C. Worrell (Eds.), (pp. 345–359). American Psychological Association.
Parenthetical citation: (Aron et al., 2019)
Narrative citation: Aron et al. (2019)
If the edited book chapter includes a DOI, include the chapter DOI in the reference after the publisher name.
If the edited book chapter does not have a DOI and comes from an academic research database, end the edited book chapter reference after the publisher name. Do not include database information in the reference. The reference in this case is the same as for a print edited book chapter.
Do not create references for chapters of authored books. Instead, write a reference for the whole book and cite the chapter in the text if desired (e.g., Kumar, 2017, Chapter 2).
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Culture. In . Retrieved September 9, 2019, from
Parenthetical citation: (Merriam-Webster, n.d.)
Narrative citation: Merriam-Webster (n.d.)
Because entries in Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary are updated over time and are not archived, include a retrieval date in the reference.
Merriam-Webster is both the author and the publisher, so the name appears in the author element only to avoid repetition.
To quote a dictionary definition, view the pages on quotations and how to quote works without page numbers for guidance. Additionally, here is an example: Culture refers to the “customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group” (Merriam-Webster, n.d., Definition 1a).
National Cancer Institute. (2019). (NIH Publication No. 18-2059). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health.
Parenthetical citation: (National Cancer Institute, 2019)
Narrative citation: National Cancer Institute (2019)
The specific agency responsible for the report appears as the author. The names of parent agencies not present in the group author name appear in the source element as the publisher. This creates concise in-text citations and complete reference list entries.
Harvard University. (2019, August 28). [Video]. YouTube.
Use the name of the account that uploaded the video as the author.
If the account did not actually create the work, explain this in the text if it is important for readers to know. However, if that would mean citing a source that appears unauthoritative, you might also look for the author’s YouTube channel, official website, or other social media to see whether the same video is available elsewhere.
APA Databases [@APA_Databases]. (2019, September 5). [Tweet]. Twitter.
Gates, B. [@BillGates]. (2019, September 7). [Thumbnail with link attached] [Tweet]. Twitter.
Narrative citations: APA Databases (2019) and Gates (2019)
Present the name of the individual or group author the same as you would for any other reference. Then provide the Twitter handle (beginning with the @ sign) in square brackets, followed by a period.
Provide the first 20 words of the tweet as the title. Count a URL, a hashtag, or an emoji as one word each, and include them in the reference if they fall within the first 20 words.
If the tweet includes an image, a video, a poll, or a thumbnail image with a link, indicate that in brackets after the title: [Image attached], [Video attached], [Thumbnail with link attached].
The same format used for Twitter is also used for Instagram.
News From Science. (2019, June 21). [Image attached] [Status update]. Facebook.
Parenthetical citation: (News From Science, 2019)
Narrative citation: News From Science (2019)
Provide the first 20 words of the Facebook post as the title. Count a URL or other link, a hashtag, or an emoji as one word each, and include them in the reference if they fall within the first 20 words.
If a status update includes images, videos, thumbnail links to outside sources, or content from another Facebook post (such as when sharing a link), indicate that in square brackets.
Fagan, J. (2019, March 25). . OER Commons. Retrieved September 17, 2019, from
National Institute of Mental Health. (2018, July). . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health.
Woodyatt, A. (2019, September 10). . CNN.
World Health Organization. (2018, May 24). .
Parenthetical citations: (Fagan, 2019; National Institute of Mental Health, 2018; Woodyatt, 2019; World Health Organization, 2018)
Narrative citations: Fagan (2019), National Institute of Mental Health (2018), Woodyatt (2019), and World Health Organization (2018)
Provide as specific a date as is available on the webpage. This might be a year only; a year and month; or a year, month, and day.
Italicize the title of a webpage.
When the author of the webpage and the publisher of the website are the same, omit the publisher name to avoid repetition (as in the World Health Organization example).
When contents of a page are meant to be updated over time but are not archived, include a retrieval date in the reference (as in the Fagan example).
Use the webpage on a website format for articles from news websites such as CNN and HuffPost (these sites do not have associated daily or weekly newspapers). Use the newspaper article category for articles from newspaper websites such as The New York Times or The Washington Post .
Create a reference to an open educational resources (OER) page only when the materials are available for download directly (i.e., the materials are on the page and/or can be downloaded as PDFs or other files). If you are directed to another website, create a reference to the specific webpage on that website where the materials can be retrieved. Use this format for material in any OER repository, such as OER Commons, OASIS, or MERLOT.
Do not create a reference or in-text citation for a whole website. To mention a website in general, and not any particular information on that site, provide the name of the website in the text and include the URL in parentheses. For example, you might mention that you used a website to create a survey.
The following supplemental example references are mention in the Publication Manual:
retracted journal or magazine article
edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
edition of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD)
religious work
annotated religious work
Archival document and collections are not presented in the APA Publication Manual, Seventh Edition . This content is available only on the APA Style website . This guidance has been expanded from the 6th edition.
Archival sources include letters, unpublished manuscripts, limited-circulation brochures and pamphlets, in-house institutional and corporate documents, clippings, and other documents, as well as such nontextual materials as photographs and apparatus, that are in the personal possession of an author, form part of an institutional collection, or are stored in an archive such as the Archives of the History of American Psychology at the University of Akron or the APA Archives. For any documents like these that are available on the open web or via a database (subscription or nonsubscription), follow the reference templates shown in Chapter 10 of the Publication Manual.
The general format for the reference for an archival work includes the author, date, title, and source. The reference examples shown on this page may be modified for collections requiring more or less specific information to locate materials, for different types of collections, or for additional descriptive information (e.g., a translation of a letter). Authors may choose to list correspondence from their own personal collections, but correspondence from other private collections should be listed only with the permission of the collector.
Keep in mind the following principles when creating references to archival documents and collections:
As with any reference, the purpose is to direct readers to the source, despite the fact that only a single copy of the document may be available and readers may have some difficulty actually seeing a copy.
Include as much information as is needed to help locate the item with reasonable ease within the repository. For items from collections with detailed finding aids, the name of the collection may be sufficient; for items from collections without finding aids, more information (e.g., call number, box number, file name or number) may be necessary to help locate the item.
If several letters are cited from the same collection, list the collection as a reference and provide specific identifying information (author, recipient, and date) for each letter in the in-text citations (see Example 3).
Use square brackets to indicate information that does not appear on the document.
Use “ca.” (circa) to indicate an estimated date (see Example 5).
Use italics for titles of archival documents and collections; if the work does not have a title, provide a description in square brackets without italics.
Separate elements of the source (e.g., the name of a repository, library, university or archive, and the location of the university or archive) with commas. End the source with a period.
If a publication of limited circulation is available in libraries, the reference may be formatted as usual for published material, without the archival source.
Note that private letters (vs. those in an archive or repository) are considered personal communications and cited in the text only.
1. Letter from a repository
Frank, L. K. (1935, February 4). [Letter to Robert M. Ogden]. Rockefeller Archive Center (GEB Series 1.3, Box 371, Folder 3877), Tarrytown, NY, United States.
