what does a graphic representation mean

• Math Article

Graphical Representation

Graphical Representation is a way of analysing numerical data. It exhibits the relation between data, ideas, information and concepts in a diagram. It is easy to understand and it is one of the most important learning strategies. It always depends on the type of information in a particular domain. There are different types of graphical representation. Some of them are as follows:

• Line Graphs – Line graph or the linear graph is used to display the continuous data and it is useful for predicting future events over time.
• Bar Graphs – Bar Graph is used to display the category of data and it compares the data using solid bars to represent the quantities.
• Histograms – The graph that uses bars to represent the frequency of numerical data that are organised into intervals. Since all the intervals are equal and continuous, all the bars have the same width.
• Line Plot – It shows the frequency of data on a given number line. ‘ x ‘ is placed above a number line each time when that data occurs again.
• Frequency Table – The table shows the number of pieces of data that falls within the given interval.
• Circle Graph – Also known as the pie chart that shows the relationships of the parts of the whole. The circle is considered with 100% and the categories occupied is represented with that specific percentage like 15%, 56%, etc.
• Stem and Leaf Plot – In the stem and leaf plot, the data are organised from least value to the greatest value. The digits of the least place values from the leaves and the next place value digit forms the stems.
• Box and Whisker Plot – The plot diagram summarises the data by dividing into four parts. Box and whisker show the range (spread) and the middle ( median) of the data.

General Rules for Graphical Representation of Data

There are certain rules to effectively present the information in the graphical representation. They are:

• Suitable Title: Make sure that the appropriate title is given to the graph which indicates the subject of the presentation.
• Measurement Unit: Mention the measurement unit in the graph.
• Proper Scale: To represent the data in an accurate manner, choose a proper scale.
• Index: Index the appropriate colours, shades, lines, design in the graphs for better understanding.
• Data Sources: Include the source of information wherever it is necessary at the bottom of the graph.
• Keep it Simple: Construct a graph in an easy way that everyone can understand.
• Neat: Choose the correct size, fonts, colours etc in such a way that the graph should be a visual aid for the presentation of information.

Graphical Representation in Maths

In Mathematics, a graph is defined as a chart with statistical data, which are represented in the form of curves or lines drawn across the coordinate point plotted on its surface. It helps to study the relationship between two variables where it helps to measure the change in the variable amount with respect to another variable within a given interval of time. It helps to study the series distribution and frequency distribution for a given problem.  There are two types of graphs to visually depict the information. They are:

• Time Series Graphs – Example: Line Graph
• Frequency Distribution Graphs – Example: Frequency Polygon Graph

Principles of Graphical Representation

Algebraic principles are applied to all types of graphical representation of data. In graphs, it is represented using two lines called coordinate axes. The horizontal axis is denoted as the x-axis and the vertical axis is denoted as the y-axis. The point at which two lines intersect is called an origin ‘O’. Consider x-axis, the distance from the origin to the right side will take a positive value and the distance from the origin to the left side will take a negative value. Similarly, for the y-axis, the points above the origin will take a positive value, and the points below the origin will a negative value.

Generally, the frequency distribution is represented in four methods, namely

• Smoothed frequency graph
• Pie diagram
• Cumulative or ogive frequency graph
• Frequency Polygon

Merits of Using Graphs

Some of the merits of using graphs are as follows:

• The graph is easily understood by everyone without any prior knowledge.
• It saves time
• It allows us to relate and compare the data for different time periods
• It is used in statistics to determine the mean, median and mode for different data, as well as in the interpolation and the extrapolation of data.

Example for Frequency polygonGraph

Here are the steps to follow to find the frequency distribution of a frequency polygon and it is represented in a graphical way.

• Obtain the frequency distribution and find the midpoints of each class interval.
• Represent the midpoints along x-axis and frequencies along the y-axis.
• Plot the points corresponding to the frequency at each midpoint.
• Join these points, using lines in order.
• To complete the polygon, join the point at each end immediately to the lower or higher class marks on the x-axis.

Draw the frequency polygon for the following data

Mark the class interval along x-axis and frequencies along the y-axis.

Let assume that class interval 0-10 with frequency zero and 90-100 with frequency zero.

Now calculate the midpoint of the class interval.

Using the midpoint and the frequency value from the above table, plot the points A (5, 0), B (15, 4), C (25, 6), D (35, 8), E (45, 10), F (55, 12), G (65, 14), H (75, 7), I (85, 5) and J (95, 0).

To obtain the frequency polygon ABCDEFGHIJ, draw the line segments AB, BC, CD, DE, EF, FG, GH, HI, IJ, and connect all the points.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the different types of graphical representation.

Some of the various types of graphical representation include:

• Line Graphs
• Frequency Table
• Circle Graph, etc.

Read More:  Types of Graphs

What are the Advantages of Graphical Method?

Some of the advantages of graphical representation are:

• It makes data more easily understandable.
• It saves time.
• It makes the comparison of data more efficient.

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Very useful for understand the basic concepts in simple and easy way. Its very useful to all students whether they are school students or college sudents

Thanks very much for the information

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Graphical Representation

Graphical representation definition.

Graphical representation refers to the use of charts and graphs to visually display, analyze, clarify, and interpret numerical data, functions, and other qualitative structures. ‍

What is Graphical Representation?

Graphical representation refers to the use of intuitive charts to clearly visualize and simplify data sets. Data is ingested into graphical representation of data software and then represented by a variety of symbols, such as lines on a line chart, bars on a bar chart, or slices on a pie chart, from which users can gain greater insight than by numerical analysis alone. 

Representational graphics can quickly illustrate general behavior and highlight phenomenons, anomalies, and relationships between data points that may otherwise be overlooked, and may contribute to predictions and better, data-driven decisions. The types of representational graphics used will depend on the type of data being explored.

Types of Graphical Representation

Data charts are available in a wide variety of maps, diagrams, and graphs that typically include textual titles and legends to denote the purpose, measurement units, and variables of the chart. Choosing the most appropriate chart depends on a variety of different factors -- the nature of the data, the purpose of the chart, and whether a graphical representation of qualitative data or a graphical representation of quantitative data is being depicted. There are dozens of different formats for graphical representation of data. Some of the most popular charts include:

• Bar Graph -- contains a vertical axis and horizontal axis and displays data as rectangular bars with lengths proportional to the values that they represent; a useful visual aid for marketing purposes
• Choropleth -- thematic map in which an aggregate summary of a geographic characteristic within an area is represented by patterns of shading proportionate to a statistical variable
• Flow Chart -- diagram that depicts a workflow graphical representation with the use of arrows and geometric shapes; a useful visual aid for business and finance purposes
• Heatmap -- a colored, two-dimensional matrix of cells in which each cell represents a grouping of data and each cell’s color indicates its relative value
• Histogram – frequency distribution and graphical representation uses adjacent vertical bars erected over discrete intervals to represent the data frequency within a given interval; a useful visual aid for meteorology and environment purposes
• Line Graph – displays continuous data; ideal for predicting future events over time;  a useful visual aid for marketing purposes
• Pie Chart -- shows percentage values as a slice of pie; a useful visual aid for marketing purposes
• Pointmap -- CAD & GIS contract mapping and drafting solution that visualizes the location of data on a map by plotting geographic latitude and longitude data
• Scatter plot -- a diagram that shows the relationship between two sets of data, where each dot represents individual pieces of data and each axis represents a quantitative measure
• Stacked Bar Graph -- a graph in which each bar is segmented into parts, with the entire bar representing the whole, and each segment representing different categories of that whole; a useful visual aid for political science and sociology purposes
• Timeline Chart -- a long bar labelled with dates paralleling it that display a list of events in chronological order, a useful visual aid for history charting purposes
• Tree Diagram -- a hierarchical genealogical tree that illustrates a family structure; a useful visual aid for history charting purposes
• Venn Diagram -- consists of multiple overlapping usually circles, each representing a set; the default inner join graphical representation

Proprietary and open source software for graphical representation of data is available in a wide variety of programming languages. Software packages often provide spreadsheets equipped with built-in charting functions.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Graphical Representation of Data

Tabular and graphical representation of data are a vital component in analyzing and understanding large quantities of numerical data and the relationship between data points. Data visualization is one of the most fundamental approaches to data analysis, providing an intuitive and universal means to visualize, abstract, and share complex data patterns. The primary advantages of graphical representation of data are:

• Facilitates and improves learning: graphics make data easy to understand and eliminate language and literacy barriers
• Understanding content: visuals are more effective than text in human understanding
• Flexibility of use: graphical representation can be leveraged in nearly every field involving data
• Increases structured thinking: users can make quick, data-driven decisions at a glance with visual aids
• Supports creative, personalized reports for more engaging and stimulating visual  presentations 
• Improves communication: analyzing graphs that highlight relevant themes is significantly faster than reading through a descriptive report line by line
• Shows the whole picture: an instantaneous, full view of all variables, time frames, data behavior and relationships

Disadvantages of graphical representation of data typically concern the cost of human effort and resources, the process of selecting the most appropriate graphical and tabular representation of data, greater design complexity of visualizing data, and the potential for human bias.

Why Graphical Representation of Data is Important

Graphic visual representation of information is a crucial component in understanding and identifying patterns and trends in the ever increasing flow of data. Graphical representation enables the quick analysis of large amounts of data at one time and can aid in making predictions and informed decisions. Data visualizations also make collaboration significantly more efficient by using familiar visual metaphors to illustrate relationships and highlight meaning, eliminating complex, long-winded explanations of an otherwise chaotic-looking array of figures. 

Data only has value once its significance has been revealed and consumed, and its consumption is best facilitated with graphical representation tools that are designed with human cognition and perception in mind. Human visual processing is very efficient at detecting relationships and changes between sizes, shapes, colors, and quantities. Attempting to gain insight from numerical data alone, especially in big data instances in which there may be billions of rows of data, is exceedingly cumbersome and inefficient.

Does HEAVY.AI Offer a Graphical Representation Solution?

HEAVY.AI's visual analytics platform is an interactive data visualization client that works seamlessly with server-side technologies HEAVY.AIDB and Render to enable data science analysts to easily visualize and instantly interact with massive datasets. Analysts can interact with conventional charts and data tables, as well as big data graphical representations such as massive-scale scatterplots and geo charts. Data visualization contributes to a broad range of use cases, including performance analysis in business and guiding research in academia.

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Visual Representation

What is visual representation.

Visual Representation refers to the principles by which markings on a surface are made and interpreted. Designers use representations like typography and illustrations to communicate information, emotions and concepts. Color, imagery, typography and layout are crucial in this communication.

Alan Blackwell, cognition scientist and professor, gives a brief introduction to visual representation:

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We can see visual representation throughout human history, from cave drawings to data visualization :

Art uses visual representation to express emotions and abstract ideas.

