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How to Write a Biography: A Step-by-Step Guide

By Hannah Yang

Table of Contents

What is a biography, a step-by-step guide to writing a biography, tips for how to write a great biography, conclusion on how to write a biography.

Writing a biography can be a rewarding endeavor, but it can also feel a bit daunting if you’ve never written one before.

Whether you’re capturing the life story of a famous person, a family member, or even yourself, creating a compelling biography involves a mix of thorough research, narrative skill, and a personal touch.

So, how exactly do you write a successful biography? 

In this guide, we’ll break down the essentials to help you craft a biography that’s both informative and engaging, as well as our top tips for how to make it truly shine.

A biography is a detailed account of someone’s life.

A well-written biography needs to be objective and accurate. At the same time, it needs to depict more than just the basic facts like birth, education, work, relationships, and death—it should also portray the subject’s personal experience of those events.

So, in addition to being a good researcher, a good biographer also needs to be a good storyteller. You should provide insights into the subject’s personality, motivations, and impact on the world around them.

What’s the Difference Between a Biography, a Memoir, and an Autobiography?

Understanding the distinctions between different genres of life writing is crucial for both writers and readers. Here’s a quick breakdown of the key differences between a biography and other related genres.

Biography: a detailed account of a person’s life, usually written in the third-person POV and supported by extensive research 

Autobiography: a self-written account of the author’s own life, usually written in the first person POV and following a chronological order 

Memoir: a collection of memories that an individual writes about moments or events that took place in their life, usually in the first person POV and in an introspective and personal way

Narrative nonfiction: a book that tells true stories using the techniques of fiction writing, such as character development, narrative arc, and detailed settings

Best Biography Examples to Study

The best way to learn how to write well is to read other successful books within the genre you’re writing. 

Here are five great biographies to add to your reading list. For a longer list, check out our article on the 20 best biographies to read . 

Unbroken: A World War II Story of Survival, Resilience, and Redemption by Laura Hillenbrand: the incredible true story of Louis Zamperini, an Olympian and World War II hero.

Steve Jobs by Walter Isaacson: a comprehensive and engaging account of the Apple co-founder’s life.

Alexander Hamilton by Ron Chernow: the biography that inspired the hit musical, providing a deep dive into Hamilton ’ s life and legacy.

Savage Beauty: The Life of Edna St. Vincent Millay by Nancy Milford: a nuanced story that uncovers the family connection between the three Millay sisters and their mother.

Barracoon by Zora Neale Hurston: the story of Cudjo Lewis, one of the last-known survivors of the Atlantic slave trade.

As with writing any book, writing a biography is a marathon, not a sprint. It’s easier to think of it as a series of smaller steps than as one big challenge to tackle. 

Let’s break down the process step by step.

1. Choose Your Subject

Decide who you want to write about. It could be a well-known celebrity, a historical figure, or someone close to you.

In addition to figuring out who you’re writing about, this is also the step where you figure out why you want to write about them. Why is this a story worth telling, and what makes you interested in it? 

Maybe the subject of your biography overcame major hardships in life to achieve success, and that story will inspire others facing similar struggles. Or maybe they made a really unique contribution to the world that not enough people know about, and you want to shine a bigger spotlight on that impact.

Knowing why you’re telling this story will help you make the right decisions about how to research, outline, draft, and edit your biography.

2. Identify Your Target Audience

Understanding your target audience is a crucial step in writing a good biography. You should tailor your biography to the interests and knowledge level of your audience.

A biography for a general audience will differ from one written for experts in a particular field. For example, two biographies about Emily Dickinson would be vastly different if one is written for young children and the other is written for adult poets. 

3. Conduct Research

Dive deep into your research. Use a variety of sources to get a well-rounded view of your subject’s life. Take detailed notes and organize your findings.

Gather as much information as you can about your subject. This includes primary sources like interviews, letters, and diaries, as well as secondary sources such as books, articles, and documentaries.

Here are some primary sources to look for: 

Letters and diaries: These provide intimate insights into the subject’s thoughts, feelings, and daily life, and can often be found in family archives, libraries, and historical societies.

Birth, marriage, and death certificates: These documents can provide crucial dates and familial relationships.

Census data: Census records can provide demographic information and track changes over time.

Property records: These can reveal where the subject lived and owned property.

Employment and school records: These records offer formalized insights into the subject’s education and career.

Military records: If applicable, military records can provide information on service, ranks, and honors.

Photos and videos: Look for photographs and videos in public libraries, historical societies, online databases like the Library of Congress, and family photo albums.

Historical newspapers: Access archives of local and national newspapers for articles, interviews, and obituaries related to the subject.

Digital archives: Use online resources like ProQuest, Chronicling America, and newspaper databases available through public libraries.

You can also look for secondary sources, which provide more context and perspective, such as:

Existing biographies: Search for existing biographies and books about the subject or their era. How does your project stand out from the crowd? 

Academic articles and papers: Access journals through university libraries, which often have extensive collections of scholarly articles.

Documentaries and biographical films: You can often find these on streaming services or public television archives.

Websites and blogs: Look for reputable websites and blogs dedicated to the subject or related fields.

Social media platforms: The things people say on social media can offer insights into public perception about your subject.

Finally, you can also conduct your own interviews. Talk to the subject if they’re still alive, as well as their friends, family, and colleagues. You can ask them for personal anecdotes to add more color to your book, or more information to fill in any gaps in your knowledge. 

4. Ask Engaging Questions

Great biographers start from a place of curiosity. Before you start writing, you should know the answers to the following questions: 

What makes your subject’s story worth telling?

What was your subject’s childhood like? 

What were your subject’s early interests and hobbies?

What level of education did your subject achieve and where did they study?

What was your subject’s personality like?

What were their beliefs and values? 

How did your subject’s personality and beliefs change over time?

What were the major turning points in your subject’s life? 

How was your subject affected by the major political, cultural, and societal events that occurred throughout their life?  

What did their career path look like?

What were their major accomplishments? 

What were their major failures? 

How did they contribute to their field, their country, or their community?

Were they involved in any major controversies or scandals?

Who were the most important people in the subject’s life, such as friends, partners, or mentors?

If the subject is no longer living, how did they pass away?

What lasting impact did the subject leave behind? 

5. Create an Outline

An outline helps you structure your biography. You can write an extensive outline that includes every scene you need to write, or you can keep it simple and just make a list of high-level bullet points—whatever works best for your writing process. 

The best structure to use will depend on the shape of the story you’re trying to tell. Think about what your subject’s life looked like and what core messages you’re trying to leave the reader with.

If you want to keep things simple, you can simply go in chronological order. Tell the story from the birth of your subject to the death of your subject, or to the present day if this person is still living. 

You can also use a more thematically organized structure, similar to what you would find on a Wikipedia page. You could break your book down into sections such as major life events, personal relationships, core accomplishments, challenges, and legacy.

Or, if you want to be more creative, you can use a nonlinear story structure, jumping between recent events and older flashbacks based on which events feel thematically tied together. 

6. Write Your First Draft 

Now that you have an outline, it’s time to sit down and write your first draft.

Your opening chapters should hook the reader and give a preview of what’s to come. Highlight a compelling aspect of the subject’s life to draw readers in.

In your middle chapters, cover all the key events you need to include about your subject’s life and weave in themes and anecdotes that reveal their personality and impact.

In your final chapters, wrap up your biography by summarizing the subject’s legacy and reflecting on their overall significance. This provides closure and leaves the reader with a lasting impression.

Remember that it’s okay if your first draft isn’t perfect. Your goal is simply to get words down on the page so you have something to edit. 

7. Make Developmental Revisions

Now that you’re done with your first draft, it’s time to make big-picture revisions.

Review your biography for coherence and organization. Does the overall structure make sense? Are there any arcs or themes that aren’t given enough attention? Are there scenes or chapters that don’t need to be included? 

8. Make Line Edits

Once you’ve completed your developmental edits, it’s time to make smaller line edits. This is your time to edit for grammar, punctuation, and style.

Make sure you keep a consistent voice throughout the book. Some biographies feel more conversational and humorous, while others are serious and sophisticated. 

To get through your editing faster, you can run your manuscript through ProWritingAid , which will automatically catch errors, point out stylistic inconsistencies, and help you rephrase confusing sentences. 

Don’t be afraid to ask others for feedback. No good book is written in a vacuum, and you can ask critique partners and beta readers to help you improve your work.

What makes a great biography stand out from the rest? Here are our best tips for how to take your manuscript to the next level.

Tip 1: Focus on Key Themes

Identify the central themes or patterns in the subject’s life—the ones that will really make readers keep thinking about your book. These could be related to the subject’s struggles, achievements, relationships, or values.

Tip 2: Balance Facts and Narrative

A good biography should read like a story, not a list of facts.

Use narrative techniques like imagery, character development, and dialogue to create a compelling and coherent story.

Tip 3: Add Your Own Perspective

Biographies need to be objective, but that doesn’t mean the author has to be entirely invisible. Including your own perspective can make the biography relatable and engaging. 

Letting your voice shine can help illustrate the subject ’ s character and bring their story to life. It will also help make your biography stand out from the crowd. 

Tip 4: Create a Timeline

Organize the key events of the subject’s life in chronological order. This will help you see the bigger picture and ensure you cover all important aspects.

Tip 5: Be Considerate

Because biographies are about real people, you should be mindful of who will be impacted by the story you’re telling, especially if your subject is still alive or still has living family members.

If the subject is still alive, ask them for permission to tell their story before you start writing. This also helps ensure that you don’t get sued. 

Writing a biography is a journey of discovery, not just about the subject, but also about the craft of storytelling.

By combining thorough research, a clear structure, and engaging narrative techniques, you can create a biography that not only informs but also inspires and captivates your readers. 

Don’t forget to run your manuscript through ProWritingAid so you can make sure your prose is as polished as possible. 

Now, pick your subject, gather your resources, and start writing—there’s a fascinating story waiting to be told.

Good luck, and happy writing!

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Hannah Yang

Hannah Yang is a speculative fiction writer who writes about all things strange and surreal. Her work has appeared in Analog Science Fiction, Apex Magazine, The Dark, and elsewhere, and two of her stories have been finalists for the Locus Award. Her favorite hobbies include watercolor painting, playing guitar, and rock climbing. You can follow her work on hannahyang.com, or subscribe to her newsletter for publication updates.

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How to Write a Biography in 8 Steps (The Non-Boring Way!)

Compelling biographies help us better connect with others while fostering empathy and understanding. Discover the steps to write one that captivates your audience!

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Have you ever been captivated by someone’s life story? From the ancient tales of great conquerors to the modern accounts of influential figures, biographies have enchanted readers and viewers for centuries. 

The stories of real people’s lives not only entertain and educate but also provide a unique window into the human experience. In fact, according to research 1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8796048/ , human stories like biographies can help us better connect with others while fostering empathy and understanding.

In this article, let’s dive into how to write a compelling biography, from the research phase to delivery.

What Are the Key Elements of a Biography?

The key elements of a well-written biography bring characters to life. They include thorough research, relevant interviews, clear structure, captivating prose, compelling themes, and a balance between objectivity and empathy. 

• Thorough research: Helps create an accurate portrayal of your subject
• Relevant interviews: Insights help provide a deeper understanding of your subject
• Clear structure: Helps you outline your ideas for a compelling narrative
• Captivating prose: Provides descriptive language to paint a picture of your subject
• Compelling themes: Showcases the motivations and desires behind your subject
• A balance between objectivity and empathy: Keeps biases in check and allows your subject to shine for who they are

As you develop your biography, remember that these stories hold an enduring appeal because they offer people an opportunity to explore the depths of the human psyche, unravel extraordinary accomplishments, and discover the vulnerabilities and triumphs of individuals who have left their mark on the world. 

Here are the topics a biography typically covers:

• Early life and background : Provide context about the subject’s upbringing, family, and cultural influences.
• Achievements and milestones: Highlight notable accomplishments, contributions, and significant events throughout their life.
• Challenges and struggles: Explore the obstacles they faced, the lessons learned, and how they overcame adversity.
• Personal characteristics: Describe their personality traits, values, beliefs, and motivations that shaped their actions and decisions.
• Impact and legacy: Discuss the lasting influence and contributions of the subject, both during their lifetime and beyond.

Ready to start crafting your biography? Find greater success with this helpful goal-setting resource!

How To Set Better Goals Using Science

Do you set the same goals over and over again? If you’re not achieving your goals – it’s not your fault! Let me show you the science-based goal-setting framework to help you achieve your biggest goals.

Let’s look at the six key elements of a well-written biography more closely and the steps you can follow to develop your own.

How to Write a Biography in 8 Steps Using Key Elements

Choose your presentation format.

Presenting your biography can take on various forms, the most traditional being written form. The basis for this article assumes you’re writing a conventional biography; however, this foundation can also help you create a multimedia presentation or website as well. 

Consider these various formats to present your biography:

• Traditional Written Biographies: This classic approach provides a comprehensive account of a person’s life through the written word. Traditional biographies can be published in print or ebooks , allowing readers to engage deeply with the subject’s story.
• Multimedia Presentations: In the digital age, multimedia presentations offer a dynamic way to present biographies. Incorporate audio, video, photographs, and interactive elements to enhance the audience’s experience.
• Online Platforms: Online platforms, such as blogs or dedicated biography websites, provide accessible avenues for sharing biographies. They allow for easy updates, reader engagement, and the incorporation of multimedia elements. 

Choose your subject and conduct research

To create a vivid and accurate portrayal of a person’s life, conduct extensive research. Dive into archives, read letters, examine diaries, explore photographs, and immerse yourself in the historical and cultural context surrounding your subject. This will help you unearth the small details that breathe life into your biography. 

