earthquake in pakistan 2005 essay in urdu

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8 اکتوبر 2005ء

پاکستان کے شمالی علاقوں اور آزاد کشمیر میں 8 اکتوبر 2005ء کو آنے والے ہولناک زلزلے کو 11 برس بیت گئے۔ اس بدقسمت دن ستر ہزارسے زائد افراد لقمہء اجل بنے۔ لاکھوں افراد زخمی ہوئے اورلاکھوں کی تعداد میں بے گھر ہو گئے۔8 اکتوبر 2005 کی صبح اچانک مظفر آباد، باغ، وادی نیلم، چکوٹھی سمیت خیبر پختون خواہ کے علاقوں مانسہرہ، ایبٹ آباد سمیت کئی علاقوں میں ایک ایسا زلزلہ آیا.

ہفتہ 8 اکتوبر 2016

ادارہ اردوپوائنٹ کا مضمون نگار کی رائے سے متفق ہونا ضروری نہیں ہے۔

متعلقہ مضامین :

راوی کی کہانی

تجدید ایمان

جنرل اختر عبدالرحمن اورمعاہدہ جنیوا ۔ تاریخ کا ایک ورق

کاراں یا پھر اخباراں

صحافی ارشد شریف کا کینیا میں قتل

سیلاب کی تباہکاریاں اور سیاستدانوں کا فوٹو سیشن

معیشت آئی ایم ایف کے معاشی شکنجے میں

حرمت رسول اللہ صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم کے حق میں روسی صدر کے بیان کا خیر مقدم

احتساب کے نام پر تحریکِ انصاف کا ”یو ٹرن“

2 ارب سے زائد خواتین صنفی عدم مساوات کا شکار

”او آئی سی“ کا کھوٹا سکہ چل گیا

متعلقہ عنوان :

مضامین و انٹرویوز کی اصناف, مزید مضامین.

ٹکٹوں کے امیدواروں کی مجلس اورمیاں نواز شریف کا انداز سخن

عمران خان کی مقبولیت اور حکومت کو درپیش 2 چیلنج

”ایگریکلچر ٹرانسفارمیشن پلان“ کسان دوست پالیسیوں کا عکاس

بلدیاتی نظام پر سندھ حکومت اور اپوزیشن کی راہیں جدا

کرپشن کے خاتمے کی جدوجہد کو دھچکا

پاکستان کو ریاست مدینہ بنانے کا عزم

کسان سندھ حکومت کی احتجاجی تحریک میں شمولیت سے گریزاں

”اومیکرون“ خوف کے سائے پھر منڈلانے لگے

صوبوں کو اختیارات اور وسائل کی منصفانہ تقسیم وقت کا تقاضا

بلدیاتی نظام پر تحفظات اور سندھ حکومت کی ترجیحات

سپریم کورٹ میں پہلی خاتون جج کی تعیناتی سے نئی تاریخ رقم

8 October 2005 EarthQuake is a Special Articles article, and listed in the articles section of the site. It was published on 08 October 2016 and is famous in Special Articles category. Stay up to date with latest issues and happenings around the world with UrduPoint articles.

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Kashmir earthquake of 2005

Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.

• Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research - The Kashmir Earthquake 2005-Lessons Learnt.
• NASA - Earth Observatory - When the Earth Moved Kashmir

Kashmir earthquake of 2005 , disastrous earthquake that occurred on October 8, 2005, in the Pakistan-administered portion of the Kashmir region and in the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP; called Khyber Pakhtunkhwa after 2010) of Pakistan ; it also affected adjacent parts of India and Afghanistan . At least 79,000 people were killed and more than 32,000 buildings collapsed in Kashmir, with additional fatalities and destruction reported in India and Afghanistan, making it one of the most destructive earthquakes of contemporary times.