Financial forecasting graphs condense data and research into a more straightforward format.

Icons on user interfaces (UI) represent different actions users can take.

The color of a notification indicates its nature and meaning.

Van Gogh's "The Starry Night" uses visuals to evoke deep emotions, representing an abstract, dreamy night sky. It exemplifies how art can communicate complex feelings and ideas.

© Public domain

Importance of Visual Representation in Design

Designers use visual representation for internal and external use throughout the design process . For example:

Storyboards are illustrations that outline users’ actions and where they perform them.

Sitemaps are diagrams that show the hierarchy and navigation structure of a website.

Wireframes are sketches that bring together elements of a user interface's structure.

Usability reports use graphs and charts to communicate data gathered from usability testing.

User interfaces visually represent information contained in applications and computerized devices.

This usability report is straightforward to understand. Yet, the data behind the visualizations could come from thousands of answered surveys.

© Interaction Design Foundation, CC BY-SA 4.0

Visual representation simplifies complex ideas and data and makes them easy to understand. Without these visual aids, designers would struggle to communicate their ideas, findings and products . For example, it would be easier to create a mockup of an e-commerce website interface than to describe it with words.

Visual representation simplifies the communication of designs. Without mockups, it would be difficult for developers to reproduce designs using words alone.

Types of Visual Representation

Below are some of the most common forms of visual representation designers use.

Text and Typography

Text represents language and ideas through written characters and symbols. Readers visually perceive and interpret these characters. Typography turns text into a visual form, influencing its perception and interpretation.

We have developed the conventions of typography over centuries , for example, in documents, newspapers and magazines. These conventions include:

Text arranged on a grid brings clarity and structure. Gridded text makes complex information easier to navigate and understand. Tables, columns and other formats help organize content logically and enhance readability.

Contrasting text sizes create a visual hierarchy and draw attention to critical areas. For example, headings use larger text while body copy uses smaller text. This contrast helps readers distinguish between primary and secondary information.

Adequate spacing and paragraphing improve the readability and appearance of the text. These conventions prevent the content from appearing cluttered. Spacing and paragraphing make it easier for the eye to follow and for the brain to process the information.

Balanced image-to-text ratios create engaging layouts. Images break the monotony of text, provide visual relief and illustrate or emphasize points made in the text. A well-planned ratio ensures neither text nor images overwhelm each other. Effective ratios make designs more effective and appealing.

Designers use these conventions because people are familiar with them and better understand text presented in this manner.

This table of funerals from the plague in London in 1665 uses typographic conventions still used today. For example, the author arranged the information in a table and used contrasting text styling to highlight information in the header.

Illustrations and Drawings

Designers use illustrations and drawings independently or alongside text. An example of illustration used to communicate information is the assembly instructions created by furniture retailer IKEA. If IKEA used text instead of illustrations in their instructions, people would find it harder to assemble the furniture.

IKEA assembly instructions use illustrations to inform customers how to build their furniture. The only text used is numeric to denote step and part numbers. IKEA communicates this information visually to: 1. Enable simple communication, 2. Ensure their instructions are easy to follow, regardless of the customer’s language.

© IKEA, Fair use

Illustrations and drawings can often convey the core message of a visual representation more effectively than a photograph. They focus on the core message , while a photograph might distract a viewer with additional details (such as who this person is, where they are from, etc.)

For example, in IKEA’s case, photographing a person building a piece of furniture might be complicated. Further, photographs may not be easy to understand in a black-and-white print, leading to higher printing costs. To be useful, the pictures would also need to be larger and would occupy more space on a printed manual, further adding to the costs.

But imagine a girl winking—this is something we can easily photograph. 

Ivan Sutherland, creator of the first graphical user interface, used his computer program Sketchpad to draw a winking girl. While not realistic, Sutherland's representation effectively portrays a winking girl. The drawing's abstract, generic elements contrast with the distinct winking eye. The graphical conventions of lines and shapes represent the eyes and mouth. The simplicity of the drawing does not draw attention away from the winking.

A photo might distract from the focused message compared to Sutherland's representation. In the photo, the other aspects of the image (i.e., the particular person) distract the viewer from this message.

© Ivan Sutherland, CC BY-SA 3.0 and Amina Filkins, Pexels License

Information and Data Visualization

Designers and other stakeholders use data and information visualization across many industries.

Data visualization uses charts and graphs to show raw data in a graphic form. Information visualization goes further, including more context and complex data sets. Information visualization often uses interactive elements to share a deeper understanding.

For example, most computerized devices have a battery level indicator. This is a type of data visualization. IV takes this further by allowing you to click on the battery indicator for further insights. These insights may include the apps that use the most battery and the last time you charged your device.

macOS displays a battery icon in the menu bar that visualizes your device’s battery level. This is an example of data visualization. Meanwhile, macOS’s settings tell you battery level over time, screen-on-usage and when you last charged your device. These insights are actionable; users may notice their battery drains at a specific time. This is an example of information visualization.

© Low Battery by Jemis Mali, CC BY-NC-ND 4.0, and Apple, Fair use

Information visualization is not exclusive to numeric data. It encompasses representations like diagrams and maps. For example, Google Maps collates various types of data and information into one interface:

Data Representation: Google Maps transforms complex geographical data into an easily understandable and navigable visual map.

Interactivity: Users can interactively customize views that show traffic, satellite imagery and more in real-time.

Layered Information: Google Maps layers multiple data types (e.g., traffic, weather) over geographical maps for comprehensive visualization.

User-Centered Design : The interface is intuitive and user-friendly, with symbols and colors for straightforward data interpretation.

The volume of data contained in one screenshot of Google Maps is massive. However, this information is presented clearly to the user. Google Maps highlights different terrains with colors and local places and businesses with icons and colors. The panel on the left lists the selected location’s profile, which includes an image, rating and contact information.

© Google, Fair use

Symbolic Correspondence

Symbolic correspondence uses universally recognized symbols and signs to convey specific meanings . This method employs widely recognized visual cues for immediate understanding. Symbolic correspondence removes the need for textual explanation.

For instance, a magnifying glass icon in UI design signifies the search function. Similarly, in environmental design, symbols for restrooms, parking and amenities guide visitors effectively.

The Interaction Design Foundation (IxDF) website uses the universal magnifying glass symbol to signify the search function. Similarly, the play icon draws attention to a link to watch a video.

How Designers Create Visual Representations

Visual language.

Designers use elements like color , shape and texture to create a communicative visual experience. Designers use these 8 principles:

Size – Larger elements tend to capture users' attention readily.

Color – Users are typically drawn to bright colors over muted shades.

Contrast – Colors with stark contrasts catch the eye more effectively.

Alignment – Unaligned elements are more noticeable than those aligned ones.

Repetition – Similar styles repeated imply a relationship in content.

Proximity – Elements placed near each other appear to be connected.

Whitespace – Elements surrounded by ample space attract the eye.

Texture and Style – Users often notice richer textures before flat designs.

The 8 visual design principles.

In web design , visual hierarchy uses color and repetition to direct the user's attention. Color choice is crucial as it creates contrast between different elements. Repetition helps to organize the design—it uses recurring elements to establish consistency and familiarity.

In this video, Alan Dix, Professor and Expert in Human-Computer Interaction, explains how visual alignment affects how we read and absorb information:

Correspondence Techniques

Designers use correspondence techniques to align visual elements with their conceptual meanings. These techniques include color coding, spatial arrangement and specific imagery. In information visualization, different colors can represent various data sets. This correspondence aids users in quickly identifying trends and relationships .

Color coding enables the stakeholder to see the relationship and trend between the two pie charts easily.

In user interface design, correspondence techniques link elements with meaning. An example is color-coding notifications to state their nature. For instance, red for warnings and green for confirmation. These techniques are informative and intuitive and enhance the user experience.

The IxDF website uses blue for call-to-actions (CTAs) and red for warnings. These colors inform the user of the nature of the action of buttons and other interactive elements.

Perception and Interpretation

If visual language is how designers create representations, then visual perception and interpretation are how users receive those representations. Consider a painting—the viewer’s eyes take in colors, shapes and lines, and the brain perceives these visual elements as a painting.

In this video, Alan Dix explains how the interplay of sensation, perception and culture is crucial to understanding visual experiences in design:

Copyright holder: Michael Murphy _ Appearance time: 07:19 - 07:37 _ Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C67JuZnBBDc

Visual perception principles are essential for creating compelling, engaging visual representations. For example, Gestalt principles explain how we perceive visual information. These rules describe how we group similar items, spot patterns and simplify complex images. Designers apply Gestalt principles to arrange content on websites and other interfaces. This application creates visually appealing and easily understood designs.

In this video, design expert and teacher Mia Cinelli discusses the significance of Gestalt principles in visual design . She introduces fundamental principles, like figure/ground relationships, similarity and proximity.

Interpretation

Everyone's experiences, culture and physical abilities dictate how they interpret visual representations. For this reason, designers carefully consider how users interpret their visual representations. They employ user research and testing to ensure their designs are attractive and functional.

Leonardo da Vinci's "Mona Lisa", is one of the most famous paintings in the world. The piece is renowned for its subject's enigmatic expression. Some interpret her smile as content and serene, while others see it as sad or mischievous. Not everyone interprets this visual representation in the same way.

Color is an excellent example of how one person, compared to another, may interpret a visual element. Take the color red:

In Chinese culture, red symbolizes luck, while in some parts of Africa, it can mean death or illness.

A personal experience may mean a user has a negative or positive connotation with red.

People with protanopia and deuteranopia color blindness cannot distinguish between red and green.

In this video, Joann and Arielle Eckstut, leading color consultants and authors, explain how many factors influence how we perceive and interpret color:

Learn More about Visual Representation

Read Alan Blackwell’s chapter on visual representation from The Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction.

Learn about the F-Shaped Pattern For Reading Web Content from Jakob Nielsen.

Read Smashing Magazine’s article, Visual Design Language: The Building Blocks Of Design .

Take the IxDF’s course, Perception and Memory in HCI and UX .

Questions related to Visual Representation

Some highly cited research on visual representation and related topics includes:

Roland, P. E., & Gulyás, B. (1994). Visual imagery and visual representation. Trends in Neurosciences, 17(7), 281-287. Roland and Gulyás' study explores how the brain creates visual imagination. They look at whether imagining things like objects and scenes uses the same parts of the brain as seeing them does. Their research shows the brain uses certain areas specifically for imagination. These areas are different from the areas used for seeing. This research is essential for understanding how our brain works with vision.

Lurie, N. H., & Mason, C. H. (2007). Visual Representation: Implications for Decision Making. Journal of Marketing, 71(1), 160-177.