Whether you’re writing a biography about a historical figure, contemporary icon, or everyday individual, you’ll want to consider the different factors to focus on. Here are some examples of three types of individuals and the kind of research that will be most helpful.

• Historical Figures: When writing about historical figures, immerse yourself in their era. Understand the social, political, and cultural forces that shaped their lives. I recommend visiting your local library and connecting with a research librarian for support. Otherwise, other tools for historical research include Google Scholar. Analyze primary sources and multiple perspectives to present a well-rounded account.
• Contemporary Icons: Biographies of modern icons offer a chance to delve into their ongoing impact. Conduct interviews or gather insights from their close associates to understand their present-day influence. Stay current with the latest developments, and be prepared to update your work as the subject’s story unfolds.
• Everyday Individuals: Biographies need not be reserved for the famous. Every day individuals possess stories that can be just as compelling. Uncover the extraordinary within the ordinary, highlighting the struggles, triumphs, and personal growth of individuals who might otherwise remain unsung.
• Yourself! Want to write a biography on yourself? Autobiographies are a great way to explore who you are. Get ready to do some serious self-reflection with the steps below.

Pro Tip: Compile your research digitally using helpful cloud filings systems like Google Drive , OneDrive , or Dropbox . Organize your files by category, including information about their youth, family, achievements, and life lessons. You may also choose to write down research references or collect paper clippings on note cards, categorizing your physical files of research along the way.

Develop compelling themes and motifs 

Identify overarching themes or motifs that emerge from the subject’s life. These could be resilience, ambition, love, or societal change. Weave these elements into the narrative, highlighting their significance and impact on the person’s journey. Here are some examples:

• Overcoming Adversity: These biographies feature perseverance, resilience, and determination. Examples include Helen Keller, Nelson Mandela, and Malala Yousafzai.
• Pursuit of Excellence: These biographies highlight people who have worked tirelessly to achieve their goals. Examples include Steve Jobs, Serena Williams, and Michael Jordan.
• Quest for Knowledge: These biographies focus on the curiosity that led to significant contributions to our world. Examples include Albert Einstein, Marie Curie, and Charles Darwin.
• Personal Transformation: These biographies explore a change in beliefs, values, or priorities. Examples include Malcolm X, Oprah Winfrey, and Maya Angelou.
• Legacy and Impact: These biographies examine a body of work that made a lasting contribution to society. Examples include Martin Luther King Jr., Mother Teresa, and Mahatma Gandhi.

Conduct relevant interviews 

Whenever possible, seek firsthand accounts from those who knew or interacted with the subject. Conduct interviews with family members, friends, colleagues, or experts in the field. Their insights and anecdotes can provide a deeper understanding of the person’s character and experiences.

When conducting interviews for a biography, consider the following tips to ensure a productive and insightful conversation:

• Familiarize yourself with the interviewee’s background and accomplishments.
• Develop a list of well-thought-out questions that cover key aspects of their lives and experiences, including questions about your subject’s youth, family, achievements, and life transitions or struggles.
• Begin the interview by establishing a comfortable and friendly atmosphere to put the interviewee at ease.
• Show genuine interest in their story and listen actively to their responses.
• Ask open-ended questions encouraging detailed and reflective responses.
• Avoid yes/no questions and ask for their insights, memories, and personal perspectives.
• Some topics you might consider for your questions include early life, achievements, challenges, motivations, values, relationships, lessons learned, and advice.
• Pay close attention to the interviewee’s answers, body language, and tone of voice.
• Ask follow-up questions to clarify or delve deeper into specific topics.
• Show empathy and understanding, creating a safe space for the interviewee to share personal or sensitive information.
• Remain flexible during the interview, allowing the conversation to flow naturally.
• Be prepared to deviate from your prepared questions if unexpected but relevant topics arise.
• Respect the interviewee’s boundaries and be mindful of any topics they may not wish to discuss.
• Take thorough and organized notes during the interview to capture important details.
• Consider recording the interview (with permission) to ensure accurate quotes and references.
• Ask for permission to follow up with additional questions or for clarification.
• Doing a biography on yourself? Ask yourself deep questions to harvest new stories and anecdotes.

Remember, the goal of the interview is to gather valuable information and personal perspectives that will contribute to the authenticity and depth of your biography. Approach the interview process with sensitivity, respect, and genuine curiosity about the interviewee’s life and experiences.

Develop a clear structure

Outline your biography, ensuring a logical and engaging narrative flow. Consider the chronological order, significant milestones, and turning points in the subject’s life. Organize your gathered information to capture the essence of their journey while maintaining a compelling rhythm throughout. 

A good outline for a biography can vary depending on the specific subject and the desired structure of the narrative. However, here’s a general outline that can serve as a starting point:

A. Introduction

a) Hook or engaging opening to capture the reader’s attention

b) Background information (birthplace, date, family, etc.)

c) A brief overview of the subject’s significance or why they are worth exploring

B. Early Life and Background

a) Childhood and upbringing

b) Influences, such as family, education, or cultural factors

c) Formative experiences or events that shaped the subject’s character or interests

C. Major Achievements and Milestones

a) A chronological exploration of the subject’s notable accomplishments, contributions, or milestones

b) Focus on key moments or achievements that highlight their impact or significance.

c) Provide context and details to paint a vivid picture of their achievements

D. Challenges and Obstacles

a) Discussion of the challenges, setbacks, or adversities the subject encountered

b) How they overcame obstacles or grew through difficult experiences

c) Insights into their resilience, determination, or problem-solving abilities

E. Personal Life and Relationships

a) Exploration of the subject’s relationships, such as family, friends, or romantic partners

b) Insights into their personal joys, struggles, or transformative experiences

c) How their personal life intersected with their professional or public achievements

F. Legacy and Impact

a) Examination of the subject’s lasting influence, contributions, or impact on society

b) Discuss how their work or actions continue to resonate or shape the world today

c) Reflection on their legacy and the lessons we can learn from their life story

G. Conclusion

a) Summarize the key aspects of the subject’s life and their significance

b) Provide a final reflection or insight on their overall journey or impact

c) Leave the reader with a lasting impression or call to action

Pro Tip: Looking for help drafting an outline to get you started? Use free tools like ChatGPT to jumpstart your outline by putting in a prompt request like, “Write an outline for a biography about X, including any relevant details on the subject that should be included.”

Craft captivating prose

Employ descriptive language to transport readers into the subject’s world. Paint vivid portraits of their physical appearance, mannerisms, and surroundings. Use sensory details to evoke emotions and create a strong connection between the reader and the subject. 

Here are some examples:

• “She was a force of nature, with a fierce determination and an unwavering commitment to justice.” (Ruth Bader Ginsburg)
• “His piercing blue eyes seemed to look right through you, and his voice had a commanding presence that demanded attention.” (Winston Churchill)
• “She moved with a grace and elegance that belied her inner strength and resilience.” (Audrey Hepburn)
• “His rugged features and piercing gaze made him a natural leading man, but it was his depth and vulnerability that set him apart.” (Marlon Brando)
• “She had a contagious energy and a magnetic personality that drew people to her like a moth to a flame.” (Princess Diana)
• “His quiet intensity and unwavering dedication to his craft made him one of the greatest artists of his time.” (Leonardo da Vinci)

Action Step: While writing descriptive prose takes some practice, it’s an art you can master with little creative writing skills. To help you write descriptive prose, practice closing your eyes and imagining your subject. 

• What expression is on their face? 
• How are they dressed? 
• What does their body language express? 
• How do they smell? 
• How do they make you feel? 
• How do they make others feel? 
• What’s in their surroundings? 
• What are they doing with their hands? 
• What do you imagine they’re thinking about? 

With questions like these, you’ll start to use descriptive language to bring your subject to life.

Build a balance of objectivity and empathy

Strive for an objective portrayal while infusing empathy and understanding into your writing. Remain aware of biases and preconceived notions, giving your subject the space to shine in their unique light. 

To check yourself, filter your writing and interviewing with these tips:

• Verify Information: Cross-reference information from various sources to ensure accuracy. Use tools like Fact Check Explorer to fact-check claims, dates, and events to avoid errors or inaccuracies that could skew the narrative. 
• Multiple Perspectives: Seek out different viewpoints on the subject. This includes interviewing or reaching out to people with significant interactions or relationships with the subject. Incorporating diverse perspectives can counterbalance biases and provide a broader understanding.
• Empathetic Listening: During interviews or conversations, practice active listening and empathize with the interviewee’s experiences and emotions. This allows you to understand the subject’s perspective and incorporate their insights and feelings into the narrative.
• Contextualize Emotions: When sharing the subject’s emotional experiences or personal struggles, provide sufficient context and background. This helps readers understand the motivations and circumstances behind their actions and allows for empathetic understanding without veering into excessive sentimentality.
• Credible Interpretation: While interpreting the subject’s thoughts, motives, or intentions, be clear about what is factual and what is speculative. Clearly distinguish between evidence-based information and your interpretations to maintain objectivity.
• Respect Boundaries: Be mindful of the subject’s privacy and any requests they may have regarding sensitive or personal information. Respecting their boundaries shows empathy and allows for a respectful portrayal while maintaining the necessary level of objectivity.
• Acknowledge Limitations: Recognize that achieving complete objectivity in a biography is challenging. Biases can inadvertently seep into the narrative. However, by being aware of your biases and consciously presenting a fair and balanced account, you can mitigate their influence.

Respect truth, privacy, and sensitivity

Remember, writing biographies carries ethical responsibilities. It’s important to maintain accuracy through credible research and gain consent while being sensitive to controversial or difficult topics. Here are some considerations:

• Accuracy: Maintain a commitment to truth and accuracy. Verify facts and corroborate information from multiple sources to ensure the reliability of your narrative. Cite your sources and be transparent about any uncertainties or gaps in knowledge.
• Privacy and Consent: Respect the privacy of living individuals mentioned in your biography. Seek consent when sharing personal details or sensitive information. Balance the subject’s right to privacy with the importance of honesty and transparency.
• Sensitivity: Approach sensitive or controversial topics with care and empathy. Consider the potential impact of your words on the subject’s loved ones or affected communities—present differing perspectives without sensationalism or bias.

Writing a Biography FAQs

The length of a biography can vary greatly, depending on the subject and the depth of exploration. Some biographies span a few hundred pages, while others extend to multiple volumes. Focus on capturing the subject’s life’s essence rather than strictly adhering to a predetermined length.

Some common mistakes to avoid when writing a biography include the following: Lack of thorough research or reliance on a single source. Inaccurate or misleading information. Excessive personal bias or projection onto the subject. Neglecting to verify facts or failing to cite sources. Poor organization or a disjointed narrative flow. Neglecting to balance objectivity with empathy. Overloading the biography with irrelevant details or digressions. Failing to respect privacy or ethical considerations.

While chronological order is commonly used in biographies, it is not required. Some biographers employ a thematic approach or explore specific periods or events in the subject’s life. Experiment with different structures to find the most engaging way to tell your subject’s story.

The purpose of writing a biography is to capture and share an individual’s life story. Biographies provide insights into a person’s experiences, achievements, and challenges, offering readers inspiration, knowledge, and understanding. They preserve the legacy of individuals, contribute to historical records, and celebrate the diversity of human lives.

When choosing a subject for your biography, consider someone who inspires you, interests you, or has significantly impacted society. It could be a historical figure, a contemporary icon, or even an everyday individual with a remarkable story. Choose a subject with sufficient available information, access to primary sources or interviews, and a narrative that resonates with you and potential readers.

Key elements to include in a biography are: Early life and background: Provide context about the subject’s upbringing, family, and cultural influences. Achievements and milestones: Highlight notable accomplishments, contributions, and significant events throughout their life. Challenges and struggles: Explore the obstacles they faced, the lessons learned, and how they overcame adversity. Personal characteristics: Describe their personality traits, values, beliefs, and motivations that shaped their actions and decisions. Impact and legacy: Discuss the lasting influence and contributions of the subject, both during their lifetime and beyond.

Including personal anecdotes can add depth and humanize the subject of your biography. However, be selective and ensure that the stories are relevant, contribute to understanding the person’s character or experiences, and align with the overall narrative. Balancing personal anecdotes with factual information is critical to maintaining accuracy and credibility.

Conducting research for a biography involves exploring a variety of sources. Start with primary sources such as personal papers, letters, journals, and interviews with the subject or people who knew them. Secondary sources such as books, articles, and academic papers provide additional context and perspectives. Online databases, archives, libraries, and museums are valuable resources for finding relevant information.

Consult a wide range of sources to ensure a comprehensive and accurate biography. Primary sources, such as personal documents, letters, diaries, and interviews, offer firsthand accounts and unique insights. Secondary sources provide broader context and analysis, including books, articles, scholarly works, and historical records. Remember to evaluate the credibility and reliability of your sources critically.

Organize the information in your biography logically and engagingly. Consider using a chronological structure, starting with the subject’s early life and progressing through significant events and milestones. Alternatively, adopt a thematic approach, grouping related information based on themes or significant aspects of their life. Use clear headings, subheadings, and transitions to guide readers through the narrative flow.

Writing Biographies Key Takeaways

In summary, take note of these ideas and tips before you start writing your biography:

• Biographies hold enduring appeal, offering a glimpse into the human experience across time.
• Thorough research, interviews, and captivating prose are essential for crafting compelling biographies.
• Ethical considerations, such as accuracy, privacy, and sensitivity, are crucial when writing about real people’s lives.
• Choose subjects that genuinely inspire and resonate with you.
• Immerse yourself in the subject’s world to understand their motivations and challenges.
• Develop strong research skills and utilize a wide range of sources.
• Craft a compelling narrative that engages readers from the very first page.
• Seek feedback from trusted sources to refine your writing and storytelling abilities.
• Continuously explore new biographies to broaden your understanding of different styles and approaches.
• Embrace the unique voice and perspective you bring to the storytelling process.

