what is function of presentation layer

Engineering Mathematics
Discrete Mathematics
Operating System
Computer Networks
Digital Logic and Design
C Programming
Data Structures
Theory of Computation
Compiler Design
Computer Org and Architecture
Computer Network Tutorial

Basics of Computer Network

Basics of Computer Networking
Introduction to basic Networking Terminology
Goals of Networks
Basic characteristics of Computer Networks
Challenges of Computer Network
Physical Components of Computer Network

Network Hardware and Software

Types of Computer Networks
LAN Full Form
How to Set Up a LAN Network?
MAN Full Form in Computer Networking
MAN Full Form
WAN Full Form
Introduction of Internetworking
Difference between Internet, Intranet and Extranet
Protocol Hierarchies in Computer Network
Network Devices (Hub, Repeater, Bridge, Switch, Router, Gateways and Brouter)
Introduction of a Router
Introduction of Gateways
What is a network switch, and how does it work?

Network Topology

Types of Network Topology
Difference between Physical and Logical Topology
What is OSI Model? - Layers of OSI Model
Physical Layer in OSI Model
Data Link Layer
Session Layer in OSI model

Presentation Layer in OSI model

Application Layer in OSI Model
Protocol and Standard in Computer Networks
Examples of Data Link Layer Protocols
TCP/IP Model
TCP/IP Ports and Its Applications
What is Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)?
TCP 3-Way Handshake Process
Services and Segment structure in TCP
TCP Connection Establishment
TCP Connection Termination
Fast Recovery Technique For Loss Recovery in TCP
Difference Between OSI Model and TCP/IP Model

Medium Access Control

MAC Full Form
Channel Allocation Problem in Computer Network
Multiple Access Protocols in Computer Network
Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)
Collision Detection in CSMA/CD
Controlled Access Protocols in Computer Network

SLIDING WINDOW PROTOCOLS

Stop and Wait ARQ
Sliding Window Protocol | Set 3 (Selective Repeat)
Piggybacking in Computer Networks

IP Addressing

What is IPv4?
What is IPv6?
Introduction of Classful IP Addressing
Classless Addressing in IP Addressing
Classful Vs Classless Addressing
Classless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR)
Supernetting in Network Layer
Introduction To Subnetting
Difference between Subnetting and Supernetting
Types of Routing
Difference between Static and Dynamic Routing
Unicast Routing - Link State Routing
Distance Vector Routing (DVR) Protocol
Fixed and Flooding Routing algorithms
Introduction of Firewall in Computer Network

Congestion Control Algorithms

Congestion Control in Computer Networks
Congestion Control techniques in Computer Networks
Computer Network | Leaky bucket algorithm
TCP Congestion Control

Network Switching

Circuit Switching in Computer Network
Message switching techniques
Packet Switching and Delays in Computer Network
Differences Between Virtual Circuits and Datagram Networks

Application Layer:DNS

Domain Name System (DNS) in Application Layer
Details on DNS
Introduction to Electronic Mail
E-Mail Format
World Wide Web (WWW)
HTTP Full Form
Streaming Stored Video
What is a Content Distribution Network and how does it work?

CN Interview Quetions

Top 50 Networking Interview Questions (2024)
Top 50 TCP/IP Interview Questions and Answers 2024
Top 50 IP Addressing Interview Questions and Answers
Last Minute Notes - Computer Networks
Computer Network - Cheat Sheet
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer

Prerequisite : OSI Model

Introduction : Presentation Layer is the 6th layer in the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model. This layer is also known as Translation layer, as this layer serves as a data translator for the network. The data which this layer receives from the Application Layer is extracted and manipulated here as per the required format to transmit over the network. The main responsibility of this layer is to provide or define the data format and encryption. The presentation layer is also called as Syntax layer since it is responsible for maintaining the proper syntax of the data which it either receives or transmits to other layer(s).

Functions of Presentation Layer :

The presentation layer, being the 6th layer in the OSI model, performs several types of functions, which are described below-

Presentation layer format and encrypts data to be sent across the network.
This layer takes care that the data is sent in such a way that the receiver will understand the information (data) and will be able to use the data efficiently and effectively.
This layer manages the abstract data structures and allows high-level data structures (example- banking records), which are to be defined or exchanged.
This layer carries out the encryption at the transmitter and decryption at the receiver.
This layer carries out data compression to reduce the bandwidth of the data to be transmitted (the primary goal of data compression is to reduce the number of bits which is to be transmitted).
This layer is responsible for interoperability (ability of computers to exchange and make use of information) between encoding methods as different computers use different encoding methods.
This layer basically deals with the presentation part of the data.
Presentation layer, carries out the data compression (number of bits reduction while transmission), which in return improves the data throughput.
This layer also deals with the issues of string representation.
The presentation layer is also responsible for integrating all the formats into a standardized format for efficient and effective communication.
This layer encodes the message from the user-dependent format to the common format and vice-versa for communication between dissimilar systems.
This layer deals with the syntax and semantics of the messages.
This layer also ensures that the messages which are to be presented to the upper as well as the lower layer should be standardized as well as in an accurate format too.
Presentation layer is also responsible for translation, formatting, and delivery of information for processing or display.
This layer also performs serialization (process of translating a data structure or an object into a format that can be stored or transmitted easily).

Features of Presentation Layer in the OSI model: Presentation layer, being the 6th layer in the OSI model, plays a vital role while communication is taking place between two devices in a network.

List of features which are provided by the presentation layer are:

Presentation layer could apply certain sophisticated compression techniques, so fewer bytes of data are required to represent the information when it is sent over the network.
If two or more devices are communicating over an encrypted connection, then this presentation layer is responsible for adding encryption on the sender’s end as well as the decoding the encryption on the receiver’s end so that it can represent the application layer with unencrypted, readable data.
This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent over a network, providing freedom from compatibility problems.
This presentation layer also negotiates the Transfer Syntax.
This presentation layer is also responsible for compressing data it receives from the application layer before delivering it to the session layer (which is the 5th layer in the OSI model) and thus improves the speed as well as the efficiency of communication by minimizing the amount of the data to be transferred.

Working of Presentation Layer in the OSI model : Presentation layer in the OSI model, as a translator, converts the data sent by the application layer of the transmitting node into an acceptable and compatible data format based on the applicable network protocol and architecture. Upon arrival at the receiving computer, the presentation layer translates data into an acceptable format usable by the application layer. Basically, in other words, this layer takes care of any issues occurring when transmitted data must be viewed in a format different from the original format. Being the functional part of the OSI mode, the presentation layer performs a multitude (large number of) data conversion algorithms and character translation functions. Mainly, this layer is responsible for managing two network characteristics: protocol (set of rules) and architecture.

Presentation Layer Protocols : Presentation layer being the 6th layer, but the most important layer in the OSI model performs several types of functionalities, which makes sure that data which is being transferred or received should be accurate or clear to all the devices which are there in a closed network. Presentation Layer, for performing translations or other specified functions, needs to use certain protocols which are defined below –

Apple Filing Protocol (AFP): Apple Filing Protocol is the proprietary network protocol (communications protocol) that offers services to macOS or the classic macOS. This is basically the network file control protocol specifically designed for Mac-based platforms.
Lightweight Presentation Protocol (LPP): Lightweight Presentation Protocol is that protocol which is used to provide ISO presentation services on the top of TCP/IP based protocol stacks.
NetWare Core Protocol (NCP): NetWare Core Protocol is the network protocol which is used to access file, print, directory, clock synchronization, messaging, remote command execution and other network service functions.
Network Data Representation (NDR): Network Data Representation is basically the implementation of the presentation layer in the OSI model, which provides or defines various primitive data types, constructed data types and also several types of data representations.
External Data Representation (XDR): External Data Representation (XDR) is the standard for the description and encoding of data. It is useful for transferring data between computer architectures and has been used to communicate data between very diverse machines. Converting from local representation to XDR is called encoding, whereas converting XDR into local representation is called decoding.
Secure Socket Layer (SSL): The Secure Socket Layer protocol provides security to the data that is being transferred between the web browser and the server. SSL encrypts the link between a web server and a browser, which ensures that all data passed between them remains private and free from attacks.

Please Login to comment...

Improve your Coding Skills with Practice

What kind of Experience do you want to share?

Layer 6 Presentation Layer

De/Encryption, Encoding, String representation

The presentation layer (data presentation layer, data provision level) sets the system-dependent representation of the data (for example, ASCII, EBCDIC) into an independent form, enabling the syntactically correct data exchange between different systems. Also, functions such as data compression and encryption are guaranteed that data to be sent by the application layer of a system that can be read by the application layer of another system to the layer 6. The presentation layer. If necessary, the presentation layer acts as a translator between different data formats, by making an understandable for both systems data format, the ASN.1 (Abstract Syntax Notation One) used.

OSI Layer 6 - Presentation Layer

The presentation layer is responsible for the delivery and formatting of information to the application layer for further processing or display. It relieves the application layer of concern regarding syntactical differences in data representation within the end-user systems. An example of a presentation service would be the conversion of an EBCDIC-coded text computer file to an ASCII-coded file. The presentation layer is the lowest layer at which application programmers consider data structure and presentation, instead of simply sending data in the form of datagrams or packets between hosts. This layer deals with issues of string representation - whether they use the Pascal method (an integer length field followed by the specified amount of bytes) or the C/C++ method (null-terminated strings, e.g. "thisisastring\0"). The idea is that the application layer should be able to point at the data to be moved, and the presentation layer will deal with the rest. Serialization of complex data structures into flat byte-strings (using mechanisms such as TLV or XML) can be thought of as the key functionality of the presentation layer. Encryption is typically done at this level too, although it can be done on the application, session, transport, or network layers, each having its own advantages and disadvantages. Decryption is also handled at the presentation layer. For example, when logging on to bank account sites the presentation layer will decrypt the data as it is received.[1] Another example is representing structure, which is normally standardized at this level, often by using XML. As well as simple pieces of data, like strings, more complicated things are standardized in this layer. Two common examples are 'objects' in object-oriented programming, and the exact way that streaming video is transmitted. In many widely used applications and protocols, no distinction is made between the presentation and application layers. For example, HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), generally regarded as an application-layer protocol, has presentation-layer aspects such as the ability to identify character encoding for proper conversion, which is then done in the application layer. Within the service layering semantics of the OSI network architecture, the presentation layer responds to service requests from the application layer and issues service requests to the session layer. In the OSI model: the presentation layer ensures the information that the application layer of one system sends out is readable by the application layer of another system. For example, a PC program communicates with another computer, one using extended binary coded decimal interchange code (EBCDIC) and the other using ASCII to represent the same characters. If necessary, the presentation layer might be able to translate between multiple data formats by using a common format. Wikipedia

Data conversion
Character code translation
Compression
Encryption and Decryption

The Presentation OSI Layer is usually composed of 2 sublayers that are:

CASE common application service element

Sase specific application service element, layer 7 application layer, layer 6 presentation layer, layer 5 session layer, layer 4 transport layer, layer 3 network layer, layer 2 data link layer, layer 1 physical layer.