The devastating earthquake struck at 8:50 am local time (03:50 UTC), with its epicentre located 12 miles (19 km) northeast of Muzaffarabad, the administrative centre of the Pakistani-administered Azad Kashmir area, and approximately 65 miles (105 km) north-northeast of Islamabad , the capital of Pakistan. Measured at a magnitude of 7.6 (slightly less than that of the 1906 San Francisco quake ), the earthquake caused major destruction in northern Pakistan, northern India, and Afghanistan, an area that lies on an active fault caused by the northward tectonic drift of the Indian subcontinent . The Muzaffarabad area was the worst hit, and a number of villages there were totally destroyed. At least 32,335 buildings collapsed in various cities in the Kashmir region—including Anantnag and Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir state (now union territory), India—with additional property losses reported in the Pakistani cities of Islamabad, Lahore , and Gujrat , among others. The official death toll was 79,000 for Pakistani-administered Kashmir and the NWFP, although other sources put it at 86,000, with the number injured estimated at more than 69,000. At least 1,350 people were killed and 6,266 injured in Jammu and Kashmir state in India, and the tremors were felt at a distance of up to 620 miles (1,000 km), as far away as Delhi and Punjab in northern India. Four fatalities and 14 injured survivors were reported in Afghanistan. The property loss caused by the quake left an estimated four million area residents homeless. The severity of the damage and the high number of fatalities were exacerbated by poor construction in the affected areas.

The relief effort for the survivors was hampered by numerous aftershocks, as well as by the ensuing landslides and falling rocks, which damaged highways and mountain roads and made parts of the affected region inaccessible for several days. In a display of goodwill, five crossing points were opened in the line of control (the military demarcation line between the Indian- and Pakistani-administered parts of Kashmir) to facilitate rescue efforts and the flow of relief goods. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) troops and various international aid agencies played significant roles in the subsequent relief and rescue efforts.

Essay On Earthquake In Urdu

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زلزلہ کے معنی

زلزلہ کا نام لیتے ہی ایک خوفناک منظر ہماری آنکھوں کے سامنے آجاتا ہے۔ زلزلہ کے نام میں ہی اس کا مطلب چھپا ہے۔ یہ زمین کا ایک طرح کا ہلنا ہے جس میں زمین بھی چیر جاتی ہے جسے ہم زلزلا کا نام دیتے ہیں۔ جہاں بھی یہ زلزلے آتے ہیں وہاں کے مکان گر جاتے ہیں، لوگوں کے جانور اور مویشی اس کے نیچے دب کر مر جاتے ہیں، منظر ایسا ہوجاتا ہے جیسے طباہی آگئی ہو۔ زمین بری طرح ہل جاتی ہے اور کبھی کبھی چیر بھی جاتی ہے۔ جب اس کا قہر کئی گنہ بڑھ جاتا ہے تو اسے زلزلے کا نام دے دیا جاتا ہے۔ انسان اور اس کے جانور زندہ موت کے منہ میں چلے جاتے ہیں۔

زلزلے آنے کی وجوہات

زلزلے سب سے زیادہ جاپان میں آتے ہیں۔ وہاں آئے دن زمین ہلتی رہتی ہے۔ یہ زلزلے سب سے زیادہ جوالا مکھی کے ‏ پھٹنے کی وجہ سے آتے ہیں اور جاپان میں یہ پہاڑ سب سے زیادہ ہیں۔ اس کی وجہ یہ ہے کہ اندر گرمی بڑھنے کی وجہ سے جوالامکھی پھٹ جاتی ہے اور زمین ہلنے لگتی ہے۔ دھیرے دھیرے زمین میں جو چٹانیں plates ہوتی ہیں وہ کھسکنے لگتی ہیں اور یہی سب وجوہات زلزلے کا سبب بن جاتی ہیں۔ اسی لئے پہاڑوں والی جگہوں پر زلزلے زیادہ آتے ہیں۔

زلزلہ ماپنے کا آلہ

زلزلے کو ناپنے کا ایک اسکیل scale ہوتا ہے جسے seismograph کہتے ہیں۔ 3 ریکٹر سے آنے والا زلزلہ زیادہ نقصان دینے والا نہیں ہوتا ہے لیکن 7 ریکٹر سے آنے والا زلزلہ کافی تباہی مچا دیتا ہے۔ سب سے بڑا زلزلہ 1923ء میں جاپان کی دارالحکومت ٹوکیو میں آیا تھا جس میں 142800 لوگوں کی جان چلی گئی تھی اور ایک بار 1990ء میں ایران میں یہ زلزلہ آیا جس میں 40,000 لوگ لقمہ اجل بن گئے۔

زلزلہ کے نقصانات

جہاں بھی یہ  زلزلہ آتا ہے وہاں بہت ہی خطرناک تباہی مچ جاتی ہے اور زلزلے سے ندیوں کے راستوں میں بھی رکاوٹ آ جاتی ہے اور ان سے پانی کا راستہ تبدیل ہو جاتا ہے  جس کی وجہ سے ندیوں کا پانی آس پاس کے علاقوں میں پھیل جاتا ہے ۔ اس کی وجہ سے  کئی گہرے نقصانات ہو جاتے ہیں۔