Writing a biography book? Check out this helpful article, How to Write a Book: 10 Questions to Ask Before You Start Writing !

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Posted on Jun 30, 2023

How to Write a Biography: A 7-Step Guide [+Template]

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About Dario Villirilli

Editor-in-Chief of the Reedsy blog, Dario is a graduate of Mälardalen University. As a freelance writer, he has written for many esteemed outlets aimed at writers. A traveler at heart, he can be found roaming the world and working from his laptop.

From time to time, nonfiction authors become so captivated by a particular figure from either the present or the past, that they feel compelled to write an entire book about their life. Whether casting them as heroes or villains, there is an interesting quality in their humanity that compels these authors to revisit their life paths and write their story.

However, portraying someone’s life on paper in a comprehensive and engaging way requires solid preparation. If you’re looking to write a biography yourself, in this post we’ll share a step-by-step blueprint that you can follow. 

How to write a biography: 

1. Seek permission when possible 

2. research your subject thoroughly, 3. do interviews and visit locations, 4. organize your findings, 5. identify a central thesis, 6. write it using narrative elements, 7. get feedback and polish the text.

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While you technically don’t need permission to write about public figures (or deceased ones), that doesn't guarantee their legal team won't pursue legal action against you. Author Kitty Kelley was sued by Frank Sinatra before she even started to write His Way , a biography that paints Ol Blue Eyes in a controversial light. (Kelley ended up winning the lawsuit, however).  

Whenever feasible, advise the subject’s representatives of your intentions. If all goes according to plan, you’ll get a green light to proceed, or potentially an offer to collaborate. It's a matter of common sense; if someone were to write a book about you, you would likely want to know about it well prior to publication. So, make a sincere effort to reach out to their PR staff to negotiate an agreement or at least a mutual understanding of the scope of your project. 

At the same time, make sure that you still retain editorial control over the project, and not end up writing a puff piece that treats its protagonist like a saint or hero. No biography can ever be entirely objective, but you should always strive for a portrayal that closely aligns with facts and reality.

If you can’t get an answer from your subject, or you’re asked not to proceed forward, you can still accept the potential repercussions and write an unauthorized biography . The “rebellious act” of publishing without consent indeed makes for great marketing, though it’ll likely bring more headaches with it too. 

✋ Please note that, like other nonfiction books, if you intend to release your biography with a publishing house , you can put together a book proposal to send to them before you even write the book. If they like it enough, they might pay you an advance to write it.  

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Once you’ve settled (or not) the permission part, it’s time to dive deep into your character’s story.  

Deep and thorough research skills are the cornerstone of every biographer worth their salt. To paint a vivid and accurate portrait of someone's life, you’ll have to gather qualitative information from a wide range of reliable sources. 

Start with the information already available, from books on your subject to archival documents, then collect new ones firsthand by interviewing people or traveling to locations. 

Browse the web and library archives

Put your researcher hat on and start consuming any piece on your subject you can find, from their Wikipedia page to news articles, interviews, TV and radio appearances, YouTube videos, podcasts, books, magazines, and any other media outlets they may have been featured in. 

Establish a system to orderly collect the information you find 一 even seemingly insignificant details can prove valuable during the writing process, so be sure to save them. 

Depending on their era, you may find most of the information readily available online, or you may need to search through university libraries for older references. 

For his landmark biography of Alexander Hamilton, Ron Chernow spent untold hours at Columbia University’s library , reading through the Hamilton family papers, visiting the New York Historical Society, as well as interviewing the archivist of the New York Stock Exchange, and so on. The research process took years, but it certainly paid off. Chernow discovered that Hamilton created the first five securities originally traded on Wall Street. This finding, among others, revealed his significant contributions to shaping the current American financial and political systems, a legacy previously often overshadowed by other founding fathers. Today Alexander Hamilton is one of the best-selling biographies of all time, and it has become a cultural phenomenon with its own dedicated musical. 

Besides reading documents about your subject, research can help you understand the world that your subject lived in. 

Try to understand their time and social environment

Many biographies show how their protagonists have had a profound impact on society through their philosophical, artistic, or scientific contributions. But at the same time, it’s worth it as a biographer to make an effort to understand how their societal and historical context influenced their life’s path and work.

An interesting example is Stephen Greenblatt’s Will in the World . Finding himself limited by a lack of verified detail surrounding William Shakespeare's personal life, Greenblatt, instead, employs literary interpretation and imaginative reenactments to transport readers back to the Elizabethan era. The result is a vivid (though speculative) depiction of the playwright's life, enriching our understanding of his world.

Many readers enjoy biographies that transport them to a time and place, so exploring a historical period through the lens of a character can be entertaining in its own right. The Diary of Samuel Pepys became a classic not because people were enthralled by his life as an administrator, but rather from his meticulous and vivid documentation of everyday existence during the Restoration period.

Once you’ve gotten your hands on as many secondary sources as you can find, you’ll want to go hunting for stories first-hand from people who are (or were) close to your subject.

With all the material you’ve been through, by now you should already have a pretty good picture of your protagonist. But you’ll surely have some curiosities and missing dots in their character development to figure out, which you can only get by interviewing primary sources.

Interview friends and associates

This part is more relevant if your subject is contemporary, and you can actually meet up or call with relatives, friends, colleagues, business partners, neighbors, or any other person related to them. 

In writing the popular biography of Steve Jobs, Walter Isaacson interviewed more than one hundred people, including Jobs’s family, colleagues, former college mates, business rivals, and the man himself.

🔍 Read other biographies to get a sense of what makes a great one. Check out our list of the 30 best biographies of all time , or take our 30-second quiz below for tips on which one you should read next. 

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When you conduct your interviews, make sure to record them with high quality audio you can revisit later. Then use tools like Otter.ai or Descript to transcribe them 一 it’ll save you countless hours. 

You can approach the interview with a specific set of questions, or follow your curiosity blindly, trying to uncover revealing stories and anecdotes about your subject. Whatever your method, author and biography editor Tom Bromley suggests that every interviewer arrives prepared, "Show that you’ve done your work. This will help to put the interviewee at ease, and get their best answers.” 

Bromley also places emphasis on the order in which you conduct interviews. “You may want to interview different members of the family or friends first, to get their perspective on something, and then go directly to the main interviewee. You'll be able to use that knowledge to ask sharper, more specific questions.” 

Finally, consider how much time you have with each interviewee. If you only have a 30-minute phone call with an important person, make it count by asking directly the most pressing questions you have. And, if you find a reliable source who is also particularly willing to help, conduct several interviews and ask them, if appropriate, to write a foreword as part of the book’s front matter .

Sometimes an important part of the process is packing your bags, getting on a plane, and personally visiting significant places in your character’s journey.

Visit significant places in their life

A place, whether that’s a city, a rural house, or a bodhi tree, can carry a particular energy that you can only truly experience by being there. In putting the pieces together about someone’s life, it may be useful to go visit where they grew up, or where other significant events of their lives happened. It will be easier to imagine what they experienced, and better tell their story. 

In researching The Lost City of Z , author David Grann embarked on a trek through the Amazon, retracing the steps of British explorer Percy Fawcett. This led Grann to develop new theories about the circumstances surrounding the explorer's disappearance.

Hopefully, you won’t have to deal with jaguars and anacondas to better understand your subject’s environment, but try to walk into their shoes as much as possible. 

Once you’ve researched your character enough, it’s time to put together all the puzzle pieces you collected so far. 

Take the bulk of notes, media, and other documents you’ve collected, and start to give them some order and structure. A simple way to do this is by creating a timeline. 

Create a chronological timeline

It helps to organize your notes chronologically 一 from childhood to the senior years, line up the most significant events of your subject’s life, including dates, places, names and other relevant bits. 

You should be able to divide their life into distinct periods, each with their unique events and significance. Based on that, you can start drafting an outline of the narrative you want to create.  

Draft a story outline 

Since a biography entails writing about a person’s entire life, it will have a beginning, a middle, and an end. You can pick where you want to end the story, depending on how consequential the last years of your subject were. But the nature of the work will give you a starting character arc to work with. 

To outline the story then, you could turn to the popular Three-Act Structure , which divides the narrative in three main parts. In a nutshell, you’ll want to make sure to have the following:

• Act 1. Setup : Introduce the protagonist's background and the turning points that set them on a path to achieve a goal. 
• Act 2. Confrontation : Describe the challenges they encounter, both internal and external, and how they rise to them. Then..
• Act 3. Resolution : Reach a climactic point in their story in which they succeed (or fail), showing how they (and the world around them) have changed as a result. 

Only one question remains before you begin writing: what will be the main focus of your biography?

Think about why you’re so drawn to your subject to dedicate years of your life to recounting their own. What aspect of their life do you want to highlight? Is it their evil nature, artistic genius, or visionary mindset? And what evidence have you got to back that up? Find a central thesis or focus to weave as the main thread throughout your narrative. 

Or find a unique angle

If you don’t have a particular theme to explore, finding a distinct angle on your subject’s story can also help you distinguish your work from other biographies or existing works on the same subject.

Plenty of biographies have been published about The Beatles 一 many of which have different focuses and approaches: 

• Philip Norman's Shout is sometimes regarded as leaning more towards a pro-Lennon and anti-McCartney stance, offering insights into the band's inner dynamics. 
• Ian McDonald's Revolution in the Head closely examines their music track by track, shifting the focus back to McCartney as a primary creative force. 
• Craig Brown's One Two Three Four aims to capture their story through anecdotes, fan letters, diary entries, and interviews. 
• Mark Lewisohn's monumental three-volume biography, Tune In , stands as a testament to over a decade of meticulous research, chronicling every intricate detail of the Beatles' journey.

Finally, consider that biographies are often more than recounting the life of a person. Similar to how Dickens’ Great Expectations is not solely about a boy named Pip (but an examination and critique of Britain’s fickle, unforgiving class system), a biography should strive to illuminate a broader truth — be it social, political, or human — beyond the immediate subject of the book. 

Once you’ve identified your main focus or angle, it’s time to write a great story. 

While biographies are often highly informative, they do not have to be dry and purely expository in nature . You can play with storytelling elements to make it an engaging read. 

You could do that by thoroughly detailing the setting of the story , depicting the people involved in the story as fully-fledged characters , or using rising action and building to a climax when describing a particularly significant milestone of the subject’s life. 

One common way to make a biography interesting to read is starting on a strong foot…

Hook the reader from the start

Just because you're honoring your character's whole life doesn't mean you have to begin when they said their first word. Starting from the middle or end of their life can be more captivating as it introduces conflicts and stakes that shaped their journey.

When he wrote about Christopher McCandless in Into the Wild , author Jon Krakauer didn’t open his subject’s childhood and abusive family environment. Instead, the book begins with McCandless hitchhiking his way into the wilderness, and subsequently being discovered dead in an abandoned bus. By starting in the middle of the action  in medias res, Krakauer hooks the reader’s interest, before tracing back the causes and motivations that led McCandless to die alone in that bus in the first place.

You can bend the timeline to improve the reader’s reading experience throughout the rest of the story too…

Play with flashback 

While biographies tend to follow a chronological narrative, you can use flashbacks to tell brief stories or anecdotes when appropriate. For example, if you were telling the story of footballer Lionel Messi, before the climax of winning the World Cup with Argentina, you could recall when he was just 13 years old, giving an interview to a local newspaper, expressing his lifelong dream of playing for the national team. 

Used sparsely and intentionally, flashbacks can add more context to the story and keep the narrative interesting. Just like including dialogue does…

Reimagine conversations

Recreating conversations that your subject had with people around them is another effective way to color the story. Dialogue helps the reader imagine the story like a movie, providing a deeper sensory experience. 

One thing is trying to articulate the root of Steve Jobs’ obsession with product design, another would be to quote his father , teaching him how to build a fence when he was young: “You've got to make the back of the fence just as good looking as the front of the fence. Even though nobody will see it, you will know. And that will show that you're dedicated to making something perfect.”

Unlike memoirs and autobiographies, in which the author tells the story from their personal viewpoint and enjoys greater freedom to recall conversations, biographies require a commitment to facts. So, when recreating dialogue, try to quote directly from reliable sources like personal diaries, emails, and text messages. You could also use your interview scripts as an alternative to dialogue. As Tom Bromley suggests, “If you talk with a good amount of people, you can try to tell the story from their perspective, interweaving different segments and quoting the interviewees directly.”

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These are just some of the story elements you can use to make your biography more compelling. Once you’ve finished your manuscript, it’s a good idea to ask for feedback. 

If you’re going to publish your own  biography, you’ll have to polish it to professional standards. After leaving your work to rest for a while, look at it with fresh eyes and edit your own manuscript eliminating passive voice, filler words, and redundant adverbs. 

Then, have a professional editor give you a general assessment. They’ll look at the structure and shape of your manuscript and tell you which parts need to be expanded on or cut. As someone who edited and commissioned several biographies, Tom Bromley points out that a professional “will look at the sources used and assess whether they back up the points made, or if more are needed. They would also look for context, and whether or not more background information is needed for the reader to understand the story fully. And they might check your facts, too.”  

In addition to structural editing, you may want to have someone copy-edit and proofread your work.

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Importantly, make sure to include a bibliography with a list of all the interviews, documents, and sources used in the writing process. You’ll have to compile it according to a manual of style, but you can easily create one by using tools like EasyBib . Once the text is nicely polished and typeset in your writing applications , you can prepare for the publication process.  

In conclusion, by mixing storytelling elements with diligent research, you’ll be able to breathe life into a powerful biography that immerses readers in another individual’s life experience. Whether that’ll spark inspiration or controversy, remember you could have an important role in shaping their legacy 一 and that’s something not to take lightly. 