Data Structure
Coding Problems
C Interview Programs
C++ Aptitude
Java Aptitude
C# Aptitude
PHP Aptitude
Linux Aptitude
DBMS Aptitude
Networking Aptitude
AI Aptitude
MIS Executive
Web Technologie MCQs
CS Subjects MCQs
Databases MCQs
Programming MCQs
Testing Software MCQs
Digital Mktg Subjects MCQs
Cloud Computing S/W MCQs
Engineering Subjects MCQs
Commerce MCQs
More MCQs...
Machine Learning/AI
Operating System
Computer Network
Software Engineering
Discrete Mathematics
Digital Electronics
Data Mining
Embedded Systems
Cryptography
CS Fundamental
More Tutorials...
Tech Articles
Code Examples
Programmer's Calculator
XML Sitemap Generator
Tools & Generators

Computer Network Tutorial

Computer Network - Home
Computer Network - Overview
Computer Network - Applications
Computer Network - TCP/IP
Computer Network - OSI Model
Computer Network - Transport, Network, & Application Layers
Computer Network - Network Protocols & Network Software
Computer Network - TopologiesTypes
Computer Network - Hub
Computer Network - Routing
Computer Network - Routers
Computer Network - Dynamic Routing Protocols
Computer Network - Router
Computer Network - Populating a Routing Table
Computer Network - Switches
Computer Network - Layer 2 Switching
Computer Network - Configure Cisco Switch
Computer Network - ICMP
Computer Network - ICMP Messages
Computer Network - Addressing
Computer Network - Classless Addressing
Computer Network - IPV4 Addressing
Computer Network - IPV6 Addressing
Computer Network - Logical Addressing, Notations
Computer Network - Classful & Classless Addressing
Computer Network - Subnetting & Supernetting
Computer Network - Network Address Translation
Computer Network - FLSM & VLSM
Computer Network - Line Configuration
Transmission Computer Network - Modes
Computer Network - Data Link Layer
Computer Network - Physical Layer
Computer Network - Network Layer
Computer Network - Session Layer
Computer Network - Transport Layer
Computer Network - Application Layer
Computer Network - Presentation Layer
Computer Network - Coaxial Cable
Computer Network - Optical Fiber
Computer Network - Unguided Transmission Media
Computer Network - Virtual LAN (VLAN)
Computer Network - VSAN
Computer Network - Multiple Access Protocol
Computer Network - Random Access methods
Computer Network - Aloha Network
Computer Network - CSMA
Computer Network - FDMA & TDMA
Computer Network - CDMA
Computer Network - Ethernet Technology
Computer Network - Types of Network Topology
Computer Network - Data Transmission
Computer Network - Switching Techniques
Computer Network - Transmission Impairment
Computer Network - Synchronous & Asynchronous Transmission
Computer Network - Intent-Based Networking
Computer Network - Software-Defined Networking
Computer Network - Wireless Personal Area Network
Computer Network - Wireless Wide Area Network
Computer Network - P2P File Sharing
Computer Network - Packet Switching
Computer Network - PGP - Authentication & Confidentiality
Computer Network - PGP - Encryption & Compression
Computer Network - Phishing Attacks
Computer Network - ICMP Ping
Computer Network - Pipelining in Packet Switching
Computer Network - Plaintext Vs. Cleartext Encryption
Computer Network - Platform as a Service (PaaS)
Computer Network - GPRS Architecture
Computer Network - Identify & Prevent Phishing & Pharming
Computer Network - Change MAC Address
Computer Network - Network Administrator Vs. Network Engineer

Difference B/W Articles

Computer Network - Phishing & Pharming
Computer Network - Ping Vs. Traceroute
Computer Network - Network Vs. System Administrator
Computer Network - Network & Application Layer Protocols
Computer Network - Network Security Vs. Network Administration
Computer Network - Network Vs. Internet
Computer Network - PDH Vs. SDH
Computer Network - PCI Vs. PCI express
Computer Network - PCI-E Vs. PCI-X
Computer Network - OT Vs. IT Networks

Computer Network Practice

Computer Network - MCQs
Computer Network - Aptitude Questions

Home » Computer Network

Presentation Layer: What It Is, Design Issues, Functionalities

Description and Functions of Presentation Layer in the OSI model: In this tutorial, we are going to learn what the Presentation layer is and the Functions of the Presentation Layer in the OSI model in Computer Networking. We will also discuss the Design issues with the Presentation Layer and the working of the Presentation Layer with the help of its diagram. By Monika Jha Last updated : May 05, 2023

What is Presentation Layer?

The Presentation Layer is concerned with the syntax and semantics of the information exchanged between two communicating devices.

The presentation layer takes care that the data is sent in that way the receiver of the data will understand the information (data) and will be able to use the data.
Languages that are syntax can be different from the two communicating machines. In this condition, the presentation layer plays the role of translator between them.
It is possible for two machines to communicate with different data representations, data structures to be exchanged can be defined in an abstract way.
These abstract data structures will be managed by the presentation layer and this layer allows higher-level data structures (For example banking records), to be defined and exchanged.

This figure shows the relationship of the presentation layer to the session layer and application layer.

Design Issues with Presentation Layer

The following are the design issues with presentation layer:

To manage and maintain the Syntax and Semantics of the information transmitted.
Encoding data in a standard agreed-upon way just like a string, double, date, etc.
It Performs Standard Encoding scheme on the wire.

Functionalities of the Presentation Layer

Specific functionalities of the presentation layer are as follows:

1. Translation

The processes or running programs in two machines are usually exchanging the information in the form of numbers, character strings and so on before being transmitted. The information should be changed to bitstreams because different computers use different encoding schemes.
The Presentation layer is responsible for compatibility between these encoding methods.
The Presentation layer at the sender's side changes the information from its sender dependent format.
The Presentation layer at the receiving machine changes the common format into its receivers dependent format.

Example: Convert ASCII code to EBCDIC code.

2. Encryption

The system must be able to assure privacy regarding the message or information as it also carries sensitive information.
Encryption means that the sender transforms the original information or message to another form, this data after encryption is known as the ciphertext and this ciphertext sends the resulting message out over the network.
Decryption concerned with the transform of the message back to its original form. This decrypted data is known as plain text.

3. Compression

Data Compression means reduces the number of bits to be transmitted by this reduce the bandwidth of the data.
Data Compression becomes particularly important in the transmission of multimedia such as audio, video, text, etc.

The OSI Model – The 7 Layers of Networking Explained in Plain English

This article explains the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model and the 7 layers of networking, in plain English.

The OSI model is a conceptual framework that is used to describe how a network functions. In plain English, the OSI model helped standardize the way computer systems send information to each other.

Learning networking is a bit like learning a language - there are lots of standards and then some exceptions. Therefore, it’s important to really understand that the OSI model is not a set of rules. It is a tool for understanding how networks function.

Once you learn the OSI model, you will be able to further understand and appreciate this glorious entity we call the Internet, as well as be able to troubleshoot networking issues with greater fluency and ease.

All hail the Internet!

Prerequisites

You don’t need any prior programming or networking experience to understand this article. However, you will need:

Basic familiarity with common networking terms (explained below)
A curiosity about how things work :)

Learning Objectives

Over the course of this article, you will learn:

What the OSI model is
The purpose of each of the 7 layers
The problems that can happen at each of the 7 layers
The difference between TCP/IP model and the OSI model

Common Networking Terms

Here are some common networking terms that you should be familiar with to get the most out of this article. I’ll use these terms when I talk about OSI layers next.

A node is a physical electronic device hooked up to a network, for example a computer, printer, router, and so on. If set up properly, a node is capable of sending and/or receiving information over a network.

Nodes may be set up adjacent to one other, wherein Node A can connect directly to Node B, or there may be an intermediate node, like a switch or a router, set up between Node A and Node B.

Typically, routers connect networks to the Internet and switches operate within a network to facilitate intra-network communication. Learn more about hub vs. switch vs. router.

Here's an example:

For the nitpicky among us (yep, I see you), host is another term that you will encounter in networking. I will define a host as a type of node that requires an IP address. All hosts are nodes, but not all nodes are hosts. Please Tweet angrily at me if you disagree.

Links connect nodes on a network. Links can be wired, like Ethernet, or cable-free, like WiFi.

Links to can either be point-to-point, where Node A is connected to Node B, or multipoint, where Node A is connected to Node B and Node C.

When we’re talking about information being transmitted, this may also be described as a one-to-one vs. a one-to-many relationship.

A protocol is a mutually agreed upon set of rules that allows two nodes on a network to exchange data.

“A protocol defines the rules governing the syntax (what can be communicated), semantics (how it can be communicated), and synchronization (when and at what speed it can be communicated) of the communications procedure. Protocols can be implemented on hardware, software, or a combination of both. Protocols can be created by anyone, but the most widely adopted protocols are based on standards.” - The Illustrated Network.

Both wired and cable-free links can have protocols.

While anyone can create a protocol, the most widely adopted protocols are often based on standards published by Internet organizations such as the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).

A network is a general term for a group of computers, printers, or any other device that wants to share data.

Network types include LAN, HAN, CAN, MAN, WAN, BAN, or VPN. Think I’m just randomly rhyming things with the word can ? I can ’t say I am - these are all real network types. Learn more here .

Topology describes how nodes and links fit together in a network configuration, often depicted in a diagram. Here are some common network topology types:

What is Network Topology? Best Guides to Types & Diagrams - DNSstuff

A network consists of nodes, links between nodes, and protocols that govern data transmission between nodes.

At whatever scale and complexity networks get to, you will understand what’s happening in all computer networks by learning the OSI model and 7 layers of networking.

What is the OSI Model?

The OSI model consists of 7 layers of networking.

First, what’s a layer?

No, a layer - not a lair . Here there are no dragons.

A layer is a way of categorizing and grouping functionality and behavior on and of a network.

In the OSI model, layers are organized from the most tangible and most physical, to less tangible and less physical but closer to the end user.

Each layer abstracts lower level functionality away until by the time you get to the highest layer. All the details and inner workings of all the other layers are hidden from the end user.

How to remember all the names of the layers? Easy.

Please | Physical Layer
Do | Data Link Layer
Not | Network Layer
Tell (the) | Transport Layer
Secret | Session Layer
Password (to) | Presentation Layer
Anyone | Application Layer

Keep in mind that while certain technologies, like protocols, may logically “belong to” one layer more than another, not all technologies fit neatly into a single layer in the OSI model. For example, Ethernet, 802.11 (Wifi) and the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) procedure operate on >1 layer.

The OSI is a model and a tool, not a set of rules.

OSI Layer 1

Layer 1 is the physical layer . There’s a lot of technology in Layer 1 - everything from physical network devices, cabling, to how the cables hook up to the devices. Plus if we don’t need cables, what the signal type and transmission methods are (for example, wireless broadband).

Instead of listing every type of technology in Layer 1, I’ve created broader categories for these technologies. I encourage readers to learn more about each of these categories:

Nodes (devices) and networking hardware components. Devices include hubs, repeaters, routers, computers, printers, and so on. Hardware components that live inside of these devices include antennas, amplifiers, Network Interface Cards (NICs), and more.
Device interface mechanics. How and where does a cable connect to a device (cable connector and device socket)? What is the size and shape of the connector, and how many pins does it have? What dictates when a pin is active or inactive?
Functional and procedural logic. What is the function of each pin in the connector - send or receive? What procedural logic dictates the sequence of events so a node can start to communicate with another node on Layer 2?
Cabling protocols and specifications. Ethernet (CAT), USB, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) , and more. Specifications include maximum cable length, modulation techniques, radio specifications, line coding, and bits synchronization (more on that below).
Cable types. Options include shielded or unshielded twisted pair, untwisted pair, coaxial and so on. Learn more about cable types here .
Signal type. Baseband is a single bit stream at a time, like a railway track - one-way only. Broadband consists of multiple bit streams at the same time, like a bi-directional highway.
Signal transmission method (may be wired or cable-free). Options include electrical (Ethernet), light (optical networks, fiber optics), radio waves (802.11 WiFi, a/b/g/n/ac/ax variants or Bluetooth). If cable-free, then also consider frequency: 2.5 GHz vs. 5 GHz. If it’s cabled, consider voltage. If cabled and Ethernet, also consider networking standards like 100BASE-T and related standards.

The data unit on Layer 1 is the bit.

