot be entirely prevented, their impact can be mitigated through proactive planning and sustainable practices. As India continues to grapple with this issue, it’s crucial to balance economic development with environmental conservation to ensure a resilient future.

500 Words Essay on Flood in India

India, a country of diverse geography and climate, is susceptible to a variety of natural disasters, one of the most frequent and devastating of which is flooding. This essay explores the causes, impacts, and mitigation strategies related to floods in India.

The Causes of Floods in India

India’s monsoon season, which lasts from June to September, is a primary cause of flooding. The country receives 70% of its annual rainfall during these months, often leading to overflow in rivers and subsequent flooding. Additionally, rapid urbanization and deforestation have increased the risk of floods. The uncontrolled construction in floodplains and hill slopes results in waterlogging and landslides, causing floods in both urban and rural areas.

The Impact of Floods

The impact of floods in India is multifaceted, affecting the social, economic, and environmental sectors. On the social front, floods often result in the loss of life and displacement of people. According to the National Disaster Management Authority, floods have affected over 50 million people in India annually, leading to significant humanitarian crises.

Economically, floods devastate agricultural lands, the backbone of India’s economy, leading to food insecurity and economic instability. Furthermore, they damage infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and public utilities, which hampers economic development.

Environmentally, floods lead to soil erosion, loss of wildlife, and contamination of water bodies, disrupting the ecological balance and biodiversity.

Flood Management Strategies

Managing floods in India requires a holistic and integrated approach. Firstly, there is a need for effective forecasting and early warning systems. Technological advancements such as satellite imaging and radar systems can significantly improve the accuracy of flood predictions, allowing for timely evacuations and preparations.

Secondly, the government should enforce strict regulations on urban planning and deforestation. Preserving floodplains and promoting sustainable practices can reduce the risk of floods.

Thirdly, infrastructure development should be resilient to floods. This includes constructing elevated roads and buildings in flood-prone areas and improving drainage systems.

Lastly, community participation is crucial in flood management. Local communities should be educated about flood risks and trained in disaster response techniques. This empowers them to act promptly and effectively during floods.

Floods in India are a recurrent and destructive phenomenon that requires urgent attention. While natural factors like monsoon rains are beyond human control, anthropogenic factors like rapid urbanization and deforestation can be managed. Through a combination of technology, regulation, infrastructure development, and community participation, India can significantly mitigate the impacts of floods and move towards a safer, resilient future.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

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Apart from these, you can look at all the essays by clicking here .

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Rising seas and extreme storms fueled by climate change are combining to generate more frequent and severe floods in cities along rivers and coasts, and aging infrastructure is poorly equipped for the new reality. But when governments and planners try to prepare communities for worsening flood risks by improving infrastructure, the benefits are often unfairly distributed.

A new modeling approach from Stanford University and University of Florida researchers offers a solution: an easy way for planners to simulate future flood risks at the neighborhood level under conditions expected to become commonplace with climate change, such as extreme rainstorms that coincide with high tides elevated by rising sea levels.

The approach, described May 28 in Environmental Research Letters , reveals places where elevated risk is invisible with conventional modeling methods designed to assess future risks based on data from a single past flood event. “Asking these models to quantify the distribution of risk along a river for different climate scenarios is kind of like asking a microwave to cook a sophisticated souffle. It’s just not going to go well,” said senior study author Jenny Suckale, an associate professor of geophysics at the Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability . “We don’t know how the risk is distributed, and we don’t look at who benefits, to which degree.”

Helping other flood-prone communities

The new approach to modeling flood risk can help city and regional planners create better flood risk assessments and avoid creating new inequities, Suckale said. The algorithm is publicly available for other researchers to adapt to their location.

A history of destructive floods

The new study came about through collaboration with regional planners and residents in bayside cities including East Palo Alto, which faces rising flood risks from the San Francisco Bay and from an urban river that snakes along its southeastern border.