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How to Write a Biography: 11 Step Guide + Book Template

So you’d like to know how to write a biography. We can help with that! Learning how to write a biography doesn’t have to be intimidating. In fact, it can be a lot of fun!

In this guide, we show you how to write a biography from the initial book idea all the way through to publishing your book , and we throw in a free template to help you on your way. 

Ready to learn how to start a biography ? Let’s jump right in. 

Get Our 6″ x 9″ Pre-Formatted Book Template for Word or Mac

We will send you a Book Template for US Trade (standard paperback size).

How to Write a Biography in 11 Simple Steps

Here are the steps you need to take to learn how to write a biography:

1. Read other biographies 

Austin Kleon, Author of Steal Like an Artist , says “the writer tries to master words. All of these pursuits involve the study of those who have come before and the effort to build upon their work in some way.”

In other words, if you want to learn how to write a biography, you need to read the best biographies written by other excellent authors!

In this case, it would behoove you to read several biographies – whether historical, celebrity, or business biographies is up to you and your sub-genre. 

A good author to start with? Walter Isaacson . He’s written highly acclaimed biographies on everyone from Abraham Lincoln and Steve Jobs to Leonardo Da Vinci and Elon Musk. 

Once you’ve read some well-crafted biographies, you’ll have a better idea of how to start a biography of your own.

2. Identify your subject

In order to learn how to start a biography, you need to choose who you’d like to write about – if you don’t already have someone in mind.  

The most important factor will be, of course, your interest in the person you’re planning to write about. You’ll spend months (or even years) deep-diving into this person’s history, so you want to choose someone who you’re unlikely to tire of. 

When learning how to write a biography, here are few factors to consider: 

• How impactful has your potential subject’s life been? In other words, will people care to learn more about this person? 
• How readily available is information about your potential subject? Biographies require extensive research, so it’s critical to choose someone who has enough information out there to dig into! Consider whether your subject has done interviews, written journals, has family or a partner willing to speak with you, and more. 
• Are there already books written about your potential subject? Just because there’s an existing biography about the person you’re interested in doesn’t (necessarily) mean you can’t write another one. But if there are two or three biographies, you may want to reconsider. If you do choose to write about someone who has already been well-documented, be mindful about approaching the topic with a new angle or perspective. For instance, there are several biographies about George Washington, but author Alexis Coe wrote one about how Washington isn’t “quite the man we remember.” This brilliant iteration has over 12,000 ratings on Goodreads .
• Is there a market demand for a book about your potential subject? If you’re learning how to write a biography, you need to be mindful of whether folks will want to read it. Do some research to determine if readers will be receptive to a book about the person you’re interested in. 

Related: Is a Biography a Primary Source?

3. Get permission to write about your subject

We’ll start by stating the obvious. It’s a good idea to get permission to write about your subject, even if you’re not legally required to. For one thing, it’s just good manners. Plus, you’re much more likely to get unfettered access to the information and sources you need to write your book. 

But do you have to get permission? It depends.

In some cases, if your subject is considered a “public figure,” permission may not be required. The definition of a public figure varies depending on your jurisdiction, so you should always consult a lawyer before writing a biography. 

If you do decide to proceed without permission, be mindful of how your book will be received and any legal issues that may arise. That’s why we always recommend asking permission from your subject when learning how to write a biography.

• Difference Between A Memoir and Biography
• Autobiography vs Biography: Differences and Similarities

4. Create an outline

The next step of learning how to write a biography is to outline your story. It’s critical to outline your biography before you begin writing it. Among other things, it helps ensure you cover every topic you’d like to and get the book in the correct chronological order. It also helps you identify themes that emerge as you organize your ideas. 

Need help creating your outline? Learn how to do it (and take advantage of free templates!) in our guide to outlining a book . 

5. Select a working title (using a title generator) 

Now is the fun part of learning how to write a biography! It’s time to create a working title for your book. A working title is just what it sounds like: it’s a title that works – for now. 

Of course, it’s helpful to have something to call the book as you’re working on it. And it encourages you to think about the message you’d like your book to convey. When your biography is complete, you can always do a little more research on how to write book titles for your specific sub-genre and update your working title accordingly.

Or, you can decide you still love your initial title and publish your book with that one! 

We’ve made it easy for you to develop a working title – or multiple – using our book title generator . 

Book Title Generator

Don't like it?

6. Write a rough draft 

Okay, now it’s time to start writing your rough draft. Don’t be intimidated; just focus on getting something down on the page. As experts on all things writing and self-publishing, we’ve got a rough draft writing guide to help you get through this phase of writing a biography.

Remember to be as balanced and objective as possible when learning how to write a biography.

Make good use of your primary and secondary sources, and double-check all of your facts. You’ve got this!  

7. Self-edit

There are several different types of editing that we recommend each manuscript undergo. But before you give your rough draft to anyone else to review, you should edit it yourself. 

The first step to self-editing?

Take a break! It’s essential to give your mind some time to recuperate before you go over your work. And never self-edit as you go!

After you’ve completed your break, here are a few things to consider as you edit: 

• Grammar. This one is self-explanatory and usually the easiest. You can use an AI editor to make a first pass and quickly catch obvious spelling errors. Depending on prompts and your experience with the tool, you can also use AI to catch some grammar and syntax issues as well.
• Content and structure . This is the time to make sure the bones of your piece are good. Make sure your content flows logically (and in chronological order), no important pieces of information are missing, and there isn’t redundant or unhelpful information. 
• Clarity and consistency. Keep an eye out for any confusing copy and ensure your tone is uniform throughout the book.
• Try reading your draft aloud. You’d be surprised at how many errors, shifts in tone, or other things you’d like to change that you don’t notice while reading in your head. Go ahead and do a read-through of your draft out loud. 

8. Work with an editor

Once you’ve created the best draft you can, it’s time to hire an editor . As we mentioned, there are multiple types of book editing, so you’ll need to choose the one(s) that are best for you and your project when learning how to write a biography. 

For instance, you can work with a developmental editor who helps with big-picture stuff. Think book structure, organization, and overall storytelling. Or you might work with a line editor who focuses on grammar, spelling, punctuation, and the like. 

There are also specialized copy editors, content editors, fact-checkers, and more.

It’s in your best interest to do a substantial amount of research before choosing an editor since they’ll have a large impact on your book. Many editors are open to doing a paid trial so you can see their work before you sign them on for the entire book. 

9. Hire a book cover designer

Once you’ve worked with your editor(s) to finalize your book, it’s time to get your book ready to go out into the world. So the next step in learning how to write a biography is to hire a book cover designer to create a cover that grabs readers’ attention (pssst: did you know that all SelfPublishing authors get done-for-you professional book design? Ask us about it !).

10. Get an ISBN 

The next step in learning how to write a biography is getting an ISBN number for your book – or an International Standard Book Number. It’s a unique way to identify your book and is critical for ordering, inventory tracking, and more. 

Bear in mind that each rendition of your book – regardless of when you publish them – will need their own ISBN numbers. So if you initially publish as a softcover and hardcover book and then decide to publish an ebook with the same exact content, you’ll need 3 total ISBN numbers.

To get an ISBN, head to ISBN.org and follow the steps they provide.  Or reference our guide right here for step-by-step instructions (complete with photos) on how to get an ISBN number for self-published books.

11. Create a launch plan 

Now is the most exciting part of learning how to write a biography. It’s time to get your book out into the world! You’ll need to map out your plan, schedule events , finalize your pricing strategy, and more. 

And you can’t just launch your book in a single day. When you go through all the work of learning how to write a biography, you want your book to succeed – and that requires a strategic marketing plan . Luckily, we have an entire guide to launching a book to help you figure it out. 

Get your free book template!

Learning how to write a biography can be challenging, but when you have a clear plan and guidance, the process is much easier. We’ve helped thousands of aspiring authors just like you write and self-publish their own books. We know what works – and how to become a successfully published author faster.

Take the first step today and down the book template below!

And, if you need additional help with learning how to write a biography, remember that we’re standing by to assist you. Just schedule a book consultation and one of our team members will help answer any of your questions about the writing or self-publishing process.

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How to Write a Biography

Biographies are big business. Whether in book form or Hollywood biopics, the lives of the famous and sometimes not-so-famous fascinate us.

While it’s true that most biographies are about people who are in the public eye, sometimes the subject is less well-known. Primarily, though, famous or not, the person who is written about has led an incredible life.

In this article, we will explain biography writing in detail for teachers and students so they can create their own.

While your students will most likely have a basic understanding of a biography, it’s worth taking a little time before they put pen to paper to tease out a crystal-clear definition of one.

What Is a Biography?

A biography is an account of someone’s life written by someone else . While there is a genre known as a fictional biography, for the most part, biographies are, by definition, nonfiction.

Generally speaking, biographies provide an account of the subject’s life from the earliest days of childhood to the present day or, if the subject is deceased, their death.

The job of a biography is more than just to outline the bare facts of a person’s life.

Rather than just listing the basic details of their upbringing, hobbies, education, work, relationships, and death, a well-written biography should also paint a picture of the subject’s personality and experience of life.

Full Biographies

Teaching unit.

Teach your students everything they need to know about writing an AUTOBIOGRAPHY and a BIOGRAPHY.

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Features of a Biography

Before students begin writing a biography, they’ll need to have a firm grasp of the main features of a Biography. An excellent way to determine how well they understand these essential elements is to ask them to compile a checklist like the one-blow

Their checklists should contain the items below at a minimum. Be sure to help them fill in any gaps before moving on to the writing process.

The purpose of a biography is to provide an account of someone’s life.

Biography structure.

ORIENTATION (BEGINNING) Open your biography with a strong hook to grab the reader’s attention

SEQUENCING: In most cases, biographies are written in chronological order unless you are a very competent writer consciously trying to break from this trend.

COVER: childhood, upbringing, education, influences, accomplishments, relationships, etc. – everything that helps the reader to understand the person.

CONCLUSION: Wrap your biography up with some details about what the subject is doing now if they are still alive. If they have passed away, make mention of what impact they have made and what their legacy is or will be.

BIOGRAPHY FEATURES

LANGUAGE Use descriptive and figurative language that will paint images inside your audience’s minds as they read. Use time connectives to link events.

PERSPECTIVE Biographies are written from the third person’s perspective.

DETAILS: Give specific details about people, places, events, times, dates, etc. Reflect on how events shaped the subject. You might want to include some relevant photographs with captions. A timeline may also be of use depending upon your subject and what you are trying to convey to your audience.

TENSE Written in the past tense (though ending may shift to the present/future tense)

THE PROCESS OF WRITING A BIOGRAPHY

Like any form of writing, you will find it simple if you have a plan and follow it through. These steps will ensure you cover the essential bases of writing a biography essay.

Firstly, select a subject that inspires you. Someone whose life story resonates with you and whose contribution to society intrigues you. The next step is to conduct thorough research. Engage in extensive reading, explore various sources, watch documentaries, and glean all available information to provide a comprehensive account of the person’s life.

Creating an outline is essential to organize your thoughts and information. The outline should include the person’s early life, education, career, achievements, and any other significant events or contributions. It serves as a map for the writing process, ensuring that all vital information is included.

Your biography should have an engaging introduction that captivates the reader’s attention and provides background information on the person you’re writing about. It should include a thesis statement summarising the biography’s main points.

Writing a biography in chronological order is crucial . You should begin with the person’s early life and move through their career and achievements. This approach clarifies how the person’s life unfolded and how they accomplished their goals.

A biography should be written in a narrative style , capturing the essence of the person’s life through vivid descriptions, anecdotes, and quotes. Avoid dry, factual writing and focus on creating a compelling narrative that engages the reader.

Adding personal insights and opinions can enhance the biography’s overall impact, providing a unique perspective on the person’s achievements, legacy, and impact on society.

Editing and proofreading are vital elements of the writing process. Thoroughly reviewing your biography ensures that the writing is clear, concise, and error-free. You can even request feedback from someone else to ensure that it is engaging and well-written.

Finally, including a bibliography at the end of your biography is essential. It gives credit to the sources that were used during research, such as books, articles, interviews, and websites.

Tips for Writing a Brilliant Biography

Biography writing tip #1: choose your subject wisely.

There are several points for students to reflect on when deciding on a subject for their biography. Let’s take a look at the most essential points to consider when deciding on the subject for a biography:

Interest: To produce a biography will require sustained writing from the student. That’s why students must choose their subject well. After all, a biography is an account of someone’s entire life to date. Students must ensure they choose a subject that will sustain their interest throughout the research, writing, and editing processes.

Merit: Closely related to the previous point, students must consider whether the subject merits the reader’s interest. Aside from pure labors of love, writing should be undertaken with the reader in mind. While producing a biography demands sustained writing from the author, it also demands sustained reading from the reader.

Therefore, students should ask themselves if their chosen subject has had a life worthy of the reader’s interest and the time they’d need to invest in reading their biography.

Information: Is there enough information available on the subject to fuel the writing of an entire biography? While it might be a tempting idea to write about a great-great-grandfather’s experience in the war. There would be enough interest there to sustain the author’s and the reader’s interest, but do you have enough access to information about their early childhood to do the subject justice in the form of a biography?

Biography Writing Tip #2: R esearch ! Research! Research!

While the chances are good that the student already knows quite a bit about the subject they’ve chosen. Chances are 100% that they’ll still need to undertake considerable research to write their biography.

As with many types of writing , research is an essential part of the planning process that shouldn’t be overlooked. If students wish to give as complete an account of their subject’s life as possible, they’ll need to put in the time at the research stage.