A bit the smallest unit of transmittable digital information. Bits are binary, so either a 0 or a 1. Bytes, consisting of 8 bits, are used to represent single characters, like a letter, numeral, or symbol.

Bits are sent to and from hardware devices in accordance with the supported data rate (transmission rate, in number of bits per second or millisecond) and are synchronized so the number of bits sent and received per unit of time remains consistent (this is called bit synchronization). The way bits are transmitted depends on the signal transmission method.

Nodes can send, receive, or send and receive bits. If they can only do one, then the node uses a simplex mode. If they can do both, then the node uses a duplex mode. If a node can send and receive at the same time, it’s full-duplex – if not, it’s just half-duplex.

The original Ethernet was half-duplex. Full-duplex Ethernet is an option now, given the right equipment.

How to Troubleshoot OSI Layer 1 Problems

Here are some Layer 1 problems to watch out for:

Defunct cables, for example damaged wires or broken connectors
Broken hardware network devices, for example damaged circuits
Stuff being unplugged (...we’ve all been there)

If there are issues in Layer 1, anything beyond Layer 1 will not function properly.

Layer 1 contains the infrastructure that makes communication on networks possible.

It defines the electrical, mechanical, procedural, and functional specifications for activating, maintaining, and deactivating physical links between network devices. - Source

Fun fact: deep-sea communications cables transmit data around the world. This map will blow your mind: https://www.submarinecablemap.com/

And because you made it this far, here’s a koala:

OSI Layer 2

Layer 2 is the data link layer . Layer 2 defines how data is formatted for transmission, how much data can flow between nodes, for how long, and what to do when errors are detected in this flow.

In more official tech terms:

Line discipline. Who should talk for how long? How long should nodes be able to transit information for?
Flow control. How much data should be transmitted?
Error control - detection and correction . All data transmission methods have potential for errors, from electrical spikes to dirty connectors. Once Layer 2 technologies tell network administrators about an issue on Layer 2 or Layer 1, the system administrator can correct for those errors on subsequent layers. Layer 2 is mostly concerned with error detection, not error correction. ( Source )

There are two distinct sublayers within Layer 2:

Media Access Control (MAC): the MAC sublayer handles the assignment of a hardware identification number, called a MAC address, that uniquely identifies each device on a network. No two devices should have the same MAC address. The MAC address is assigned at the point of manufacturing. It is automatically recognized by most networks. MAC addresses live on Network Interface Cards (NICs). Switches keep track of all MAC addresses on a network. Learn more about MAC addresses on PC Mag and in this article . Learn more about network switches here .
Logical Link Control (LLC): the LLC sublayer handles framing addressing and flow control. The speed depends on the link between nodes, for example Ethernet or Wifi.

The data unit on Layer 2 is a frame .

Each frame contains a frame header, body, and a frame trailer:

Header: typically includes MAC addresses for the source and destination nodes.
Body: consists of the bits being transmitted.
Trailer: includes error detection information. When errors are detected, and depending on the implementation or configuration of a network or protocol, frames may be discarded or the error may be reported up to higher layers for further error correction. Examples of error detection mechanisms: Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) and Frame Check Sequence (FCS). Learn more about error detection techniques here .

Example of frames, the network layer, and the physical layer

Typically there is a maximum frame size limit, called an Maximum Transmission Unit, MTU. Jumbo frames exceed the standard MTU, learn more about jumbo frames here .

How to Troubleshoot OSI Layer 2 Problems

Here are some Layer 2 problems to watch out for:

All the problems that can occur on Layer 1
Unsuccessful connections (sessions) between two nodes
Sessions that are successfully established but intermittently fail
Frame collisions

The Data Link Layer allows nodes to communicate with each other within a local area network. The foundations of line discipline, flow control, and error control are established in this layer.

OSI Layer 3

Layer 3 is the network layer . This is where we send information between and across networks through the use of routers. Instead of just node-to-node communication, we can now do network-to-network communication.

Routers are the workhorse of Layer 3 - we couldn’t have Layer 3 without them. They move data packets across multiple networks.

Not only do they connect to Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to provide access to the Internet, they also keep track of what’s on its network (remember that switches keep track of all MAC addresses on a network), what other networks it’s connected to, and the different paths for routing data packets across these networks.

Routers store all of this addressing and routing information in routing tables.

Here’s a simple example of a routing table:

A routing table showing the destination, subnet mask, and interface

The data unit on Layer 3 is the data packet . Typically, each data packet contains a frame plus an IP address information wrapper. In other words, frames are encapsulated by Layer 3 addressing information.

The data being transmitted in a packet is also sometimes called the payload . While each packet has everything it needs to get to its destination, whether or not it makes it there is another story.

Layer 3 transmissions are connectionless, or best effort - they don't do anything but send the traffic where it’s supposed to go. More on data transport protocols on Layer 4.

Once a node is connected to the Internet, it is assigned an Internet Protocol (IP) address, which looks either like 172.16. 254.1 (IPv4 address convention) or like 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334 (IPv6 address convention). Routers use IP addresses in their routing tables.

IP addresses are associated with the physical node’s MAC address via the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), which resolves MAC addresses with the node’s corresponding IP address.

ARP is conventionally considered part of Layer 2, but since IP addresses don’t exist until Layer 3, it’s also part of Layer 3.

How to Troubleshoot OSI Layer 3 Problems

Here are some Layer 3 problems to watch out for:

All the problems that can crop up on previous layers :)
Faulty or non-functional router or other node
IP address is incorrectly configured

Many answers to Layer 3 questions will require the use of command-line tools like ping , trace , show ip route , or show ip protocols . Learn more about troubleshooting on layer 1-3 here .

The Network Layer allows nodes to connect to the Internet and send information across different networks.

OSI Layer 4

Layer 4 is the transport layer . This where we dive into the nitty gritty specifics of the connection between two nodes and how information is transmitted between them. It builds on the functions of Layer 2 - line discipline, flow control, and error control.

This layer is also responsible for data packet segmentation, or how data packets are broken up and sent over the network.

Unlike the previous layer, Layer 4 also has an understanding of the whole message, not just the contents of each individual data packet. With this understanding, Layer 4 is able to manage network congestion by not sending all the packets at once.

The data units of Layer 4 go by a few names. For TCP, the data unit is a packet. For UDP, a packet is referred to as a datagram. I’ll just use the term data packet here for the sake of simplicity.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) are two of the most well-known protocols in Layer 4.

TCP, a connection-oriented protocol, prioritizes data quality over speed.

TCP explicitly establishes a connection with the destination node and requires a handshake between the source and destination nodes when data is transmitted. The handshake confirms that data was received. If the destination node does not receive all of the data, TCP will ask for a retry.

TCP also ensures that packets are delivered or reassembled in the correct order. Learn more about TCP here .

UDP, a connectionless protocol, prioritizes speed over data quality. UDP does not require a handshake, which is why it’s called connectionless.

Because UDP doesn’t have to wait for this acknowledgement, it can send data at a faster rate, but not all of the data may be successfully transmitted and we’d never know.

If information is split up into multiple datagrams, unless those datagrams contain a sequence number, UDP does not ensure that packets are reassembled in the correct order. Learn more about UDP here .

TCP and UDP both send data to specific ports on a network device, which has an IP address. The combination of the IP address and the port number is called a socket.

Learn more about sockets here .

Learn more about the differences and similarities between these two protocols here .

How to Troubleshoot OSI Layer 4 Problems

Here are some Layer 4 problems to watch out for:

Blocked ports - check your Access Control Lists (ACL) & firewalls
Quality of Service (QoS) settings. QoS is a feature of routers/switches that can prioritize traffic, and they can really muck things up. Learn more about QoS here .

The Transport Layer provides end-to-end transmission of a message by segmenting a message into multiple data packets; the layer supports connection-oriented and connectionless communication.

OSI Layer 5

Layer 5 is the session layer . This layer establishes, maintains, and terminates sessions.

A session is a mutually agreed upon connection that is established between two network applications. Not two nodes! Nope, we’ve moved on from nodes. They were so Layer 4.

Just kidding, we still have nodes, but Layer 5 doesn’t need to retain the concept of a node because that’s been abstracted out (taken care of) by previous layers.

So a session is a connection that is established between two specific end-user applications. There are two important concepts to consider here:

Client and server model: the application requesting the information is called the client, and the application that has the requested information is called the server.
Request and response model: while a session is being established and during a session, there is a constant back-and-forth of requests for information and responses containing that information or “hey, I don’t have what you’re requesting.”

Sessions may be open for a very short amount of time or a long amount of time. They may fail sometimes, too.

Depending on the protocol in question, various failure resolution processes may kick in. Depending on the applications/protocols/hardware in use, sessions may support simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex modes.

Examples of protocols on Layer 5 include Network Basic Input Output System (NetBIOS) and Remote Procedure Call Protocol (RPC), and many others.

From here on out (layer 5 and up), networks are focused on ways of making connections to end-user applications and displaying data to the user.

How to Troubleshoot OSI Layer 5 Problems

Here are some Layer 5 problems to watch out for:

Servers are unavailable
Servers are incorrectly configured, for example Apache or PHP configs
Session failure - disconnect, timeout, and so on.

The Session Layer initiates, maintains, and terminates connections between two end-user applications. It responds to requests from the presentation layer and issues requests to the transport layer.

OSI Layer 6

Layer 6 is the presentation layer . This layer is responsible for data formatting, such as character encoding and conversions, and data encryption.

The operating system that hosts the end-user application is typically involved in Layer 6 processes. This functionality is not always implemented in a network protocol.

Layer 6 makes sure that end-user applications operating on Layer 7 can successfully consume data and, of course, eventually display it.

There are three data formatting methods to be aware of:

American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII): this 7-bit encoding technique is the most widely used standard for character encoding. One superset is ISO-8859-1, which provides most of the characters necessary for languages spoken in Western Europe.
Extended Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBDCIC): designed by IBM for mainframe usage. This encoding is incompatible with other character encoding methods.
Unicode: character encodings can be done with 32-, 16-, or 8-bit characters and attempts to accommodate every known, written alphabet.

Learn more about character encoding methods in this article , and also here .

Encryption: SSL or TLS encryption protocols live on Layer 6. These encryption protocols help ensure that transmitted data is less vulnerable to malicious actors by providing authentication and data encryption for nodes operating on a network. TLS is the successor to SSL.

How to Troubleshoot OSI Layer 6 Problems

Here are some Layer 6 problems to watch out for:

Non-existent or corrupted drivers
Incorrect OS user access level

The Presentation Layer formats and encrypts data.

OSI Layer 7

Layer 7 is the application layer .

True to its name, this is the layer that is ultimately responsible for supporting services used by end-user applications. Applications include software programs that are installed on the operating system, like Internet browsers (for example, Firefox) or word processing programs (for example, Microsoft Word).

Applications can perform specialized network functions under the hood and require specialized services that fall under the umbrella of Layer 7.

Electronic mail programs, for example, are specifically created to run over a network and utilize networking functionality, such as email protocols, which fall under Layer 7.

Applications will also control end-user interaction, such as security checks (for example, MFA), identification of two participants, initiation of an exchange of information, and so on.

Protocols that operate on this level include File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Secure Shell (SSH), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), Domain Name Service (DNS), and Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).

While each of these protocols serve different functions and operate differently, on a high level they all facilitate the communication of information. ( Source )

How to Troubleshoot OSI Layer 7 Problems

Here are some Layer 7 problems to watch out for:

All issues on previous layers
Incorrectly configured software applications
User error (... we’ve all been there)

The Application Layer owns the services and functions that end-user applications need to work. It does not include the applications themselves.

Our Layer 1 koala is all grown up.