The river, known as the San Francisquito Creek, meanders from the foothills above Stanford’s campus down through engineered channels to the bay – its historic floodplains long ago developed into densely populated cities. “We live around it, we drive around it, we drive over it on the bridges,” said lead study author Katy Serafin , a former postdoctoral scholar in Suckale’s research group.

The river has a history of destructive floods. The biggest one, in 1998, inundated 1,700 properties, caused more than $40 million in damages, and led to the creation of a regional agency tasked with mitigating future flood risk.

Nearly 20 years after that historic flood, Suckale started thinking about how science could inform future flood mitigation efforts around urban rivers like the San Francisquito when she was teaching a course in East Palo Alto focused on equity, resilience, and sustainability in urban areas. Designated as a Cardinal Course for its strong public service component, the course was offered most recently under the title Shaping the Future of the Bay Area .

Around the time Suckale started teaching the course, the regional agency – known as the San Francisquito Creek Joint Powers Authority – had developed plans to redesign a bridge to allow more water to flow underneath it and prevent flooding in creekside cities. But East Palo Alto city officials told Suckale and her students that they worried the plan could worsen flood risks in some neighborhoods downstream of the bridge.

Suckale realized that if the students and scientists could determine how the proposed design would affect the distribution of flood risks along the creek, while collaborating with the agency to understand its constraints, then their findings could guide decisions about how to protect all neighborhoods. “It’s actionable science, not just science for science’s sake,” she said.

Pictured is a man standing next to temporary floodwall that's holding back rising water in East Palo Alto.

San Francisquito Creek waters rose along a temporary wooden floodwall in East Palo Alto, California, during a storm event on Dec. 31, 2022. | Jim Wiley, courtesy of the San Francisquito Creek Joint Powers Authority

Science that leads to action

The Joint Powers Authority had developed the plan using a flood-risk model commonly used by hydrologists around the world. The agency had considered the concerns raised by East Palo Alto city staff about downstream flood risks, but found that the standard model couldn’t substantiate them.

“We wanted to model a wider range of factors that will contribute to flood risk over the next few decades as our climate changes,” said Serafin, who served as a mentor to students in the Cardinal Course and is now an assistant professor at University of Florida.

Serafin created an algorithm to simulate millions of combinations of flood factors, including sea-level rise and more frequent episodes of extreme rainfall – a consequence of global warming that is already being felt in East Palo Alto and across California .

Serafin and Suckale incorporated their new algorithm into the widely used model to compute the statistical likelihood that the San Francisquito Creek would flood at different locations along the river. They then overlaid these results with aggregated household income and demographic data and a federal index of social vulnerability .

They found that the redesign of the upstream bridge would provide adequate protection against a repeat of the 1998 flood, which was once considered a 75-year flood event. But the modeling revealed that the planned design would leave hundreds of low-income households in East Palo Alto exposed to increased flood risk as climate change makes once-rare severe weather and flood events more common.

Sea-level rise may worsen existing Bay Area inequities

A beneficial collaboration.

When the scientists shared their findings with the city of East Palo Alto, the Joint Powers Authority, and other community collaborators in conversations over several years, they emphasized that the conventional model wasn’t wrong – it just wasn’t designed to answer questions about equity.

The results provided scientific evidence to guide the Joint Powers Authority’s infrastructure plans, which expanded to include construction of a permanent floodwall beside the creek in East Palo Alto. The agency also adopted a plan to build up the creek’s bank in a particularly low area to better protect neighboring homes and streets.

Ruben Abrica, East Palo Alto’s elected representative to the Joint Powers Authority board, said researchers, planners, city staff, and policymakers have a responsibility to work together to “carry out projects that don’t put some people in more danger than others.”

Bay Area coastal flooding triggers regionwide commute disruptions

The results of the Stanford research demonstrated how seemingly neutral models that ignore equity can lead to uneven distributions of risks and benefits. “Scientists have to become more aware of the impact of the research, because the people who read the research or the people who then do the planning are relying on them,” he said.