An effective way to approach the research process is to:

1. Compile a chronological timeline of the central facts, dates, and events of the subject’s life

2. Compile detailed descriptions of the following personal traits:

•      Physical looks
•      Character traits
•      Values and beliefs

3. Compile some research questions based on different topics to provide a focus for the research:

• Childhood : Where and when were they born? Who were their parents? Who were the other family members? What education did they receive?
• Obstacles: What challenges did they have to overcome? How did these challenges shape them as individuals?
• Legacy: What impact did this person have on the world and/or the people around them?
• Dialogue & Quotes: Dialogue and quotations by and about the subject are a great way to bring color and life to a biography. Students should keep an eagle eye out for the gems that hide amid their sources.

As the student gets deeper into their research, new questions will arise that can further fuel the research process and help to shape the direction the biography will ultimately go in.

Likewise, during the research, themes will often begin to suggest themselves. Exploring these themes is essential to bring depth to biography, but we’ll discuss this later in this article.

Research Skills:

Researching for biography writing is an excellent way for students to hone their research skills in general. Developing good research skills is essential for future academic success. Students will have opportunities to learn how to:

• Gather relevant information
• Evaluate different information sources
• Select suitable information
• Organize information into a text.

Students will have access to print and online information sources, and, in some cases, they may also have access to people who knew or know the subject (e.g. biography of a family member).

These days, much of the research will likely take place online. It’s crucial, therefore, to provide your students with guidance on how to use the internet safely and evaluate online sources for reliability. This is the era of ‘ fake news ’ and misinformation after all!

COMPLETE TEACHING UNIT ON INTERNET RESEARCH SKILLS USING GOOGLE SEARCH

Teach your students ESSENTIAL SKILLS OF THE INFORMATION ERA to become expert DIGITAL RESEARCHERS.

⭐How to correctly ask questions to search engines on all devices.

⭐ How to filter and refine your results to find exactly what you want every time.

⭐ Essential Research and critical thinking skills for students.

⭐ Plagiarism, Citing and acknowledging other people’s work.

⭐ How to query, synthesize and record your findings logically.

BIOGRAPHY WRITING Tip #3: Find Your Themes In Biography Writing

Though predominantly a nonfiction genre, the story still plays a significant role in good biography writing. The skills of characterization and plot structuring are transferable here. And, just like in fiction, exploring themes in a biographical work helps connect the personal to the universal. Of course, these shouldn’t be forced; this will make the work seem contrived, and the reader may lose faith in the truthfulness of the account. A biographer needs to gain and maintain the trust of the reader.

Fortunately, themes shouldn’t need to be forced. A life well-lived is full of meaning, and the themes the student writer is looking for will emerge effortlessly from the actions and events of the subject’s life. It’s just a case of learning how to spot them.

One way to identify the themes in a life is to look for recurring events or situations in a person’s life. These should be apparent from the research completed previously. The students should seek to identify these patterns that emerge in the subject’s life. For example, perhaps they’ve had to overcome various obstacles throughout different periods of their life. In that case, the theme of overcoming adversity is present and has been identified.

Usually, a biography has several themes running throughout, so be sure your students work to identify more than one theme in their subject’s life.

BIOGRAPHY WRITING Tip: #4 Put Something of Yourself into the Writing

While the defining feature of a biography is that it gives an account of a person’s life, students must understand that this is not all a biography does. Relating the facts and details of a subject’s life is not enough. The student biographer should not be afraid to share their thoughts and feelings with the reader throughout their account of their subject’s life.

The student can weave some of their personality into the fabric of the text by providing commentary and opinion as they relate the events of the person’s life and the wider social context at the time. Unlike the detached and objective approach we’d expect to find in a history textbook, in a biography, student-writers should communicate their enthusiasm for their subject in their writing.

This makes for a more intimate experience for the reader, as they get a sense of getting to know the author and the subject they are writing about.

Biography Examples For Students

• Year 5 Example
• Year 7 Example
• Year 9 Example

“The Rock ‘n’ Roll King: Elvis Presley”

Elvis Aaron Presley, born on January 8, 1935, was an amazing singer and actor known as the “King of Rock ‘n’ Roll.” Even though he’s been dead for nearly 50 years, I can’t help but be fascinated by his incredible life!

Elvis grew up in Tupelo, Mississippi, in a tiny house with his parents and twin brother. His family didn’t have much money, but they shared a love for music. Little did they know Elvis would become a music legend!

When he was only 11 years old, Elvis got his first guitar. He taught himself to play and loved singing gospel songs. As he got older, he started combining different music styles like country, blues, and gospel to create a whole new sound – that’s Rock ‘n’ Roll!

In 1954, at the age of 19, Elvis recorded his first song, “That’s All Right.” People couldn’t believe how unique and exciting his music was. His famous hip-swinging dance moves also made him a sensation!

Elvis didn’t just rock the music scene; he also starred in movies like “Love Me Tender” and “Jailhouse Rock.” But fame came with challenges. Despite facing ups and downs, Elvis kept spreading happiness through his music.

Tragically, Elvis passed away in 1977, but his music and charisma live on. Even today, people worldwide still enjoy his songs like “Hound Dog” and “Can’t Help Falling in Love.” Elvis Presley’s legacy as the King of Rock ‘n’ Roll will live forever.

Long Live the King: I wish I’d seen him.

Elvis Presley, the Rock ‘n’ Roll legend born on January 8, 1935, is a captivating figure that even a modern-day teen like me can’t help but admire. As I delve into his life, I wish I could have experienced the magic of his live performances.

Growing up in Tupelo, Mississippi, Elvis faced challenges but found solace in music. At 11, he got his first guitar, a symbol of his journey into the world of sound. His fusion of gospel, country, and blues into Rock ‘n’ Roll became a cultural phenomenon.

The thought of being in the audience during his early performances, especially when he recorded “That’s All Right” at 19, sends shivers down my spine. Imagining the crowd’s uproar and feeling the revolutionary energy of that moment is a dream I wish I could have lived.

Elvis wasn’t just a musical prodigy; he was a dynamic performer. His dance moves, the embodiment of rebellion, and his roles in films like “Love Me Tender” and “Jailhouse Rock” made him a true icon.

After watching him on YouTube, I can’t help but feel a little sad that I’ll never witness the King’s live performances. The idea of swaying to “Hound Dog” or being enchanted by “Can’t Help Falling in Love” in person is a missed opportunity. Elvis may have left us in 1977, but he was the king of rock n’ roll. Long live the King!

Elvis Presley: A Teen’s Take on the Rock ‘n’ Roll Icon”

Elvis Presley, born January 8, 1935, was a revolutionary force in the music world, earning his title as the “King of Rock ‘n’ Roll.” Exploring his life, even as a 16-year-old today, I’m captivated by the impact he made.

Hailing from Tupelo, Mississippi, Elvis grew up in humble beginnings, surrounded by the love of his parents and twin brother. It’s inspiring to think that, despite financial challenges, this young man would redefine the music scene.

At 11, Elvis got his first guitar, sparking a self-taught journey into music. His early gospel influences evolved into a unique fusion of country, blues, and gospel, creating the electrifying genre of Rock ‘n’ Roll. In 1954, at only 19, he recorded “That’s All Right,” marking the birth of a musical legend.

Elvis wasn’t just a musical innovator; he was a cultural phenomenon. His rebellious dance moves and magnetic stage presence challenged the norms. He transitioned seamlessly into acting, starring in iconic films like “Love Me Tender” and “Jailhouse Rock.”

However, fame came at a cost, and Elvis faced personal struggles. Despite the challenges, his music continued to resonate. Even now, classics like “Hound Dog” and “Can’t Help Falling in Love” transcend generations.

Elvis Presley’s impact on music and culture is undeniable. He was known for his unique voice, charismatic persona, and electrifying performances. He sold over one billion records worldwide, making him one of the best-selling solo artists in history. He received numerous awards throughout his career, including three Grammy Awards and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.

Elvis’s influence can still be seen in today’s music. Many contemporary artists, such as Bruno Mars, Lady Gaga, and Justin Timberlake, have cited Elvis as an inspiration. His music continues to be featured in movies, TV shows, and commercials.

Elvis left us in 1977, but his legacy lives on. I appreciate his breaking barriers and fearlessly embracing his artistic vision. Elvis Presley’s impact on music and culture is timeless, a testament to the enduring power of his artistry. His music has inspired generations and will continue to do so for many years to come.

Teaching Resources

Use our resources and tools to improve your student’s writing skills through proven teaching strategies.

BIOGRAPHY WRITING TEACHING IDEAS AND LESSONS

We have compiled a sequence of biography-related lessons or teaching ideas that you can follow as you please. They are straightforward enough for most students to follow without further instruction.

BIOGRAPHY LESSON IDEA # 1:

This session aims to give students a broader understanding of what makes a good biography.

Once your students have compiled a comprehensive checklist of the main features of a biography, allow them to use it to assess some biographies from your school library or on the internet using the feature checklist.

When students have assessed a selection of biographies, take some time as a class to discuss them. You can base the discussion around the following prompts:

• Which biographies covered all the criteria from their checklist?
• Which biographies didn’t?
• Which biography was the most readable in terms of structure?
• Which biography do you think was the least well-structured? How would you improve this?

Looking at how other writers have interpreted the form will help students internalize the necessary criteria before attempting to produce a biography. Once students have a clear understanding of the main features of the biography, they’re ready to begin work on writing a biography.

When the time does come to put pen to paper, be sure they’re armed with the following top tips to help ensure they’re as well prepared as possible.

BIOGRAPHY LESSON IDEA # 2:

This session aims to guide students through the process of selecting the perfect biography subject.

Instruct students to draw up a shortlist of three potential subjects for the biography they’ll write.

Using the three criteria mentioned in the writing guide (Interest, Merit, and Information), students award each potential subject a mark out of 5 for each of the criteria. In this manner, students can select the most suitable subject for their biography.

BIOGRAPHY LESSON IDEA # 3:

This session aims to get students into the researching phase, then prioritise and organise events chronologically.

Students begin by making a timeline of their subject’s life, starting with their birth and ending with their death or the present day. If the student has yet to make a final decision on the subject of their biography, a family member will often serve well for this exercise as a practice exercise.

Students should research and gather the key events of the person’s life, covering each period of their life from when they were a baby, through childhood and adolescence, right up to adulthood and old age. They should then organize these onto a timeline. Students can include photographs with captions if they have them.

They can present these to the class when they have finished their timelines.

BIOGRAPHY LESSON IDEA # 4:

Instruct students to look over their timeline, notes, and other research. Challenge them to identify three patterns that repeat throughout the subject’s life and sort all the related events and incidents into specific categories.

Students should then label each category with a single word. This is the thematic concept or the broad general underlying idea. After that, students should write a sentence or two expressing what the subject’s life ‘says’ about that concept.

This is known as the thematic statement . With the thematic concepts and thematic statements identified, the student now has some substantial ideas to explore that will help bring more profound meaning and wider resonance to their biography.

BIOGRAPHY LESSON IDEA # 5:

Instruct students to write a short objective account of an event in their own life. They can write about anyone from their past. It needn’t be more than a couple of paragraphs, but the writing should be strictly factual, focusing only on the objective details of what happened.

Once they have completed this, it’s time to rewrite the paragraph, but they should include some opinion and personal commentary this time.

The student here aims to inject some color and personality into their writing, to transform a detached, factual account into a warm, engaging story.

A COMPLETE UNIT ON TEACHING BIOGRAPHIES

Teach your students to write AMAZING BIOGRAPHIES & AUTOBIOGRAPHIES using proven RESEARCH SKILLS and WRITING STRATEGIES .

• Understand the purpose of both forms of biography.
• Explore the language and perspective of both.
• Prompts and Challenges to engage students in writing a biography.
• Dedicated lessons for both forms of biography.
• Biographical Projects can expand students’ understanding of reading and writing a biography.
• A COMPLETE 82-PAGE UNIT – NO PREPARATION REQUIRED.

FREE Biography Writing Graphic Organizer

Use this valuable tool in the research and writing phases to keep your students on track and engaged.

WRITING CHECKLIST & RUBRIC BUNDLE

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To Conclude

By this stage, your students should have an excellent technical overview of a biography’s essential elements.

They should be able to choose their subject in light of how interesting and worthy they are, as well as give consideration to the availability of information out there. They should be able to research effectively and identify emerging themes in their research notes. And finally, they should be able to bring some of their personality and uniqueness into their retelling of the life of another.

Remember that writing a biography is not only a great way to develop a student’s writing skills; it can be used in almost all curriculum areas. For example, to find out more about a historical figure in History, to investigate scientific contributions to Science, or to celebrate a hero from everyday life.

Biography is an excellent genre for students to develop their writing skills and to find inspiration in the lives of others in the world around them.

HOW TO WRITE A BIOGRAPHY TUTORIAL VIDEO

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How to Write a Biography: A Comprehensive Guide

• April 4, 2024

Writing a biography is a captivating endeavor that allows you to delve into the life and experiences of an individual, capturing their essence in words. Whether you're documenting the life of a historical figure, a family member, or even yourself, the process of writing a biography requires careful research, thoughtful organization, and skillful storytelling. This guide aims to provide aspiring biographers with practical tips and techniques to craft compelling and authentic biographies that resonate with readers.

Steps to Write a Biography

Choosing your subject.

Selecting the right subject is the first crucial step in writing a biography. Consider individuals whose lives have made a significant impact or whose stories resonate with you personally. Whether it's a historical figure, a family member, or a cultural icon, choose a subject whose life you are passionate about exploring and sharing with others.

Researching Your Subject's Life

Thorough research is essential to accurately portray your subject's life and experiences. Utilize a variety of sources, including biographies, autobiographies, archival materials, interviews, and historical records. Take notes on key events, significant milestones, and important relationships in your subject's life, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of their journey.

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Organizing Your Material

Organize your research material into a coherent structure that effectively chronicles your subject's life story. Consider using a chronological approach, starting from their early years and progressing through significant life events.

Alternatively, you may opt for a thematic approach, focusing on specific aspects of their life or achievements. Create an outline to guide the flow of your biography , ensuring a logical progression of events and themes.

