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Solving an Assignment Problem
This section presents an example that shows how to solve an assignment problem using both the MIP solver and the CP-SAT solver.
In the example there are five workers (numbered 0-4) and four tasks (numbered 0-3). Note that there is one more worker than in the example in the Overview .
The costs of assigning workers to tasks are shown in the following table.
Worker | Task 0 | Task 1 | Task 2 | Task 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
90 | 80 | 75 | 70 | |
35 | 85 | 55 | 65 | |
125 | 95 | 90 | 95 | |
45 | 110 | 95 | 115 | |
50 | 100 | 90 | 100 |
The problem is to assign each worker to at most one task, with no two workers performing the same task, while minimizing the total cost. Since there are more workers than tasks, one worker will not be assigned a task.
MIP solution
The following sections describe how to solve the problem using the MPSolver wrapper .
Import the libraries
The following code imports the required libraries.
Create the data
The following code creates the data for the problem.
The costs array corresponds to the table of costs for assigning workers to tasks, shown above.
Declare the MIP solver
The following code declares the MIP solver.
Create the variables
The following code creates binary integer variables for the problem.
Create the constraints
Create the objective function.
The following code creates the objective function for the problem.
The value of the objective function is the total cost over all variables that are assigned the value 1 by the solver.
Invoke the solver
The following code invokes the solver.
Print the solution
The following code prints the solution to the problem.
Here is the output of the program.
Complete programs
Here are the complete programs for the MIP solution.
CP SAT solution
The following sections describe how to solve the problem using the CP-SAT solver.
Declare the model
The following code declares the CP-SAT model.
The following code sets up the data for the problem.
The following code creates the constraints for the problem.
Here are the complete programs for the CP-SAT solution.
Except as otherwise noted, the content of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License , and code samples are licensed under the Apache 2.0 License . For details, see the Google Developers Site Policies . Java is a registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Last updated 2024-08-28 UTC.
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Hungarian Algorithm for Assignment Problem | Set 1 (Introduction)
- For each row of the matrix, find the smallest element and subtract it from every element in its row.
- Do the same (as step 1) for all columns.
- Cover all zeros in the matrix using minimum number of horizontal and vertical lines.
- Test for Optimality: If the minimum number of covering lines is n, an optimal assignment is possible and we are finished. Else if lines are lesser than n, we haven’t found the optimal assignment, and must proceed to step 5.
- Determine the smallest entry not covered by any line. Subtract this entry from each uncovered row, and then add it to each covered column. Return to step 3.
Try it before moving to see the solution
Explanation for above simple example:
An example that doesn’t lead to optimal value in first attempt: In the above example, the first check for optimality did give us solution. What if we the number covering lines is less than n.
Time complexity : O(n^3), where n is the number of workers and jobs. This is because the algorithm implements the Hungarian algorithm, which is known to have a time complexity of O(n^3).
Space complexity : O(n^2), where n is the number of workers and jobs. This is because the algorithm uses a 2D cost matrix of size n x n to store the costs of assigning each worker to a job, and additional arrays of size n to store the labels, matches, and auxiliary information needed for the algorithm.
In the next post, we will be discussing implementation of the above algorithm. The implementation requires more steps as we need to find minimum number of lines to cover all 0’s using a program. References: http://www.math.harvard.edu/archive/20_spring_05/handouts/assignment_overheads.pdf https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQDZNHwuuOY
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Wolfram Language ™
Optimal assignment problem.
Find the amount of electricity a company must send from its four power plants to five cities so as to maximize profit and minimize cost while meeting the cities' peak demands.
This example demonstrates how LinearFractionalOptimization may be used to minimize the ratio of cost to profit within given constraints. Use of a matrix-valued variable makes the modeling relatively simple.
As an example, here is the cost of transporting one million kilowatt hours (kWh) of electricity from four plants to five cities.
The profit that each power plant generates by selling 1 million kWh to each city is shown here.
The cities have a peak demand of 45, 20, 30, 30 and 40 million kWh, respectively, and a minimum demand of 5 million kWh.
The power plants can supply a minimum of 35, 50, 40 and 40 million kWh of electricity, respectively.
The optimal amount of electricity to send each city by each plant can be found by minimizing the ratio of cost to profit.