Serafin and Suckale said their work with San Francisquito Creek demonstrates the importance of mutual respect and trust among researchers and communities positioned not as subjects of study, but active contributors to the creation of knowledge. “Our community collaborators made sure we, as scientists, understood the realities of these different communities,” Suckale said. “We’re not training them to be hydrological modelers. We are working with them to make sure that the decisions they’re making are transparent and fair to the different communities involved.”

For more information

Co-authors of the study include Derek Ouyang, Research Manager of the Regulation, Evaluation, and Governance Lab (RegLab) at Stanford and Jeffrey Koseff , the William Alden Campbell and Martha Campbell Professor in the School of Engineering , Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering in the School of Engineering and the Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability, and a Senior Fellow at the Woods Institute for the Environment . Koseff is also the Faculty Director for the Change Leadership for Sustainability Program and Professor of Oceans in the Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability.

This research was supported by Stanford’s Bill Lane Center for the American West. The work is the product of the Stanford Future Bay Initiative, a research-education-practice collaboration committed to co-production of actionable intelligence with San Francisco Bay Area communities to shape a more equitable, resilient and sustainable urban future.

Jenny Suckale, Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability: [email protected] Katy Serafin, University of Florida: [email protected] Josie Garthwaite, Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability: (650) 497-0947, [email protected]

130 years ago, the Great Flood of 1894 left Portland waterlogged for weeks

With boats and elevated plankways, Portlanders carried on with business as — mostly — usual.

This image from June 1894 shows a crowd of people gathered on a raised platform above the floodwaters at the Meier & Frank Department Store.

Courtesy of the Oregon Historical Society Digital Archives

In 1894, rapid spring snowmelt in the Cascade Mountains led to Portland’s largest recorded flood, reaching a high-water mark of over 33 feet and covering 250 square blocks.

That year, late spring saw heavy rain and quickly rising temperatures throughout the Willamette Valley.

On May 30, the Oregonian newspaper warned readers of “a record smasher” on the way, bringing the “highest water ever known.”

This image from 1894, shows people using boats to travel on Portland's Sixth and Stark streets.

Courtesy of the Lake Oswego Library

As the Columbia overran its banks, it also backed up the already heavy Willamette River. Day by day, the flood grew.

On May 31, the Oregonian reported that in Portland, “A large portion of the business district flooded” and “all previous records broken.”

None of that stopped Portland residents from going about their daily lives, and newspaper advertisements assured customers that downtown remained open for business.

This advertisement from The Oregonian on June 7, 1894, informed shoppers that businesses remained open during Portland’s flood.

Courtesy of the Oregonian

As the water rose, so did the sidewalks

Flooded shopkeepers built raised wooden walkways and served customers out of second-story windows. Residents traveled the flooded streets by boat. The popular bar, Erickson’s Saloon, served drinks from a houseboat that floated on Burnside.

This image from 1894 shows a man using a raised bridge at Portland’s Third Street.

Courtesy of the City of Portland Archives and Records Management

Finally, on June 7, The Oregonian reported, “River at a stand. It will soon begin to fall.”

The numbers vary, but according to most sources, both the Columbia and Willamette rivers reached well over 30 feet, breaking all records.

This image from 1894 shows Portland's Third Street between Washington and Burnside.

Courtesy of the Oregon Historical Society, OrHi 3845

The floodwaters created problems all along the two rivers, killing livestock, destroying homes and washing out more than a hundred miles of railroad track.

In a time before modern sewage systems, the lingering water created a stinking mess throughout Portland’s downtown district. The newspaper reported on June 12, “The stench is almost beyond endurance, and if the evil is not speedily corrected sickness may result.”

Nearly three weeks after the flooding began, the waters finally receded, and the long cleanup began.

The Great Flood of 1894 is considered Portland’s “flood of record” by the Army Corps of Engineers and was used to determine the height of levees constructed along the Columbia River in the early 20th century.