Writing Style and Tone

Develop a writing style and tone that is both engaging and respectful of your subject's life and legacy. Aim for clarity and precision in your language, avoiding jargon or overly complex phrases that may alienate readers. Strike a balance between objectivity and empathy, presenting your subject in a nuanced and multidimensional light.

Capturing the Essence of Your Subject

Seek to capture the essence of your subject's personality, motivations, and impact on the world around them. Incorporate anecdotes, quotations, and vivid descriptions to bring your subject to life on the page. Pay attention to detail and context, providing readers with insights into the social, cultural, and historical forces that shaped your subject's life.

Editing and Revision

Editing and revision are essential steps in refining your biography and ensuring its clarity, coherence, and accuracy. Review your manuscript carefully, paying attention to grammar, punctuation, and syntax. Seek feedback from trusted readers or editors to gain fresh perspectives on your work and identify areas for improvement. Revise your biography iteratively, honing your narrative and sharpening your prose until it achieves its full potential.

Benefits of Writing a Biography

Writing a biography is a rewarding journey that allows you to explore the complexities of the human experience and celebrate the lives of remarkable individuals. By choosing your subject wisely, conducting thorough research, organizing your material effectively, and crafting a compelling narrative, you can create a biography that resonates with readers and stands the test of time.

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In conclusion , writing a biography requires dedication, patience, and a deep appreciation for the subject's life and legacy. By following the steps outlined in this guide and infusing your narrative with empathy, authenticity, and insight, you can create a biography that honors your subject's memory and inspires readers for generations to come.

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How to Write a Biography: 8 Steps for a Captivating Story

by Yen Cabag | 10 comments

We’ll just say it: biographies don’t often make the most exciting reads, especially when they’re loaded with fact after fact, and not much insight or narrative.

However, when the writer is passionate and highly knowledgeable about the story they’re telling, a biography can be just as riveting as an action-packed novel.

If you’ve considered writing a biography about the life of someone you admire or whose story interests you, you’ll definitely want to do a thorough job. The steps and information presented below will help ensure that your writing is accurate and well organized.

What Is a Biography? 

A biography is an account of a person’s life that includes facts and anecdotes from that person’s experiences. They can be great resources for studying the lives of fascinating figures, both living and dead.

Most biographies are written to tell the stories of famous or highly influential people, such as politicians, celebrities, athletes, and billionaires.

But biographies can also be written about ordinary people who have made an extraordinary impact on others, even if they are not extremely well-known prior to publication.

A biography may come with the label “authorized” if the subject or their family members gave the author permission to write the story. “Unauthorized” biographies are also frequently published, but without the permission or input of the subject, which may leave the authors subject to legal action.

Difference Between a Biography and an Autobiography

A biography is an account of the life of someone other than the author. An autobiography is an account of the author’s own life. However, the definition may be blurry in cases when a ghostwriter helps someone write his autobiography. 

A ghostwriter is a writer who helps another person in creating a book. This help may come in the form of collaboration, or the ghostwriter might do all the writing themselves. When a person wants to write their autobiography but is not exactly gifted at writing, they may ask a ghostwriter to help create it. 

What Should a Biography Include? 

Biographies usually share more intimate information about their subjects, compared to what is generally included in a feature article. The most interesting things typically included in a biography are: 

• the subject’s family background and childhood
• stories that illustrate their personality
• their motivations, goals, and achievements
• their key relationships, such as their siblings, spouse, children, best friends, colleagues, mentors, rivals 
• their hidden fears or desires 
• stories and anecdotes about their experiences, especially those that illustrate the traits you wish to highlight

How Do You Start Writing a Biography?

When you write a biography, you’re exploring the details of a person’s life, including their thought processes and emotions.

This means that you must be able to write with care and tact. You will also be analyzing the events in your subject’s life and explaining why they do certain things to draw connections between those experiences. 

The length of a biography can vary greatly. It might be very short, and divulge only the basic facts of a person’s life.

However, for most published works, biographies offer a deeper analysis, including many stories and examples that demonstrate the person’s unique character. 

1. Choose your subject.

Ideally, your subject should be someone whose life deeply interests you. Note, however, that this doesn’t mean you have to like the person. Many biographies are written from a critical viewpoint, in which the subject’s flaws and mistakes are analyzed.

Keep in mind that your feelings about the person will affect the way you write, and consequently influence how readers view the work. 

If your subject is still living, you should make every effort to interview them (or at least their representatives). When it comes to writing a biography, a you are writing about someone alive or not, the process remains the same, except for the fact that you can still interview a living person. 

An important part of choosing your subject is obtaining their permission. You need to ask the person whether or not they agree to let you write their biography.

If they agree, it’s all well and good! If they don’t agree and you proceed anyway, you might be subject to legal action should your subject decide to pursue it. 

If the person you choose to write about is dead, you will not need to ask anyone’s permission. 

2. Find out the basic facts about your subject’s life. 

If the person you are writing about is famous, you will likely be able to find certain details online, such as their birthday, family background, and other basic information. The same holds true even if he is not famous but you know him personally. 

Then, you can use news articles or similar sources to help you decide which part of their life interests you the most.

3. Conduct thorough research. 

For research, biographers rely on both primary and secondary sources.

• Primary sources : If you are writing about a living person, primary sources might include interviews with that person, their family members, friends, and colleagues, as well as letters, journals, diaries, speeches, newspaper accounts, school records or reports, and other documents. 
• Secondary sources : If you write about a famous person, chances are there are already other books written about them. Biographies that another person has written fall under secondary sources, as do reference books and histories that support your information.

Because a good biography will include stories from the subject’s experiences, be sure to collect personal stories and even anecdotes.

These will surely bring greater credibility to your writing, and make your subject more relatable to your readers. 

How to Write a Biography

Now that you’ve done your research, it’s time to begin writing the biography, starting with a detailed outline to help you organize your idea and information.

4. Write an outline of your biography. 

Once you’ve figured out the direction you want to take with your biography, an outline will help you organize your thoughts and information so you’ll be better prepared to start writing.

Create a bullet point for every main theme that you want to include which may correspond to one chapter. Then write another bullet, indented to the right, for each different sub-topic within the main theme. These will be the different sections inside each chapter. 

You have several options for writing your outline:

• Chronological order : Many biographers go for a chronological account of their subject’s life, from the day they were born, through their childhood, school days, career, and so on. 
• Specific time periods : Another way of outlining is to group certain time periods around a specific theme. For example, your subject’s difficult childhood may be lumped together into a theme entitled “Early Adversity.”
• Thematic : Other biographers outline their chapters by themes. For example, a theme on your subject’s generous heart may include examples from across his life, while a theme on his intellectual prowess may also portray his academic achievements across many years. 

5. Start writing your first draft. 

Now that you have all your information collected, start to write your story based on the outline you prepared in step 4. Some writers prefer to write one chapter after another, while others don’t mind jumping around chapters. Experiment and find what works best for you. 

When you start to write, don’t worry too much about editing or fact-checking. At this point, just concentrate on crafting the story in an interesting way that will hook your readers. 

6. Take a break before proofreading and fact checking your first draft. 

You will likely be excited to start editing once you’ve finished your first draft, but you’ll actually be doing yourself a favor by taking a break for at least a few days.

In this way, you’ll be able to return to work with a fresh set of eyes, which will leave you better able to catch errors and see your work from a new perspective.

Once you feel ready, start scanning your work for typos, cut and paste paragraphs you want to transfer, and even eliminate whole passages that don’t seem to play an important role in the story.

This is also the best time to fine-tune and fact check your writing . 

7. Get another perspective.

Once you have smoothed out everything you can in your work, now is the time to get someone else’s feedback.

Whether you intend to publish your biography or not, it’s always a good idea to get feedback from someone who is skilled in writing.

Their comments will not only improve your biography, but also provide valuable tips for improving your writing in the future. 

8. Send a copy to your subject.

Consider sending a copy of your manuscript to the person whose life you wrote about in your book.

The copy may serve as a thank-you gift, but also, if you intend to publish your work, you will need them to approve, as well as fact check, everything you put into the story. 

Publish Your Biography

Congratulations! Now that you’ve finished writing your biography, you should start to work on getting your book published.

Check out our ultimate guide on how to publish a book , which features tips on self-publishing, as well as pitching to traditional or independent publishers.

Did you find this post helpful? Let us know in the comments below!

If you enjoyed this post, then you might also like:

• How to Publish a Book: The Ultimate Guide to Book Publishing in 2020
• 25 Memoir and Autobiography Publishers Currently Accepting Submissions
• 20 Best Presidential Biographies to Read This President’s Day
• The 16 Best Memoirs to Read Right Now

Yen Cabag is the Blog Writer of TCK Publishing. She is also a homeschooling mom, family coach, and speaker for the Charlotte Mason method, an educational philosophy that places great emphasis on classic literature and the masterpieces in art and music. She has also written several books, both fiction and nonfiction. Her passion is to see the next generation of children become lovers of reading and learning in the midst of short attention spans.

10 Comments

Great advice- Thank you !! have a question: if you write and publish a biography about someone who is still alive, what percentage of your profit(s) should you give them? (if I have their permission, and they paid nothing to publish- I did)?

This really helped my homework.

what is the best way to record interviews from your subject? tape? other technical equipment?

Hi Virginia, it really depends on your preferences. These days there are plenty of recording apps on smart phones that allow you to take high-quality recordings, which you can take easily take anywhere with you or transfer to other devices :)

I have been thinking to write a biography of a living person who recently became popular due to his unusual talent and gift. I found this article to be a very informative and helpful guide. I hope I can get going one of these days. My big hurdle is how I can interview this person as I don’t have my own office to interview him and he is only around for a few months. By” around” I mean he travels all over the country. Thank you very much for your article. I will appreciate any helpful advice.

Hi Divinia, I’m glad you found the article helpful! You could always conduct phone interviews or video calls :) may not be exactly the same as face to face, but it can get you the information and insights you need :)

Thank you for a very inciteful article. I’m in the process of writing a biography of a former country music superstar who lost everything due to anger issues and alcoholism, only to recover and become a follower of Jesus, then start his own church and ministry. My question is, when an author writes a biography about another person, how do they decide how to share the proceeds of the book? Thank you very much for your time and advice.

Hi Hal, thanks for your comment! I’m not an expert on that, but I’m pretty sure there’s no rule that you have to share any of the proceeds if you write a biography about another person. Now, if you were helping that person to ghostwrite their own autobiography, that would be different, but still settled between the two of you.

This article is very useful and well organized. Writing the biography sounds like a fun project to undertake. The late James Baldwin spoke about writers writing something they’ve never written. I’ve published an autobiography and after reading your piece, I feel confident in writing a biography of a person who’s still alive. Thank you for your advice.

Thanks Bobby, we’re so glad you found Yen’s article helpful!

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How to Write a Biography

Last Updated: May 28, 2024 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Stephanie Wong Ken, MFA . Stephanie Wong Ken is a writer based in Canada. Stephanie's writing has appeared in Joyland, Catapult, Pithead Chapel, Cosmonaut's Avenue, and other publications. She holds an MFA in Fiction and Creative Writing from Portland State University. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 1,879,518 times.

Writing a biography can be a fun challenge, where you are sharing the story of someone’s life with readers. You may need to write a biography for a class or decide to write one as a personal project. Once you have identified the subject of the biography, do your research so you know as much about them as possible. Then, dive into the writing of the biography and revising it until it is at its finest.

Researching Your Subject

• If the subject does not give you permission to write the biography, you may want to choose a different subject. If you decide to publish the biography without the subject’s permission, you may be susceptible to legal action by the subject.
• If the subject is no longer alive, you obviously do not need to ask permission to write about them.

• You may create research questions to help focus your research of the subject, such as, What do I find interesting about the subject? Why is this subject important to readers? What can I say that is new about the subject? What would I like to learn more about?

• For in person interviews, record them with a tape recorder or a voice recorder on your computer or phone.
• You may need to interview the subject and others several times to get the material you need.

• You may also want to visit areas where the subject made a major decision or breakthrough in their life. Being physically in the area can give you a sense of how the subject might have felt and help you write their experiences more effectively.

• When researching the time period ask yourself: What were the social norms of that time? What was going on economically and politically? How did the social and political climate affect the subject?

• You may also include historical events or moments that affected the subject on the timeline. For example, maybe there was a conflict or civil war that happened during the person’s life that affected their life.

Writing the Biography

• You may end up focusing on particular areas of the person’s life. If you do this, work through a particular period in the person’s life chronologically.

• For example, you may have a thesis statement about focusing on how the person impacted the civil rights movement in America in the 1970s. You can then make sure all your content relates back to this thesis.

• Flashbacks should feel as detailed and real as present day scenes. Use your research notes and interviews with the subject to get a good sense of their past for the flashbacks.
• For example, you may jump from the person’s death in the present to a flashback to their favorite childhood memory.

• For example, you may focus on the person’s accomplishments in the civil rights movement. You may write a whole section about their contributions and participation in major civil rights marches in their hometown.

• For example, you may notice that the person’s life is patterned with moments of adversity, where the person worked hard and fought against larger forces. You can then use the theme of overcoming adversity in the biography.

• For example, you may note how you see parallels in the person’s life during the civil rights movement with your own interests in social justice. You may also commend the person for their hard work and positive impact on society.

Polishing the Biography

• Revise the biography based on feedback from others. Do not be afraid to cut or edit down the biography to suit the needs of your readers.

• Having a biography riddled with spelling, grammar, and punctuation errors can turn off your readers and result in a poor grade if you are handing in the text for a class.

• If the biography is for a class, use MLA , APA , or Chicago Style citations based on the preferences of your instructor.