This article looks at how visualization tools help in understanding complicated marketing data. It discusses how these tools affect decision-making in marketing. The article gives a detailed method to assess the impact of visuals on the study and combination of vast quantities of marketing data. It explores the benefits and possible biases visuals can bring to marketing choices. These factors make the article an essential resource for researchers and marketing experts. The article suggests using visual tools and detailed analysis together for the best results.

Lohse, G. L., Biolsi, K., Walker, N., & Rueter, H. H. (1994, December). A classification of visual representations. Communications of the ACM, 37(12), 36+.

This publication looks at how visuals help communicate and make information easier to understand. It divides these visuals into six types: graphs, tables, maps, diagrams, networks and icons. The article also looks at different ways these visuals share information effectively.

​​If you’d like to cite content from the IxDF website , click the ‘cite this article’ button near the top of your screen.

Some recommended books on visual representation and related topics include:

Chaplin, E. (1994). Sociology and Visual Representation (1st ed.) . Routledge.

Chaplin's book describes how visual art analysis has changed from ancient times to today. It shows how photography, post-modernism and feminism have changed how we see art. The book combines words and images in its analysis and looks into real-life social sciences studies.

Mitchell, W. J. T. (1994). Picture Theory. The University of Chicago Press.

Mitchell's book explores the important role and meaning of pictures in the late twentieth century. It discusses the change from focusing on language to focusing on images in cultural studies. The book deeply examines the interaction between images and text in different cultural forms like literature, art and media. This detailed study of how we see and read visual representations has become an essential reference for scholars and professionals.

Koffka, K. (1935). Principles of Gestalt Psychology. Harcourt, Brace & World.

"Principles of Gestalt Psychology" by Koffka, released in 1935, is a critical book in its field. It's known as a foundational work in Gestalt psychology, laying out the basic ideas of the theory and how they apply to how we see and think. Koffka's thorough study of Gestalt psychology's principles has profoundly influenced how we understand human perception. This book has been a significant reference in later research and writings.

A visual representation, like an infographic or chart, uses visual elements to show information or data. These types of visuals make complicated information easier to understand and more user-friendly.

Designers harness visual representations in design and communication. Infographics and charts, for instance, distill data for easier audience comprehension and retention.

For an introduction to designing basic information visualizations, take our course, Information Visualization .

Text is a crucial design and communication element, transforming language visually. Designers use font style, size, color and layout to convey emotions and messages effectively.

Designers utilize text for both literal communication and aesthetic enhancement. Their typography choices significantly impact design aesthetics, user experience and readability.

Designers should always consider text's visual impact in their designs. This consideration includes font choice, placement, color and interaction with other design elements.

In this video, design expert and teacher Mia Cinelli teaches how Gestalt principles apply to typography:

Designers use visual elements in projects to convey information, ideas, and messages. Designers use images, colors, shapes and typography for impactful designs.

In UI/UX design, visual representation is vital. Icons, buttons and colors provide contrast for intuitive, user-friendly website and app interfaces.

Graphic design leverages visual representation to create attention-grabbing marketing materials. Careful color, imagery and layout choices create an emotional connection.

Product design relies on visual representation for prototyping and idea presentation. Designers and stakeholders use visual representations to envision functional, aesthetically pleasing products.

Our brains process visuals 60,000 times faster than text. This fact highlights the crucial role of visual representation in design.

Our course, Visual Design: The Ultimate Guide , teaches you how to use visual design elements and principles in your work effectively.

Visual representation, crucial in UX, facilitates interaction, comprehension and emotion. It combines elements like images and typography for better interfaces.

Effective visuals guide users, highlight features and improve navigation. Icons and color schemes communicate functions and set interaction tones.

UX design research shows visual elements significantly impact emotions. 90% of brain-transmitted information is visual.

To create functional, accessible visuals, designers use color contrast and consistent iconography. These elements improve readability and inclusivity.

An excellent example of visual representation in UX is Apple's iOS interface. iOS combines a clean, minimalist design with intuitive navigation. As a result, the operating system is both visually appealing and user-friendly.

Michal Malewicz, Creative Director and CEO at Hype4, explains why visual skills are important in design:

Learn more about UI design from Michal in our Master Class, Beyond Interfaces: The UI Design Skills You Need to Know .

The fundamental principles of effective visual representation are:

Clarity : Designers convey messages clearly, avoiding clutter.

Simplicity : Embrace simple designs for ease and recall.

Emphasis : Designers highlight key elements distinctively.

Balance : Balance ensures design stability and structure.

Alignment : Designers enhance coherence through alignment.

Contrast : Use contrast for dynamic, distinct designs.

Repetition : Repeating elements unify and guide designs.

Designers practice these principles in their projects. They also analyze successful designs and seek feedback to improve their skills.

Read our topic description of Gestalt principles to learn more about creating effective visual designs. The Gestalt principles explain how humans group elements, recognize patterns and simplify object perception.

Color theory is vital in design, helping designers craft visually appealing and compelling works. Designers understand color interactions, psychological impacts and symbolism. These elements help designers enhance communication and guide attention.

Designers use complementary , analogous and triadic colors for contrast, harmony and balance. Understanding color temperature also plays a crucial role in design perception.

Color symbolism is crucial, as different colors can represent specific emotions and messages. For instance, blue can symbolize trust and calmness, while red can indicate energy and urgency.

Cultural variations significantly influence color perception and symbolism. Designers consider these differences to ensure their designs resonate with diverse audiences.

For actionable insights, designers should:

Experiment with color schemes for effective messaging. 

Assess colors' psychological impact on the audience. 

Use color contrast to highlight critical elements. 

Ensure color choices are accessible to all.

In this video, Joann and Arielle Eckstut, leading color consultants and authors, give their six tips for choosing color:

Learn more about color from Joann and Arielle in our Master Class, How To Use Color Theory To Enhance Your Designs .

Typography and font choice are crucial in design, impacting readability and mood. Designers utilize them for effective communication and expression.

Designers' perception of information varies with font type. Serif fonts can imply formality, while sans-serifs can give a more modern look.

Typography choices by designers influence readability and user experience. Well-spaced, distinct fonts enhance readability, whereas decorative fonts may hinder it.

Designers use typography to evoke emotions and set a design's tone. Choices in font size, style and color affect the emotional impact and message clarity.

Designers use typography to direct attention, create hierarchy and establish rhythm. These benefits help with brand recognition and consistency across mediums.

Read our article to learn how web fonts are critical to the online user experience .

Designers create a balance between simplicity and complexity in their work. They focus on the main messages and highlight important parts. Designers use the principles of visual hierarchy, like size, color and spacing. They also use empty space to make their designs clear and understandable.

The Gestalt law of Prägnanz suggests people naturally simplify complex images. This principle aids in making even intricate information accessible and engaging.

Through iteration and feedback, designers refine visuals. They remove extraneous elements and highlight vital information. Testing with the target audience ensures the design resonates and is comprehensible.

Michal Malewicz explains how to master hierarchy in UI design using the Gestalt rule of proximity:

Answer a Short Quiz to Earn a Gift

Why do designers use visual representation?

• To guarantee only a specific audience can understand the information
• To replace the need for any form of written communication
• To simplify complex information and make it understandable

Which type of visual representation helps to compare data?

• Article images
• Line charts
• Text paragraphs

What is the main purpose of visual hierarchy in design?

• To decorate the design with more colors
• To guide the viewer’s attention to the most important elements first
• To provide complex text for high-level readers

How does color impact visual representation?

• It has no impact on the design at all.
• It helps to distinguish different elements and set the mood.
• It makes the design less engaging for a serious mood.

Why is consistency important in visual representation?

• It limits creativity, but allows variation in design.
• It makes sure the visual elements are cohesive and easy to understand.
• It makes the design unpredictable yet interesting.

Better luck next time!

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Literature on Visual Representation

Here’s the entire UX literature on Visual Representation by the Interaction Design Foundation, collated in one place:

Learn more about Visual Representation

Take a deep dive into Visual Representation with our course Perception and Memory in HCI and UX .

How does all of this fit with interaction design and user experience? The simple answer is that most of our understanding of human experience comes from our own experiences and just being ourselves. That might extend to people like us, but it gives us no real grasp of the whole range of human experience and abilities. By considering more closely how humans perceive and interact with our world, we can gain real insights into what designs will work for a broader audience: those younger or older than us, more or less capable, more or less skilled and so on.

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Introduction to Graphs

Table of Contents

15 December 2020                 

Read time: 6 minutes

Introduction

What are graphs?

What are the different types of data?

What are the different types of graphical representations?

The graph is nothing but an organized representation of data. It helps us to understand the data. Data are the numerical information collected through observation.

The word data came from the Latin word Datum which means “something given”

After a research question is developed, data is being collected continuously through observation. Then it is organized, summarized, classified, and then represented graphically.

Differences between Data and information: Data is the raw fact without any add on but the information is the meaning derived from data.

Introduction to Graphs-PDF

The graph is nothing but an organized representation of data. It helps us to understand the data. Data are the numerical information collected through observation. Here is a downloadable PDF to explore more.

• Line and Bar Graphs Application
• Graphs in Mathematics & Statistics

What are the different Types of Data?

There are two types of Data :

Quantitative

The data which are statistical or numerical are known as Quantitive data. Quantitive data is generated through. Quantitative data is also known as Structured data. Experiments, Tests, Surveys, Market Report.

Quantitive data is again divided into Continuous data and Discrete data.

Continuous Data

Continuous data is the data which can have any value. That means Continuous data can give infinite outcomes so it should be grouped before representing on a graph.

• The speed of a vehicle as it passes a checkpoint
• The mass of a cooking apple
• The time taken by a volunteer to perform a task

Discrete Data

Discrete data can have certain values. That means only a finite number can be categorized as discrete data.

• Numbers of cars sold at a dealership during a given month
• Number of houses in certain block
• Number of fish caught on a fishing trip
• Number of complaints received at the office of airline on a given day
• Number of customers who visit at bank during any given hour
• Number of heads obtained in three tosses of a coin

Differences between Discrete and Continuous data

• Numerical data could be either discrete or continuous
• Continuous data can take any numerical value (within a range); For example, weight, height, etc.
• There can be an infinite number of possible values in continuous data
• Discrete data can take only certain values by finite ‘jumps’, i.e., it ‘jumps’ from one value to another but does not take any intermediate value between them (For example, number of students in the class)

Qualitative

Data that deals with description or quality instead of numbers are known as Quantitative data. Qualitative data is also known as unstructured data. Because this type of data is loosely compact and can’t be analyzed conventionally.

Different Types of Graphical Representations

There are many types of graph we can use to represent data. They are as follows,

A bar graph or chart is a way to represent data by rectangular column or bar. The heights or length of the bar is proportional to the values.

A line graph is a type of graph where the information or data is plotted as some dots which are known as markers and then they are added to each other by a straight line.

The line graph is normally used to represent the data that changes over time.