“Oregon Experience” behind the scenes

The flood of 1894 is well documented with hundreds, if not thousands, of photographs. They show a city proud of its “can do” spirit, with residents using boats to get around, and maneuvering over the flooded streets via temporary wooden walkways. After all, Portland is a city built on a river and early residents were used to floods. Just a few decades earlier, the Great Flood of 1861 devastated the regional economy and wiped out entire communities along the Willamette River, including Champoeg, the site of the first provisional government in Oregon Country.

Though less of a threat today, floods do still happen. In 1996, winter storms caused major flooding all along the Willamette River — including dangerously close to OPB headquarters. While in 1948, a catastrophic flood destroyed Oregon’s second largest city, known as Vanport.

In 2016, “Oregon Experience” produced a documentary on the story of Vanport : what it was like to live there, how it suddenly ended and how it changed the face of Portland.

Watch: The story of Vanport

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Panama prepares to evacuate first island in face of rising sea levels

On a tiny island off Panama’s Caribbean coast, about 300 families are packing their belongings in preparation for a dramatic change. Generations of Gunas who have grown up on Gardi Sugdub in a life dedicated to the sea and tourism will trade that next week for the mainland’s solid ground.

They go voluntarily — sort of.

The Gunas of Gardi Sugdub are the first of 63 communities along Panama’s Caribbean and Pacific coasts that government officials and scientists expect to be forced to relocate by rising sea levels in the coming decades.

Image: FILES-PANAMA-ENVIRONMENT-WEATHER-CLIMATE CHANGE-ISLAND-INDIGENOUS-RELOCATION

On a recent day, the island’s Indigenous residents rowed or sputtered off with outboard motors to fish. Children, some in uniforms and others in the colorful local textiles called “molas,” chattered as they hustled through the warren of narrow dirt streets on their way to school.

“We’re a little sad, because we’re going to leave behind the homes we’ve known all our lives, the relationship with the sea, where we fish, where we bathe and where the tourists come, but the sea is sinking the island little by little,” said Nadín Morales, 24, who prepared to move with her mother, uncle and boyfriend.

An official with Panama’s ministry of housing said that some people have decided to stay on the island until it’s no longer safe, without revealing a specific number. Authorities won’t force them to leave, the official said on condition of anonymity to discuss the issue.

Gardi Sugdub is one of about 50 populated islands in the archipelago of the Guna Yala territory. It is only about 400 yards long and 150 yards wide. From above, it’s roughly a prickly oval surrounded by dozens of short docks where residents tie up their boats.

Every year, especially when the strong winds whip up the sea in November and December, water fills the streets and enters the homes. Climate change isn’t only leading to a rise in sea levels, but it’s also warming oceans and thereby powering stronger storms.

The Gunas have tried to reinforce the island’s edge with rocks, pilings and coral, but seawater keeps coming.

“Lately, I’ve seen that climate change has had a major impact,” Morales said. “Now the tide comes to a level it didn’t before, and the heat is unbearable.”

The Guna’s autonomous government decided two decades ago that they needed to think about leaving the island, but at that time it was because the island was getting too crowded. The effects of climate change accelerated that thinking, said Evelio López, a 61-year-old teacher on the island.

He plans to move with relatives to the new site on the mainland that the government developed at a cost of $12 million. The concrete houses sit on a grid of paved streets carved out of the lush tropical jungle just over a mile from the port, where an eight-minute boat ride carries them to Gardi Sugdub.

Leaving the island is “a great challenge, because more than 200 years of our culture is from the sea, so leaving this island means a lot of things,” López said. “Leaving the sea, the economic activities that we have there on the island, and now we’re going to be on solid ground, in the forest. We’re going to see what the result is in the long run.”

Steven Paton, director of the Smithsonian Institution’s physical monitoring program in Panama, said that the upcoming move “is a direct consequence of climate change through the increase in sea level.”