Learning check - can you apply makeup to a koala?

Don’t have a koala?

Well - answer these questions instead. It’s the next best thing, I promise.

What is the OSI model?
What are each of the layers?
How could I use this information to troubleshoot networking issues?

Congratulations - you’ve taken one step farther to understanding the glorious entity we call the Internet.

Learning Resources

Many, very smart people have written entire books about the OSI model or entire books about specific layers. I encourage readers to check out any O’Reilly-published books about the subject or about network engineering in general.

Here are some resources I used when writing this article:

The Illustrated Network, 2nd Edition
Protocol Data Unit (PDU): https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-segments-packets-and-frames/
Troubleshooting Along the OSI Model: https://www.pearsonitcertification.com/articles/article.aspx?p=1730891
The OSI Model Demystified: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HEEnLZV2wGI
OSI Model for Dummies: https://www.dummies.com/programming/networking/layers-in-the-osi-model-of-a-computer-network/

Chloe Tucker is an artist and computer science enthusiast based in Portland, Oregon. As a former educator, she's continuously searching for the intersection of learning and teaching, or technology and art. Reach out to her on Twitter @_chloetucker and check out her website at chloe.dev .

Presentation layer and Session layer of the OSI model

There are two popular networking models: the OSI layers model and the TCP/IP layers model. The presentation layer and session layer exist only in the OSI layers models. The TCP/IP layers model merges them into the application layer.

The Presentation Layer

The presentation layer is the sixth layer of the OSI Reference model. It defines how data and information is transmitted and presented to the user. It translates data and format code in such a way that it is correctly used by the application layer.

It identifies the syntaxes that different applications use and formats data using those syntaxes. For example, a web browser receives a web page from a web server in the HTML language. HTML language includes many tags and markup that have no meaning for the end user but they have special meaning for the web browser. the web browser uses the presentation layer's logic to read those syntaxes and format data in such a way the web server wants it to be present to the user.

On the sender device, it encapsulates and compresses data before sending it to the network to increase the speed and security of the network. On the receiver device, it de-encapsulates and decompresses data before presenting it to the user.

Examples of the presentation layer

Example standards for representing graphical information: JPEG, GIF, JPEG, and TIFF.

Example standards for representing audio information: WAV, MIDI, MP3.

Example standards for representing video information: WMV, MOV, MP4, MPEG.

Example standards for representing text information: doc, xls, txt, pdf.

Functions of the presentation layer

It formats and presents data and information.
It encrypts and compresses data before giving it to the session layer.
It de-encrypts and decompresses the encrypted and compressed data it receives from the session layer.

Session layer

The session layer is the fifth layer of the OSI layers model. It is responsible for initiating, establishing, managing, and terminating sessions between the local application and the remote applications.

It defines standards for three modes of communication: full duplex, half-duplex, and simplex.

In the full duplex mode, both devices can send and receive data simultaneously. The internet connection is an example of the full duplex mode.

In the half duplex mode, only one device can send data at a time. A telephone conversation is an example of the half-duplex mode.

In the simplex mode, only one device can send data. A radio broadcast is an example of the simplex mode.

Functions of the session layer

It is responsible for terminating sessions, creating checkpoints, and recovering data when sessions are interrupted.
It opens and maintains logical communication channels between network applications running on the local host and network applications running on the remote host.
If a network application uses an authentication mechanism before it opens a logical communication channel (session) with the remote host, it handles the authentication process.

Examples of the session layer

Structure Query Language (SQL), Remote Procedure Call (RPC), and Network File System (NFS) are examples of the session layer.

By ComputerNetworkingNotes Updated on 2024-05-05 05:30:01 IST

ComputerNetworkingNotes CCNA Study Guide Presentation layer and Session layer of the OSI model

We do not accept any kind of Guest Post. Except Guest post submission, for any other query (such as adverting opportunity, product advertisement, feedback, suggestion, error reporting and technical issue) or simply just say to hello mail us [email protected]

PrepBytes Blog

ONE-STOP RESOURCE FOR EVERYTHING RELATED TO CODING

Sign in to your account

Forgot your password?

Login via OTP

We will send you an one time password on your mobile number

An OTP has been sent to your mobile number please verify it below

Register with PrepBytes

Presentation layer in osi model.

Last Updated on March 7, 2024 by Abhishek Sharma

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework used to understand the functions of a telecommunication or computing system. It consists of seven layers, each responsible for specific tasks. The sixth layer, known as the Presentation Layer, plays a crucial role in ensuring that data exchanged between systems is readable and usable. Let’s explore the functions and importance of the Presentation Layer in the OSI model.

What is Presentation Layer in OSI Model?

The Presentation Layer, the sixth layer of the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model, is responsible for ensuring that data exchanged between systems is in a format that can be interpreted and used by the receiving system. It performs various functions, including data translation, encryption, compression, and formatting, to facilitate efficient and secure communication between networked devices.

Functions of the Presentation Layer

Below are some of the functions of the Presentation Layer in OSI Model:

Data Translation: The Presentation Layer translates data from the format used by the application layer into a format that can be transmitted over the network. This includes encoding, compression, and encryption.
Data Formatting: It ensures that data is formatted according to the specifications of the application layer. This includes converting between different character sets, such as ASCII and Unicode.
Data Compression: The Presentation Layer compresses data to reduce the amount of bandwidth required for transmission, improving network efficiency.
Data Encryption: It encrypts data to ensure that it remains secure during transmission, protecting it from unauthorized access.
Data Syntax: The Presentation Layer defines the syntax for data representation, ensuring that both the sender and receiver understand the structure of the data being exchanged.

Importance of the Presentation Layer

Importance of Presentation Layer are:

Data Integrity: By ensuring that data is formatted correctly and encrypted, the Presentation Layer helps maintain the integrity of data during transmission.
Interoperability: The Presentation Layer enables different systems to communicate with each other by ensuring that data is translated into a common format that both systems understand.
Efficiency: Data compression reduces the amount of data that needs to be transmitted, improving network efficiency and reducing bandwidth requirements.
Security: Encryption provided by the Presentation Layer ensures that data remains secure and protected from unauthorized access.

Conclusion The Presentation Layer is a crucial component of the OSI model, responsible for ensuring that data exchanged between systems is in a format that can be understood and used. By performing functions such as data translation, formatting, compression, and encryption, the Presentation Layer plays a vital role in maintaining data integrity, facilitating interoperability, and ensuring the security of data during transmission.

FAQs related to Presentation Layer in OSI Model

Here are some of the FAQs related to Presentation Layer in OSI Model:

Q1: What is the role of the Presentation Layer in the OSI model? The Presentation Layer ensures that data exchanged between systems is in a usable format, performing functions such as data translation, encryption, compression, and formatting.

Q2: How does the Presentation Layer ensure data security? The Presentation Layer encrypts data before transmission, making it unreadable to unauthorized parties, thus ensuring data security.

Q3: Why is data compression important in the Presentation Layer? Data compression reduces the size of data packets, leading to faster transmission speeds and optimized bandwidth usage, which is crucial in high-traffic networks.

Q4: How does the Presentation Layer facilitate interoperability between systems? By translating data into a common format that both sender and receiver understand, the Presentation Layer enables different systems to communicate with each other seamlessly.

Q5: Can the Presentation Layer be bypassed in data transmission? While it is possible to bypass the Presentation Layer in some cases, doing so can lead to compatibility issues between systems and is not recommended.

Presentation Layer

Last Edited

What is the Presentation Layer?

Presentation Layer is the Layer 6 of the seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model . The presentation layer structures data that is passed down from the application layer into a format suitable for network transmission. This layer is responsible for data encryption, data compression, character set conversion, interpretation of graphics commands, and so on. The network redirector also functions at this layer.

Presentation Layer functions

Translation: Before being transmitted, information in the form of characters and numbers should be changed to bit streams. Layer 6 is responsible for interoperability between encoding methods as different computers use different encoding methods. It translates data between the formats the network requires and the format the computer.
Encryption: Encryption at the transmitter and decryption at the receiver
Compression: Data compression to reduce the bandwidth of the data to be transmitted. The primary role of data compression is to reduce the number of bits to be transmitted. Multimedia files, such as audio and video, are bigger than text files and compression is more important.

Role of Presentation Layer in the OSI Model

This layer is not always used in network communications because its functions are not always necessary. Translation is only needed if different types of machines need to talk with each other. Encryption is optional in communication. If the information is public there is no need to encrypt and decrypt info. Compression is also optional. If files are small there is no need for compression.

Explaining Layer 6 in video

Most real-world protocol suites, such as TCP/IP , do not use separate presentation layer protocols. This layer is mostly an abstraction in real-world networking.

An example of a program that loosely adheres to layer 6 of OSI is the tool that manages the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) — although it’s technically considered an application-layer protocol per the TCP/IP model.

However, HTTP includes presentation layer services within it. HTTP works when the requesting device forwards user requests passed to the web browser onto a web server elsewhere in the network.

It receives a return message from the web server that includes a multipurpose internet mail extensions (MIME) header. The MIME header indicates the type of file – text, video, or audio – that has been received so that an appropriate player utility can be used to present the file to the user.

In short, the presentation layer

Makes sure that data which is being transferred or received should be accurate or clear to all the devices which are there, in a closed network.

ensures proper formatting and delivery to and from the application layer;
performs data encryption; and
manages serialization of data objects.

Computer Network

Operating Systems
Computer Fundamentals
Interview Q

Physical Layer

Data link layer, network layer, routing algorithm, transport layer, application layer, application protocols, network security.

Interview Questions

Send your Feedback to [email protected]

Help Others, Please Share

Learn Latest Tutorials

Transact-SQL

Reinforcement Learning

R Programming

React Native

Python Design Patterns

Python Pillow

Python Turtle

Preparation

Verbal Ability

Company Questions

Trending Technologies

Artificial Intelligence

Cloud Computing

Data Science

Machine Learning

B.Tech / MCA

Data Structures

Operating System

Compiler Design

Computer Organization

Discrete Mathematics

Ethical Hacking

Computer Graphics

Software Engineering

Web Technology

Cyber Security

C Programming

Control System

Data Mining

Data Warehouse

Physical Layer

Digital Transmission
Multiplexing
Circuit-Switched
Message-Switched Networks
Packet Switching

Transport layer

Transport Layer
Telnet vs SSH
UDP Protocol
TCP - Protocol

ISO/OSI REFERENCE MODEL

Introduction to Reference Models
OSI Model: Physical Layer
OSI Model: Datalink Layer
OSI Model: Network Layer
OSI Model: Transport Layer
OSI Model: Session Layer
OSI Model: Presentation Layer
OSI Model: Application Layer

TCP/IP REFERENCE MODELCOMPUTER NETWORKS

The TCP/IP Reference Model
Difference between OSI and TCP/IP Model
Key Terms - Computer Network

Session layer

Session Layer

Computer Networks

Components of Computer Networks
Features of Computer Network
Protocols and Standards
Connection Oriented and Connectionless
OSI Vs TCP/IP

Presentation layer

Presentation Layer

Application layer

HTTP Protocol
FTP Protocol
SMTP Protocol
POP Protocol
SNMP Protocol
Electronic Mail
MIME Protocol
World Wide Web
DNS Protocol

Presentation Layer - OSI Model

The primary goal of this layer is to take care of the syntax and semantics of the information exchanged between two communicating systems. Presentation layer takes care that the data is sent in such a way that the receiver will understand the information(data) and will be able to use the data. Languages(syntax) can be different of the two communicating systems. Under this condition presentation layer plays a role translator.

In order to make it possible for computers with different data representations to communicate, the data structures to be exchanged can be defined in an abstract way. The presentation layer manages these abstract data structures and allows higher-level data structures(eg: banking records), to be defined and exchanged.