A histogram graph is a graph where the information is represented along with the height of the rectangular bar. Though it does look like a bar graph, there is a fundamental difference between them. With the histogram, each column represents a range of quantitative data when a bar graph represents categorical variables.

The other name of the pie chart is a circle graph. It is a circular chart where numerical information represents as slices or in fractional form or percentage where the whole circle is 100%.

• Stem and leaf plot

The stem and leaf plot is a way to represents quantitative data according to frequency ranges or frequency distribution.

In the stem and leaf plot, each data is split into stem and leaf, which is 32 will be split into 3 stems and 2 leaves.

Frequency table: Frequency means the number of occurrences of an event. A frequency distribution table is a graph or chart which shows the frequency of events. It is denoted as ‘f’ .

Pictograph or Pictogram is the earliest way to represents data in a pictorial form or by using symbols or images. And each image represents a particular number of things.

According to the above-mentioned Pictograph, the number of Appels sold on Monday is 6x2=12.

• Scatter diagrams

Scatter diagram or scatter plot is a way of graphical representation by using cartesian coordinates of two variables. The plot shows the relationship between two variables. Below there is a data table as well as a Scattergram as per the given data.

What is the meaning of Graphical representation?

Graphical representation is a way to represent and analyze quantitive data. A graph is a kind of a chart where data are plotted as variables across the coordinate. It became easy to analyze the extent of change of one variable based on the change of other variables.

Principles of graphical representation

The principles of graphical representation are algebraic. In a graph, there are two lines known as Axis or Coordinate axis. These are the X-axis and Y-axis. The horizontal axis is the X-axis and the vertical axis is the Y-axis. They are perpendicular to each other and intersect at O or point of Origin.

On the right side of the Origin, the Xaxis has a positive value and on the left side, it has a negative value. In the same way, the upper side of the Origin Y-axis has a positive value where the down one is with a negative value.

When X-axis and y-axis intersected each other at the origin it divides the plane into four parts which are called Quadrant I, Quadrant II, Quadrant III, Quadrant IV.

The location on the coordinate plane is known as the ordered pair and it is written as (x,y). That means the first value will be on the x-axis and the second one is on the y-axis. When we will plot any coordinate, we always have to start counting from the origin and have to move along the x-axis, if it is positive then to the right side, and if it is negative then to the left side. Then from the x-axis, we have to plot the y’s value, which means we have to move up for positive value or down if the value is negative along with the y-axis.

In the following graph, 1st ordered pair (2,3) where both the values of x and y are positive and it is on quadrant I. 2nd ordered pair (-3,1), here the value of x is negative and value of y is positive and it is in quadrant II. 3rd ordered pair (-1.5, -2.5), here the value of x as well as y both are Negative and in quadrant III.

Methods of representing a frequency distribution

There are four methods to represent a frequency distribution graphically. These are,

• Smoothed Frequency graph
• Cumulative frequency graph or Ogive.
• Pie diagram.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Graphical representation of data

• It improves the way of analyzing and learning as the graphical representation makes the data easy to understand.
• It can be used in almost all fields from mathematics to physics to psychology and so on.
• It is easy to understand for its visual impacts.
• It shows the whole and huge data in an instance.

The main disadvantage of graphical representation of data is that it takes a lot of effort as well as resources to find the most appropriate data and then represents it graphically.

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• Graphing a Quadratic Function
• Empirical Relationship Between Mean, Median, and Mode

Not only in mathematics but almost in every field the graph is a very important way to store, analyze, and represents information. After any research work or after any survey the next step is to organize the observation or information and plotting them on a graph paper or plane. The visual representation of information makes the understanding of crucial components or trends easier.

A huge amount of data can be store or analyze in a small space.

The graphical representation of data helps to decide by following the trend.

A complete Idea: Graphical representation constitutes a clear and comprehensive idea in the minds of the audience. Reading a large number (say hundreds) of pages may not help to make a decision. Anyone can get a clear idea just by looking into the graph or design.

Graphs are a very conceptual topic, so it is essential to get a complete understanding of the concept. Graphs are great visual aids and help explain numerous things better, they are important in everyday life. Get better at graphs with us, sign up for a free trial . 

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is data.

Data are characteristics or information, usually numerical, that are collected through observation.

How do you differentiate between data and information?

Data is the raw fact without any add on but the information is the meaning derived from data.

What are the types of data?

There are two types of Data:

What are the ways to represent data?

Tables, charts and graphs are all ways of representing data , and they can be used for two broad purposes. The first is to support the collection, organisation and analysis of data as part of the process of a scientific study.

- Tables, charts and graphs are all ways of representing data, and they can be used for two broad purposes. The first is to support the collection, organisation and analysis of data as part of the process of a scientific study.

What are the different types of graphs?

Different types of graphs include:

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• Graphs and Graphical Representation

What are Graphs and Graphical Representation?

Graphical representation refers to the use of charts and graphs to visually analyze and display, interpret numerical value, clarify the qualitative structures. The data is represented by a variety of symbols such as line charts, bars, circles, ratios. Through this, greater insight is stuck in the mind while analyzing the information. 

Graphs can easily illustrate the behavior, highlight changes, and can study data points that may sometimes be overlooked. The type of data presentation depends upon the type of data being used. 

Graphical Representation of Data

The graphical representation is simply a way of analyzing numerical data. It comprises a relation between data, information, and ideas in a diagram. Anything portrayed in a graphical manner is easy to understand and is also termed as the most important learning technique. The graphical presentation is always dependent on the type of information conveyed. There are different types of graphical representation. These are as follows:

Line Graphs: 

Also denoted as linear graphs are used to examine continuous data and are also useful in predicting future events in time.

Histograms: 

This graph uses bars to represent the information. The bars represent the frequency of numerical data. All intervals are equal and hence, the width of each bar is also equal.

Bar Graphs: 

These are used to display the categories and compare the data using solid bars. These bars represent the quantities.

Frequency Table: 

This table shows the frequency of data that falls within that given time interval. 

Line Plot: 

It shows the frequency of data on a given line number.

Circle Graph: 

It is also known as a pie chart and shows the relationship between the parts of the whole. The circle consists of 100% and other parts shown are in different proportions.

Scatter Plot: 

The diagram shows the relationship between two sets of data. Each dot represents individual information of the data.

Venn Diagram: 

It consists of overlapping circles, each depicting a set. The inner-circle made is a graphical representation.

Stem and Leaf Plot: 

The data is organized from the least value to the highest value. The digits of the least place value form the leaf and that of the highest place value form the stem.

 Box and Whisker Plot: 

The data is summarised by dividing it into four parts. Box and whisker show the spread and median of the data.

Graphical Presentation of Data - Definition

It is a way of analyzing numerical data. It is a sort of chart which shows statistical data in the form of lines or curves which are plotted on the surface. It enables studying the cause and effect relationships between two variables . It helps to measure the extent of change in one variable when another variable changes. 

Principles of Graphical Representation

The variables in the graph are represented using two lines called coordinate axes. The horizontal and vertical axes are denoted by x and y respectively. Their point of intersection is called an origin ‘O’. Considering x-axes, the distance from the origin to the right will take a positive value, and the distance from the origin to the left will take a negative value. Taking the same procedure on y-axes. The points above origin will take the positive values and the points below origin will take negative values. As discussed in the earlier section about the types of graphical representation. There are four most widely used graphs namely histogram, pie diagram, frequency polygon, and ogive frequency graph.

Rules for Graphical Representation of Data

There are certain rules to effectively represent the information in graphical form. Certain rules are discussed below:

Title: One has to make sure that a suitable title is given to the graph which indicates the presentation subject.

Scale: It should be used efficiently to represent data in an accurate manner.

Measurement unit: It is used to calculate the distance between the box

Index: Differentiate appropriate colors, shades, and design I graph for a better understanding of the information conveyed.

Data sources: Include the source of information at the bottom graph wherever necessary. It adds to the authenticity of the information. 

Keep it simple: Construct the graph in an easy to understand manner and keep it simple for the reader to understand. Looking at the graph the information portrayed is easily understandable. 

Importance of Graphical Representation of Data

Some of the importance and advantages of using graphs to interpret data are listed below:

The graph is easiest to understand as the information portrayed is in facts and figures. Any information depicted in facts, figures, comparison grabs our attention, due to which they are memorizable for the long term.

It allows us to relate and compare data for different time periods.

It is used in statistics to determine the mean , mode, and median of different data.

It saves a lot of time as it covers most of the information in facts and figures. This in turn compacts the information.

FAQs on Graphs and Graphical Representation

Q1. State the Advantages and Disadvantages of Graphical Representation of Data?

Ans: These graphical presentations of data are vital components in analyzing the information. Data visualization is one of the most fundamental approaches to data representation. Its advantages include the following points:

Facilitates and improves learning

Flexibility of use

Understands content

Increase structure thinking

Supports creative thinking

Portrays the whole picture

Improves communication

With advantages, certain disadvantages are also linked to the graphical representation. The disadvantages concern the high cost of human effort, the process of selecting the most appropriate graphical and tabular presentation, creative thinking, greater design to interpret information, visualizing data, and as human resource is used. The potential for human bias plays a huge role.

Q2. What is the Graphical Representation of Data in Statistics?

Graphs are powerful data evaluation tools. They provide a quick visual summary of the information. In statistics information depicted is of mean, mode, and median. Box plots, histograms are used to depict the information. These graphs provide information about ranges, shapes, concentration, extreme values, etc. It studies information between different sets and trends whether increasing or decreasing. Since graphical methods are qualitative, they are not only the basis of comparison and information.

How to develop a graphical framework to chart your research

Graphic representations or frameworks can be powerful tools to explain research processes and outcomes. David Waller explains how researchers can develop effective visual models to chart their work

David Waller

• More on this topic

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While undertaking a study, researchers can uncover insights, connections and findings that are extremely valuable to anyone likely to read their eventual paper. Thus, it is important for the researcher to clearly present and explain the ideas and potential relationships. One important way of presenting findings and relationships is by developing a graphical conceptual framework.

A graphical conceptual framework is a visual model that assists readers by illustrating how concepts, constructs, themes or processes work. It is an image designed to help the viewer understand how various factors interrelate and affect outcomes, such as a chart, graph or map.

These are commonly used in research to show outcomes but also to create, develop, test, support and criticise various ideas and models. The use of a conceptual framework can vary depending on whether it is being used for qualitative or quantitative research.

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There are many forms that a graphical conceptual framework can take, which can depend on the topic, the type of research or findings, and what can best present the story.

Below are examples of frameworks based on qualitative and quantitative research.

As shown by the table below, in qualitative research the conceptual framework is developed at the end of the study to illustrate the factors or issues presented in the qualitative data. It is designed to assist in theory building and the visual understanding of the exploratory findings. It can also be used to develop a framework in preparation for testing the proposition using quantitative research.