Parenthetical citation: (Frank, 1935)
Narrative citation: Frank (1935)
Because the letter does not have a title, provide a description in square brackets.
2. Letter from a private collection
Zacharius, G. P. (1953, August 15). [Letter to William Rickel (W. Rickel, Trans.)]. Copy in possession of Hendrika Vande Kemp.
Parenthetical citation: (Zacharius, 1953)
Narrative citation: Zacharius (1953)
In this example, Hendrika Vande Kemp is either the author of the paper or the author of the paper has received permission from Hendrika Vande Kemp to cite a letter in Vande Kemp’s private collection in this way. Otherwise, cite a private letter as a personal communication .
3. Collection of letters from an archive
Allport, G. W. (1930–1967). Correspondence. Gordon W. Allport Papers (HUG 4118.10), Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, MA, United States.
Parenthetical citation: (Allport, 1930–1967)
Narrative citation: Allport (1930–1967)
To cite specific letters in the text, provide the author and range of years as shown in the reference list entry, plus details about who wrote the specific letter to whom and when the specific letter was written.
Parenthetical citation: (Allport, 1930–1967, G. Boring to Allport, December 26, 1937)
Narrative citation: Allport (1930–1967, Allport to G. Boring, March 1, 1939)
Use the parenthetical citation format to cite a letter that E. G. Boring wrote to Allport because Allport is the author in the reference. Use either the parenthetical or narrative citation format to cite letters that Allport wrote.
4. Unpublished papers, lectures from an archive or personal collection
Berliner, A. (1959). Notes for a lecture on reminiscences of Wundt and Leipzig. Anna Berliner Memoirs (Box M50), Archives of the History of American Psychology, University of Akron, Akron, OH, United States.
Parenthetical citation: (Berliner, 1959)
Narrative citation: Berliner (1959)
5. Archival/historical source for which the author and/or date is known or is reasonably certain but not stated on the document
Allport, A. (presumed). (ca. 1937). Marion Taylor today—by the biographer [Unpublished manuscript]. Marion Taylor Papers, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College, Cambridge, MA, United States.
Parenthetical citation: (Allport, ca. 1937)
Narrative citation: Allport (ca. 1937)
Because the author is reasonably certain but not stated on the document, place the word “presumed” in parentheses after the name, followed by a period.
Because the date is reasonably certain but not stated on the document, the abbreviation “ca.” (which stands for “circa”) appears before the year in parentheses.
6. Archival source with group author
Subcommittee on Mental Hygiene Personnel in School Programs. (1949, November 5–6). Meeting of Subcommittee on Mental Hygiene Personnel in School Programs. David Shakow Papers (M1360), Archives of the History of American Psychology, University of Akron, Akron, OH, United States.
Parenthetical citation: (Subcommittee on Mental Hygiene Personnel in School Programs, 1949)
Narrative citation: Subcommittee on Mental Hygiene Personnel in School Programs (1949)
7. Interview recorded and available in an archive
Smith, M. B. (1989, August 12). Interview by C. A. Kiesler [Tape recording]. President’s Oral History Project, American Psychological Association, APA Archives, Washington, DC, United States.
Parenthetical citation: (Smith, 1989)
Narrative citation: Smith (1989)
For interviews and oral histories recorded in an archive, list the interviewee as the author. Include the interviewer’s name in the description.
8. Transcription of a recorded interview, no recording available
Sparkman, C. F. (1973). An oral history with Dr. Colley F. Sparkman/Interviewer: Orley B. Caudill. Mississippi Oral History Program (Vol. 289), University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States.
Parenthetical citation: (Sparkman, 1973)
Narrative citation: Sparkman (1973)
9. Newspaper article clipping, historical, in personal collection
Psychoanalysis institute to open. (1948, September 18). [Clipping from an unidentified Dayton, OH, United States, newspaper]. Copy in possession of author.
Parenthetical citation: (“Psychoanalysis Institute to Open,” 1948)
Narrative citation: “Psychoanalysis Institute to Open” (1948)
Use this format only if you are the person who is in possession of the newspaper clipping.
10. Historical publication of limited circulation
Sci-Art Publishers. (1935). Sci-Art publications [Brochure]. Roback Papers (HUGFP 104.50, Box 2, Folder “Miscellaneous Psychological Materials”), Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, MA, United States.
[Photographs of Robert M. Yerkes]. (ca. 1917–1954). Robert Mearns Yerkes Papers (Box 137, Folder 2292), Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library, New Haven, CT, United States.
Parenthetical citation: ([Photographs of Robert M. Yerkes], ca. 1917–1954)
Narrative citation: [Photographs of Robert M. Yerkes] (ca. 1917–1954)
Because the archived photographs do not have a title, provide a bracketed description instead.
Because the archived photographs do not have an author, move the bracketed description to the author position of the reference.
12. Microfilm
U.S. Census Bureau. (1880). 1880 U.S. census: Defective, dependent, and delinquent classes schedule: Virginia [Microfilm]. NARA Microfilm Publication T1132 (Rolls 33–34), National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC, United States.
Parenthetical citation: (U.S. Census Bureau, 1880)
Narrative citation: U.S. Census Bureau (1880)
Read the full APA guidelines on citing ChatGPT
OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat
Parenthetical citation: (OpenAI, 2023)
Narrative citation: OpenAI (2023)
Author: The author of the model is OpenAI.
Date: The date is the year of the version you used. Following the template in Section 10.10, you need to include only the year, not the exact date. The version number provides the specific date information a reader might need.
Title: The name of the model is “ChatGPT,” so that serves as the title and is italicized in your reference, as shown in the template. Although OpenAI labels unique iterations (i.e., ChatGPT-3, ChatGPT-4), they are using “ChatGPT” as the general name of the model, with updates identified with version numbers.
The version number is included after the title in parentheses. The format for the version number in ChatGPT references includes the date because that is how OpenAI is labeling the versions. Different large language models or software might use different version numbering; use the version number in the format the author or publisher provides, which may be a numbering system (e.g., Version 2.0) or other methods.
Bracketed text is used in references for additional descriptions when they are needed to help a reader understand what’s being cited. References for a number of common sources, such as journal articles and books, do not include bracketed descriptions, but things outside of the typical peer-reviewed system often do. In the case of a reference for ChatGPT, provide the descriptor “Large language model” in square brackets. OpenAI describes ChatGPT-4 as a “large multimodal model,” so that description may be provided instead if you are using ChatGPT-4. Later versions and software or models from other companies may need different descriptions, based on how the publishers describe the model. The goal of the bracketed text is to briefly describe the kind of model to your reader.
Source: When the publisher name and the author name are the same, do not repeat the publisher name in the source element of the reference, and move directly to the URL. This is the case for ChatGPT. The URL for ChatGPT is https://chat.openai.com/chat . For other models or products for which you may create a reference, use the URL that links as directly as possible to the source (i.e., the page where you can access the model, not the publisher’s homepage).