Functions of Presentation Layer

Translation: Before being transmitted, information in the form of characters and numbers should be changed to bit streams. The presentation layer is responsible for interoperability between encoding methods as different computers use different encoding methods. It translates data between the formats the network requires and the format the computer.
Encryption: It carries out encryption at the transmitter and decryption at the receiver.
Compression: It carries out data compression to reduce the bandwidth of the data to be transmitted. The primary role of Data compression is to reduce the number of bits to be 0transmitted. It is important in transmitting multimedia such as audio, video, text etc.

Design Issues with Presentation Layer

To manage and maintain the Syntax and Semantics of the information transmitted.
Encoding data in a standard agreed upon way. Eg: String, double, date, etc.
Perform Standard Encoding on wire.
← Prev
Next →

CN MCQ Tests

gate interview tests.

Presentation Layer: Protocols, Examples, Services | Functions of Presentation Layer

Presentation Layer is the 6th layer in the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model where all application programmer consider data structure and presentation, beyond of simply sending the data into form of datagram otherwise packets in between the hosts. Now, we will explain about what is presentation layer with its protocols, example, service ; involving with major functions of presentation Layer with ease. At the end of this article, you will completely educate about What is Presentation Layer in OSI Model without any hassle.

What is Presentation Layer?

Definition : Presentation layer is 6th layer in the OSI model , and its main objective is to present all messages to upper layer as a standardized format. It is also known as the “ Translation layer “. This layer takes care of syntax and semantics of messages exchanged in between two communication systems. Presentation layer has responsible that receiver can understand all data, and it will be to implement all data languages can be dissimilar of two communication system.

Presentation layer is capable to handle abstract data structures, and further it helps to defined and exchange of higher-level data structures.

Presentation Layer Tutorial Headlines:

In this section, we will show you all headlines about this entire article; you can check them as your choice; below shown all:

Functions of Presentation Layer

Protocols of Presentation Layer

Example of Presentation Layer Protocols

Presentation Layer Services

Design issues with presentation layer, faqs (frequently asked questions), what is meant by presentation layer in osi model, what protocols are used in the presentation layer, can you explain some presentation layer examples, what are the main functions of the presentation layer, what are services of presentation layer in osi, let’s get started, functions of presentation layer.

Presentation layer performs various functions in the OSI model ; below explain each one –

Presentation layer helps to translate from American standard code for information interchange (ASCII) to the extended binary code decimal interchange code (EBCDIC).
It deals with user interface as well as supporting for several services such as email and file transfer.
It provides encoding mechanism for translating all messages from user dependent format with common format and vice – versa.
It’s main goal for data encryption and decryption of entire data before they are getting transmission over all common platforms.
It provides data compression mechanism for source point to decrease the all bits which are transmitted. Due to this data compression system, user are able to transmit enlarge multimedia file at fastest file transfer rate.
Due to use of Data Encryption and Decryption algorithm, presentation layer provides more network protection and confidentiality while transmission data over the entire network.
This layer offers best flexibility for data translation for making connections with various kinds of servers , computers, and mainframes over the similar network.
Presentation layer has responsible to fix all translations in between all network systems .

Presentation layer is used various protocols; below list is available –

Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
File Transfer Protocol
Network News Transfer Protocol
Apple Filing Protocol (AFP)
Independent Computing Architecture (ICA), the Citrix system core protocol
Lightweight Presentation Protocol (LPP)
NetWare Core Protocol (NCP)
Network Data Representation (NDR)
Telnet (a remote terminal access protocol)
Tox Protocol
eXternal Data Representation (XDR)
25 Packet Assembler/Disassembler Protocol (PAD)

Example of Presentation Layer Protocols:

Here, we will discuss all examples of presentation layer protocols; below explain each one –

Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) : MIME protocol was introduced by Bell Communications in 1991, and it is an internet standard that provides scalable capable of email for attaching of images, sounds and text in a message.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) : FTP is a internet protocol, and its main goal is to transmit all files in between one host to other hosts over the internet on TCP/IP connections.

Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) : This protocol is used to make connection with Usenet server and transmit all newsgroup articles in between system over internet.

Apple Filing Protocol (AFP ) : AFP protocol is designed by Apple company for sharing all files over the entire network .

Lightweight Presentation Protocol (LPP) : This protocol is used to offer ISO presentation services on top of TCP/IP based protocol stacks.

NetWare Core Protocol (NCP) : NCP is a Novell client server model protocol that is designed especially for Local Area Network (LAN). It is capable to perform several functions like as file/print-sharing, clock synchronization, remote processing and messaging.

Network Data Representation (NDR) : NDR is an data encoding standard, and it is implement in the Distributed Computing Environment (DCE).

Telnet (Telecommunication Network) : Telnet protocol was introduced in 1969, and it offers the command line interface for making communication along with remote device or server .

Tox : The Tox protocol is sometimes regarded as part of both the presentation and application layer , and it is used for sending peer-to-peer instant-messaging as well as video calling.

eXternal Data Representation (XDR) : This protocol provides the description and encoding of entire data, and it’s main goal is to transfer data in between dissimilar computer architecture.

25 Packet Assembler/Disassembler Protocol (PAD) : Main objective of this protocol is to obtain all data from group of terminal and allots the data into X. 25 packets.

Presentation layer provides several services like as –

Data conversion
Character code translation
Compression
Encryption and Decryption
It helps to handle and maintain Syntax and Semantics of the message transmitted.
Encoding data can be done as standard agreed like as String, double, date, and more.
Standard Encoding can be done on wire.

Presentation Layer is the 6th layer in the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model that is the lowest layer, where all application programmer consider data structure and presentation, beyond of simply sending the data into form of datagram otherwise packets in between the hosts.

Presentation layer is used various protocols like as:

Yes! In this article, already we have been explained many examples of presentation layer; you can check them.

Presentation layer has a responsibility for formatting, translation, and delivery of the information for getting to process otherwise display .

Now, i hope that you have completely learnt about what is presentation layer with its protocols, example, service ; involving with major functions of presentation Layer with ease. If this post is useful for you, then please share it along with your friends, family members or relatives over social media platforms like as Facebook, Instagram, Linked In, Twitter, and more.

Also Read: Data Link Layer: Protocols, Examples | Functions of Data Link Layer

If you have any experience, tips, tricks, or query regarding this issue? You can drop a comment!

Infoblox Threat Intel
BloxOne® Applications
Infoblox Community
Partner Portal
Search Search Submit

What is Layer 6 of The OSI Model: Presentation Layer?

Layer 6 of The OSI Model: Presentation Layer is the layer of the ISO Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model that establishes context between application-layer entities, in which the higher-layer entities may use different syntax and semantics if the presentation service provides a mapping between them. If a mapping is available, presentation service data units are encapsulated into session protocol data units, and passed down the stack. This layer provides independence from data representation (e.g., encryption) by translating between application and network formats. The presentation layer transforms data into the form that the application accepts. This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent across a network.

FROM THE INFOBLOX COMMUNITY

Still Using DHCP On Your Routers? You Can’t Do That With IPv6
How Docker Networking Works and the Importance of IPAM Functionality
Don’t Forget One Critical Piece When Modernizing Service Providers’ NFV and SDN Architecture

◀ Back to Glossary Index

ABOUT INFOBLOX

Infoblox unites networking and security to deliver unmatched performance and protection. Trusted by Fortune 100 companies and emerging innovators, we provide real-time visibility and control over who and what connects to your network, so your organization runs faster and stops threats earlier.

Let’s talk core networking and security

Market Leadership
BloxOne® DDI
BloxOne® Threat Defense
Threat Intel
Advanced DNS Protection
Cybersecurity Ecosystem
Cloud Network Automation
Unified Network View
Global Load Balancing
Reporting and Analytics
IPAM for Microsoft
Network Automation and Compliance
Multi-Cloud Networking
Hybrid Workplace
SaaS Enabled Enterprise
On-Premises + Cloud-Managed Networking
Cybersecurity Frameworks
Secure Edge Services
IT Compliance
Accelerate Office 365
Deploy IPv6
Optimize SD-WAN
Support Encrypted DNS
Higher Education
Public Health & Human Services
State & Local
Mobile Providers
Cable and Broadband
Managed Service Providers
Subscriber Services
Support Overview
Customer Support Portal
Technical Account Manager
Professional Services
Education Services
Customer Success Management
Cloud Services Portal (CSP)
Cloud Services Status
Developer Portal
Analyst Reports
Customer Case Studies
Deployment Guides
Evaluations
Live Events & Webinars
Infographics
Solution Notes
On-demand Webinars
Whitepapers
About Infoblox
Environmental, Social, and Governance Policy
Infoblox for Microsoft
Infoblox for AWS
Company Blog
In the News
Press Releases
Partners Portal

Trending Articles on Technical and Non Technical topics

Selected Reading
UPSC IAS Exams Notes
Developer's Best Practices
Questions and Answers
Effective Resume Writing
HR Interview Questions
Computer Glossary

Explain the functions of Presentation Layer.

The functions of the presentation layer are as follows:

It provides the users with a way to execute the session service primitives. For that, it uses the contexts, each consisting of some data types and their transfer syntaxes. When a session is established, the peer entities negotiate for one or more contexts. It can change these contexts as the session progresses.
Once the negotiations have been agreed upon, each machine is free to represent the data structures internally in the most convenient form. It is known that it should express that it can be transmitted and understood by the remote peer entity even if a different internal representation is used there.
It provides a way to specify complex data structures. The presentation layer provides services dealing with the representation of data. It accepts data types from the application layer and then negotiates for the syntax representation like ASCII, Videotex, teletype etc.
The layer also contains Abstract syntax negotiation as a language (ASN.I), which describes data structure and syntax. The layer manages the set of data structures currently required. It also converts data between internal and external forms. It uses data representations and data compression to perform this function.
It provides an establishment and release of the presentation connection. A particular functional unit, 'kernel', is used to establish and release the presentation connection. It is a unit that is always required. The negotiation of the defined ontext set and default context is done during the connection establishment phase. These negotiated contexts are used throughout the life of the connection
The presentation entities can modify the defined context set. This can be done only if the context management functional unit is chosen to establish the connection. During the connection, the user application entities inform the new abstract syntax to be added, deleted or changed, and the presentation entities negotiate the common transfer syntax. Such needs are in various situations. For example, if a file is required to be accessed which has a different syntax etc.
If a resynchronization occurs at the session layer, it must restore the defined context, and the presentation layer can do it. It chooses the context restoration functional unit for this function.
The presentation layer also encodes the defined abstract syntax into common transfer syntax. It uses various encoding and decoding rules/methods for that. The set of encoding and decoding rules are defined in ISO 8825, Specification of Basic Encoding Rules for ASN.1. They use a Type-Length-value form of encoding.
The presentation layer also provides privacy and network security by using end to end encryption. The encryption makes the data unintelligible to all but their intended recipient.
Using encryption can protect the data from being read by unauthorized persons. It also prevents them from inserting or deleting messages. It verifies each message’s sender and also makes it possible for users to send signed documents electronically.

Explain the functions of Session Layer.
The Presentation Layer of OSI Model
Explain the functions of a Physical Layer
What is Presentation Layer?
What is a presentation layer?
Functions of the Network Layer
What are the functions of Network Layer?
Explain the services of the physical layer
What are the functions of each layer in TCP/IP?
Explain the functions of the chloroplast.
Diagrammatic Presentation Of Data
Explain the functions of WAN in Computer Network
The best presentation tools for business
Explain the services provided by Network Layer in Computer Network.
Explain Generator functions in JavaScript?