In quantitative research a conceptual framework can be used to synthesise the literature and theoretical concepts at the beginning of the study to present a model that will be tested in the statistical analysis of the research.

It is important to understand that the role of a conceptual framework differs depending on the type of research that is being undertaken.

So how should you go about creating a conceptual framework? After undertaking some studies where I have developed conceptual frameworks, here is a simple model based on “Six Rs”: Review, Reflect, Relationships, Reflect, Review, and Repeat.

Process for developing conceptual frameworks:

Review: literature/themes/theory.

Reflect: what are the main concepts/issues?

Relationships: what are their relationships?

Reflect: does the diagram represent it sufficiently?

Review: check it with theory, colleagues, stakeholders, etc.

Repeat: review and revise it to see if something better occurs.

This is not an easy process. It is important to begin by reviewing what has been presented in previous studies in the literature or in practice. This provides a solid background to the proposed model as it can show how it relates to accepted theoretical concepts or practical examples, and helps make sure that it is grounded in logical sense.

It can start with pen and paper, but after reviewing you should reflect to consider if the proposed framework takes into account the main concepts and issues, and the potential relationships that have been presented on the topic in previous works.

It may take a few versions before you are happy with the final framework, so it is worth continuing to reflect on the model and review its worth by reassessing it to determine if the model is consistent with the literature and theories. It can also be useful to discuss the idea with  colleagues or to present preliminary ideas at a conference or workshop –  be open to changes.

Even after you come up with a potential model it is good to repeat the process to review the framework and be prepared to revise it as this can help in refining the model. Over time you may develop a number of models with each one superseding the previous one.

A concern is that some students hold on to the framework they first thought of and worry that developing or changing it will be seen as a weakness in their research. However, a revised and refined model can be an important factor in justifying the value of the research.

Plenty of possibilities and theoretical topics could be considered to enhance the model. Whether it ultimately supports the theoretical constructs of the research will be dependent on what occurs when it is tested.  As social psychologist, Kurt Lewin, famously said “ There's nothing so practical as good theory ”.

The final result after doing your reviewing and reflecting should be a clear graphical presentation that will help the reader understand what the research is about as well as where it is heading.

It doesn’t need to be complex. A simple diagram or table can clarify the nature of a process and help in its analysis, which can be important for the researcher when communicating to their audience. As the saying goes: “ A picture is worth 1000 words ”. The same goes for a good conceptual framework, when explaining a research process or findings.

David Waller is an associate professor at the University of Technology Sydney .

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Blog Infographics What is an Infographic? Examples, Templates & Design Tips

What is an Infographic? Examples, Templates & Design Tips

Written by: Midori Nediger Oct 12, 2023

Since infographics exploded onto the graphic design scene about 15 years ago, they’ve become a staple for communication in classrooms, in the workplace, and across the web.

But if you’re new to the world of design, the term “infographic” might still be foreign to you.

You might wonder: what are infographics?

Today, I’ll give you a crash course on infographics and infographic design to answer all of your questions and more. Don’t worry if you’re no designer — I’ll also show you how you can easily customize designs with Venngage’s Infographic Maker and easy-to-edit infographic templates .

Your guide to infographics 101:

What is an infographic.

• Why use infographics?

12 infographic examples for different use cases

How do i create an infographic, what is the importance of using visual elements in an infographic, what are the different types of infographics, what makes an infographic design effective, faqs about creating infographics.

According to the Oxford English Dictionary , an infographic (or information graphic) is “a visual representation of information or data”.

But the meaning of an infographic is something much more specific.

An infographic is a collection of imagery, data visualizations like pie charts and bar graphs, and minimal text that gives an easy-to-understand overview of a topic.

As in the example below, infographics use striking, engaging visuals to communicate information quickly and clearly.

Infographics are a valuable tool for visual communication . The most visually unique, creative infographics  are often the most effective because they grab our attention and don’t let go.

But it’s crucial to remember that the visuals in an infographic must do more than excite and engage.

They must help us understand and remember the content of the infographic, as seen in this infographic about employee resignation announcements:

Ready to dive right in and create your first infographic? Check out our ultimate infographic design guide for everything you need to get started.

Why should you use infographics?

Infographics are great for making complex information easy to digest. They can be helpful anytime you want to:

• Provide a quick overview of a topic
• Explain a complex process
• Display research findings or survey data
• Summarize a long blog post or report
• Compare and contrast multiple options
• Raise awareness about an issue or cause

When you need to give someone a really quick rundown on something that can be hard to explain in words alone, an infographic is a good way to go.

Ever noticed infographics can be useful in pretty much any industry? It’s true! They can explain tough topics, show off cool data or just grab your attention, depending on what you’re after.

Here are just some of its use cases:

• Infographics for marketing
• Infographics for consulting and freelancing
• Infographics for small businesses and entrepreneurs
• Infographics for government
• Infographics for nonprofits
• Infographics for education

Marketing infographics

What are infographics used for in marketing?

Marketers use infographics  to build brand awareness and boost engagement about topics important to the company, such as this infographic on diversity and inclusion:

Marketers can use infographics to:

• Showcase your business’s achievements on a landing page or downloadable one-pager
• Send a visually striking newsletter to deliver news, showcase a new product or service or demonstrate thought leadership
• Improve their online courses or course handouts
• Drive interest on social media . Share snippets on Instagram or the full infographic on Pinterest.
• Make a roundup infographic. Collect quotes from influencers, compile them into an infographic and write a blog post on that. Here’s an example: 61 Women In Tech Speak Up [Infographic]
• Summarize key points in a white paper or ebook .

Informational infographic examples, like this one about the effect of excess sodium, are great tools for educating a variety of audiences.

Consulting and freelancer infographics

Consultants use timeline infographics to visualize project timelines and to simplify new or industry-specific topics to their clients:

Consultants use infographics to:

• Present data in a fresh way in client presentations
• Strengthen your argument and visualize timelines in client proposals
• Deliver progress reports to clients. Include an infographic in your report to visualize project timelines or progress “by the numbers”

Small business and entrepreneurship infographic examples

Small businesses and entrepreneurs use infographics to reach new audiences and increase brand awareness :

This brand style guide cheat sheet is a great infographic example for small businesses. It’s visual and compact, which helps readers absorb the information faster.

Lists are a common type of document that all businesses have. But long lists can get tedious to read. It’s unlikely that readers will even remember the items on the list.

Businesses can use infographics to visualize lists for better learning retention, like this colorful infographic example below.

Or this list infographic which discusses three different change styles:

A business may also want to visualize processes and activities. This infographic example on supply chain analysis could easily have been a boring document. Instead, the topic is covered more thoroughly and succinctly in an infographic:

Small businesses and entrepreneurs can use infographics to:

• Create their brand style guide
• Highlight their offerings and past successes in flyers and  brochures
• Promote their business or demonstrate thought leadership on social media
• Better showcase products/services and past successes on their website’s  sales page  or in a downloadable one-pager
• Showcase your company’s history on their website’s about page
• Send creative newsletters
• Create more interesting webinars

Government infographics

What are infographics used for in the governmental sector? Governments use infographics to share statistics and census data, like in this visual from the Government of Canada :

Government can also use infographics to spread useful healthcare information , such as vaccine infographics which promote accurate vaccine information and increase vaccination rates. Here’s an example:

Nonprofit infographics

Nonprofits use infographics to promote events and raise awareness for their causes or to showcase their successful fundraising efforts:

Nonprofits use infographics to:

• Make data and information about a given cause easy to understand. This can be applied to a newsletter , social media campaign , donation page , poster, and more.
• Plan a campaign strategy
• Show the impact of a fundraiser that can be sent to donors in an email
• Highlight results in an annual report
• Showcase successes in an impact report or case study
• Visualize information in crisis communications

Education infographics

Educators and trainers use infographics  to make content more memorable for students and employees:

Need to explain a complex process? Our  process infographics  can help communicate cumbersome processes in a visual way.

Infographics can be useful whenever you need to communicate information quickly, or any time you want to make an impact with your data or your message.

If I’ve convinced you that infographics are a tool you should be using, you’re probably wondering how you can create your own infographic.

Our step-by-step guide on how to create an infographic  is a great resource to design an infographic.

No matter how excited you are to get started making your very first infographic, you shouldn’t jump into the design process without a game plan.

Instead, start by creating an infographic outline.

• Organize your information with an infographic outline
• Pick an infographic template
• Customize your infographic

1. Organize your information with an infographic outline

The process of creating an outline will help you organize your thoughts and ensure that your content will work in an infographic.

Create an infographic outline from existing content using these 4 steps:

• Determine the key takeaways of your content
• Determine the title, headers, subheaders, and facts
• Consider the length of paragraphs and points
• Include notes for the designer

Starting with an outline in this format will ensure that the rest of the design process goes smoothly.

For a more detailed run-down of this process, check out our guide on how to create an infographic outline .

2. Pick an infographic template

Once you’ve got an outline, you’re ready to pick an infographic template .

Pre-made infographic templates (like the one below) can give you the design inspiration you need to get your infographic rolling. Even just using them as a jumping-off point can be helpful.

There’s a lot to consider when picking an infographic template, including the colors, fonts, length, size, and style of each template, and how well each of those factors aligns with your content.

But most importantly, you need to pick the right type of infographic template for your content.

3. Customize your infographic

Once you’ve chosen an infographic template, you can start customizing it to your needs. This infographic can be adapted for other types of lists with the Venngage editor.

Here are a few ways to adapt the infographic examples in this post:

• Change the background and text colors
• Adjust the text to suit your message
• Add or swap out icons that are relevant to your story
• Add your brand logo in the footer
• Increase or decrease the size of the list

Want more information about creating infographics? This video guide will show you how you can make an infographic in just 5 steps:

The use of visual elements in an infographic can help enhance the overall effectiveness of the communication. Here are some key points highlighting the importance of using visual elements in an infographic:

• Enhanced comprehension: Visual elements, such as graphs, charts and illustrations can simplify complex information, making it easier for the audience to understand the data presented.
• Improved retention: Human beings tend to remember visual information more effectively than text alone. By incorporating visual elements, infographics can improve the retention of information, ensuring that the key points are more likely to be remembered by the audience.
• Increased engagement: Visual elements in infographics make the content more engaging and appealing. People are naturally drawn to visuals, and the use of color, images and graphics can capture the audience’s attention, encouraging them to spend more time interacting with the information.
• Facilitated comparison: Infographics often involve the presentation of data sets, comparisons or contrasts. Visual elements can effectively facilitate such comparisons, enabling the audience to discern patterns, trends and differences more easily.
• Universal understanding: Visual elements can transcend language barriers, making infographics a powerful tool for communicating with diverse audiences across different cultural and linguistic backgrounds.
• Aesthetic appeal: Infographics that are well-designed and visually appealing are more likely to be shared and distributed widely, especially in the context of social media and online platforms. Aesthetically pleasing visual elements can attract more attention and help the infographic reach a broader audience.
• Storytelling: Visual elements can contribute to the storytelling aspect of an infographic, allowing for the creation of a narrative that flows logically and is visually engaging. By combining text and visuals, infographics can effectively communicate a compelling story or message.