“The islands on average are only a half-meter above sea level, and as that level rises, sooner or later the Gunas are going to have to abandon all of the islands almost surely by the end of the century or earlier.”

“All of the world’s coasts are being affected by this at different speeds,” Paton said.

Residents of a small coastal community in Mexico moved inland last year after storms continued to take away their homes. Governments are being forced to take action, from the Italian lagoon city of Venice to the coastal communities of New Zealand .

A recent study by Panama’s Environmental Ministry’s Climate Change directorate, with support from universities in Panama and Spain, estimated that by 2050, Panama would lose about 2.01% of its coastal territory to increases in sea levels.

Panama estimates that it will cost about $1.2 billion to relocate the 38,000 or so inhabitants who will face rising sea levels in the short- and medium-term, said Ligia Castro, climate change director for the Environmental Ministry.

On Gardi Sugdub, women who make the elaborately embroidered molas worn by Guna women hang them outside their homes when finished, trying to catch the eye of visiting tourists.

The island and others along the coast have benefitted for years from year-round tourism.

Braucilio de la Ossa, the deputy secretary of Carti, the port facing Gardi Sugdub, said that he planned to move with his wife, daughter, sister-in-law and mother-in-law. Some of his wife’s relatives will stay on the island.

He said the biggest challenge for those moving would be the lifestyle change of moving from the sea inland even though the distance is relatively small.

“Now that they will be in the forest their way of living will be different,” he said.

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USC National Laboratories Office RFP: 2025 Summer Research Experiences for Undergraduates programs

The National Laboratories Office (NLO), a division of the USC Office of the Vice President for Research, is seeking faculty proposals to fund Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) programs to be held at USC beginning in the summer of 2025. This funding program will support REU programs related to national security, science and energy. Research themes must be broadly relevant to the mission of the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL).

The NLO will support two kinds of REU programs:

The NLO will fund up to two new, stand-alone REU summer programs.
Active National Science Foundation-funded REU sites may apply for co-funding of up to three additional summer participants.

Tenured and tenure-track faculty working on the USC Columbia campus are eligible to apply as the principal investigator (PI) on a new, stand-alone REU summer site. Investigators from USC System campuses are eligible to serve as co-PIs or senior personnel on stand-alone site proposals. Directors of active National Science Foundation (NSF) REU sites may apply to the NLO for co-funding for up to three additional summer participants.

This program has four primary goals:

Increase enrollment of US citizens in STEM graduate programs at USC Columbia.
Grow the university’s collaborations with key federal agencies, including the Department of Energy (DOE), Department of Defense (DOD) and national laboratories and other federally funded research and development centers.
Enhance USC faculty participation in the NSF REU program and other DOE/DOD workforce development programs.
Emphasize recruitment of South Carolina students to participate in the program. (Out-of-state students are also eligible to participate.)

Complete details about applying for this opportunity are available in the Request for Proposals: National Security, Science and Energy Research Experience for Undergraduates (pdf). Concept papers are due via USCeRA on Friday, June 28, 2024. Initial concept papers will be evaluated by a review panel, and PIs on the highest scoring concept papers will be invited to submit full proposals.