DOIs and URLs
The DOI or URL is the final component of a reference list entry. Because so much scholarship is available and/or retrieved online, most reference list entries end with either a DOI or a URL.
A DOI is a unique alphanumeric string that identifies content and provides a persistent link to its location on the internet. DOIs can be found in database records and the reference lists of published works.
A URL specifies the location of digital information on the internet and can be found in the address bar of your internet browser. URLs in references should link directly to the cited work when possible.
Follow these guidelines for including DOIs and URLs in references:
Include a DOI for all works that have a DOI, regardless of whether you used the online version or the print version.
If a print work does not have a DOI, do not include any DOI or URL in the reference.
If an online work has both a DOI and a URL, include only the DOI.
For works without DOIs from websites (not including academic research databases), provide a URL in the reference (as long as the URL will work for readers).
For works without DOIs from most academic research databases , do not include a URL or database information in the reference because these works are widely available. The reference should be the same as the reference for a print version of the work.
For works from databases that publish original, proprietary material available only in that database (such as the UpToDate database) or for works of limited circulation in databases (such as monographs in the ERIC database), include the name of the database or archive and the URL of the work. If the URL requires a login or is session-specific (meaning it will not resolve for readers), provide the URL of the database or archive home page or login page instead of the URL for the work. See the page on including database information in references for more information.
If the URL is no longer working or no longer provides readers access to the content you intend to cite, follow the guidance for works with no source .
Other alphanumeric identifiers such as the International Standard Book Number (ISBN) and the International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) are not included in APA Style references.
Follow these guidelines to format DOIs and URLs:
Present both DOIs and URLs as hyperlinks (i.e., beginning with “http:” or “https:”).
Because a hyperlink leads readers directly to the content, it is not necessary to include the words “Retrieved from” or “Accessed from” before a DOI or URL.
It is acceptable to use either the default display settings for hyperlinks in your word-processing program (e.g., usually blue font, underlined) or plain text that is not underlined.
Leave links live if the work is to be published or read online.
Follow the current recommendations of the International DOI Foundation to format DOIs in the reference list, which as of this publication is as follows:
https://doi.org/ xxxxx
The string “https://doi.org/” is a way of presenting a DOI as a link, and “xxxxx” refers to the DOI number.
The preferred format of the DOI has changed over time. Although older works use previous formats (e.g., “http:/dx.doi.org/” or “doi:” or “DOI:” before the DOI number), in your reference list, standardize DOIs into the current preferred format for all entries. For example, use https://doi.org/10.1037/a0040251 in your reference even though that article, published in 2016, presented the number in an older format.
Copy and paste the DOI or URL from your web browser directly into your reference list to avoid transcription errors. Do not change the capitalization or punctuation of the DOI or URL. Do not add line breaks manually to the hyperlink; it is acceptable if your word-processing program automatically adds a break or moves the hyperlink to its own line.
Do not add a period after the DOI or URL because this may interfere with link functionality.
When a DOI or URL is long or complex, you may use shortDOIs or shortened URLs if desired.
Use the shortDOI service provided by the International DOI Foundation to create shortDOIs. A work can have only one DOI and only one shortDOI; the shortDOI service will either produce a new shortDOI for a work that has never had one or retrieve an existing shortDOI.
Some websites provide their own branded shortened URLs, and independent URL shortening services are available as well. Any shortened URL is acceptable in a reference as long as you check the link to ensure that it takes you to the correct location.
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How to Cite a Research Paper in APA
Last Updated: October 19, 2022 Fact Checked
This article was reviewed by Gerald Posner . Gerald Posner is an Author & Journalist based in Miami, Florida. With over 35 years of experience, he specializes in investigative journalism, nonfiction books, and editorials. He holds a law degree from UC College of the Law, San Francisco, and a BA in Political Science from the University of California-Berkeley. He’s the author of thirteen books, including several New York Times bestsellers, the winner of the Florida Book Award for General Nonfiction, and has been a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in History. He was also shortlisted for the Best Business Book of 2020 by the Society for Advancing Business Editing and Writing. There are 12 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 162,878 times.
If you’re citing a research article or paper in APA style, you’ll need to use a specific citation format that varies depending on the source. Assess whether your source is an article or report published in an academic journal or book, or whether it is an unpublished research paper, such as a print-only thesis or dissertation. Either way, your in-text citations will need to include information about the author (if available) and the date when your source was published or written.
Sample Citations
Writing an In-Text Citation
For example, you may write, “Gardener (2008) notes, ‘There are several factors to consider about lobsters’ (p. 199).”
For example, you may write, “‘There are several factors to consider about lobsters’ (Gardner, 2008, p. 199).” Or, “The paper claims, ‘The fallen angel trope is common in religious and non-religious texts’ (Meek & Hill, 2015, p.13-14).”
For articles with 3-5 authors, write out the names of all the authors the first time you cite the source. For example: (Hammett, Wooster, Smith, & Charles, 1928). In subsequent citations, write only the first author’s name, followed by et al.: (Hammett et al., 1928).
If there are 6 or more authors for the paper, include the last name of the first author listed and then write "et al." to indicate that there are more than 5 authors.
For example, you may write, "'This is a quote' (Minaj et al., 1997, p. 45)."
For example, you may write, “‘The risk of cervical cancer in women is rising’ (American Cancer Society, 2012, p. 2).”
For example, you may write, “‘Shakespeare may have been a woman’ (“Radical English Literature,” 2004, p. 45).” Or, “The paper notes, ‘There is a boom in Virgin Mary imagery’ (“Art History in Italy,” 2011, p. 32).”
For example, you may write, “‘There are several factors to consider about lobsters’ (Gardner, 2008, p. 199).” Or, “The paper claims, ‘The fallen angel trope is common in religious and non-religious texts’ (“Iconography in Italian Frescos,” 2015, p.13-14).”
For example, you may write, “‘There are several factors to consider about lobsters’ (Gardner, 2008, p. 199).” Or, “The paper claims, ‘The fallen angel trope is common in religious and non-religious texts’ (“Iconography in Italian Frescos,” 2015, p.145-146).”
For example, you may write, “‘The effects of food deprivation are long-term’ (Mett, 2005, para. 18).”
Creating a Reference List Citation for a Published Source
Material on websites is also considered “published,” even if it’s not peer-reviewed or associated with a formal publishing company.
While academic dissertations or theses that are print-only are considered unpublished, these types of documents are considered published if they’re included in an online database (such as ProQuest) or incorporated into an institutional repository.
For example, you may write, “Gardner, L. M.” Or, “Meek, P. Q., Kendrick, L. H., & Hill, R. W.”
If there is no author, you can list the name of the organization that published the research paper. For example, you may write, “American Cancer Society” or “The Reading Room.”
Formally published documents that don’t list an author or that have a corporate author are typically reports or white papers .
For example, you may write, “Gardner, L. M. (2008).” Or, “American Cancer Society. (2015).”
For example, you may write, “Gardner, L. M. (2008). Crustaceans: Research and data.” Or, “American Cancer Society. (2015). Cervical cancer rates in women ages 20-45.”