The breakdown of electricity supplied is shown.
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Index Assignment problem Hungarian algorithm Solve online
Solve an assignment problem online
Fill in the cost matrix of an assignment problem and click on 'Solve'. The optimal assignment will be determined and a step by step explanation of the hungarian algorithm will be given.
Fill in the cost matrix ( random cost matrix ):
Don't show the steps of the Hungarian algorithm Maximize the total cost
HungarianAlgorithm.com © 2013-2024
Hungarian Method
The Hungarian method is a computational optimization technique that addresses the assignment problem in polynomial time and foreshadows following primal-dual alternatives. In 1955, Harold Kuhn used the term “Hungarian method” to honour two Hungarian mathematicians, Dénes Kőnig and Jenő Egerváry. Let’s go through the steps of the Hungarian method with the help of a solved example.
Hungarian Method to Solve Assignment Problems
The Hungarian method is a simple way to solve assignment problems. Let us first discuss the assignment problems before moving on to learning the Hungarian method.
What is an Assignment Problem?
A transportation problem is a type of assignment problem. The goal is to allocate an equal amount of resources to the same number of activities. As a result, the overall cost of allocation is minimised or the total profit is maximised.
Because available resources such as workers, machines, and other resources have varying degrees of efficiency for executing different activities, and hence the cost, profit, or loss of conducting such activities varies.
Assume we have ‘n’ jobs to do on ‘m’ machines (i.e., one job to one machine). Our goal is to assign jobs to machines for the least amount of money possible (or maximum profit). Based on the notion that each machine can accomplish each task, but at variable levels of efficiency.
Hungarian Method Steps
Check to see if the number of rows and columns are equal; if they are, the assignment problem is considered to be balanced. Then go to step 1. If it is not balanced, it should be balanced before the algorithm is applied.
Step 1 – In the given cost matrix, subtract the least cost element of each row from all the entries in that row. Make sure that each row has at least one zero.
Step 2 – In the resultant cost matrix produced in step 1, subtract the least cost element in each column from all the components in that column, ensuring that each column contains at least one zero.
Step 3 – Assign zeros
- Analyse the rows one by one until you find a row with precisely one unmarked zero. Encircle this lonely unmarked zero and assign it a task. All other zeros in the column of this circular zero should be crossed out because they will not be used in any future assignments. Continue in this manner until you’ve gone through all of the rows.
- Examine the columns one by one until you find one with precisely one unmarked zero. Encircle this single unmarked zero and cross any other zero in its row to make an assignment to it. Continue until you’ve gone through all of the columns.
Step 4 – Perform the Optimal Test
- The present assignment is optimal if each row and column has exactly one encircled zero.
- The present assignment is not optimal if at least one row or column is missing an assignment (i.e., if at least one row or column is missing one encircled zero). Continue to step 5. Subtract the least cost element from all the entries in each column of the final cost matrix created in step 1 and ensure that each column has at least one zero.
Step 5 – Draw the least number of straight lines to cover all of the zeros as follows:
(a) Highlight the rows that aren’t assigned.
(b) Label the columns with zeros in marked rows (if they haven’t already been marked).
(c) Highlight the rows that have assignments in indicated columns (if they haven’t previously been marked).
(d) Continue with (b) and (c) until no further marking is needed.
(f) Simply draw the lines through all rows and columns that are not marked. If the number of these lines equals the order of the matrix, then the solution is optimal; otherwise, it is not.
Step 6 – Find the lowest cost factor that is not covered by the straight lines. Subtract this least-cost component from all the uncovered elements and add it to all the elements that are at the intersection of these straight lines, but leave the rest of the elements alone.
Step 7 – Continue with steps 1 – 6 until you’ve found the highest suitable assignment.
|
---|
Hungarian Method Example
Use the Hungarian method to solve the given assignment problem stated in the table. The entries in the matrix represent each man’s processing time in hours.
\(\begin{array}{l}\begin{bmatrix} & I & II & III & IV & V \\1 & 20 & 15 & 18 & 20 & 25 \\2 & 18 & 20 & 12 & 14 & 15 \\3 & 21 & 23 & 25 & 27 & 25 \\4 & 17 & 18 & 21 & 23 & 20 \\5 & 18 & 18 & 16 & 19 & 20 \\\end{bmatrix}\end{array} \)
With 5 jobs and 5 men, the stated problem is balanced.