22 May 2024

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My Flood Experience
My Flood Experience - Free download as Word Doc (.doc / .docx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. I had my first experience with a flood in late November last year after heavy rains that did not let up. The neighborhood quickly flooded, surprising residents as muddy water rose into homes, submerging furniture. Within two hours, the flood swept away everything, half ...
Flood Essay for Students and Children
500+ words Essay on Flood. Flood is one of the most dangerous natural disasters. It happens when excessive water is collected in any area. It usually happens due to heavy rainfall. India is highly prone to flood. There are many regions in the country that face this natural disaster because of the overflowing of rivers.
Flood Essay for Students and Children in English
Flood Essay: Flood is one of the recurring natural disasters, which is an outcome of heavy rainfall and the accumulation of excessive water in every living area. Floods may occur due to the overflow of water from the reservoirs or due to heavy downpour of rain in places where the drainage systems are not adequately maintained. Water may look so ...
Full article: The resilience paradox: flooding experience, coping and
Flood events provide an opportunity to strengthen and forge new community connections (Walker-Springett et al., Citation 2017). Shared experiences of such adversity can enhance motivation for pro-social behaviour via increased empathy and identification with fellow victims (Vollhardt, Citation 2009).
The Many Effects of Flooding
Floods Can Harm Wildlife. Flooding can have a negative effect on wildlife, causing drowning, disease proliferation, and habitat destruction. In 2012, hundreds of animals, including many vulnerable one-horned rhinos ( Rhinoceros unicornis ), were killed in floods that swamped Kaziranga National Park in the Indian state of Assam.
Essay on Flood
500 Words Essay on Flood Introduction. Floods, one of the most common and destructive natural disasters, are a powerful force of nature that have shaped human civilizations and the natural environment for millennia. They are a result of excessive rainfall, rapid snowmelt, or a sudden release of water, causing a surge of water to overflow onto ...
Flood Essay
Floods are natural disasters that occur when a body of water, such as a river or ocean, overflows its banks and spills onto the surrounding land. This can happen for a variety of reasons, including heavy rainfall, melting snow, and storms.Here are a few sample essays on floods. 100 Words Essay on Floods. Floods are naturally occurring phenomena that are caused due to overflowing water bodies.
The Flood: Reflection and Mitigating The Impact
Floods have been a recurring natural disaster that has affected millions of people worldwide. Whether caused by heavy rainfall, snowmelt, or hurricanes, floods have the potential to cause significant damage to property, infrastructure, and the environment.In this essay, we will reflect on the impact of floods, the factors contributing to their occurrence, and the measures that can be taken to ...
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Floods in the City of Austin, Texas on October 30th, 2013. The catastrophic consequences of the devastation in Central Texas and, in particular, in the city of Austin, were caused by flooding. Disaster Management in the Flood Scenario. In such a case, the authorities and residents should adopt disaster prevention and preparedness strategies to ...
Essay on Floods For Students In English
FAQs on Flood Essay. The damage caused by a flood is up to 90% when compared to other natural disasters. Major flooding causes loss of human and animal lives, they also cause severe damage to economic infrastructures. Floods also cause severe damage to government buildings and public properties.
Essay on Flood for Students and Children in 1000+ Words
A flood is a natural disaster that arises due to excessive runoff of water in the rivers due to rainfall. This causes the water of rivers to come out from the edges and flow into the plains. Floods can last from a few hours to a few days, but it can cause great harm to people, money and crops.
Essay on Flood: 8 Selected Essays on Flood
Essay on Flood: With Causes - Essay 7 (750 Words) Flood is simply defined as the overflow of a very huge quantity of water that covers a very large area of land and leads to the destruction of land and properties and sometimes lives in the areas that are affected. A lot of regions in the world experience flooding every year.
Essay-My Flood Experience
Essay-My flood experience - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. My first flood experience occurred in late November last year during a heavy downpour. Within two hours, the fast-rising muddy flood waters had submerged my neighborhood and swept through my home, destroying all the furniture. I had to climb to the rooftop with my family and neighbors to ...
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Writing an essay on flood-related topics can help raise awareness about the importance of preparedness and resilience in the face of such disasters. Here are 127 flood essay topic ideas and examples to inspire your writing: The impact of floods on agriculture and food security. The role of climate change in increasing the frequency and ...