Biography Help

Community Q&A

• Be careful when publishing private or embarrassing information, especially if the person is not a celebrity. You may violate their "Right of Privacy" or equivalent. Thanks Helpful 31 Not Helpful 5
• Have the sources to back up your statements about the subject's life. Untruthful written statements can lead to litigation. If it is your opinion, be clear that it is such and not fact (although you can support your opinion with facts). Thanks Helpful 16 Not Helpful 15

You Might Also Like

• ↑ https://grammar.yourdictionary.com/writing/how-to-write-a-biography.html
• ↑ https://au.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/how-to-write-a-bio
• ↑ https://www.writersdigest.com/writing-articles/3-tips-for-writing-successful-flashbacks
• ↑ https://www.grammarly.com/blog/how-to-write-bio/
• ↑ https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/editing-and-proofreading/
• ↑ https://www.plagiarism.org/article/how-do-i-cite-sources

About This Article

Before you write a biography, gather as much information about the subject that you can from sources like newspaper articles, interviews, photos, existing biographies, and anything else you can find. Write the story of that person’s life, including as much supporting detail as you can, including information about the place and time where the person lived. Focus on major events and milestones in their life, including historical events, marriage, children, and events which would shape their path later in life. For tips from our reviewer on proofreading the biography and citing your sources, keep reading! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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Biography Writing: 10 Steps to Great Biography Writing

Salmaan Ahmad

November 29, 2023

Biography writing is a distinct skill. A good biographer can explain why a person’s life mattered and how their work contributed to world history. A biography can shed light on a particular historical era or developments in art and literature.

Why Do You Want to Write Biography?

Famous biographies, 1. choose the right subject for biography writing, 2. do some research for biography writing, 3. organize your material for biography writing, 4. include a foreword for biography writing, 5. add a preface for biography writing, 6. write an introduction for biography writing, 7. choose illustrations for biography writing, 8. write your biography, 9. add a bibliography to biography writing, 10. get biography writing printed.

The first step in biography writing is to determine your purpose. A biography shares the life of another person with the reader. Consider why you think the person you’ve chosen would be interesting to read about.

• Did they invent something that changed the course of society?
• Were they a great ruler or a famous dictator?
• Did they live during a fascinating time in history?
• Are they part of an important historical family?
• Did they introduce new ideas in art or literature?
• Are they known for their contributions to societal changes?
• Did they leave a legacy?
• Are they known for founding a famous company?

For examples of outstanding biography writing, you can turn to these bestselling and award-winning books. These writers brought their subjects to life through their vivid imagery, attention to detail, and carefully crafted dialogues.

• A Beautiful Mind by Sylvia Nasar: This biography of mathematician John Nash was made into a movie in 2001. The movie changed many details of the story as it was told in Nasar’s book.
• Churchill: A Life by Martin Gilbert: Considered the definitive biography of Winston Churchill, who was prime minister of Britain during World War 2. There are many biographies of Churchill, but Gilbert’s is one of the most highly regarded.
• The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks by Rebecca Skloot: This book tells the story of Henrietta Lacks, a poor black woman whose cancer cells were taken from her without her knowledge and used in medical research.
• Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer: This is a gripping, detailed account of Christopher McCandless’s last few years of life. McCandless left everything behind to live in the wilds of Alaska, where he died. The book was also made into a movie.
• Prairie Fires: The American Dreams of Laura Ingalls Wilder by Caroline Fraser: This book draws on new historical resources to paint a vivid picture of its subject, the author of the Little House on the Prairie books.
• Shirley Jackson: A Rather Haunted Life by Ruth Franklin: Jackson was a highly esteemed writer of gothic horror and mystery, best known for the book The Haunting of Hill House and the short story The Lottery. This book describes what gave Jackson her dark vision.

If someone is important enough to write biography about, they probably lived an interesting, eventful life. In good biography writing, you bring those stories to life. Biography writing is all about making history come alive through the eyes of one person. That person can be very well-known, but it may also be someone who’s been overlooked in history books.

Most biographers write about people who have inspired them. They may also write about those who fascinate them because of the good—or the evil—they committed during their life.

Some people are so famous that they’ve been the subjects of several biographies. Their popularity shouldn’t stop you, however, especially if you have a fresh take or newly published sources on the subject. People who enjoy biographies often enjoy reading different version of their favorite subject’s life.

To write biography, you will need to spend some serious time on research. Research is essential to writing biography because you never want to write something in your book that isn’t backed up by research findings.

Here’s a summary of sources you can use to find out more about your subject and the time he or she lived in.

• Primary sources: Use as many primary sources as possible. This includes diaries, journals, letters, and other materials written by the person you’re writing about. Original sources also include interviews of the subject, eyewitness accounts, court records, and recollections by family members, friends, employees, and colleagues.
• Secondary sources: These include books and articles written about the subject of your biography. Some will be sources which were written during the time your subject lived. Others are written by contemporary historians who have gathered and analyzed the primary sources with their unique perspective.
• Background sources: To write biography, you must have a solid understanding of the time period they lived in. Research what was happening during that time, what the newsworthy events were, and how the conditions of the time affected them.
• Documentaries: Documentaries may help sum up a person’s life or their contributions, but don’t rely on them as primary sources. Despite seeming authoritative, they can be highly biased. They are best used to find researchers and reference materials that you can consult yourself.

Once you have completed your research, you must organize all the information you’ve uncovered. Start by outlining the basic structure of your biography. A simple format for biography writing is to follow this format.

• Open strong: Most successful biographies open with a strong scene that immediately draws the reader in. This could be a key event in the subject’s life or something that happens immediately before their birth. Use this scene to set the tone of your biography. Introduce your subject, and explain why this scene is important.
• Set out a chronology: While it’s fine to open with a scene from anywhere in the subject’s life, you must follow it with a standard chronology. Talk about the place your subject was born, describe their childhood, and detail their relationship with parents, siblings, and other family members. Describe their childhood home and any childhood events that had a lingering impact on them.
• Follow their growth: In your chronology, follow them from childhood to adulthood. Describe their education, work, jobs, marriages, divorces, deaths of family members, and other major life events. Include their accomplishments, failures, and actions that show them as fully dimensional people.
• Conclusion: Wrap up your biography with a summary that sets out why the person’s life mattered, why their contributions were significant, and what their legacy will be.

A foreword should come first in a biography. It’s especially important to have one if you are a first-time writer. A foreword is an introduction to the book written by someone who the reader will recognize as an authority. It might be an expert in the subject of your biography or someone who is very familiar with the historical era you’re writing about. If you’re writing about someone who achieved fame in a particular field, the foreword could be written by another leader in the same field.

A foreword works like a recommendation from someone the reader respects. It can convince a reader to give your book a fair chance. The foreword is typically short. Shoot for a word count of about 200 to 300.

Most biographies need prefaces. It’s where you briefly explain your research methods and your approach to the biography. A preface should be short. Save the “meat” of your thesis for the introduction and the rest of the book.

Every nonfiction book needs an introduction. An introduction can be a few paragraphs long, or it can cover several pages. Use the length you need to write a powerful introduction. Every nonfiction book should have an introduction written by the author.

Explain what the reader can expect from reading it. For a nonfiction work like a biography, it’s appropriate to include an introduction that lays out your thesis or theme. What is your takeaway on this person? How do you see them and their place in history? Make sure your introduction explains this clearly, and invite the reader to follow along as you make your case.

The order of this front matter should be:

• Introduction

Bring your subject and their family, historical period, and settings to vivid life with photos, illustrations, and artwork. Make sure you clear any copyright issues related to publishing artwork or photos.

Now that you’ve done the research, developed a thesis, and chosen your pictures, it’s time to start your biography writing. Set a schedule based on hours worked or words produced and get to work. Writing a biography is a major undertaking, and it’s important to be patient with yourself while you’re getting through it. Organizing your materials and setting a daily schedule are key to getting it done.

Your biography must end with a reference section stating what you used to research your book. Give credit to all the sources you used during your research.

At Publishing Xpress , we specialize in working with first-time biographers and other writers who are new to publishing. If you want personalized attention from professional printer that delivers on time every time, contact us today.

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How to Write a Biography in 8 Easy Steps

by Bennett R. Coles

This article will provide you with the basic building blocks required to write a biography starting from a blank page. Before we get into the nuts and bolts, let’s define what a biography is:

A biography is the full account of another person’s life (unlike an autobiography, which is the account of the author’s own life). For a biography to work, it must tell the story of an extraordinary or otherwise captivating life.

For this reason, most popular biographies center around famous people, be they politicians, artists, entrepreneurs, entertainers, or other well-known individuals. But this isn’t a must. Many biographies are also written about ordinary people who lived extraordinary lives outside the public spotlight.

Now, there are two main categories of biographies: authorized and unauthorized.

Authorized biographies are written with the explicit permission of the subject of the biography. The main advantage of authorized biographies is that they provide easy access to family members, friends and acquaintances — and even the subject themselves — during the very important research phase.

Unauthorized biographies, on the other hand, are written without the permission of the subject and therefore the authors usually have no access to their inner circle. As a result, authors must draw all of their information from sources that are at arms-length of the subject and therefore may be less reliable or truthful.

Let’s now begin to outline the process for creating a biography from the ground up.

Step 1: Choose the Biography’s Subject

The first thing you need to do is to choose the subject of your biography. In most cases this will be an obvious choice – that is, you’ll select someone you’ve been following and have admired for a long time.

You’ll already know their life story and will therefore know the aspects of their life that will be inspiring and compelling to your readers. In essence, you’ll be writing your biography for an audience of like-minded people who admire your subject as much as you do and who already have a deep thirst for any information about them.

Your subject might be a public figure, a politician, a business person, a scientist, an academic, or as stated in the introduction, an ordinary person who’s lived an extraordinary life. In every case, I advise that you seek their permission to write and publish the biography.

If granted, you’ll be able to gain immediate access to the subject and also family members and friends, who in many cases will provide you with exclusive details not published anywhere else.

Now, if you do get your subject’s permission, it’ll likely come accompanied with a first right of refusal for any information that they deem is not accurate as written and you’ll have to allow for the possibility of people changing their minds about certain aspects of your work as you go on.

You’ll just have to be flexible and accommodating, and sometimes this will be frustrating. But in the grand scheme of things, it’s a small price to pay for almost unlimited access to credible and in many cases unpublished information.

If you’re unsuccessful in obtaining your subject’s permission, you can still write an unauthorized biography, but there are some caveats you should be aware of:

• Stay away from writing unauthorized biographies about private persons (no matter how extraordinary their lives may be) because you’ll risk breaching privacy laws with serious legal consequences — in other words, those people may wish to remain private and will certainly not appreciate someone writing an unauthorized biography of their private lives.
• If you write about public figures, make sure you stick to publicly available information and that you don’t publish any private, sensitive or otherwise embarrassing information that is not in the public domain or that was illicitly obtained (e.g. through hacked or stolen information)
• If you choose to write a biography about some well-known figure in the public domain who you despise and you want to expose their “bad” side to the world, I advise that you consult with an attorney before you proceed, since you’ll be embarking on a journey potentially fraught with expensive litigation

Step 2: Study Popular Biographies

Before you proceed to the writing stage, you’ll be well-served to learn valuable lessons from those who’ve walked this path this before you, especially those who’ve found success in the marketplace.

Find 2-3 biographies about similar subjects to yours that have made it to the bestseller lists. For example, if you’ll be writing about a tech CEO, then find bestselling biographies of two or three other tech CEOs. Also, ensure that those biographies are of the same type as yours (i.e. authorized or unauthorized).

If cost is an object, get those books from the library but, if you can, purchase them instead so that you can make notations and underline text right on the page.

Next, read them twice cover-to-cover — first as a reader and then as a writer.

In your first reading pass, put on your audience hat and enjoy the read. Don’t pause to make notes yet so as not to disrupt the experience. In your second pass, however, make frequent stops to take notes about how the author uses literary devices, such as storytelling, hooks, descriptive techniques, and so on to drive their narrative.

If you read a story or passage that you deeply connect with, analyze it and try to figure out what it is about it that makes it work so effectively. Make note of the author’s literary choices, their use of language, the flow of the story, etc.

When you’re done with this initial genre research, you’ll be ready to start working on your biography!

Step 3: Choose Your Central Theme

Biographies are not unlike any other nonfiction book: you need to know who the target audience is before you write them (in this case it’ll be you and people like you). But just as importantly, you need to have a central theme that permeates the book.

In most cases, the central theme of your biography will be the aspect that has personally attracted you to your subject, such as:

• Their sense of urgency in enacting change in their personal lives and around them, which your readers will find inspiring
• Their wisdom and brilliance in their specific approach to life, business, etc., which will inform your readers about proven strategies that they’ll be able to use themselves
• Their prophetic power about certain world events, which could help readers make better choices about their investments, their choice of careers, etc.
• Or just their raw courage in the face of extreme adversity, a quality many people strive to achieve in their own lives

You always need to have a clear central theme your biography, an essence that goes beyond a strictly chronological account of someone life (which doesn’t make for a particularly engaging read).

Step 4: Research Your Subject

Now it’s time to begin your research about your subject and their lives.

There are two types of sources of information that you’ll need to rely on for your biography:

1) Primary sources, which originate from your subject and their close circle, and 2) Secondary sources, which originate from people at arm’s length to your subject. Here are some examples:

Primary sources:

• Anything publicly written or recorded by the subject
• Anything privately written or recorded by the subject (you’ll need their written consent to publish this information)
• Anything publicly written or recorded by direct witnesses to events that involved the subject
• Anything privately written or recorded by direct witnesses to events that involved the subject (again, you’ll need their permission to publish this information)

A Note on Privacy:

Whenever you publish information about a subject that’s not already in the public domain, particularly if the subject is not a public figure, you must ensure that you have their written permission to do so.