In summary, the use of visual elements in infographics is critical for conveying complex information in a more accessible and engaging manner, enhancing comprehension, improving retention, and increasing overall audience engagement and appeal.

At Venngage, our library of infographic templates is sorted into 9 different categories:

• Statistical infographics
• Informational infographics
• Timeline infographics
• Process infographics
• Geographic infographics
• Comparison infographics
• Hierarchical infographics
• List infographics
• Resume infographics

This video summarizes these 9 types of infographics and when to use them:

Each type of infographic is tailored to visualize a different type of content .

Informational infographics , for example, are typically more text-heavy than the other types of infographics.

Like this example from Course Hero below, they work best as summative, standalone pieces that provide a high-level explanation of a topic.

There are also informational infographics that explain something niche, but very simply. These are handy to have as visual references for topics that are new and unfamiliar.

TalentLyft’s infographic on recruitment metrics is a great example – a short and sweet summary of the six key recruitment metrics hiring managers should understand and track.

Statistical infographics , on the other hand, are more focused on numbers and data visualizations, charts, and data, for example:

They tend to contain much less text than informational infographics and have less of a narrative flow.

Instead, they make a statement with big numbers and standalone facts, like this infographic from the Internet of Things .

Similarly, this sample infographic from Podia on the “ State of the Side Hustle ” uses numbers and stylization to make its most important points prominent with sparse supporting text.

Choosing the right type of template for your content is one of the keys to a successful infographic.

For a full description of each type of infographic, and when to use them, check out this guide to the 9 types of infographic templates .

When it comes to designing an effective infographic, it’s important to recognize that our brain seeks patterns in visual information to help us make sense of the world.

We can use this idea to structure our information visually and create patterns that will enhance the message that we’re trying to communicate.

Let’s run through some infographic design best practices to help you create infographics that are as effective as they are beautiful.

Also, check out our post on 7 ways to customize your infographic template for more easy hacks on how to make your design pop.

Use lines, borders, and shapes to group related information

Even something as simple as the position and grouping of elements on a page can influence the way our readers understand our graphics.

If we use basic design elements like borders, lines, circles, and squares to visually organize our content, our readers will find it easier to interpret that content.

For example, we can enclose related elements within an outline or a shape. Most infographics, like the sample below, use this tactic to break up the design into multiple sections, making the graphic easier to scan.

Alternatively, when the structure of the information is the main focus of the infographic (like in an organizational chart or a flow chart ) it can be helpful to explicitly connect related elements with lines. Like in this marketing flow chart infographic:

Click the template above to make an organizational chart . Edit the template to your liking — no design experience needed.

Want more tips on organizing your information in an infographic? Check out our step-by-step guide on how to summarize information and present it visually .

Use contrasting colors to guide your readers’ attention

Another major design element to think about is color. We’re naturally inclined to use color to make infographics look pretty, but color can also be used as a powerful communication tool .

Just like lines and borders, colors can be used to indicate information groupings, as seen in the business strategy infographic example below:

But more importantly, we can use color to draw attention to particular pieces of information and push supporting information into the background.

Pick one color that contrasts with all of the other colors in the graphic, and use it to make the most important information stand out.

Take the infographic below, for example. The bright teal icons contrast with the plain white background to make the icons (the most important visual aspect of the graphic) stand out.

This strategy also happens to be highly trendy. Pops of color are one of the biggest graphic design trends of 2022 .

Need some infographic color scheme inspiration? Check out our guide on how to pick colors for infographics .

Create a text hierarchy with three different font styles

Fonts are one of the first things people notice when they first look at an infographic. If chosen poorly, fonts can ruin an otherwise great infographic.

Our roundup of popular font types  will steer you on the right path.

The key to using fonts correctly in infographics is to create a clear text hierarchy with three different font styles–one for the main heading, one for the section headings, and one for the body text.

The main header font should be the biggest and can be the most stylized. Think of it as the way to set the mood of your infographic.

The font for the section headers should be a bit smaller and less stylized, but it should still stand out on the page.

Finally, the font for the body text should be the smallest, and not stylized at all. It needs to be as easy to read as possible.

Not sure what a readable font looks like? Here’s a quick reference guide to fonts that are great for body text:

For more infographic font tips and best practices, check out our guide all about choosing infographic fonts .

Use images, icons, and illustrations to make key takeaways memorable

Last but certainly not least, make sure that the focus of your infographic is on visuals like images, symbols , icons, illustrations , and data visualizations like charts and graphs.

Visuals are crucial for making your information engaging and memorable. The best infographics have an equal balance of text and visuals.

The easiest way to make sure you have enough visuals in your graphic is to add an icon to represent each header, as seen in the example below:

Or even better, create visual examples of each main point in the infographic, as seen in this sample infographic from Elle & Company :

It’s important to have fun with your design, too. It doesn’t need to be strictly business-y and serious.

Infographics are supposed to be engaging and memorable, and illustrations are great story-telling devices.

Making a data-heavy infographic and need help visualizing your data? Check out our guides on designing effective charts and choosing the best charts for your infographic .

What does infographic mean?

The word “infographic” is a combination of two words (you guessed it!): “information” and “graphic”.

Simply put, an infographic is a graphic that presents information and/or data — most importantly, in an easy-to-understand way.

What is an infographic example?

An infographic example is a visual representation of information. Infographics examples include a variety of elements, such as images, icons, text, charts, and diagrams to convey messages at a glance.

What is the purpose of an infographic?

The purpose of an infographic is to visually present information and data in a clear and engaging manner, making complex concepts more understandable.

Are infographics limited to one page?

Infographics are not limited to one page and can vary in length. That said, they are often designed to be concise and easily digestible, frequently fitting on a single page for optimal accessibility.

What are infographics used for?

An infographic has numerous uses in different industries. Infographics can be used to convey complicated data in a simple visual format. They are also visual tools to tell stories.

Visual information graphics help people understand information quickly and more accurately.

Infographics can also be used to show changes or comparisons in data, time, and place, as well as statistics, maps, and hierarchies.

What are the five types of infographics?

We’ve mentioned the nine major infographic categories, among which these are the most common types of infographics are:

• Statistical
• Informational

Different types of infographics require specific elements. Timeline infographics need to include the date and time stamps. A comparison infographic usually includes columns and rows.

The infographic examples in this post will help you understand what type you need to use for your message so you can make the right choice.

Do you need quantitative data to make an infographic?

Simple answer: No! You don’t need quantitative data (numbers) to create an infographic. Infographics are meant to convey information in an easy-to-understand way, and that applies whether the information you have on hand is purely qualitative:

Or quantitative:

Or a combination of both, like in this infographic example:

Conclusion : Create an infographic to make the most out of your knowledge and data

The best infographics use a combination of text, images, and data to inform and engage.

If you’re ready to create infographics that strike the perfect balance between fun and educational, make sure you follow these infographic design best practices:

• Use lines, borders, and shapes to group related information.
• Use one contrasting color to draw attention to key information.
• Create a text hierarchy with three different font styles.
• Use images, icons , and illustrations to make key takeaways memorable.

For more help getting started on your first infographic, check out this guide: How to make an infographic in 5 steps .

Not a designer? No problem. Create an infographic today using our easy-to-edit templates and simple online editor.

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A graphic is an image or visual representation of an object. Therefore, computer graphics are simply images displayed on a computer screen. Graphics are often contrasted with text, which is comprised of characters , such as numbers and letters, rather than images.

Computer graphics can be either two or three-dimensional. Early computers only supported 2D monochrome graphics, meaning they were black and white (or black and green, depending on the monitor ). Eventually, computers began to support color images. While the first machines only supported 16 or 256 colors, most computers can now display graphics in millions of colors.

2D graphics come in two flavors — raster and vector . Raster graphics are the most common and are used for digital photos, Web graphics, icons , and other types of images. They are composed of a simple grid of pixels , which can each be a different color. Vector graphics, on the other hand are made up of paths, which may be lines, shapes, letters, or other scalable objects. They are often used for creating logos, signs, and other types of drawings. Unlike raster graphics, vector graphics can be scaled to a larger size without losing quality.

3D graphics started to become popular in the 1990s, along with 3D rendering software such as CAD and 3D animation programs. By the year 2000, many video games had begun incorporating 3D graphics, since computers had enough processing power to support them. Now most computers now come with a 3D video card that handles all the 3D processing. This allows even basic home systems to support advanced 3D games and applications.

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Related terms.

• Raster Graphic
• Vector Graphic
• Color Depth

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Journal: Graphic Representation

The Treehouse class (2-3 year olds) teachers detailed in the journal below graphic representation – what graphic representation is, the importance of graphic representation for young children, and the strategies the teachers used to support their students in exploring mark-making. 

February 15, 2014 – Graphic representation growing in the Treehouse

What is graphic representation in early childhood.

Graphic representations are marks made that convey meaning and organize thought. In early childhood, children often start to draw before the age of two, either because it has happened by accident or as imitation of an observation. These marks become more and more intentional and symbolic as children have more and more opportunities to explore their own mark making abilities. According to Michaela Strauss, who has done extensive research on children’s early drawings, these early experiences with mark making and their intentionality and form speak a great deal to how the child prior to their third year, live in “movement and rhythm.” Around 3 years old, children’s rhythmic drawings begin to take on more symbolic form.

This is what we are seeing in the Treehouse. Children are beginning to become more and more intentional and symbolic with their drawings. Sometimes, it begins with an imitation of a peer’s drawing, sometimes it is an intrinsic motivation to represent a thought on their own, and sometimes it is prompted or provoked by Molly and me that they mark what they just said or what someone else said.

Why is this important?

Graphic representations, or marks, are precursors to the written language, moreover, it is a more free form and free flowing way to interpret and make meaning of what children are observing or coming to understand. It takes the synchronization of thought, intention, focus, and movement.

“Children’s drawings convey significant milestones in all areas of development, be it social, affective, physical, or cognitive… in the area of physical development, children use the visual arts to represent their thoughts and ideas. As children talk to each other about their work, they clarify concepts, develop problem solving skills, enhance memory and observational skills, and practice language. Art is physical in the sense that children use their small muscles when attempting to control and manipulate brushes and crayons. And, finally, art is creative. Children bring their own ideas and views of their world to the art experience, and in the process, they grow towards the realization of their own creative potential” (Edwards, 2010, p. 156).