Kickstart Your Career

Get certified by completing the course

To Continue Learning Please Login

App Architecture: Presentation layer

This is a series of articles about how to architecture your app that it was inspired by Google Guide to App Architecture and my personal experience.

Today we finally explore the Presentation layer of our architecture. It contains all UI-related logic and everything the user can see and interact with. This layer is also responsible for interpreting application data to the user-readable form and vice versa, transforming user interaction to the data changes in the app.

In this guide, I will demonstrate how to implement and organize a UI layer. There are a lot of libraries, frameworks, and patterns you can use to build a UI layer. Today I’m building everything based on the next tech stack: Android Fragment + Jatpack Compose + Orbit-MVI + Kotlin + Flow + Coroutines + Koin (DI). This is one of the optimal combinations. I will focus on the UI’s building blocks such as Router , Router Container, ViewModel, Screen, and Navigator.

The Route is the main UI unit responsible for:

Holding ViewModel, Navigator , and Screen composable with UI elements.
Consuming the UI state.
Handling Side Effects (one-time action).
Passing user interaction to the ViewModel .

The main idea that sits behind the Router is to encapsulate and make a self-sustainable UI unit that knows how to produce and manage the UI state (implement unidirectional data flow) and navigate.

Naming conventions

The Route classes are named after the Screen name they’re responsible for.

Screen name + Route.

For example: FareListRoute , ConformationRoute .

In the code above you can see what Router looks like. The ViewModel passed as a parameter and injected by Koin (DI). Along with it, we pass Navigator and ryderId as data passed from the previous screen. The one cool feature of the Koin is that you can inject ryderId it into ViewModel the constructor.

The Router can have more than one ViewModel .

I’ll cover it in the section about ViewModel . In the Router we collect the state that ViewModel holds and pass it as a parameter to the Screen .

Do not pass ViewModel as an argument to the Screen composable function. Doing so couples the composable function with the ViewModel type, making it less reusable and harder to test and preview. Also, there would be no clear single source of truth that manages the ViewModel instance.

The collectAsState is extension function ContainerHost that ViewModel implement from the Orbit library.

lifecycleState — The Lifecycle where the restarting collecting from this flow work will be kept alive.

RenderEffect — another extension function (to be able to call ViewModel extension function) responsible for collecting side effects using collectSideEffect .

The Side Effect is a one-time action often it’s navigation like GoToConfirmation screen, show Snack Bar, Toast, and Dialog in some cases.

The Router Container

The Fragment is the UI container for Route. It can contain DI-injected fields we don’t want to pass to the Router, and hold arguments.

These classes are named after the UI component that they’re responsible for.

UI component name + Fragment.

For example FareListFragment .

UI component name + Controller.

For example FareListController .

As you can see the code of fragment classes is small because all UI logic is encapsulated in Route, which makes it easy to change the container implementation.

The Router shouldn’t know navigation implementation details, it should depend on Navigator .

That is why the injection logic of the navigator is inside the Fragment, not the Router because the navigator requires a Fragment NavController to implement navigation logic. It keeps the Router decoupled from the container implementation and allows us to easily change container implementation, for example — using Compose navigation or Controller from Conductor lib.

The Navigator is responsible for:

Encapsulates navigation logic from the Router.
Restricts navigation API for certain screens.
Define explicit API for each screen.

If the screen has navigation to another screen, it should have its navigator class. It can be extended from the base ScreenNavigator with a default go-back action, can contain other navigators and platform-dependent components like Fragment NavController .

The navigator classes are named after the Screen name that they’re responsible for:

Screen name + Navigator.

For example FareListNavigator .

Let’s look at the next diagram that shows the relationship between gradle modules of our app.

Here you can see core modules Core , Shared. The f eature modules such as Fare and Profile , and the App module.

For example, we have a Fare module with features and one of them has a button for navigation to the profile screen of the user. The user profile page is in the Profile module. How to implement this navigation?

For that, we need to create an interface ProfileSharedNavigator that knows how to navigate to the user Profile page, and keep it in the Shared module.

According to our architecture, the Fare module depends on Shared, so we can use ProfileSharedNavigator in the FareListNavigator .

We pass ProfileSharedNavigator to the FareListNavigator as one of its arguments and delegate navigation calls to it.

The ScreenNavigator is the base class that knows only how to navigate back.

The App module knows everything about everyone in the app. The main purpose of this module is to organize all dependency injection logic between all feature modules in the project.

As you can see AppNavigator hold the real implementation of the ProfileSharedNavigator interface. We can depend on this interface across different modules, and create real instances of it in the App module following the Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP) .

The state file contains the UI state data class and for the Side Effects sealed class suites the best. State class can be Parcelable (optional) if you want the state to survive through the configuration changes. All properties should have a default value if it’s possible. Effect class contains one-time action on UI, like navigation, show toast, snack bar, bottom sheet, or dialog. To learn more about Effect you can read Orbit Side Effect documentation.

The state classes are named after the UI component type they’re responsible for. The convention is as follows:

UI component name + State.

UI component name + Effect.

For example: FareListState and FareListEffect .

If your screen has different loading states, better to explicitly split it in your state class. The screen can have few content states, such as Idle , Loading , Refreshing , Success , Failure . After the initial content loading, we might want to make a request to the server and show loading to the user, in that case better to show the loading dialog using a separate showRequestLoading property instead of using status a field and set ScreenContentStatus.Loading . The point is not to try to reuse one field to cover different loading cases.

The Presentation layer also has its data models that reflect models from the Domain layer but are more UI-specific. The mapping logic of the presentation model to the domain and vice versa should be placed in the ViewModel class.

Android, Compose and automated screenshots making

Publishing private kotlin multiplatform libraries with github packages, jetpack compose screen navigation with type safety.

There are currently no vacancies.

OUR VIDEO RECOMMENDATION

Sync data with your mobile kotlin app the easy way.

Senior Software Engineer, Mobile SDK

Android developer

Technical Integration Supporter

The presentation layer shouldn’t expose the UI model to other layers.
The presentation model can implement platform-specific ways of serialization such as Parcelable and Serializable .
The presentation model should be immutable.

The model classes are named after the data type that they’re responsible for:

type of data + Model.

For example: Ryder , Fare .

The ViewModel is a business logic state holder. In Android development, ViewModel is suitable for providing access to the business logic and preparing the application data for presentation on the screen. Also, process user events and transform data from the data or domain layers to screen UI state.

For the current implementation, I’m using androidx.lifecycle.ViewModel and Orbit-MVI lib. The ViewModel holds the Orbit container and implements ContainerHost . Check out Orbit API documentation to understand better what going on.

The ViewModel classes are named after the UI component type that they’re responsible for:

UI component name + ViewModel.

For example FareListViewModel .

In the code above you can see the example of ViewModel. Let’s shed light on what is going on there.

Let’s start with the constructor. As you can see we inject the use case from the domain layer, ryderId which we pass from the previous screen, and ExceptionHandler. The ViewModel can have multiple use cases.

If you end up in a situation where you have 10+ use cases in the ViewModel, it’s a signal for you to split your ViewModel on few smaller.

Do not try to put some use cases to wrapper classes like this:

and then put it in your ViewModel

The more interesting stuff going on in fetchFares method.

A few words about Orbit lib API. The intent method is executed lambda on Dispatcher.Default . The reduce a method is executed lambda on Dispatcher.Main . It reduces the state and updates the UI state.

Do not execute the use case in the lambda of reduce the method.

The executeUseCase is an extension method of ViewModel to execute the use case and wrap its result to kotlin.Result<R> . It allows you to use extension methods of the Result class such as onSuccess , onFailure . Also, pass the exception to the ViewModel handler.

The executeUseCase method intended to execute only one use case.

If you face a situation when you need to execute 2+ use cases for one operation then you should consider the following options:

Create a new use case, put all the logic there, and combine the use case you need.
If you need to wait for results from multiple use cases and combine them:

The asPresentation() method responsible for mapping the data model from the domain layer to the model of the presentation layer. You can read how to pam data between layers here .

The Screen file contains all UI-composed implementations with a Compose preview of each screen state like empty, error, loading, and content.

The screen classes are named after the UI component type that they’re responsible for:

UI component name + Screen.

For example FareListScreen .

There are a few rules I recommend you follow when building your UI using Compose.

Choose stateless composable over stateful. You can read more about it here .
Pass all callbacks up to the top screen composable and pass all user interaction to the ViewModel on the Router level.
Make composable previews for different states of UI components.

Imagine we need to write TopAppBar Composable function with title as parameter. There are two ways you can consider, pass title as a String or @Composable () -> Unit function.

Always choose option 2. It will make your Composable function more customizable and robust at the same time.

Screen preview

To make the screen preview look as close as possible to the real-world scenario we need some random data to create a state. For that, you can create FareModelFake class, put it in the same package as FareModel .

The FareModelFake class contains FareModel with fake data that you can use for your previews.

Packaging conventions

Wrapping up.

There are a lot of different ways to implement the Presentation layer. Today I shared with you some ideas on how the Presentation layer can be done. You can follow this approach or use some ideas in your implementation.

You can check the sample project on github .

Stay tuned for the next App Architecture topic to cover.

This artice is previously published on proandroiddev.com

YOU MAY BE INTERESTED IN

Swipe to dismiss — jetpack compose, make sure to update your stateflow safely in kotlin, the definitive guide of android ui automator with kotlin, basic drag-n-drop in jetpack compose.

View all posts

Introducing Copilot+ PCs

May 20, 2024 | Yusuf Mehdi - Executive Vice President, Consumer Chief Marketing Officer

Share on Facebook (opens new window)
Share on Twitter (opens new window)
Share on LinkedIn (opens new window)

An on-demand recording of our May 20 event is available .

Today, at a special event on our new Microsoft campus, we introduced the world to a new category of Windows PCs designed for AI, Copilot+ PCs.

Copilot+ PCs are the fastest, most intelligent Windows PCs ever built. With powerful new silicon capable of an incredible 40+ TOPS (trillion operations per second), all – day battery life and access to the most advanced AI models, Copilot+ PCs will enable you to do things you can’t on any other PC. Easily find and remember what you have seen in your PC with Recall, generate and refine AI images in near real-time directly on the device using Cocreator, and bridge language barriers with Live Captions, translating audio from 40+ languages into English .

These experiences come to life on a set of thin, light and beautiful devices from Microsoft Surface and our OEM partners Acer, ASUS, Dell, HP, Lenovo and Samsung, with pre-orders beginning today and availability starting on June 18. Starting at $999, Copilot+ PCs offer incredible value.

This first wave of Copilot+ PCs is just the beginning. Over the past year, we have seen an incredible pace of innovation of AI in the cloud with Copilot allowing us to do things that we never dreamed possible. Now, we begin a new chapter with AI innovation on the device. We have completely reimagined the entirety of the PC – from silicon to the operating system, the application layer to the cloud – with AI at the center, marking the most significant change to the Windows platform in decades.

YouTube Video

The fastest, most secure Windows PCs ever built

We introduced an all-new system architecture to bring the power of the CPU, GPU, and now a new high performance Neural Processing Unit (NPU) together. Connected to and enhanced by the large language models (LLMs) running in our Azure Cloud in concert with small language models (SLMs), Copilot+ PCs can now achieve a level of performance never seen before. They are up to 20x more powerful [1] and up to 100x as efficient [2] for running AI workloads and deliver industry-leading AI acceleration. They outperform Apple’s MacBook Air 15” by up to 58% in sustained multithreaded performance [3] , all while delivering all-day battery life. With incredible efficiency, Copilot+ PCs can deliver up to 22 hours of local video playback or 15 hours of web browsing on a single charge. [4] That is up to 20% more battery in local video playback than the MacBook Air 15”. [5]

Windows now has the best implementation of apps on the fastest chip, starting with Qualcomm. We now offer more native Arm64 experiences than ever before, including our fastest implementation of Microsoft 365 apps like Teams, PowerPoint, Outlook, Word, Excel, OneDrive and OneNote. Chrome, Spotify, Zoom, WhatsApp, Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Lightroom, Blender, Affinity Suite, DaVinci Resolve and many more now run natively on Arm to give you great performance with additional apps, like Slack, releasing later this year. In fact, 87% of the total app minutes people spend in apps today have native Arm versions. [6] With a powerful new emulator, Prism, your apps run great, whether native or emulated.