For example, for a journal article, you may write, “Gardner, L. M. (2008). Crustaceans: Research and data. Modern Journal of Malacostracan Research, 25, 150-305.”
For a book chapter, you could write: “Wooster, B. W. (1937). A comparative study of modern Dutch cow creamers. In T. E. Travers (Ed.), A Detailed History of Tea Serviceware (pp. 127-155). London: Wimble Press."
For example, you may write, “Kotb, M. A., Kamal, A. M., Aldossary, N. M., & Bedewi, M. A. (2019). Effect of vitamin D replacement on depression in multiple sclerosis patients. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 29, 111-117. Retrieved from PubMed, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30708308.
If you’re citing a paper or article that was published online but did not come from an academic journal or database, provide information about the author (if known), the date of publication (if available), and the website where you found the article. For example: “Hill, M. (n.d.). Egypt in the Ptolemaic Period. Retrieved from https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ptol/hd_ptol.htm”
Citing Unpublished Sources in Your Reference List
Print-only dissertations or theses.
Articles or book chapters that are in press or have been recently prepared or submitted for publication.
Papers that have been rejected for publication or were never intended for publication (such as student research papers or unpublished conference papers).
If the paper is currently being prepared for publication, include the author’s name, the year when the current draft was completed, and the title of the article in italics, followed by “Manuscript in preparation.” For example: Wooster, B. W. (1932). What the well-dressed man is wearing. Manuscript in preparation.
If the paper has been submitted for publication, format the citation the same way as if it were in preparation, but instead follow the title with “Manuscript submitted for publication.” For example: Wooster, B. W. (1932). What the well-dressed man is wearing. Manuscript submitted for publication.
If the paper has been accepted for publication but is not yet published, replace the date with “in press.” Do not italicize the paper title, but do include the title of the periodical or book in which it will be published and italicize that. For example: Wooster, B. W. (in press). What the well-dressed man is wearing. Milady’s Boudoir.
If the paper was written for a conference but never published, your citation should look like this: Riker, W. T. (2019, March). Traditional methods for the preparation of spiny lobe-fish. Paper presented at the 325th Annual Intergalactic Culinary Conference, San Francisco, CA.
For an unpublished paper written by a student for a class, include details about the institution where the paper was written. For example: Crusher, B. H. (2019). A typology of Cardassian skin diseases. Unpublished manuscript, Department of External Medicine, Starfleet Academy, San Francisco, CA.
For example, you may write, “Pendlebottom, R. H. (2011). Iconography in Italian Frescos (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). New York University, New York, United States.”
Community Q&A
If you want certain information to stand out in the research paper, then you can consider using a block quote. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
To cite a research paper in-text in APA, name the author in the text to introduce the quote and put the publication date for the text in parentheses. At the end of your quote, put the page number in parentheses. If you don’t mention the author in your prose, include them in the citation. Start the citation, which should come at the end of the quote, by listing the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number. Make sure to put all of this information in parentheses. If there’s no author, use the name of the organization that published the paper or the first few words from the title. To learn how to cite published and unpublished sources in your reference list, keep reading! Did this summary help you? Yes No
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How to Format Your Research Paper
Writing your paper: apa 7th edition, apa style papers 7th edition.
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APA 7th Edition Resources
APA Style | Style and Grammar Guidelines The style and grammar guidelines pages present information about APA Style as described in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition.
Purdue OWL: APA Style Guide This Purdue OWL style guide will help you in citing your sources in the APA Style commonly used to cite sources within the area of social sciences.
Things to know before you begin:
Sans serif fonts: Arial (11-point), Calibri (11-point), or Lucinda Sans Unicode (10-point)
Serif fonts: Times New Roman (12-point), Georgia (11-point), or Computer Modern (10-point)
Margins: 1 inch on all sides
Paragraphs: All paragraphs (except in the Abstract) should be indented
Spacing: All of the text in your paper should be double-spaced (title page included)
Typical APA style papers have four main sections:
See the tabs below for a breakdown of how each portion should be formatted.
Paper Templates
Sample Papers
APA 7 Citations
Below you will find templates for APA Style papers. Click the link to make a copy of the file.
Google Docs : To make a copy of these templates you must first sign in to your Google account. After you’re signed in, click "File" and then click “Make a Copy.”
Microsoft Word : To make a copy of these templates download the file.
APA Style Student Paper Template (7th Edition) - Word Download a copy of this Word Doc and change the pre-filled information to your own.
APA Style Report Templates: These templates include multiple heading levels and should be used for report style papers.
APA Style Student Report Template (7th Edition) - Word Download a copy of this Word Doc and change the pre-filled information to your own.
Below you will find an example of an accurately formatted APA Style student paper.
APA Style Student Paper Sample (7th Edition) - PDF Click here to see a sample of an accurately formatted APA style student paper.
APA Style Student Paper Sample (7th Edition) - Word Click here to see a sample of an accurately formatted APA style student paper.
Place only page numbers in the header.
Your paper should have the full title in bold. Place an extra space beneath the title and before your name.
Your name, your affiliation, the course title, professor’s name, and due date should be double spaced beneath the title.
All of this should be in the center of the title page.
Put the word “Abstract” on the top of the page. Be sure it is center-aligned and in bold.
Do not indent any paragraphs on this page.
Indent all other paragraphs throughout the body of the paper.
Place the entire title of your paper in Title Case on the top line of a new page.
Be sure it is center-aligned and in bold.
Center-align the word “References” on the first line of a new page, be sure that it is in bold.
Your citations should be alphabetized.
Entries are double-spaced with no extra lines between them.
Be sure to use a hanging indent for any citations that require more than one line.
Need help formatting your APA style citations using the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association ? Click the image or link below to go to the citation guide.
APA 7th Edition Citations
Need help learning what hanging indents are and how to create them using Google Docs or Microsoft Word?
Hanging Indents This page gives a brief description of what they are, where to find information on when and how to properly use them, and also video tutorials on how to create them.
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Last Updated: Jul 19, 2024 3:41 PM
URL: https://necc.mass.libguides.com/formatting
To cite this LibGuide use the following templates:
APA : Northern Essex Community College Library. (Date updated). Title of page . Title of LibGuide. URL
MLA : Northern Essex Community College Library. "Title of Page." Title of LibGuide, Date updated, URL.
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APA 7th ed. Fillable Word Template and Sample Paper
APA 7th ed. Template Download this Word document, fill out the title page and get writing!
Sample Paper APA 7th ed. Our APA sample paper shows you how to format the main parts of a basic research paper.
APA 7th Sample Papers from Purdue Owl
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Last Updated: Sep 7, 2024 3:49 PM
URL: https://national.libguides.com/apa_7th
CSU Stanislaus
Research Guides
APA 7th Edition Style Guide
Format Your Paper
About APA Style
In-Text Citations
Reference List
Practice Your APA Style Skills!
A variety of fonts are permitted in APA Style papers. Font options include:
12-point Times New Roman
11-point Georgia
11-point Calibri
11-point Arial
10-point Lucida Sans Unicode
Paragraph Alignment & Indentation
Paragraphs are to be aligned to the left margin, with the right alignment being rugged.