Drawing or mark making:

• helps children form mental representation and fosters more freedom of thought
• is an avenue for conducting research, enabling children to consolidate learning from many activities
• encourages flexibility in children’s thinking, gives them a concrete way to express what they have learned, and sets the stage for using words to represent objects and actions in formal writing
• is interrelated with writing- experiment with recording their ideas
• supports higher level thinking skills, such as decision making, evaluation, and problem solving

What are the ways in which we support graphic representation in the classroom?

According to the National Research Council (1998), teachers are able to encourage language literacy growth when they:

• allow enough time and space for play in the classroom
• provide the needed materials and resources
• develop children’s background knowledge for play setting
• scaffold rehearsals of dramatic retellings
• become involved in play settings as to guide children’s attention and learning through modeling and interaction

Molly and I are intentional about the time and space we provide for the children to explore their thinking. We have been careful and intentional about where to place writing materials as well as when to introduce new things to represent. We want to make sure mark making in our classroom keeps the integrity of the play that is happening as well as the children’s interests. I am going to delineate some of the strategies we are using to support children’s growing mark making interests.

Modeling moments in the classroom in which we need to write something down

This looks different from day to day. The children often observe Molly and me writing down their words, in fact, they often ask us to write down the things they are saying.

On a walk with the children on Tuesday February 10th, when I asked Austin to repeat something so I can write it down, he slowed down his words just the way a teacher would slow down the letters in order to ensure that every word he said would be written down. The children are well aware that writing is a tool that we use to remember things and to make thoughts or moments more permanent.

Authentic opportunities for reciprocal message exchange

We have been getting mail from the Garden class a lot recently. First, they wrote us a letter asking us about tape they found in the Main Yard. They wanted to know if it was ours. We read this letter to the children and quickly the children recognized the tape as Alexander’s tape. In front of the children, we wrote back to the Garden class, using their words, letting them know that this tape belonged to Alexander.

We received another letter from the Garden just this week! The children in the Garden wanted to know what the Treehouse thought was beautiful as they are preparing to make another hanging article to replace the white paper one that is now getting too tattered to be up. Again, we had another authentic moment to model mark making and print as we wrote down their ideas.

Providing moments and materials as well as capitalizing on authentic opportunities to make marks (represent ideas)

Throughout the classroom, you will now find a variety of notebooks and pencils. Molly and I immediately set these out when we noticed the children were interested in making marks about what they were doing and what other students were doing. We often find them writing down the measurements to the things they are building, or writing down each other’s orders as they make food for one another, or they are making marks as they are involved in an experience. Moreover, we are seeing the children write more and more letters, we see this directly as a result of our opportunities to exchange mail with other classrooms. This has definitely sparked children’s interest in making mail in our classroom.

We also capitalize their interest on our small group walks. We know that mark making encourages organization of thought as well as memory, therefore, we ask the children to represent either their direct observations or their theories.

For example, on our walk on Tuesday, February 11, Austin, Cedric, Deirdre, Rory, and myself (Blanche), went to the Troll Bridge, which is the small bridge right before you get to Lover’s Lane.

We had been told that there was some construction happening there. Cedric, Deirdre, and Austin had been introduced the idea of writing down their theories on another walk. They had been asked, “What do you think bugs do on rainy days?” I took out notebooks and pencils and simply stated, “Let me know when you want to write down clues!” They immediately asked for the notebooks they knew I would bring in order to write down the clues to what they thought the construction was about.

Here are their thoughts:

Austin: I think they are digging down to fix the water pipe. Cedric: Something that goes up and down. Rory: Fixing the water pipes. Deirdre: They are trying to get down. They are trying to get their bodies down there to see what's down there. 

On another walk with Molly this week, Eva, Arlo, and Andie also made some hummingbird observations. You will see in the pictures below, our labeling of the different attributes the children are expressing are part of the observations they are making, such as small or big hummingbirds. The children are seeing the value of the marks they are making and we are using these to encourage memory as we put them up and around the classroom for them to revisit. Please see our nature window the next time you visit the classroom!

We are going to continue to provide the materials and opportunities to continue exploring and modeling mark making.

Warmly, Blanche and Molly

I notice – I wonder

It is okay to have different opinions. How to help children navigate their disagreements

What does it mean to a child to be member of a committee

How to embed meaningful, authentic math learning experiences into inquiry work

How to nurture a child’s ability to think about her thinking

Shared memories are the foundation of community building

How to cultivate a sense of wonder in children

Creating a bond between children through intimate shared experiences

Guiding a group through peer dynamics and friendship development

How to create a save space for every child to express their thoughts and emotions

How to combined two separate classes into one

Why graphic representations are so important for children

Exploring identity, roles, power, strength, and influence

Strategies to cultivate citizenship in young children

Using committees for interpersonal learning & group problem-solving

Understanding children’s ideas of art. What does it mean to them?

Exploring nature by representing it through art

How to create different colors

Children reflecting on their work, specifically on process and strategy

Exploring fairness and equality through the story of Nelson Mandela

Exploring Transformation in Stories and through Materials

Children’s reflections on identity, power & transformation

Using books to explore how children think 

By Darcy Campbell

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Stay up to date with all the latest updates about The Collaboratory. It’s free.

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Adult film star Stormy Daniels testifies against Trump in New York trial

Ximena Bustillo

Judge Juan Merchan presides over proceedings on Tuesday as Stormy Daniels, far right, answers questions on direct examination by assistant district attorney Susan Hoffinger in Manhattan criminal court as former President Donald Trump and defense attorney Todd Blanche look on. Elizabeth Williams/AP hide caption

Judge Juan Merchan presides over proceedings on Tuesday as Stormy Daniels, far right, answers questions on direct examination by assistant district attorney Susan Hoffinger in Manhattan criminal court as former President Donald Trump and defense attorney Todd Blanche look on.

NEW YORK — Adult film actor Stormy Daniels took the stand in the criminal trial against Donald Trump on Tuesday, offering details about an alleged sexual encounter that prompted the former president's lawyers to ask for a mistrial. New York Judge Juan Merchan rejected that effort.

The details focused on an alleged 2006 sexual encounter with Trump in a hotel suite as well as their contact between 2006 and 2008. Trump has denied the affair.

Stormy Daniels, also known as Stephanie Clifford, is one of two women the prosecution is alleging Trump paid off to protect his electoral prospects the first time he ran for the White House. Her testimony will continue on Thursday.

Adult film actress Stormy Daniels speaks outside federal court in New York in April 2018. She is testifying this week in the criminal trial of former President Donald Trump. Mary Altaffer/AP hide caption

Adult film actress Stormy Daniels speaks outside federal court in New York in April 2018. She is testifying this week in the criminal trial of former President Donald Trump.

While Merchan denied the defense's motion for mistrial, he did agree "there were things that were better left unsaid" during Daniels' testimony. On Tuesday morning, Merchan sustained various objections raised by the defense for including unnecessary details, and before the afternoon testimony began, he instructed prosecutors to take some time to instruct her to be more succinct in her answers.

Prosecutors argued the details Daniels gave are aimed at establishing her credibility and also help explain what exactly Trump wanted to silence with a nondisclosure agreement and $130,000 settlement from his then-lawyer Michael Cohen.

The former president sat in the courtroom for her testimony, as he is required to by New York criminal law, and has been accompanied by one of his sons, Eric Trump.

The former president faces 34 felony counts alleging that he falsified New York business records to conceal damaging information to influence the 2016 presidential election. Trump, who pleaded not guilty, claims the trial itself is "election interference" because of how it is disrupting his 2024 bid for president because he must be present in court every day and can't campaign when he is.

Trump fined $1,000 for violating gag order again and threatened with jail time

Who is stormy daniels.

Daniels is an adult film actor who received a $130,000 payment from Trump's Cohen in 2016 as Trump was first running for president. Daniels has said that she had an affair with Trump after he married Melania and just after the birth of his youngest son, Barron.

Although Trump has denied the affair, in 2018 Cohen admitted to the payments, and Trump acknowledged that Cohen represented him in the deal after at first denying it. In 2018 Cohen pleaded guilty to federal charges of violating campaign finance law , "at the direction of a candidate for federal office," among other charges, and was sentenced to three years in federal prison.

Testifying on Tuesday, she detailed how she first met Trump at a celebrity golf tournament in 2006. During that event, which was sponsored by the adult film company she was working for, Daniels said she was invited to have a private dinner with Trump. During the dinner, Trump encouraged her to join his show, The Apprentice — a role she was eventually turned down for — and she detailed the alleged sexual encounter.

She said she didn't feel threatened by him, but that she felt "there was a power imbalance." And that afterwards, she said she felt ashamed to stayed in touch with Trump because he dangled the possibility of a role on his show.

She also testified about receiving periodic calls from Trump from different New York numbers after that and also instances of being seen in public with him. From 2008 to 2011 she said she had no contact with Trump; she recounted getting married, having her daughter and starring in mainstream movies and music videos.

She testified that in October 2016, InTouch magazine called her to tell her that someone had sold her story and that another magazine was looking to publish it. She decided to do an interview with InTouch to try and get ahead of the story. Ultimately neither story ran but ran in an online tabloid magazine.

Daniels testified that her agent was looking to sell her story in 2016, after Trump had announced his candidacy.

"My motivation wasn't money, it was to get the story out. I didn't care about the money," Daniels said. "I was the best I'd ever been. ... Things were very good."

Daniels testified that in October 2016, she was presented with a nondisclosure agreement between herself and Trump. The jury was shown an email from Cohen to Daniels' lawyer for a $130,000 settlement agreement and a side letter agreement identifying the pseudonym for Daniels and Trump in the settlement.

Hope Hicks, former Trump confidant, testifies against him in New York criminal trial

Daniels also tried to sue Trump in 2018 for defamation, but the lawsuit was dismissed. In 2023 she later tried to appeal the decision but lost that appeal, leaving her to pay Trump's legal fees of $120,000 . That same month, Trump was indicted by a Manhattan grand jury .

Earlier this year, a new documentary titled Stormy was released on Peacock , detailing her life between 2018 and 2023 and the various legal and personal challenges she's faced since coming forward.

How does she fit in the prosecution's case?

The payment to Daniels by Cohen received scrutiny in 2018 for potentially violating campaign finance law. Trump has long argued that the payment had nothing to do with the election and that instead he was trying to protect his marriage and family and that Cohen acted alone . But prosecutors argue that the payments violated a New York law barring illegal conspiracies to "promote" a candidate, and that a $420,000 reimbursement to Cohen was falsely described in Trump business records as a "legal retainer" to cover up the illegal payment.

Away from his New York trial, Donald Trump's campaign rallies are business as usual

In opening statements for the trial, prosecutor Matthew Colangelo said they would work to show the jury how payments were calculated and disguised for tax purposes as well as evidence that "Trump is a frugal businessman ... but when it came to pay Cohen back, he didn't negotiate the price down. He doubled it, so he could disguise it as income," Colangelo said.