Flood Essay: 500+ words Essay on Causes of Floods for Students
Flood Essay for Students in English. Flood is a natural phenomenon that occurs due to various geological processes. It is one of the most dangerous natural calamities that can cause lethal damage. The main reason for flooding is excessive rainfall. Rainwaters are collected usually in rivers and are prevented from flooding through dams.
Essay on Flood for Children and Students
Flood Essay - 2 (300 words) Flood caused due water logging that is mostly a result of heavy rainfall are known to have fatal consequences. It results in loss of life, rise in diseases, price rise, economic loss and destruction of the environment among other issues. The impact the floods depend on their type and severity.
Part 2 Essay My Flood Experience
PART 2 ESSAY MY FLOOD EXPERIENCE - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. The document provides steps for writing an essay about experiencing a flood, including identifying keywords and tense, outlining points to address, and providing an example essay following the outlined structure and vocabulary. Key details are numbered and divided into an introduction ...
Addressing Worldwide Flood Concerns: Empowering Local Communities
This essay focuses on the role of local communities during the recovery stage from floods. By drawing on a case study of rural communities in Laos, the essay highlights the potential benefits of equipping local communities with long-term practices that will assist them in recovery efforts. The essay concludes with a discussion of the lessons and insights gained from this case and that they ...
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These free essays on flood are beneficial for anyone who wants to understand the causes, effects, and solutions of floods. ABSTRACT: The following sample essay on Compare the Effectiveness of Wetlands vs Reservoirs in Flood Mitigation Nowadays in Sri Lanka, small size wetlands located in urban environment are developed as the useful and ...
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200-Word Essay On The Flood For Kids. Here is a short essay on floods. Kids can use this essay for their assignments: Places that have an excessive amount of rainfall and an inadequate drainage system may experience flooding.
Descriptive Essay About The Great Flood
1068 Words. 5 Pages. Open Document. The Great Flood Standing outside, clinging onto my balcony rail, watching the rain pour down from the dark, gloomy sky, I wondered would it ever end. Each drop of rain continuously hitting the concrete of the parking lot, had formed into a lake. It got depressing, watching the news, and hearing the reporters ...
Essay on Flood in India
250 Words Essay on Flood in India Introduction. Floods, a recurrent natural disaster in India, have a profound impact on the nation's socio-economic fabric. India's geographical diversity and monsoon patterns make it susceptible to severe flooding, which often results in loss of life, property, and infrastructure. The Causes
Model simulates urban flood risk with an eye to equity
Student Experience; Rising seas and extreme storms fueled by climate change are combining to generate more frequent and severe floods in cities along rivers and coasts, and aging infrastructure is ...
130 years ago, the Great Flood of 1894 left Portland waterlogged for
In 1894, rapid spring snowmelt in the Cascade Mountains led to Portland's largest recorded flood, reaching a high-water mark of over 33 feet and covering 250 square blocks. That year, late ...
Flood-battered farmers in southern Brazil wade through lost harvests
The floods have rattled agricultural markets as they disrupted soy harvesting, washed out silos, snared farm exports and killed over 400,000 chickens. The government is lining up rice imports to ...
Panama prepares to evacuate first island in face of rising sea levels
Panama estimates that it will cost about $1.2 billion to relocate the 38,000 or so inhabitants who will face rising sea levels in the short- and medium-term, said Ligia Castro, climate change ...
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journal from a personal experience My coming to Toronto was a double transition in my life. The first one was my marriage and the second was a... 313 Words; 2 Pages; The Dike And The Flood Essay The Dike and the Flood In the early eighteenth century, the French Revolution is over and Napoleon is out of power.
Elon Musk's continuing struggle to be overpaid
Read Steve Albini's famous essay on the music industry's problems ... As the company founders, used Pelotons flood the LA market . Peloton has been struggling for years, and now cheap used bikes ...
USC National Laboratories Office RFP: 2025 Summer Research Experiences
The USC National Laboratories Office, a division of the Office of the Vice President for Research, is seeking proposals from USC Columbia faculty PIs to host a Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) program at USC in the summer of 2025. REU concept papers are due by Friday, June 28, 2024.
Opinion
Kindness in the Time of Cicadapocalypse. Ms. Maron is a science writer. After more than a decade sipping tree sap underground, as many as a trillion cicadas are now emerging en masse for a ...

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