Do not use full justification setting.
Indent the first line of each paragraph 0.5 inches.
Use tab key for best result.
Formatting and Page Setup
Getting Started
All papers typically include a title page, text, and references. They may also include other elements such as tables, figures, appendices, or abstracts. Check your syllabi or ask your professors to determine what elements are required in your papers.
Arrange the pages of an APA Style paper in this order:
Use the tabs above and boxes on this page for more information on formatting your papers.
Title pages are to be formatted in the same way as the entire paper, including the font, spacing, and margins. The page number is to be at the top right corner. the page should be double spaced and the title will begin 3-4 lines down from the top of the page. Alignment should be centered, and there should be an extra line space between the title and author.
The title page includes the following elements:
paper title
author name(s)
author affiliation (your department and university)
course number and name
instructor name
assignment due date
image from: https://apastyle.apa.org/
The text of your paper will begin on a separate page after the title page. The page should be double spaced. The title of the paper will repeated on the first page of text, centered and bolded. Starting with the first paragraph, the text should be left aligned, with rugged right alignment.
You will typically begin with an introduction, and your following sections will include descriptive headings (see Headings page for more information).
Video: Set up an APA Format Paper in 6 Minutes
Spacing & Margins
Use 1-in. margins on all sides of the page (top, bottom, left, and right).
Use double-spacing for the entire paper. Do not add extra spacing between paragraphs or headings.
Page Numbers
Page numbers should be at the top right corner of every page, including the title page.
Handout: Student Paper Setup Guide
<< Previous: About APA Style
Next: Headings >>
Last Updated: Sep 9, 2024 10:51 AM
URL: https://library.csustan.edu/APA7_StyleGuide
Free Tools for Students
APA Citation Generator
Free APA Citation Generator
Generate citations in APA format quickly and automatically, with MyBib!
🤔 What is an APA Citation Generator?
An APA citation generator is a software tool that will automatically format academic citations in the American Psychological Association (APA) style.
It will usually request vital details about a source -- like the authors, title, and publish date -- and will output these details with the correct punctuation and layout required by the official APA style guide.
Formatted citations created by a generator can be copied into the bibliography of an academic paper as a way to give credit to the sources referenced in the main body of the paper.
👩🎓 Who uses an APA Citation Generator?
College-level and post-graduate students are most likely to use an APA citation generator, because APA style is the most favored style at these learning levels. Before college, in middle and high school, MLA style is more likely to be used. In other parts of the world styles such as Harvard (UK and Australia) and DIN 1505 (Europe) are used more often.
🙌 Why should I use a Citation Generator?
Like almost every other citation style, APA style can be cryptic and hard to understand when formatting citations. Citations can take an unreasonable amount of time to format manually, and it is easy to accidentally include errors. By using a citation generator to do this work you will:
Save a considerable amount of time
Ensure that your citations are consistent and formatted correctly
Be rewarded with a higher grade
In academia, bibliographies are graded on their accuracy against the official APA rulebook, so it is important for students to ensure their citations are formatted correctly. Special attention should also be given to ensure the entire document (including main body) is structured according to the APA guidelines. Our complete APA format guide has everything you need know to make sure you get it right (including examples and diagrams).
⚙️ How do I use MyBib's APA Citation Generator?
Our APA generator was built with a focus on simplicity and speed. To generate a formatted reference list or bibliography just follow these steps:
Start by searching for the source you want to cite in the search box at the top of the page.
MyBib will automatically locate all the required information. If any is missing you can add it yourself.
Your citation will be generated correctly with the information provided and added to your bibliography.
Repeat for each citation, then download the formatted list and append it to the end of your paper.
MyBib supports the following for APA style:
⚙️ Styles
APA 6 & APA 7
📚 Sources
Websites, books, journals, newspapers
🔎 Autocite
Yes
📥 Download to
Microsoft Word, Google Docs
Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.
Generate accurate APA citations for free
Knowledge Base
How to cite a report in APA Style
How to Cite a Report in APA Style | Format & Examples
Published on November 6, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on December 1, 2023.
Reports may be published by governments , task groups, or other organizations. To reference a report with an individual author, include the author’s name and initials, the report title (italicized), the report number, the organization that published it, and the URL (if accessed online, e.g. as a PDF ).
Bedford, D. A. D. (2017). (Report No. WA-RD 896.4). Washington State Department of Transportation. https://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/896-4.pdf
(Bedford, 2017, p. 12)
Note that brochures are cited in a similar format. You can easily create accurate APA citations using our free Citation Generator.
Generate APA citations
Table of contents
Report with multiple authors, report with organization as author, where to find the report number, frequently asked questions about apa style citations.
When a report has multiple authors, up to 20 should be listed in the reference.
If the report has 21 or more authors, list the first 19, then an ellipsis, then the last listed author:
With in-text citations, list up to two authors. For three or more, list the first followed by “ et al. ”
(Bedford & Caulfield, 2012)
(Davis et al., 2015)
Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.
Sometimes, reports do not list individual authors, only the organization responsible. In these cases, list the organization in the author position.
Europeana Task Force on Metadata Quality. (2015). . Europeana. https://pro.europeana.eu/files/Europeana_Professional/Europeana_Network/metadata-quality-report.pdf
(Europeana Task Force on Metadata Quality, 2015)
This sometimes results in the name of the author and publisher being identical. Omit the second mention of the organization in this case.
Many reports are associated with a specific number. If a report has a number, it will typically be listed in the database where you found the report.
It will also generally appear on the cover or title page of the report itself.
A report number should always be included when available, but if a report doesn’t have one, you can just leave this part out.
When no individual author name is listed, but the source can clearly be attributed to a specific organization—e.g., a press release by a charity, a report by an agency, or a page from a company’s website—use the organization’s name as the author in the reference entry and APA in-text citations .
When no author at all can be determined—e.g. a collaboratively edited wiki or an online article published anonymously—use the title in place of the author. In the in-text citation, put the title in quotation marks if it appears in plain text in the reference list, and in italics if it appears in italics in the reference list. Shorten it if necessary.
The abbreviation “ et al. ” (meaning “and others”) is used to shorten APA in-text citations with three or more authors . Here’s how it works:
Only include the first author’s last name, followed by “et al.”, a comma and the year of publication, for example (Taylor et al., 2018).
You may include up to 20 authors in a reference list entry .
When an article has more than 20 authors, replace the names prior to the final listed author with an ellipsis, but do not omit the final author:
Davis, Y., Smith, J., Caulfield, F., Pullman, H., Carlisle, J., Donahue, S. D., James, F., O’Donnell, K., Singh, J., Johnson, L., Streefkerk, R., McCombes, S., Corrieri, L., Valck, X., Baldwin, F. M., Lorde, J., Wardell, K., Lao, W., Yang, P., . . . O’Brien, T. (2012).