A story of infidelity with a porn star would have been damaging to the campaign, Colangelo said, and Trump wanted to "prevent American voters from learning about that information before Election Day."

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"There was no retainer agreement, it was instead what they thought was a clever way to pay Cohen back without being obvious about it," Colangelo said, detailing that Cohen submitted 11 "phony invoices" paid for by checks with "false entries" signed by Trump himself.

In his opening, defense attorney Todd Blanche spent time trying to discredit some of the prosecution's witnesses, primarily Cohen, who has a history of perjury , and Daniels, noting how she has received publicity, pointing to her recent documentary and how Trump has won a defamation lawsuit against her .

What did Trump's lawyers ask her about?

Trump defense lawyer Susan Necheles cross examined Daniels about her past social media history, her debt of legal fees to the former president and the interviews she has given regarding the alleged sexual encounter and settlement. The line of questioning was aimed to discredit Daniels' honesty, recounting moments when recollections of events may have been told differently.

Necheles questioned Daniels' different recollections of her experiences with Trump. For example, one of Daniels' books recalls their 2006 meeting but does not reference the alleged sexual encounter. Those allegations came later. Daniels answered that the discrepancy comes from her book editor wanting her to falsely imply that the sex was not consensual, which she didn't want to do in the book.

Necheles also questioned whether Daniels has made money off of the story. "It has also cost me a lot of money," Daniels said back.

Necheles also hammered Daniels over an allegation that in 2011 she was threatened in a parking lot while on her way to a fitness class with her then-infant daughter. Necheles pushed Daniels to admit the story was made up. Daniels said it wasn't.

Following a line of questioning from last week when defense lawyers questioned Daniels' former lawyer Keith Davidson, Necheles pushed her on if she wanted to extort Trump.

"False!" Daniels yelled.

Here are the courtroom sketch artists drawing Trump's hush money trial

Who else has the jury heard from so far.

Jurors have heard from 12 witnesses so far, called by the prosecution:

David Pecker , former CEO of American Media Inc. He testified about making a deal with Trump and Cohen in 2015 to help Trump's campaign by finding potentially damaging stories and helping to kill them.

Keith Davidson , the former lawyer for McDougal and Daniels who negotiated their payments in exchange for the rights to their stories. He testified and verified various text messages, phone calls and conversations surrounding the deals.

Hope Hicks , former Trump campaign and White House official. She testified about the campaign and Trump's response to press reports about the payments and alleged affairs.

Jeffrey McConney, the former controller for the Trump Organization. He verified financial documents from the Trump Organization and emails facilitating the payments from Trump to Cohen.

Rhona Graff, a longtime executive assistant at the Trump Organization. She testified against her former boss about how she entered McDougal's and Daniels' contact information into the Trump Organization's directory. Her testimony verified Trump's contact lists.

Gary Farro, a former banker at First Republic Bank. He testified about opening accounts for Cohen that would eventually be used to pay Daniels. He said if he had known what the accounts would be used for, he may not have ever opened them.

Robert Browning, executive director for archives for C-SPAN. He verified two 2016 Trump campaign clips and one 2017 press conference clip where Trump called Cohen a talented lawyer and where Trump called allegations from women lies.

Phillip Thompson of Esquire Deposition Solutions. He verified video and transcript of a 2022 deposition Trump gave for his civil defamation lawsuit against writer E. Jean Carroll. In a video clip played from the deposition, Trump confirms his wife is Melania Trump and his Truth Social handle, among other things.

Doug Daus, a supervising forensics analyst in the Manhattan District Attorney's office. He testified to authenticating phone data; prosecutors played a recording of Cohen and Trump in which Cohen can be heard telling Trump, "I need to open up a company for the transfer of all of that info regarding our friend, David."

Georgia Longstreet , a paralegal in the Manhattan DA's office. She testified to analyzing Trump's social media posts.

Deborah Tarasoff, the accounts payable supervisor at the Trump Organization. She testified to the check and reimbursement process at the Trump Organization. She confirmed each of the invoices, vouchers and checks paid from Trump's personal account to Cohen.

Sally Franklin, vice president of Penguin Random House , a publishing company. She verified books published about and by Trump.

Andrea Bernstein contributed to this report.

• Stormy Daniels
• President Trump
• Stephanie Clifford
• criminal trial

How the Dow Jones all-time high compares to stock market leaps throughout history

The Dow Jones industrial average finished above 40,000 for the first time on Friday afternoon, doubling where the index hit shortly after Donald Trump became the 45th president.

The Dow flirted with this latest milestone in April. But the historic peak was delayed by strong economic news, an upturn in March inflation data and statements from Fed officials suggesting interest-rate cuts wouldn't be coming soon .

Conversely, an encouraging drop in inflation reported earlier this week helped to fuel this latest rally. Consumer prices rose 3.4% from last April – a decline from March's 3.5% annual increase. The CME FedWatch Tool shows investors still expect the Federal Reserve to cut interest rates twice by the end of the year .

These big, round numbers don't mean much, but they do serve as a reminder that over time stock investments can pay off. The S&P 500 has returned about 10.6% annually for the past 100 years, according to analysis from Trade That Swing.

How often the Dow doubled in the past four decades

The Dow Jones Industrial average has doubled every 8.1 years, or 2,969 days, since 1983. Before that, it took more than 24 years for the index to double from 625 in the spring of 1959 to September 1983.

Unable to view our graphics? Click here to see them .

That means if you had invested in a fund in 1983 that mirrored the Dow Jones industrial average, $1,000 would now be $32,000, or $10,500 in 1983 dollars. And that doesn't include reinvested dividends.

The list of 30 companies that make up the Dow has evolved with the economy over the past 40 years, as it has throughout its 139-year history. Consider the handful of technology stocks such as Amazon and Apple that have replaced names like Eastman Kodak and Sears Roebuck.

What 30 stocks are in the Dow Jones industrial average

Here's a look at each period where the Dow Jones industrial average doubled since the index topped 1250 for the first time in September 1983.

We've included a few key shocks to the stock markets along these timelines in addition to the presidents who were in office. Admittedly the steady hands of the Federal Reserve chairs during those eras likely had greater sway over the success of the markets than whoever was in the White House.

Dow 1250 to 2500: 1,394 days

Dow 2500 to 5000: 3,049 days, dow 5000 to 10,000: 1,224 days, dow 10,000 to 20,000: 6,512 days, dow 20,000 to 40,000: 2,669 days, what does dow at 40,000 mean for my 401(k).

While the 40,000 milestone is attention-grabbing, the number itself means little to investors.

“40,000 is a great milestone, but end of the day there isn’t much difference between 39,999 and 40k,” Ryan Detrick, chief market strategist at Carson Group, said in a statement emailed Thursday. “Still, this is a great reminder of how far we’ve come. Read more about what the milestone means here.

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'Nvidia graphic drivers are not compatible with this version of windows' error

Hello Windows, I am having some trouble updating my NVIDIA Game Ready Driver on my Windows 11 Computer, every time I try to start the update I get an error that says, 'This NVIDIA driver is not compatible with this version of Windows', I recently had windows up to date the current version I have is Version 23H3 (OS Build 22631.3593) . I tried everything, reinstall GeForce Experience, download the latest version of the Driver online, and even install it manually through the device manager. But nothing seemed to work, can you help me find out what is causing the problem and how to fix it?

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• Microsoft Agent |

Hello，Joseph Hernández1

Thank you for posting in the Microsoft community.

I see that you are getting "Nvidia Graphics Driver is not compatible with this version of Windows" error when updating Nivdia Graphics Driver, it may be due to your old version of Graphics Driver is not fully and cleanly uninstalled. Please manually uninstall the currently installed graphics driver by using the graphics driver uninstaller tool, a recommended method is provided here:

How to Use the Display Driver Uninstaller (DDU) to Uninstall an... (intel.com)

Disclaimer : Microsoft provides no assurances and/or warranties, implied or otherwise, and is not responsible for the information you receive from the third-party linked sites or any support related to technology. 

And then through the GeForce Experience program to automatically detect and reinstall the driver, you try this method first, if there is any news or encountered any problems, please feel free to contact us.

Best Regards，

Rota|Microsoft Community Support Specialist

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• Volunteer Moderator

Uninstall GeForce experience, then download Nvidia App . install Nvidia app. This app more advanced then GeForce experience.

Download nvidia driver 522.44 from nvidia official website.

Install driver manually.

It didn't work, I still received the same error.

I did not work, the error still maintains.

Do NVIDIA drivers support Surface Studio computers with Windows 11 anymore, even if the version is current?

Share hardware device id of nvidia gpu .

Nvdia releases studio drivers and game ready drivers

The driver I use is nvidia geforce gtx 965m game ready driver, and the computer I use is Surface Pro 1st gen.

Hi Joseph Hernández,

After reading through the entire thread you posted here, and reading the exchanges you've had with our wonderful volunteers and Microsoft Agent, allow me to make a few comments.

First of all, I want to confirm that you are using the first generation of Surface Studio , not the first generation of Surface Pro , right?

But let me kindly emphasize to you that neither of these devices can be upgraded to Windows 11:

Which Surface devices can be upgraded to Windows 11? - Microsoft Support

If the model is not displayed in the list, Windows 11 is not supported

However, in this thread, I noticed that you are using Windows 11, but both devices only support Windows 10. Microsoft officially only offers Windows 10 driver and firmware pack for these two devices:

Surface Studio:

Download Surface Studio Drivers and Firmware from Official Microsoft Download Center

Surface Pro:

Download Surface Pro Drivers and Firmware from Official Microsoft Download Center

Therefore, the drivers provided by Geforce Experience are definitely not compatible with your device.

If you are hoping to solve this problem on Windows 11, I recommend uninstalling and removing all of the NVIDIA-related drivers and program( Geforce Experience ) already installed on your device, then visiting the link above to download the driver and firmware package for your device model and try to install it. Then confirm that the graphics card is working properly.

Please note, however, that since the driver and firmware pack is for Windows 10, we cannot guarantee that it will be installed correctly in Windows 11.

If there are no exceptions after doing the above, then you may be able to continue using your device, just be careful not to update your graphics driver with NVIDIA software, as this may cause the driver to error again.

However, if you find that the drivers and firmware packages do not install, my second suggestion is to back up all the data in your Surface, create a Surfde dicated recovery image, and then use it to restore your Surface to Windows 10:

Creating and using a USB recovery drive for Surface - Microsoft Support

After your Surface is restored to Windows 10, download and install the appropriate driver and firmware package.

Best Regards,

Mitchell | Microsoft Community Support Specialist 

Download nvidia driver 522.44, extract it , then use .inf file to install driver

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