\(\begin{array}{l}A = \begin{bmatrix}20 & 15 & 18 & 20 & 25 \\18 & 20 & 12 & 14 & 15 \\21 & 23 & 25 & 27 & 25 \\17 & 18 & 21 & 23 & 20 \\18 & 18 & 16 & 19 & 20 \\\end{bmatrix}\end{array} \)
Subtract the lowest cost element in each row from all of the elements in the given cost matrix’s row. Make sure that each row has at least one zero.
\(\begin{array}{l}A = \begin{bmatrix}5 & 0 & 3 & 5 & 10 \\6 & 8 & 0 & 2 & 3 \\0 & 2 & 4 & 6 & 4 \\0 & 1 & 4 & 6 & 3 \\2 & 2 & 0 & 3 & 4 \\\end{bmatrix}\end{array} \)
Subtract the least cost element in each Column from all of the components in the given cost matrix’s Column. Check to see if each column has at least one zero.
\(\begin{array}{l}A = \begin{bmatrix}5 & 0 & 3 & 3 & 7 \\6 & 8 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\0 & 2 & 4 & 4 & 1 \\0 & 1 & 4 & 4 & 0 \\2 & 2 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\\end{bmatrix}\end{array} \)
When the zeros are assigned, we get the following:
The present assignment is optimal because each row and column contain precisely one encircled zero.
Where 1 to II, 2 to IV, 3 to I, 4 to V, and 5 to III are the best assignments.
Hence, z = 15 + 14 + 21 + 20 + 16 = 86 hours is the optimal time.
Practice Question on Hungarian Method
Use the Hungarian method to solve the following assignment problem shown in table. The matrix entries represent the time it takes for each job to be processed by each machine in hours.
\(\begin{array}{l}\begin{bmatrix}J/M & I & II & III & IV & V \\1 & 9 & 22 & 58 & 11 & 19 \\2 & 43 & 78 & 72 & 50 & 63 \\3 & 41 & 28 & 91 & 37 & 45 \\4 & 74 & 42 & 27 & 49 & 39 \\5 & 36 & 11 & 57 & 22 & 25 \\\end{bmatrix}\end{array} \)
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Frequently Asked Questions on Hungarian Method
What is hungarian method.
The Hungarian method is defined as a combinatorial optimization technique that solves the assignment problems in polynomial time and foreshadowed subsequent primal–dual approaches.
What are the steps involved in Hungarian method?
The following is a quick overview of the Hungarian method: Step 1: Subtract the row minima. Step 2: Subtract the column minimums. Step 3: Use a limited number of lines to cover all zeros. Step 4: Add some more zeros to the equation.
What is the purpose of the Hungarian method?
When workers are assigned to certain activities based on cost, the Hungarian method is beneficial for identifying minimum costs.
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The Quadratic Assignment Problem
- First Online: 01 January 2015
Cite this chapter
- Zvi Drezner 4
4712 Accesses
9 Citations
The quadratic assignment problem is reviewed in this chapter. Weights between pairs of facilities and distances between the same number of locations are given. The problem is to find the assignment of facilities to locations that minimizes the weighted sum of distances. This problem is considered to be one of the most difficult combinatorial optimization problems. The construction of efficient solution algorithms (exact or heuristic) is challenging and has been extensively investigated by the communities working in Operations Research/Management Science, Industrial Engineering, or Computer Science. Examples of applications are given, the related layout problem is briefly described, exact and heuristic solution algorithms are reviewed, and a list of test problem instances and results are reported.
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Extensions and Related Problems
A linear formulation with \(o(n^2)\) variables for quadratic assignment problems with manhattan distance matrices.
Quadratic Assignment Problems
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Drezner, Z. (2015). The Quadratic Assignment Problem. In: Laporte, G., Nickel, S., Saldanha da Gama, F. (eds) Location Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13111-5_13
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Procedure, Example Solved Problem | Operations Research - Solution of assignment problems (Hungarian Method) | 12th Business Maths and Statistics : Chapter 10 : Operations Research
Chapter: 12th business maths and statistics : chapter 10 : operations research.