Cite this Scribbr article
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
Caulfield, J. (2023, December 01). How to Cite a Report in APA Style | Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved September 9, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/report/
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Copy the information below in your paper according to the Guide on the right. Use your own page numbers.
APA 7 In-text citation guide
In-text citations are required when you use someone else's ideas, theories or research in your paper.
Quick Guide
Examples: (choose depending if author and/or date is mentioned in text)
Quotation :
"The bones were very fragile" (Cole, 2019, p. 13).
Cole (2019) found that "The bones were very fragile" (p. 33).
In 2019, Cole found that "The bones were very fragile" (p. 33).
Paraphrase :
The bones broke easily because they were porous (Cole, 2011).
Cole (2011) discovered that the bones broke easily.
In 2011, Cole found that the bones were easily broken (p. 33).
Note: APA style encourages the inclusion of page numbers for paraphrases, but it is not mandatory. Include page or paragraph numbers if it will help reader find the information.
No authors : Use the title in place of author. Shorten title if needed. Use double quotation marks for title of an article, a chapter, or a web page. Use italics for title of a periodical, a book, a brochure or a report.
the observations found ("Arctic Voyage," 2014)
the book Vitamin Discoveries (2013)
Two authors : Within the text use the word and . If the authors' names are within parentheses use the & symbol.
Cole and Dough (1998) argued ...
...if they were left to their own devices.(Cole & Dough, 1998)
Three or more authors: Include only the last name of the first author followed by "et al."
(Wasserstein et al., 2017)
Spell out the name in full the first time and abbreviate subsequent times only if abbreviation is well known.
First time: American Psychological Association (2020) explained...
Second time: APA (2020) proved ...
When quoting always provide author, year and specific page citation or paragraph number for nonpaginated material.
If the quotation is less than 40 words incorporate it into the text and enclose the quotation with quotation marks. Cite the source immediately after the close of the quotation marks.
If the authors are named in the text, they do not have to be used in the citation.
In fact, "a neurosis is characterized by anxiety" (Kristen & Warb, 2012, p. 157).
"A neurosis is characterized by anxiety," according to Kristen and Warb's (2012, p. 157) longitudinal study.
If the quotation is over 40 words, you must indent the entire quotation and start the quotation on a new line. No quotation marks are required. Cite the quoted source after the final punctuation mark.
Alberta is occasionally divided into two regions, Northern Alberta and Southern Alberta. The majority of Alberta's population is located in large urban cities, mostly located in the South. Alberta is Canada's most populous province of all three Canadian Prairie provinces. Edmonton is the Capital of Alberta. (Hern, 1996, p. 22)
Paraphrasing
APA style encourages the inclusion of page numbers, but it is not mandatory. Include page or paragraph numbers if it will help reader find the information.
(Reiton, 2003, para. 3)
If the document does not contain page numbers, include paragraph numbers.
(Reiton, 2003, para. 3).
If neither is available omit page and paragraph numbers. Do not count paragraph numbers.
When paraphrasing from multiple sources, include all authors name in parentheses in alphabetical order.
(Cole, 2006; Mann & Arthur, 2011; Zigmung, 2000).
APA In-Text Citation Guide
"The bones were very fragile" (Cole, 2011, p. 13).
Cole (2011) found that "The bones were very fragile" (p. 33).
In 2011, Cole found that "The bones were very fragile" (p. 33).
Note: APA style encourages the inclusion of page numbers for paraphrases, but it is not mandatory. Include page or paragraph numbers if it will help reader find the information.)
Two or more authors : Within the text use the word and . If the authors' names are within parentheses use the & symbol.
Three to five authors : Include all authors' last names the first time the citation is used. If you use the same citation again within the same paragraph, use only the first last name followed by 'et al'. If you used the citation again omit the year.
First time: Cole, Dough and Ferris (1998) explained...
Second time: Cole et al. (1998) proved ...
Third time: Cole et al. demonstrated...
Six or more authors: Include only the last name of the first author followed by "et al."
(Wasserstein et al., 2010)
First time: American Psychological Association (1998) explained...
Second time: APA (1998) proved ...
Alberta is occasionally divided into two regions, Northern Alberta and Southern Alberta. The majority of Alberta's population is located in large urban cities, mostly located in the South. Alberta is Canada's most populous Province of all three Canadian prairie provinces. Edmonton is the Capital of Alberta. (Hern, 1996, p. 22)
In-Text Citations Parenthetical Citations
In-text citations are called parenthetical references in MLA. This involves placing information about the source in parentheses after a quote or a paraphrase. The information in the parenthetical references must match the corresponding information in the list of works cited.
The purpose of parenthetical references is to indicate to readers not only what works you used, but what you used from each source and where in the source you found the material. This can be done by inserting a parenthetical reference in your text at the spot where you have used the source's ideas or words.
You should keep parenthetical references as brief and as few as clarity and accuracy permit.
General Guidelines
The Soviets were surrounded by enemies (Waters 119).
Waters argues that the Soviets were surrounded by enemies (119).
Authors – Identification of source
(Natl. Research Council 15)
Do not use abbreviations such as ed. or trans.
("The evolving internet")
(Black and Mondoux 123)
(Eddison, Zhu, and Lalonde)
(Becker et al. 13)
(Becker, Lafontaine, Robins, Given, and Rush 13)
(Feder, The Birth of a Nation 124)
Location of passage within source
give relevant page number if available
give volume and page number in a multivolume work
if citing entire work omit page numbers
(Louis par. 20)
film, television, broadcasts cannot be cited by numbers
Placement of parenthetical reference in text
Cole found that "The bones were very fragile" (33-34).
Alberta is occasionally divided into two regions, Northern Alberta and Southern Alberta. The majority of Alberta's population is located in large urban cities, mostly located in the South. Alberta is Canada's most populous Province of all three Canadian prairie provinces. Edmonton is the Capital of Alberta. (Herick 22)
In Chicago style, footnotes or endnotes are used to reference pieces of work in the text.
To cite from a source a superscript number is placed after a quote or a paraphrase.
Citation numbers should appear in sequential order.
Each number then corresponds to a citation, a footnote or to an endnote.
Endnotes must appear on an endnotes page. The page should be titled Notes (centered at top). This page should appear immediately before the bibliography page.
Footnotes must appear at the bottom of the page that they are referred to.
Example: Cole found that "The bones were very fragile" (33-34). 1
Each superscript then refers to a numbered citation in the footnotes or endnotes.
Footnotes/endnotes:
The first time the in-text reference is cited you must include, author's first name, author's last name, title, place of publication, publisher name, year and referenced pages. e.g.
1. James Smith, The first and last war , (New York, Hamilton, 2003), 2.
If the citation has already been cited it may be shortened to author's last name, shortened title, and page referenced number. e.g.
2. Smith, The first , 220-221.
If the citation has been referenced immediately prior, the note may be shortened even further to ibid with the page number. e.g.
3. Ibid., 786.
For each author-date citation in the text, there must be a corresponding entry in the reference list under the same name and date.