Every Copilot+ PC comes secured out of the box. The Microsoft Pluton Security processor will be enabled by default on all Copilot+ PCs and we have introduced a number of new features, updates and defaults to Windows 11 that make it easy for users to stay secure. And, we’ve built in personalized privacy controls to help you protect what’s important to you. You can read more about how we are making Windows more secure here .

Entirely new, powerful AI experiences

Copilot+ PCs leverage powerful processors and multiple state-of-the-art AI models, including several of Microsoft’s world-class SLMs, to unlock a new set of experiences you can run locally, directly on the device. This removes previous limitations on things like latency, cost and even privacy to help you be more productive, creative and communicate more effectively.

Recall instantly

We set out to solve one of the most frustrating problems we encounter daily – finding something we know we have seen before on our PC. Today, we must remember what file folder it was stored in, what website it was on, or scroll through hundreds of emails trying to find it.

Now with Recall, you can access virtually what you have seen or done on your PC in a way that feels like having photographic memory. Copilot+ PCs organize information like we do – based on relationships and associations unique to each of our individual experiences. This helps you remember things you may have forgotten so you can find what you’re looking for quickly and intuitively by simply using the cues you remember. [7]

You can scroll across time to find the content you need in your timeline across any application, website, document, or more. Interact intuitively using snapshots with screenray to help you take the next step using suggested actions based on object recognition. And get back to where you were, whether to a specific email in Outlook or the right chat in Teams.

Recall leverages your personal semantic index, built and stored entirely on your device. Your snapshots are yours; they stay locally on your PC. You can delete individual snapshots, adjust and delete ranges of time in Settings, or pause at any point right from the icon in the System Tray on your Taskbar. You can also filter apps and websites from ever being saved. You are always in control with privacy you can trust.

Cocreate with AI-powered image creation and editing, built into Windows

Since the launch of Image Creator, almost 10 billion images have been generated, helping more people bring their ideas to life easily by using natural language to describe what they want to create. Yet, today’s cloud offerings may limit the number of images you can create, keep you waiting while the artwork processes or even present privacy concerns. By using the Neural Processing Units (NPUs) and powerful local small language models, we are bringing innovative new experiences to your favorite creative applications like Paint and Photos.

Combine your ink strokes with text prompts to generate new images in nearly real time with Cocreator. As you iterate, so does the artwork, helping you more easily refine, edit and evolve your ideas. Powerful diffusion-based algorithms optimize for the highest quality output over minimum steps to make it feel like you are creating alongside AI. Use the creativity slider to choose from a range of artwork from more literal to more expressive. Once you select your artwork, you can continue iterating on top of it, helping you express your ideas, regardless of your creative skills.

Take photo editing and image creation to the next level. With Restyle Image, you can reimagine your personal photos with a new style combining image generation and photo editing in Photos. Use a pre-set style like Cyberpunk or Claymation to change the background, foreground or full picture to create an entirely new image. Or jumpstart your next creative project and get visual inspiration with Image Creator in Photos. On Copilot+ PCs you can generate endless images for free, fast, with the ability to fine tune images to your liking and to save your favorites to collections.

Innovative AI experiences from the creative apps you love

We are also partnering with some of the biggest and most-loved applications on the planet to leverage the power of the NPU to deliver new innovative AI experiences.

Together with Adobe, we are thrilled to announce Adobe’s flagship apps are coming to Copilot+ PCs, including Photoshop, Lightroom and Express – available today. Illustrator, Premiere Pro and more are coming this summer. And we’re continuing to partner to optimize AI in these apps for the NPU. For Adobe Creative Cloud customers, they will benefit from the full performance advantages of Copilot+ PCs to express their creativity faster than ever before.

DaVinci Resolve Studio

Effortlessly apply visual effects to objects and people using NPU-accelerated Magic Mask in DaVinci Resolve Studio.

Remove the background from any video clip in a snap using Auto Cutout running on the NPU in CapCut.

Stay in your flow with faster, more responsive adaptive input controls, like head movement or facial expressions via the new NPU-powered camera pipeline in Cephable.

LiquidText

Make quicker and smarter annotations to documents, using AI features that run entirely on-device via NPU, so data stays private in LiquidText.

Have fun breaking down and remixing any music track, with a new, higher-quality version of NeuralMix™ that’s exclusive to NPU in Algoriddim’s djay Pro.

Connect and communicate effortlessly with live captions

In an increasingly connected and global world, Windows wants to bring people closer together. Whether catching up on your favorite podcast from a different country, or watching your favorite international sports team, or even collaborating with friends and colleagues across the world, we want to make more content accessible to more people.

Live Captions now has live translations and will turn any audio that passes through your PC into a single, English-language caption experience, in real time on your screen across all your apps consistently. You can translate any live or pre-recorded audio in any app or video platform from over 40 languages into English subtitles instantly, automatically and even while you’re offline. Powered by the NPU and available across all Copilot+ PCs, now you can have confidence your words are understood as intended.

New and enhanced Windows Studio Effects

Look and sound your best automatically with easily accessible controls at your fingertips in Quick Settings. Portrait light automatically adjusts the image to improve your perceived illumination in a dark environment or brighten the foreground pixels when in a low-light environment. Three new creative filters (illustrated, animated or watercolor) add an artistic flare. Eye contact teleprompter helps you maintain eye contact while reading your screen. New improvements to voice focus and portrait blur help ensure you’re always in focus.

Copilot, your everyday AI companion

Every Copilot+ PC comes with your personal powerful AI agent that is just a single tap away on keyboards with the new Copilot key. [8] Copilot will now have the full application experience customers have been asking for in a streamlined, simple yet powerful and personal design. Copilot puts the most advanced AI models at your fingertips. In the coming weeks, get access to the latest models including GPT-4o from our partners at OpenAI, so you can have voice conversations that feel more natural.

Advancing AI responsibly

At Microsoft, we have a company-wide commitment to develop ethical, safe and secure AI. Our responsible AI principles guided the development of these new experiences, and all AI features are aligned with our standards. Learn more here .

New Copilot+ PCs from Microsoft Surface and our partners

We have worked with each of the top OEMs — Acer, ASUS, Dell, HP, Lenovo, Samsung — and of course Surface, to bring exciting new Copilot+ PCs that will begin to launch on June 18. Starting at $999, these devices are up to $200 less than similar spec’d devices [9] .

Surface plays a key role in the Windows ecosystem, as we design software and hardware together to deliver innovative designs and meaningful experiences to our customers and fans. We are introducing the first-ever Copilot+ PCs from Surface: The all-new Surface Pro and Surface Laptop.

The new Surface Laptop is a powerhouse in an updated, modern laptop design with razor-thin bezels, a brilliant touchscreen display, AI-enhanced camera, premium audio, and now with a haptic touchpad.

Choose between a 13.8” and 15” display and four stunning colors. Enjoy up to 22 hours of local video playback on Surface Laptop 15” or up to 20 hours on Surface Laptop13.8” on top of incredible performance and all-new AI experiences.

The new Surface Pro is the most flexible 2-in-1 laptop, now reimagined with more speed and battery life to power all-new AI experiences. It introduces a new, optional OLED with HDR display, and ultrawide field of view camera perfect for Windows Studio Effects. The new Surface Pro Flex Keyboard is the first 2-in-1 keyboard designed to be used both attached or detached. It delivers enhanced stability, with Surface Slim Pen storage and charging integrated seamlessly, as well as a quiet, haptic touchpad. Learn more here.

New Copilot+ PCs from the biggest brands available starting June 18:

Acer : Acer’s Swift 14 AI 2.5K touchscreen enables you to draw and edit your vision with greater accuracy and with color-accurate imagery. Launch and discover AI-enhanced features, like Acer PurifiedVoice 2.0 and Purified View, with a touch of the dedicated AcerSense button.
ASUS : The ASUS Vivobook S 15 is a powerful device that brings AI experiences to life with its Snapdragon X Elite Platform and built-in Qualcomm® AI. It boasts 40+ NPU TOPS, a dual-fan cooling system, and up to 1 TB of storage. Next-gen AI enhancements include Windows Studio effects v2 and ASUS AiSense camera, with presence-detection capabilities for Adaptive Dimming and Lock. Built for portability, it has an ultra-slim and light all-metal design, a high-capacity battery, and premium styling with a single-zone RGB backlit keyboard.
Dell : Dell is launching five new Copilot+ PCs, including the XPS 13, Inspiron 14 Plus, Inspiron 14, Latitude 7455, and Latitude 5455, offering a range of consumer and commercial options that deliver groundbreaking battery life and unique AI experiences. The XPS 13 is powered by Snapdragon X Elite processors and features a premium, futuristic design, while the Latitude 7455 boasts a stunning QHD+ display and quad speakers with AI noise reduction. The Inspiron14 and Inspiron 14 Plus feature a Snapdragon X Plus 1and are crafted with lightweight, low carbon aluminum and are energy efficient with EPEAT Gold rating.
HP : HP’s OmniBook X AI PC and HP EliteBook Ultra G1q AI PC with Snapdragon X Elite are slim and sleek designs, delivering advanced performance and mobility for a more personalized computing experience. Features include long-lasting battery life and AI-powered productivity tools, such as real-time transcription and meeting summaries. A 5MP camera with automatic framing and eye focus is supported by Poly Studio’s crystal-clear audio for enhanced virtual interactions.
Lenovo : Lenovo is launching two AI PCs: one built for consumers, Yoga Slim 7x, and one for commercial, ThinkPad T14s Gen 6. The Yoga Slim 7x brings efficiency for creatives, featuring a 14.5” touchscreen with 3K Dolby Vision and optimized power for 3D rendering and video editing. The T14s Gen 6 brings enterprise-level experiences and AI performance to your work tasks, with features including a webcam privacy shutter, Wi-Fi 7 connectivity and up to 64GB RAM.
Samsung : Samsung’s new Galaxy Book4 Edge is ultra-thin and light, with a 3K resolution 2x AMOLED display and Wi-Fi 7 connectivity. It has a long-lasting battery that provides up to 22 hours of video playback, making it perfect for work or entertainment on the go.

Learn more about new Copilot+ PCs and pre-order today at Microsoft.com and from major PC manufacturers, as well as other leading global retailers.

Start testing for commercial deployment today

Copilot+ PCs offer businesses the most performant Windows 11 devices with unique AI capabilities to unlock productivity, improve collaboration and drive efficiency. As a Windows PC, businesses can deploy and manage a Copilot+ PC with the same tools and processes used today including IT controls for new features and AppAssure support. We recommend IT admins begin testing and readying for deployment to start empowering your workforce with access to powerful AI features on these high-performance devices. You can read more about our commercial experiences here .

AI innovation across the Windows ecosystem

Like we’ve always done with Windows, we have built a platform for our ecosystem partners to build on.