Solution of assignment problems (Hungarian Method)
First check whether the number of rows is equal to the numbers of columns, if it is so, the assignment problem is said to be balanced.
Step :1 Choose the least element in each row and subtract it from all the elements of that row.
Step :2 Choose the least element in each column and subtract it from all the elements of that column. Step 2 has to be performed from the table obtained in step 1.
Step:3 Check whether there is atleast one zero in each row and each column and make an assignment as follows.
Step :4 If each row and each column contains exactly one assignment, then the solution is optimal.
Example 10.7
Solve the following assignment problem. Cell values represent cost of assigning job A, B, C and D to the machines I, II, III and IV.
Here the number of rows and columns are equal.
∴ The given assignment problem is balanced. Now let us find the solution.
Step 1: Select a smallest element in each row and subtract this from all the elements in its row.
Look for atleast one zero in each row and each column.Otherwise go to step 2.
Step 2: Select the smallest element in each column and subtract this from all the elements in its column.
Since each row and column contains atleast one zero, assignments can be made.
Step 3 (Assignment):
Thus all the four assignments have been made. The optimal assignment schedule and total cost is
The optimal assignment (minimum) cost
Example 10.8
Consider the problem of assigning five jobs to five persons. The assignment costs are given as follows. Determine the optimum assignment schedule.
∴ The given assignment problem is balanced.
Now let us find the solution.
The cost matrix of the given assignment problem is
Column 3 contains no zero. Go to Step 2.
Thus all the five assignments have been made. The Optimal assignment schedule and total cost is
The optimal assignment (minimum) cost = ` 9
Example 10.9
Solve the following assignment problem.
Since the number of columns is less than the number of rows, given assignment problem is unbalanced one. To balance it , introduce a dummy column with all the entries zero. The revised assignment problem is
Here only 3 tasks can be assigned to 3 men.
Step 1: is not necessary, since each row contains zero entry. Go to Step 2.
Step 3 (Assignment) :
Since each row and each columncontains exactly one assignment,all the three men have been assigned a task. But task S is not assigned to any Man. The optimal assignment schedule and total cost is
The optimal assignment (minimum) cost = ₹ 35
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The assignment problem is a fundamental combinatorial optimization problem. In its most general form, the problem is as follows: ... Fortunately, there are many algorithms for finding the optimal assignment in time polynomial in n. The assignment problem is a special case of the transportation problem, ...
The optimal assignment can be found using the Hungarian algorithm. The Hungarian algorithm has worst case run-time complexity of O(n^3). ... The Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP) is an optimization problem that deals with assigning a set of facilities to a set of locations, considering the pairwise distances and flows between them. The problem ...
Best known bounds. O(mn1/2) deterministic; O(n 2.376) randomized. Planar weighted bipartite matching. O(n3/2 log5 n). Weighted Bipartite Matching m edges, n nodes A lg or ithmD es nb y v aT dsJ Keier ¥Cp ©205 Wey S ev e Input Queued Switching 19 Input-Queued Switching Input-queued switch.! n inputs and n outputs in an n-by-n crossbar layout.!
6.2 Problem Let N be a networkobtained from Km;m by giving eachedge e an integer weight w(e). Find a perfect matching of maximum weight in N. As in most optimization problems, animportant step in nding an algorithm for solving this problem is to give a criterion for recognising an optimal solution.
This section presents an example that shows how to solve an assignment problem using both the MIP solver and the CP-SAT solver. Example. In the example there are five workers (numbered 0-4) and four tasks (numbered 0-3). Note that there is one more worker than in the example in the Overview.
The assignment problem is a special case of the transportation problem, which in turn is a special case of the min-cost flow problem, so it can be solved using algorithms that solve the more general cases. Also, our problem is a special case of binary integer linear programming problem (which is NP-hard). ... Mike Dawes "The Optimal ...
Then X∗ solves the assignment problem specified by C since z(X∗)=0and z(X) ≥ 0 for any other solution X.ByExample5,X∗ is also an optimal solution to the assignment problem specified by C.NotethatX∗ corresponds to the permutation 132. The method used to obtain an optimal solution to the assignment problem specified by C
First, we give a detailed review of two algorithms that solve the minimization case of the assignment problem, the Bertsekas auction algorithm and the Goldberg & Kennedy algorithm. It was previously alluded that both algorithms are equivalent. We give a detailed proof that these algorithms are equivalent. Also, we perform experimental results comparing the performance of three algorithms for ...