جہاں زیادہ آبادی ہوتی ہے وہاں زلزلہ کی وجہ سے بہت بڑا نقصان ہوتا ہے ۔ پہاڑی علاقوں میں زلزلے آنے کی وجہ سے مٹی کا کٹاؤ بھی ہوجاتا ہے، جسے لینڈ سلائس “landslide” بھی کہتے  ہیں۔ جس کی وجہ سے بہت زیادہ نقصان ہوتا ہے اور جب ساحل  میں زلزلہ  آتا ہے تو اس سے بڑی بڑی لہریں اٹھنے لگتی ہیں جس سے ساحل کے آس پاس والے علاقوں میں بہت نقصان ہوتا ہے۔

زلزلے سے بچنے کا طریقے

زلزلے سے بچنا انسان کے ہاتھ میں نہیں ہے یہ قدرت کا قہر ہے لیکن کچھ ایسے اقدامات اٹھائے جا سکتے ہیں جن سے اس کے آنے سے پہلے اس کا پتہ چلایا جا سکتا ہے کہ زلزلہ آنے والا ہے اور پھر ہم کئی حد تک اس سے بچ سکتے ہیں۔ ایسی قدرتی پریشانیاں جہاں عموماً آتی ہوں، ان لوگوں کو اس سے بچنے کے لئے اپنی ضرورت کی اہم ترین چیزیں ہمیشہ اپنے ساتھ رکھنی چاہیے، جیسے ریڈیو ،ٹارچ، ماچس، مومبتی، ضروری  دوائیاں وغیرہ۔

زلزلہ آنے پر سبھی کو کھلے میدانوں کی طرف چلے جانا چاہیے۔ زلزلے کے وقت آپ کو کوئی محفوظ جگہ نہ ملے تو گھر کے کسی کونے میں بیٹھ جانا چاہیے اور بچوں کو بھی کسی ایسی محفوظ جگہ بیٹھا دینا چاہیے جہاں انہیں بچایا جا سکے۔اگر آپ اسکول میں ہوں تو زلزلہ کی صورت میں اپنے سروں کو اپنے بستوں (bags) کی مدد سے ڈھک کر ڈیکس کے نیچے بیٹھ جائیں۔ زلزلے کے وقت الیکٹرونک لفٹ” electronic lift”کا بلکل استعمال نہ کریں۔

کتنی عجیب بات ہے کہ قدرت کی انوکھی بات ہم کو آسانی سے سمجھ نہیں آتی اور اس کو سمجھ پانا بہت ہی مشکل ہو جاتا ہے زلزلے کا نام سن کر ہی ہماری روح کانپ اٹھتی ہے لیکن انسان قدرتی پریشانیوں کا بہت ہی اچھے سے سامنا کر لیتا ہے پر یہ بات بھی سچ ہے کہ اللہ تعالیٰ کی قدرت کے آگے کسی کی بھی نہیں چلتی ………..

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Pakistan: a summary report on muzaffarabad earthquake, attachments.

• Download Report (PDF | 559.89 KB)

Dr. A. Naeem, Dr. Qaisar Ali, Muhammad Javed, Zakir Hussain, Amjad Naseer, Syed Muhammad Ali, Irshad Ahmed, and Muhammad Ashraf Earthquake Engineering Center at the Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan

General Information

An earthquake of Magnitude Mw = 7.6 occurred on October 8, 2005 at 08:50 am local time causing damage and casualties over an area of 30,000 km2 in the N-W.F.P. province of Pakistan and parts of Pakistan-administered Kashmir. The main event was followed by more than 978 aftershocks of Magnitude Mw = 4.0 and above, as of October 27, 2005. The epicenter of the main earthquake was located at a latitude of 34° 29? 35? N and longitude of 73° 37? 44? E. The focal depth of the main earthquake was determined to be 26 km (USGS). This was the deadliest earthquake in the recent history of the sub-continent resulting in more than eighty thousand casualties, two hundred thousand injured, and more than 4 million people who have been left homeless. The adverse effects of this earthquake are estimated to be larger than those of the tsunami of December 2004.