The first Copilot+ PCs will launch with both the Snapdragon® X Elite and Snapdragon® X Plus processors and feature leading performance per watt thanks to the custom Qualcomm Oryon™ CPU, which delivers unrivaled performance and battery efficiency. Snapdragon X Series delivers 45 NPU TOPS all-in-one system on a chip (SoC). The premium integrated Qualcomm® Adreno ™ GPU delivers stunning graphics for immersive entertainment. We look forward to expanding through deep partnerships with Intel and AMD, starting with Lunar Lake and Strix Point. We will bring new Copilot+ PC experiences at a later date. In the future we expect to see devices with this silicon paired with powerful graphics cards like NVIDIA GeForce RTX and AMD Radeon™, bringing Copilot+ PC experiences to reach even broader audiences like advanced gamers and creators.

We are at an inflection point where the PC will accelerate AI innovation. We believe the richest AI experiences will only be possible when the cloud and device work together in concert. Together with our partners, we’re setting the frame for the next decade of Windows innovation.

[1] Based on snapshot of aggregated, non-gaming app usage data as of April 2024 for iGPU-based laptops and 2-in-1 devices running Windows 10 and Windows 11 in US, UK, CA, FR, AU, DE, JP.

[2] Tested April 2024 using Phi SLM workload running 512-token prompt processing in a loop with default settings comparing pre-release Copilot+ PC builds with Snapdragon Elite X 12 Core and Snapdragon X Plus 10 core configurations (QNN build) to Windows 11 PC with NVIDIA 4080 GPU configuration (CUDA build).

[3] Tested May 2024 using Cinebench 2024 Multi-Core benchmark comparing Copilot+ PCs with Snapdragon X Elite 12 core and Snapdragon X Plus 10 core configurations to MacBook Air 15” with M3 8 core CPU / 10 Core GPU configuration. Performance will vary significantly between device configuration and usage.

[4] *Battery life varies significantly by device and with settings, usage and other factors. See aka.ms/cpclaims*

[5] *Battery life varies significantly based on device configuration, usage, network and feature configuration, signal strength, settings and other factors. Testing conducted May 2024 using the prelease Windows ADK full screen local video playback assessment under standard testing conditions, with the device connected to Wi-Fi and screen brightness set to 150 nits, comparing Copilot+ PCs with Snapdragon X Elite 12 core and Snapdragon X Plus 10 core configurations running Windows Version 26097.5003 (24H2) to MacBook Air 15” M3 8-Core CPU/ 10 Core GPU running macOS 14.4 with similar device configurations and testing scenario.

[6] Based on snapshot of aggregated, non-gaming app usage data as of April 2024 for iGPU-based laptops and 2-in-1 devices running Windows 10 and Windows 11 in US, UK, CA, FR, AU, DE, JP.

[7] Recall is optimized for select languages (English, Chinese (simplified), French, German, Japanese, and Spanish.) Content-based and storage limitations apply. Learn more here .

[8] Copilot key functionality may vary. See aka.ms/keysupport

[9] Based on MSRPs; actual savings may vary

Tags: AI , Copilot+ PC

Check us out on RSS

IMAGES

Presentation Layer
OSI Model Layers
presentation layer definition
A Guide to the Presentation Layer
presentation layer definition
the presentation layer function

VIDEO

OSI model
Gsss Baldeyan
Function Presentation Outline Amira CSCI
FUNCTIONS AND DESIGN ISSUES IN PRESENTATION LAYER || COMPUTER NETWORKS
Design issues of presentation layer
Steps to Create Presentation Layer and RPD Testing 03: By RR ITEC, Hyderabad, India

COMMENTS

Presentation Layer in OSI model
Functions of Presentation Layer : Data from Application Layer <=> Presentation layer <=> Data from Session Layer. The presentation layer, being the 6th layer in the OSI model, performs several types of functions, which are described below-Presentation layer format and encrypts data to be sent across the network.
Presentation Layer
The presentation layer is the lowest layer at which application programmers consider data structure and presentation, instead of simply sending data in the form of datagrams or packets between hosts. This layer deals with issues of string representation - whether they use the Pascal method (an integer length field followed by the specified ...
What is presentation layer?
The presentation layer is located at Layer 6 of the OSI model. The tool that manages Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( HTTP) is an example of a program that loosely adheres to the presentation layer of OSI. Although it's technically considered an application-layer protocol per the TCP/IP model, HTTP includes presentation layer services within it.
Presentation layer
The presentation layer is the lowest layer at which application programmers consider data structure and presentation, instead of simply sending data in the form of datagrams or packets between hosts. This layer deals with issues of string representation - whether they use the Pascal method ...
Presentation Layer: What It Is, Design Issues, Functionalities
Functionalities of the Presentation Layer. Specific functionalities of the presentation layer are as follows: 1. Translation. The processes or running programs in two machines are usually exchanging the information in the form of numbers, character strings and so on before being transmitted. The information should be changed to bitstreams ...
The OSI Model
The Session Layer initiates, maintains, and terminates connections between two end-user applications. It responds to requests from the presentation layer and issues requests to the transport layer. OSI Layer 6. Layer 6 is the presentation layer. This layer is responsible for data formatting, such as character encoding and conversions, and data ...
Presentation Layer of the OSI Model
The presentation layer in the OSI model has five main functions within the frame of presentation layer protocols. Character Code Translation A character code is a representation of text using a ...
Presentation Layer of the OSI Model: Definition and Function
Functions of the presentation layer The presentation layer is the residing layer of a computer's operating system. It communicates with the application layer, from which it receives data inputted by the user. This layer performs three important functions in the transmission of data between computers. These are:
Presentation layer and Session layer of the OSI model
The presentation layer is the sixth layer of the OSI Reference model. It defines how data and information is transmitted and presented to the user. It translates data and format code in such a way that it is correctly used by the application layer. It identifies the syntaxes that different applications use and formats data using those syntaxes.
Presentation Layer in OSI Model
The Presentation Layer is a crucial component of the OSI model, responsible for ensuring that data exchanged between systems is in a format that can be understood and used. By performing functions such as data translation, formatting, compression, and encryption, the Presentation Layer plays a vital role in maintaining data integrity ...
Presentation Layer
Presentation Layer functions. Translation: Before being transmitted, information in the form of characters and numbers should be changed to bit streams. Layer 6 is responsible for interoperability between encoding methods as different computers use different encoding methods. It translates data between the formats the network requires and the ...
A Guide to the Presentation Layer
The presentation layer is the sixth layer in the OSI model. Known as a translator, the presentation layer converts data into an accurate, well-defined, standard format after it receives it from the application layer. The converted format varies, however, based on the type of data received. Some formats include:
Presentation Layer in OSI Model
The presentation layer is the 6 th layer from the bottom in the OSI model. This layer presents the incoming data from the application layer of the sender machine to the receiver machine. It converts one format of data to another format of data if both sender and receiver understand different formats; hence this layer is also called the ...
Presentation Layer
Yes, the presentation layer can manipulate data before displaying it to users. (Vlado Damjanovski, 2014) The Presentation layer is responsible for describing the syntax of data being transferred and can perform functions such as encoding data in a standard, agreed-upon way, managing abstract data structures, and converting from the representation used inside the computer to the network ...
What is the Presentation Layer?
Presentation Layer: The presentation layer is layer 6 of the 7-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It is used to present data to the application layer (layer 7) in an accurate, well-defined and standardized format. The presentation layer is sometimes called the syntax layer.
The Presentation Layer of OSI Model
The Presentation Layer of OSI Model. The presentation layer (Layer 6) ensures that the message is presented to the upper layer in a standardized format. It deals with the syntax and the semantics of the messages. The main functions of the presentation layer are as follows −. It encodes the messages from the user dependent format to the common ...
What is the OSI model? The 7 layers of OSI explained
OSI uses three layers -- application, presentation and session -- to define the functionality of upper layers, while TCP/IP uses only the application layer. OSI uses two separate layers -- physical and data-link -- to define the functionality of the bottom layers, while TCP/IP uses only the link layer.
Presentation Layer of OSI Reference Model
The presentation layer manages these abstract data structures and allows higher-level data structures(eg: banking records), to be defined and exchanged. Functions of Presentation Layer. Translation: Before being transmitted, information in the form of characters and numbers should be changed to bit streams. The presentation layer is responsible ...
Presentation Layer: Protocols, Examples, Services
What is Presentation Layer? Definition: Presentation layer is 6th layer in the OSI model, and its main objective is to present all messages to upper layer as a standardized format.It is also known as the "Translation layer". This layer takes care of syntax and semantics of messages exchanged in between two communication systems. Presentation layer has responsible that receiver can ...
What is Layer 6 of The OSI Model: Presentation Layer?
Layer 6 of The OSI Model: Presentation Layer is the layer of the ISO Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model that establishes context between application-layer entities, in which the higher-layer entities may use different syntax and semantics if the presentation service provides a mapping between them. If a mapping is available, presentation service data units are encapsulated into session ...
Explain the functions of Presentation Layer.
Computer Network Internet MCA. The functions of the presentation layer are as follows: It provides the users with a way to execute the session service primitives. For that, it uses the contexts, each consisting of some data types and their transfer syntaxes. When a session is established, the peer entities negotiate for one or more contexts.
App Architecture: Presentation layer
This layer is also responsible for interpreting application data to the user-readable form and vice versa, transforming user interaction to the data changes in the app. In this guide, I will demonstrate how to implement and organize a UI layer. There are a lot of libraries, frameworks, and patterns you can use to build a UI layer.
Introducing Copilot+ PCs
Now, we begin a new chapter with AI innovation on the device. We have completely reimagined the entirety of the PC - from silicon to the operating system, the application layer to the cloud - with AI at the center, marking the most significant change to the Windows platform in decades.

Basics of Computer Network

Network Hardware and Software

Network Topology

Presentation Layer in OSI model

Medium Access Control

SLIDING WINDOW PROTOCOLS

IP Addressing

Congestion Control Algorithms

Network Switching

Application Layer:DNS

CN Interview Quetions

Please Login to comment...

Improve your Coding Skills with Practice

What kind of Experience do you want to share?

Layer 6 Presentation Layer

OSI Layer 6 - Presentation Layer

CASE common application service element

Computer Network Tutorial

Difference B/W Articles

Computer Network Practice

Presentation Layer: What It Is, Design Issues, Functionalities

What is Presentation Layer?

Design Issues with Presentation Layer

Functionalities of the Presentation Layer

1. Translation

2. Encryption

3. Compression

The OSI Model – The 7 Layers of Networking Explained in Plain English

Prerequisites

Learning Objectives

Common Networking Terms

What is the OSI Model?

OSI Layer 1

How to Troubleshoot OSI Layer 1 Problems

OSI Layer 2

How to Troubleshoot OSI Layer 2 Problems

OSI Layer 3

How to Troubleshoot OSI Layer 3 Problems

OSI Layer 4

How to Troubleshoot OSI Layer 4 Problems

OSI Layer 5

How to Troubleshoot OSI Layer 5 Problems

OSI Layer 6

How to Troubleshoot OSI Layer 6 Problems

OSI Layer 7

How to Troubleshoot OSI Layer 7 Problems

Learning Resources

Presentation layer and Session layer of the OSI model

The Presentation Layer

Examples of the presentation layer

Functions of the presentation layer

Session layer

Functions of the session layer

Examples of the session layer

Sign in to your account

Login via OTP

Register with PrepBytes

What is Presentation Layer in OSI Model?

Functions of the Presentation Layer

Importance of the Presentation Layer

FAQs related to Presentation Layer in OSI Model

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Related Post

Presentation Layer

What is the Presentation Layer?

Presentation Layer functions

Role of Presentation Layer in the OSI Model

Explaining Layer 6 in video

In short, the presentation layer

Physical Layer

Help Others, Please Share

Learn Latest Tutorials

Preparation

Trending Technologies

B.Tech / MCA

COMPUTER NETWORK BASICS

Physical Layer

Data link layer

Transport layer

ISO/OSI REFERENCE MODEL