An author-date citation in running text or at the end of a block quotation consists of the last (family) name of the author, followed by the year of publication of the work in question. In this context, author may refer not only to one or more authors or an institution but also to one or more editors, translators, or compilers. No punctuation appears between author and date. Abbreviations such as ed. or trans. are omitted.
(Woodward 1987)
(Schuman and Scott 1987)
When a specific page, section, equation, or other division of the work is cited, it follows the date, preceded by a comma. When a volume as a whole is referred to, without a page number, vol. is used. For volume plus page, only a colon is needed. The n in the Fischer and Siple example below indicates "note" (see 14.164 ). The last example shows how one might cite a section of a work that contains no page or section numbers or other numerical signposts—the case for some electronic documents (see 15.8 ).
(Piaget 1980, 74)
(LaFree 2010, 413, 417–18)
(Johnson 1979, sec. 24)
Fowler and Hoyle 1965, eq. 87)
(García 1987, vol. 2)
(García 1987, 2:345)
(Barnes 1998, 2:354–55, 3:29)
(Fischer and Siple 1990, 212n3)
(Hellman 1998, under "The Battleground")
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University of Wisconsin–Madison
APA Style Guidelines
About this Guide
Blogs, Podcasts, and Social Media
Content Marketing
Popular Magazines
Professional Organizations
Trade Publications
Scholarly Journals
Attributive Tags or Signal Phrases
Citation Generators - Problems & Limitations
Date Retrieved for Website Reference Entries & When to Use “n.d.” (no date)
Differentiating between Sources with the Same Author and Date
Hyperlinks & Attribution: "Citation" for Digital Documents
Identifying & Citing Content Marketing
Indirect Citations, or How to Cite a Quote or Paraphrase from a Source
In-text Citations: Conveying Credibility
In-text Citations: Using a Source Multiple Times
In-text Citations: Principles & Formatting
References Page: Principles & Formatting
Synthesizing Multiple Sources
URLs - When to Include to Entire Address
Company Report
General Website, Non-government Website
Government Publication or Website
Industry Report from IBISWorld
Informational Interview
Job Advertisement
Lecture or Conference Presentation
O*Net Online
Popular Business Magazine
Professional/Trade Organization Website
Reference Works (Dictionary, Investopedia, Wiki, etc.)
Review Sites
Scholarly Journal Article
Social Media Posts
Trade Journal or Magazine Article
Cite government publications as a book, report, or website as appropriate. If there is no named author on the cover or title page, use the agency or department as the author. If the document is a report or publication, include the report number or other identifier after the title. If citing a website, include the entire URL.
General Rules: Citing Online Government Sources
In-text Citation: Information to Include
In-text citations and signal phrases can be woven into sentences and paragraphs in multiple ways, and what you emphasize depends on what information will be most relevant and/or persuasive to your reader. However, the following information should always be included:
Attributive tag or signal phrase that introduces your source
Author or government entity
Page number, if applicable
Reference Citation: Information to Include
Government Entity. (Year, Month Day). Publication title in sentence case and italics . Parent Agency If Applicable. URL_but_not_active_hyperlink
Specific Example: Government Website
In-text Citation Options
Land conservationists can support wildlife refuges, particularly those for migratory birds, by purchasing a Federal Duck Stamp, which, according to the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (2021) also are “miniature works of art.”
Land conservationists can support wildlife refuges, particularly those for migratory birds, by purchasing a Federal Duck Stamp, which are also “miniature works of art” (U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, 2021).
References Page Entry
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (2021, June 28). Duck stamp: Put your stamp on conservation . U.S. Department of the Interior. https://www.fws.gov/birds/get-involved/duck-stamp.php
Note : This government web page has a “last updated” date, so you can use that. For government websites with no date, use n.d. in place of the date and add a retrieval date. See our page for General Website to see how this should look.
The Internal Revenue Service (2023) reported that the Inflation Reduction Act included clean energy tax credits for low-income communities.
The Inflation Reduction Act included clean energy tax credits for low-income communities (Internal Revenue Service, 2023).
Internal Revenue Service. (2023, September). Increased energy investment credit for solar and wind facilities benefitting low-income communities . U.S. Department of the Treasury. https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/increased-energy-investment-credit-for-solar-and-wind-facilities-benefitting-low-income-communities
Specific Example: PDF of a Government Report
In the 2016 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation, the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (2018) reported that Americans spent $75.9 billion dollars – 48 percent of all wildlife recreation expenditures – on wildlife watching (p. 39).
Wildlife watchers spent $12.1 billion dollars in 2016 purchasing equipment (e.g., cameras and bird feed) in pursuit of their hobby (U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, 2018, p. 39).
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (2018, April). 2016 national survey of fishing, hunting, and wildlife-associated recreation (Publication FHW/16-NAT). U.S. Department of the Interior. https://wsfrprograms.fws.gov/subpages/nationalsurvey/nat_survey2016.pdf
Specific Example: O*Net Entry
O*Net’s report on auditing mentioned that to stand out in this industry, auditors must have excellent communication skills (National Center for O*NET Development, 2019).
To stand out, auditors must have excellent communication skills (National Center for O*NET Development, 2019).
References Page Entry
National Center for O*NET Development. (2019). Auditors (O*Net Report No. 13-2011.02). https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/13-2011.02
<< Previous: General Website, Non-government Website
Consistency in the order, structure, and format of a paper allows readers to focus on a paper’s content rather than its presentation.
To format a paper in APA Style, writers can typically use the default settings and automatic formatting tools of their word-processing program or make only minor adjustments.
The guidelines for paper format apply to both student assignments and manuscripts being submitted for publication to a journal. If you are using APA Style to create another kind of work (e.g., a website, conference poster, or PowerPoint presentation), you may need to format your work differently in order to optimize its presentation, for example, by using different line spacing and font sizes. Follow the guidelines of your institution or publisher to adapt APA Style formatting guidelines as needed.
Academic Writer ®
Master academic writing with APA’s essential teaching and learning resource
Course Adoption
Teaching APA Style? Become a course adopter of the 7th edition Publication Manual
Instructional Aids
Guides, checklists, webinars, tutorials, and sample papers for anyone looking to improve their knowledge of APA Style
APA Style and Citation: Importance of Citations and APA
In-text Citation
COMMENTS
APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition)
APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition) - Purdue OWL
APA Formatting and Citation (7th Ed.)
APA Formatting and Citation (7th Ed.) - Scribbr
How to Cite in APA Format (7th edition)
How to Cite in APA Format (7th edition) | Guide & Generator
APA Sample Paper
APA Sample Paper - Purdue OWL
In-Text Citations: The Basics
In-Text Citations: The Basics - Purdue OWL
PDF 7th edition Common Reference Examples Guide
7th edition Common Reference Examples Guide - APA Style
In-Text Citations
In-text citations - APA Style
Research Guides: Format Your Paper & Cite Your Sources: APA Style
APA Style, 7th Edition - Format Your Paper & Cite Your Sources
APA Style 7th Edition: Citing Your Sources
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association by American Psychological Association The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition is the official source for APA Style. With millions of copies sold worldwide in multiple languages, it is the style manual of choice for writers, researchers, editors, students, and educators in the social and ...