The major cities and towns affected are Muzaffarabad, Bagh and Rawlakot in Kashmir and Balakot, Shinkiari, Batagram, Mansehra Abbotabad, Murree and Islamabad in Pakistan. Almost all the buildings, mainly stone and block masonry laid in cement sand mortar with RC slabs or GI sheet roofing, collapsed in the areas close to the epicenter. In regions approximately 25 kms away from the epicenter nearly 25% of the buildings collapsed and 50% of the buildings were severely damaged. The structures in the affected region are primarily unreinforced stone, concrete block and brick masonry, and reinforced concrete frames with concrete block or brick masonry infill panels.

Performance of Unreinforced Stone Masonry Buildings

A significant number of casualties and injuries in the affected region was associated with the complete collapse of single story unreinforced stone masonry buildings. The stone masonry walls consisted of irregularly placed undressed stones mostly rounded that were laid in cement sand, mud mortar or even dry in some cases. Features of construction which appear to be responsible for widespread collapse of buildings are:

- Stone masonry buildings were more common in the villages (75% of the building stock) than in the cities (15% of the building stock). The quality of mortar and stones used and the level of workmanship were very poor due to the poor economic situation of the people. The most commonly used mortars consisted of 1 part cement to 10 part sand. The approximate crushing and shear strength of such mortar is 300 Psi and 5 Psi respectively. The rounded and smooth stones in addition to the poor quality of mortar rendered a very loose bond between the stones which made the structures extremely vulnerable to earthquake forces.

- No horizontal bond beams were provided at the levels of plinth, or roof. Lintel beams were provided only above the openings and were not run continuously along the perimeter of the walls.

- No vertical members of concrete or wood were provided in the walls and therefore the collapse of a particular portion of the wall progressed in an uninterrupted manner to other portions of the walls and buildings.

- In some cases, certainly due to economic constraints, the stones were observed to have been laid even dry (no mortar at all) and the gaps were filled by small pieces of stones, leaving the walls extremely vulnerable to horizontal ground shaking.

Performance of Unreinforced Solid Concrete Block Masonry Buildings

Concrete block masonry buildings with 6 inch thick walls were widely used in the cities (about 60% of the buildings) and villages (about 25% of the buildings) in the affected area. Solid concrete blocks 6 inches thick, 6 inches wide and 12 inches long were laid in cement sand mortar. The collapse of these block masonry buildings in urban areas (more than 60%) was responsible for the major portion of deaths and injuries in the cities. The most probable reasons for failure were observed to be:

- Poor quality of concrete used for fabrication of blocks, rendering low strength blocks.

- Poor quality of mortar.

- Inadequate thickness of walls (6 inch) which were the main shear resisting elements.

- No integrity of the wall in the transverse direction

- Weak connections at corners

Performance of Unreinforced Brick Masonry Buildings

By and large brick masonry buildings performed relatively better than the stone or concrete block masonry buildings. Unreinforced single and two story brick masonry buildings, with RC slabs as roofing, comprise 25% of the total building stock of the cities near the epicenter. It was observed that only 30 % of these building collapsed, while the rest suffered only slight damage. The brick masonry buildings were only constructed by well-off people because the unit cost of brick masonry was higher than that of other forms of masonry in the area. It was observed that along with better workmanship, good quality mortar was used in the construction of brick masonry buildings.

However no evidence of either bond beams or other earthquake resistance improvement techniques were found in such buildings. It is also worth mentioning that 4.5 inch thick brick masonry walls collapsed or were badly damaged in almost all buildings of the affected areas, which in some cases resulted in the collapse of the entire building.

Performance of Reinforced Concrete Framed Buildings

For the past 15 years, reinforced concrete frame buildings have been increasingly used for the construction of government offices, colleges, hospitals, hotels, markets, and residential buildings. Many concrete buildings completely collapsed and many more were seriously damaged by this earthquake. The key reasons for these failures are:

- The failure mode of the structures reveals that most of the structures were designed with strong column-weak beam connections. In severely damaged buildings, columns were observed to have cracked at the beam-column intersection. Figure 7 shows the formation of a plastic hinge in one of the columns of a building. Inclined cracks were also found at the midheight of some reinforced concrete columns. In these structures, beams were found to be intact and undamaged. Infilled 4½"-thick masonry walls in these structures were severely damaged.