The Assignment Problem: Suppose we have n resources to which we want to assign to n tasks on a one-to-one basis. Suppose also that we know the cost of assigning a given resource to a given task. We wish to find an optimal assignment-one which minimizes total cost. 29
The problem is a special form of the transportation problem and, as such, has an optimal solution in which each variable is either zero or one. The problem can be solved by the simplex method, but special assignment problem algorithms tend to be computationally more efficient. ... Assignment Problem. In: Gass, S.I., Fu, M.C. (eds) Encyclopedia ...
In this lesson we learn what is an assignment problem and how we can solve it using the Hungarian method.
The Hungarian method is a combinatorial optimization algorithm that solves the assignment problem in polynomial time and which anticipated later primal-dual methods.It was developed and published in 1955 by Harold Kuhn, who gave it the name "Hungarian method" because the algorithm was largely based on the earlier works of two Hungarian mathematicians, Dénes Kőnig and Jenő Egerváry.
The Hungarian algorithm, aka Munkres assignment algorithm, utilizes the following theorem for polynomial runtime complexity (worst case O(n 3)) and guaranteed optimality: If a number is added to or subtracted from all of the entries of any one row or column of a cost matrix, then an optimal assignment for the resulting cost matrix is also an ...
Hungarian algorithm steps for minimization problem. Step 1: For each row, subtract the minimum number in that row from all numbers in that row. Step 2: For each column, subtract the minimum number in that column from all numbers in that column. Step 3: Draw the minimum number of lines to cover all zeroes.
H. W. KUHN 87 The largest number of jobs that can be assigned to qualified individuals is equal to the smallest total allotment of any adequate budget. Any assignment is optimal if and only if it is complete after every possible transfer. 3. THE GENERAL ASSIGNMENT PROBLEM Suppose n individuals (i = 1, . . ., n) are available for n jobs (I = 1, . . .
Problem 4. Job shop needs to assign 4 jobs to 4 workers. The cost of performing a job is a function of the skills of the workers. Table summarizes the cost of the assignments. Worker1 cannot do job3, and worker 3 cannot do job 4. Determine the optimal assignment using the Hungarian method. Job.
Optimal Assignment Problem. Find the amount of electricity a company must send from its four power plants to five cities so as to maximize profit and minimize cost while meeting the cities' peak demands. This example demonstrates how LinearFractionalOptimization may be used to minimize the ratio of cost to profit within given constraints. Use ...
Thus, worker 1 should perform job 3, worker 2 job 2, worker 3 job 1, and worker 4 should perform job 4. The total cost of this optimal assignment is to 69 + 37 + 11 + 23 = 140. Solve your own problem online
Solve an assignment problem online. Fill in the cost matrix of an assignment problem and click on 'Solve'. The optimal assignment will be determined and a step by step explanation of the hungarian algorithm will be given. Fill in the cost matrix (random cost matrix):
The problem in this work will consider the case n=k. Mathematically stated the assignment problem is as follows: Let R be an n x n matrix with positive integer entries. The optimal assignment problem consists of choosing n entries, so that no two chosen entries come from the same row or column and such that the sum of the entries is maximized.
The Hungarian method is a computational optimization technique that addresses the assignment problem in polynomial time and foreshadows following primal-dual alternatives. In 1955, Harold Kuhn used the term "Hungarian method" to honour two Hungarian mathematicians, Dénes Kőnig and Jenő Egerváry. Let's go through the steps of the Hungarian method with the help of a solved example.
The quadratic assignment problem (QAP) is considered one of the most difficult optimization problems to solve optimally. The QAP is a combinatorial optimization problem stated for the first time by Koopmans and Beckmann ().Early papers on the subject include Gilmore (), Pierce and Crowston (), Lawler (), and Love and Wong ().The problem is defined as follows.
The optimal assignment (minimum) cost = ` 9. Example 10.9. Solve the following assignment problem. Solution: Since the number of columns is less than the number of rows, given assignment problem is unbalanced one. To balance it , introduce a dummy column with all the entries zero. The revised assignment problem is
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