PDF Student Paper Setup Guide, APA Style 7th Edition
Student Paper Setup Guide, APA Style 7th Edition
Format Your Paper
Format Your Paper - APA Style (7th ed.)
Cite: Why? When?
Cite: Why? When? - APA Style (7th ed.)
APA Citation (7th edition)
Parenthetical citations: (Grady et al., 2019; Jerrentrup et al., 2018) Narrative citations: Grady et al. (2019) and Jerrentrup et al. (2018) If a journal article has a DOI, include the DOI in the reference. If the journal article does not have a DOI and is from an academic research database, end the reference after the page range (for an explanation of why, see the database information page).
LibGuides: APA 7th Edition Style Guide: About APA Style
The APA Manual uses the author-date citation system for in-text citations. Reference List: How you compile a reference list page at the end of your paper The sources you use in your work are included as a separate list at the end of the paper. The APA Manual suggests using the title, References, for the list.
How to Cite a Research Paper in APA (with Pictures)
How to Cite a Research Paper in APA (with Pictures)
APA 7 Paper Format
APA 7 Paper Format - How to Format Your Research Paper
Fillable Template and Sample Paper
APA Formatting and Style (7th ed.) for Student Papers
LibGuides: APA 7th Edition Style Guide: Format Your Paper
Research Guides; APA 7th Edition Style Guide; Format Your Paper; Search this Group Search. ... Use the tabs above and boxes on this page for more information on formatting your papers. Title pages are to be formatted in the same way as the entire paper, including the font, spacing, and margins. The page number is to be at the top right corner ...
Sample Papers
Sample papers - APA Style
Free APA Citation Generator [Updated for 2024]
Free APA Citation Generator [Updated for 2024]
Example Paper
LSC-North Harris Library Research Guides; APA 7 Citation Guide; Example Paper; Search this Guide Search. ... The Example Paper uses the following standards: Font: Times New Roman ; Font Size: 12pt; Spacing: Double; References Page: Hanging Indention . APA 7 Formatting Guide. Example Paper.
How to Cite a Report in APA Style
How to Cite a Report in APA Style | Format & Examples
APA7 citation generator. Citefast automatically formats citations in
In-text Citation: Information to Include. In-text citations and signal phrases can be woven into sentences and paragraphs in multiple ways, and what you emphasize depends on what information will be most relevant and/or persuasive to your reader. However, the following information should always be included:
Animal therapy has an extended history of existence in clinical settings and literature and, in more recent times, seems to be gaining a level of acceptance within the dominant understandings or "assemblage" of health. That is, within a framework of understanding health as being focused on pathology and illness, where the responses are expert-driven, and dominated by pharmaceutical and ...
PDF APA 7 Student Sample Paper
APA 7 Student Sample Paper - Purdue OWL
Development of cognitive abilities through the abacus in primary
(1) Background: An abacus is an instrument used to perform different arithmetic operations. The objective was to analyze the benefits of mathematical calculations made with an abacus to improve the concentration, attention, memory, perceptive attitudes, and creativity cognitive abilities of primary school students. (2) Methods: A total of 65 children, aged 7-11 years (8.49 ± 1.65 ...
Trends in social inclusion and its impact on public services: Research
1. Introduction. The rapidly growing field of government studies on public services offers the potential for significant new theories to emerge to advance the understanding of justice and equity (Tokovska et al., Citation 2023).Along with advances in this field, the cutting edge of public service delivery has shifted from customer satisfaction to the application of fairness in processes and ...
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APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition) - Purdue OWL
APA Formatting and Citation (7th Ed.) - Scribbr
How to Cite in APA Format (7th edition) | Guide & Generator
APA Sample Paper - Purdue OWL
In-Text Citations: The Basics - Purdue OWL
7th edition Common Reference Examples Guide - APA Style
In-text citations - APA Style
APA Style, 7th Edition - Format Your Paper & Cite Your Sources
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association by American Psychological Association The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition is the official source for APA Style. With millions of copies sold worldwide in multiple languages, it is the style manual of choice for writers, researchers, editors, students, and educators in the social and ...
Student Paper Setup Guide, APA Style 7th Edition
Format Your Paper - APA Style (7th ed.)
Cite: Why? When? - APA Style (7th ed.)
Parenthetical citations: (Grady et al., 2019; Jerrentrup et al., 2018) Narrative citations: Grady et al. (2019) and Jerrentrup et al. (2018) If a journal article has a DOI, include the DOI in the reference. If the journal article does not have a DOI and is from an academic research database, end the reference after the page range (for an explanation of why, see the database information page).
The APA Manual uses the author-date citation system for in-text citations. Reference List: How you compile a reference list page at the end of your paper The sources you use in your work are included as a separate list at the end of the paper. The APA Manual suggests using the title, References, for the list.
How to Cite a Research Paper in APA (with Pictures)
APA 7 Paper Format - How to Format Your Research Paper
APA Formatting and Style (7th ed.) for Student Papers
Research Guides; APA 7th Edition Style Guide; Format Your Paper; Search this Group Search. ... Use the tabs above and boxes on this page for more information on formatting your papers. Title pages are to be formatted in the same way as the entire paper, including the font, spacing, and margins. The page number is to be at the top right corner ...
Sample papers - APA Style
Free APA Citation Generator [Updated for 2024]
LSC-North Harris Library Research Guides; APA 7 Citation Guide; Example Paper; Search this Guide Search. ... The Example Paper uses the following standards: Font: Times New Roman ; Font Size: 12pt; Spacing: Double; References Page: Hanging Indention . APA 7 Formatting Guide. Example Paper.
How to Cite a Report in APA Style | Format & Examples
APA7 citation generator. Citefast automatically formats ...
In-text Citation: Information to Include. In-text citations and signal phrases can be woven into sentences and paragraphs in multiple ways, and what you emphasize depends on what information will be most relevant and/or persuasive to your reader. However, the following information should always be included:
Paper format - APA Style
APA Style (7th Edition) - Purdue OWL
Animal therapy has an extended history of existence in clinical settings and literature and, in more recent times, seems to be gaining a level of acceptance within the dominant understandings or "assemblage" of health. That is, within a framework of understanding health as being focused on pathology and illness, where the responses are expert-driven, and dominated by pharmaceutical and ...
APA 7 Student Sample Paper - Purdue OWL
(1) Background: An abacus is an instrument used to perform different arithmetic operations. The objective was to analyze the benefits of mathematical calculations made with an abacus to improve the concentration, attention, memory, perceptive attitudes, and creativity cognitive abilities of primary school students. (2) Methods: A total of 65 children, aged 7-11 years (8.49 ± 1.65 ...
1. Introduction. The rapidly growing field of government studies on public services offers the potential for significant new theories to emerge to advance the understanding of justice and equity (Tokovska et al., Citation 2023).Along with advances in this field, the cutting edge of public service delivery has shifted from customer satisfaction to the application of fairness in processes and ...