- Primary factors contributing to the failure of reinforced concrete frame structures include deficient design for seismic forces, improper length and location of column splices, improper spacing and anchorage of lateral ties in columns, and poor quality of concrete.

- The maximum strength of concrete in these buildings was about 2,000 psi.

Landsides and Liquefaction

Landslides of enormous magnitude also occurred at various locations in the affected area. Landsliding is responsible for some casualties and for the blockage of roads which badly hampered the rescue and relief efforts. A significant portion of the mountain range to the north of Muzaffarabad city was lost due to landsliding. Rivers in the city of Muzaffarabad were flooded with material due to landsliding. No reports of liquefaction have been received so far.

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Related Content

Kashmir earthquake 2005: learning from the shelter response and rural housing recovery, earthquake emergency appeal no. m05ea022 operations update no. 36, pakistan: earthquake emergency appeal no. m05ea022 operations update no. 35, pakistan: plan 2010-2011 (maapk002).

Short essay on Earthquake in Pakistan

Although various parts of the countries receive jolts throughout the year their magnitude is not much to cause any severe damage to the infrastructure or the people. However there was one earthquake which jolted the entire nation and it was the earthquake of 2005. An earthquake with magnitude 7.8 recorded on the rector scale, hit the Muzaffarabad District, Azad State of Jammu and Kashmir and Khyber Pakhtunkwa. This earthquake was the strongest one traced in the area during the previous hundred years.

No other calamity before this catastrophe had such a disastrous effect on the country. Atleast 73000 people were killed while 70000 were left injured. Half of the people in Muzaffarabad lost their homes. Even the larger cities of the country including the capital Islamabad and Rawalpindi came under the spread of the destruction caused by the earthquake. Margalla Tower which was a ten story residential building crumpled and most of its inhabitants died in the collapse. Various road routes were blocked because of the debris, power loss was recorded for a period of several weeks, water supply and telecommunication services were hampered in the earthquake affected Northern Areas of the country.

There was large scale land sliding in the area which was a major feature of the earthquake. The earthquake had a severe economic impact as the revenue generating Tourism Industry almost collapsed. Regions of the country like Swat, Naran, Kaghan, etc were lost somewhere in the midst as it seemed that these areas never existed. People from all around the globe used to come to visit these beautiful sites but these sites were no more. With the collapse of the tourism industry millions became unemployed.

In such severe circumstances the people of the country who never seemed to be united before got together to help the country and their brothers and sisters in the Northern Areas of the country. Their relief efforts were worth watching as students and even people from the elite class got forward to contribute. Not only did they make contributions financially, they also provided physical help in the form of setting up camps and then loading items onto the helicopters so that they could be delivered to the needy. Such a huge catastrophe had to receive media coverage and the media played an important role in bringing together popular personalities from all over the country on their channels so they could directly appeal to the people for collection of funds.

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While the locals were busy helping the earthquake victims, other countries in the world did not hesitate in providing Pakistan with help. Pakistan organized a donor’s conference in which $6.2 billion were promised by nations present during the conference. A large proportion of the help came in the form of providing Pakistan with the services of International NGOs.

Natural calamities are events which could not be stopped however certain precautions could be taken by countries. The earthquake of 2005 taught Pakistan few lessons in this regard. While constructing buildings and homes certain codes need to be enforced to ensure that proper earthquake proof material is being used. Earthquakes occur and they would continue to do so but it is necessary that Governments accept responsibility and take precautionary steps to deal with such extraordinary situations.

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• How to measure the intensities of Earthquake?

What is the role of community in earthquake?

The role of Community Health Nurses (CHNs) outside the traditional hospital setting is meant to provide and promote the health care needs of the community. Such nurses can play a substantial role in the community setting including emergencies like disasters. This became evident after the earthquake of October 8, 2005 in Pakistan . The objective was to address the issues, faced by primary healthcare providers working in earthquake-affected areas focusing on participatory approach. The experience of the interventions done by CHN by a guided frame work (assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation components) is described. Issues identified by CHN included: lack of training of health care providers, lack of collaboration, communication between the medical and management staff due to poor infrastructure of the healthcare facilities. The interventions were carried out, utilizing existing resources. Efforts were directed to build capacity of health care providers at grass root level to fill in gaps of health care delivery system for sustainable change. Overall, working in the earthquake affected areas is challenging. Health leadership should foresee role of CHN in emergencies where quality healthcare interventions are essential.

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