If you don’t and choose to publish anyway, you’re opening yourself to expensive litigation. People are entitled to their privacy and if you reveal unauthorized information that they deem to be embarrassing or injurious to their reputation in any way, expect them to seek financial damages through libel litigation and other legal remedies.

Secondary sources:

Writings or recordings by people who don’t know the subject personally and who haven’t directly witnessed events involving the subject. Examples are:

• Documentaries
• Magazine articles
• Online articles or recordings

A Note on Secondary Sources:

Before you use these sources, you’ll need to establish their credibility and the veracity of their accounts. Whenever you do refer to secondary sources in your biography, make sure to include the proper citations so that your readers can access the original information if they desire.

Also, make sure that you don’t infringe the copyright of your secondary sources by reproducing entire passages from their works, unless you obtain their written permission first (which usually carries a financial cost).

Step 5: Organize the Information

Once you’ve collected all the relevant information for your project, it’s time to put it into perspective by first creating a timeline for your subject’s life. You want to be able to see where it all fits chronologically so that you can begin to draw a through-line in relation to your biography’s central theme.

Your timeline will allow you to see the sequence of events that formed the character, ability or special circumstances that led your subject to live an extraordinary life. Also, this through-line will allow you to draw inspiration to choose specific time periods and past events should you wish to use flashbacks as a device in your narrative.

Once you’ve defined the proper chronology of events in your subject’s life, you can begin to draft a general outline for your biography, driven by your central theme. Begin by choosing the main milestones on your subject’s journey. These are the building blocks of your central theme. Then, break them down further into as many layers as necessary.

Finally, label your outline entries and, looking at your timeline, allocate your research materials throughout the outline by assigning them to the relevant label.

Step 6: Write Your Manuscript

You now have a fleshed-out timeline, an outline that aligns with your central theme, and lots of well-researched notes. In other words, you’re ready to begin the writing process ! But first, you’ll need to develop a clear writing routine.

When it comes to book writing , there’s no substitute for rubber to the road and this means that you’ll need to get into the habit of writing for a set amount of time every day. Like professional authors do, you’ll need to budget this time religiously and have clear boundaries.

Consistency is key, especially if you’ve never done a project like this before. What you don’t want to do is to write for 4-5 hours straight one day and then take a break for the next day or two.

How long should you write each day? I recommend between 2 and 3 hours but no longer than that — you don’t want to end up creatively spent by the end of a writing session.

Now, it’s critically important during this time that you have no disruptions such as phone calls, notifications from electronic devices, people walking in and asking you for help, etc.

So, enlist the help of those around you to keep you undisturbed, turn your smartphone and tablet to airplane mode, and mute the sound of your laptop.

Step 7: Hire a Professional Editor

When you complete the first draft of your manuscript, take a break to re-calibrate before you begin the re-writing process. Then revisit your manuscript from top to bottom as many times as necessary. This should take you a few weeks.

Keep in mind that the revision process is as creative as your original writing process but in a different way. While your initial writing is more like a stream of consciousness, the revision process is much more clinical and measured. What you’re looking for here is attention to detail, not the broad strokes.

But at some point, you’ll begin to experience diminishing returns for your efforts and here’s when you’ll need to hire the services of a professional editor. In fact, professional editors are paramount to the success of all authors, not just first-time authors but also those with long and illustrious careers.

No author worth their salt would dare publish an unedited book and neither should you. Your biography will be your calling card as an author and you never want to present a less than professional image. So, make sure you budget for a professional editor to take your diamond in the rough and make it shine!

Step 8: Hire a Professional Book and Cover Designer

Now that you have a fully edited manuscript, it’s time to focus on book design. Biographies need to not only be well-edited, but also to be well-produced. That means, they need to have a professional cover design that reflects your central theme, and a book interior as well-designed as your traditionally published competitors.

Don’t fall for the temptation to use free layout templates and book cover maker apps. As sharp as they may look on the surface, they’ll appear amateurish in comparison to what a professional can do and you don’t want to be judged by decision makers and gatekeepers on your path in a less-than-ideal light.

For example, some colors and visual patterns on your book cover may look great to you but won’t work in the market . The same goes for font styles, font sizes and font treatments. Leave this important work to the pros and you’ll never regret your decision.

Best of luck on the journey to your first biography!

If you enjoyed this article and are in the process of writing a nonfiction book, be sure to check out my free  nonfiction success guide , drawn from years of experience editing books for bestselling authors (including a New York Times bestseller) and ghostwriting for CEOs and politicians.  Simply click here to get instant access .

Leave me a comment below if you have any questions or a specific need that I can help you address – I operate an  author services firm  that specializes in helping entrepreneurs, professionals and business owners who want to publish books as a calling card for prospects, to establish their status as an expert or to just to generate additional leads for their businesses.

Here are some related posts I highly recommend:

How to write a compelling book in 12 steps: a must-read guide for nonfiction authors, what to look for in a top book self-publishing company, the 7 most effective book promotion ideas for nonfiction authors.

One response to “How to Write a Biography in 8 Easy Steps”

Very useful hints indeed

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How to Write a Biography

• DESCRIPTION how to write a biography
• SOURCE AZemdega / E+ / Getty

Whether you're hoping to become a published author, need to write a biography essay, or have a professional bio to complete, writing a biography requires care and tact. In a biography , you're telling the story of someone's most prized possession, their life. Follow a few simple steps and use tips for writing biographies to learn how to write a biography.

What Is a Biography?

Before you can write a biography, you have to understand exactly what a biography is. A biography is an “account of a person’s life written by another.” In the world of online bios, you could write your own biography.

Everything you write in a biography must be presented accurately while being interesting and engaging. What is it about your subject's life that will strike a chord or educate people?

Step 1: Choose a Subject

The first step in writing a biography is choosing your subject. Is that subject living or dead? For the most part, the process will be the same either way. You'll want to examine major life events, relationships, and the person’s influence on society.

When choosing a subject, there are several important questions to ask yourself.

• Is the person's life interesting enough to warrant a biography?
• Did they make an impact or meaningful decisions that will encourage others?
• Will their life connect with an audience?
• Is the subject already famous or a lesser-known person who should be brought to the forefront?

Writing About Celebrities

Celebrities and famous figures are universally viewed as interesting and will have a wider audience.If you choose to write about a famous person, make sure your biography stands out in some way from all the others.

Writing About an Unknown Person

If you know an ordinary person with an extraordinary story that could strike a chord with people, don't be afraid to write about it. Just be sure to narrowly focus the biography on those striking components that will connect with the readers. Someone unknown will be a tougher sell because you have to convince people to care about this unknown entity.

Writing About a Person Who Is Dead

When writing about someone who's already passed, you won't have access to their voice and will never know their feelings on your work. You can work with their family and former colleagues or use personal writings like journals to help you get an intimate view of your subject’s life.

Writing a Personal or Professional Bio

Unlike all other biographies, you are the author of your own personal or professional bio . In literary terms, this is considered an autobiography, but in the modern world the word “bio,” which is short for “biography,” is used. You can use the same steps for writing a biography to write an online bio.

Step 2: Gain Permission From the Subject

Once you've chosen your subject, you'll likely need their permission. If the person is deceased, you can ask their living family members for permission. This isn't always a prerequisite. Plenty of "unauthorized" biographies have been written about celebrities based on information available in the public domain . However, a biography is usually far more compelling if the subject is willing to talk to you.

If you don't get permission and you still wish to publish, you'll have to make sure you don't print anything untrue that could be viewed as slander or libel . If you hurt someone's reputation through your unauthorized biography, you could be setting yourself up for a lawsuit.

Step 3: Research the Life of Your Subject

As you conduct your research, the ultimate primary source is the subject. But, whether they're living or dead, that may not always be an option.

Using Primary Sources

Thankfully, there are other primary sources besides the subject of your biography. They include the subject's personal writings, those with firsthand information about the subject, original historical or legal documents, statistical records, and audio or video recordings. A piece of writing created during the time of an important event, such as a news article, may also be considered a primary source.

Using Secondary Sources

Secondary sources will be helpful to your research too, if you choose wisely. A secondary source is something created by someone who didn't know the subject directly or didn't witness an event with their own eyes.

A secondary source was created at a later time, based on primary or secondary sources, such as a review, analysis, or documentary. When using these sources, be sure to look into the writer's credibility to see whether they can be trusted.

Step 4: Choose a Biography Format

Since a biography is a non-fictional account of a person's life, starting at the beginning will probably set the rest of the story up nicely. That said, your audience may not want the details of your subject's happy-yet-uneventful childhood when a heroic or evil deed is on the horizon. So, the manner in which you organize your ideas should be determined before you really dig in.

The key to organizing a biography is to tell a story that always comes back to a theme. Is it about a person's resilience? Is it about their sense of adventure and exploration? Once you've decided that, the order in which you choose to lay out the details is entirely up to you. So, trust your instincts. Beyond that, keep to the narrative you'd like readers to pick up on.

Types of Biographies

You can find biographies written as children’s books, magazine stories, or novels. An abbreviated biography is called a biographical sketch .

Here are some ways to format your biography, aside from chronological order.

• By topic - Focus on the topics that affected the person's life. Detail each major event one by one.
• By theme - A thematic biography uses an overarching point of view or a characteristic of the subject to tie all life events back to a central theme.
• Through interviews - Talk to your subject, if you can. Ask people close to the subject what they thought of the subject, the people around the subject, and key events. Relay the story through these first-person accounts.
• In media res - In media res is a literary term meaning "in the middle of things". Stories written in media res do not lead up to the main event but begin in the middle of the tale and work backwards to hit on crucial elements, only to then resume a forward-moving account.

Step 5: Outline Their Story

Before you've gathered all your intel, you need to decide what you're going to do with it. Generally, it's best to start with an outline so you know what details are going to be included in the biography . Determine the main point, or thesis, then outline how each section or chapter tells a part of the story to support that thesis.

Do you want to cover a person's entire life, or focus on one significant aspect of their story? A timeline of their life will help you paint a picture and decide what to highlight. This will also help you decide if you want to present your biography in chronological order, by major life events, or in some other fashion.

Step 6: Write a First Draft

Now you know what information you need to fill in the details. Remember to present your subject accurately and tell a compelling story. Include relevant details, stick to that theme you're trying to convey, and draw your reader in with intrigue and motivating elements.

Have fun writing. If you're invested in the story you want to share through the chronology of someone else's life, that will translate well. Your readers will absorb your enthusiasm and give credence to your subject. You're about to take on a project that can shape the hearts and minds of others. So make sure you enjoy the ride.

Step 7: Edit Your Work

As you edit, make sure you've stuck to the outline you selected, whether that's chronological, event-based, or in media res. Tie every major element back to the theme and teach your readers something, whether that's the power of resilience, the impact of an adventurous heart, or the need for goodness in the world.

When you’re happy with the biography, get a second opinion from your subject or other primary sources you used. Be thoughtful about making any suggested changes.

Biography Examples

Researching other biographies is an excellent way to draw inspiration for your own biography. YourDictionary features a Biographies channel where you can view a variety of biographies for famous figures from actor Bruce Willis to Filipino revolutionary Melchora Aquino.

How to write a biography: 7 life-writing ideas

Biography – literally ‘life writing’ – poses a variety of challenges. Balancing historical narration and day-to-day incident, for example. Or choosing what to include and what to leave out. Read 7 ideas on how to write a biography, with examples from biographical writing:

• Post author By Jordan
• 4 Comments on How to write a biography: 7 life-writing ideas

7 life-writing ideas:

• Create compelling voice
• Think about representation
• Decide on narrative style
• Use illustrative anecdotes
• Find interest in the mundane
• Avoid hagiography
• Fictionalize where necessary

First: What type of biography do you want to write?

There are many different types of biography, both in fiction and non-fiction.

Popular types of biographical books

If you want to write non-fiction, you may be working on either an autobiography (a book about your life) or memoir , or a biography of a public figure.

Biographies can straddle both fiction and non-fiction, too. Many authors have written semi-fictionalized biographical stories (such as Now Novel writing coach Hedi Lampert’s novel , The Trouble with My Aunt ) with the author themselves as a main or supporting character.

For example, in Ivan Vladislavic’s Portrait with Keys , the author invents a brother. This fictional addition allows for lively debates between him and this imaginary relative about urban spaces and race politics in the city of Johannesburg.

Novelized biographies (such as Charles Dickens’ David Copperfield or Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre ) often follow a central character’s life arc in a linear way , from early life to later years or even death.

Other types of fictional biography include fictional letters and diaries. These allow you to play with other modes of representation.

For example, Sue Townsend’s popular Adrian Mole series (the first book being The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole, Aged 13¾ ), presented as a British teenage boy’s diary.

Let’s examine 7 ideas about how to write a biography:

1. Create compelling voice

You could say that voice is a crucial ingredient of any story , especially in first person (where the narrator is the character).

In autobiography, in particular, you want your reader to form a clear sense of who is telling the story. Are they funny? Serious? Angry? Inventive? Philosophical? Just a little bit insane?

Consider the comical, self-aware voice that comes through from page 1 of Townsend’s novel. The first chapter, under the heading ‘THURSDAY JANUARY 1ST’, begins:

These are my New Year’s resolutions: 1. I will help the blind across the road. 2. I will hang my trousers up. 3. I will put the sleeves back on my records. 4. I will not start smoking. 5. I will stop squeezing my spots. 6. I will be kind to the dog. 7. I will help the poor and ignorant. 8. After hearing the disgusting noises from downstairs last night, I have also vowed never to drink alcohol. Sue Townsend, The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole, Aged 13¾ (1982), p. 5.

Adrian Mole’s resolutions range from the virtuous to the droll (e.g. helping the ‘poor and ignorant’; scathing remarks on his parents’ drunken ‘disgusting noises’).

From the opening page there’s a clear sense of the voice of the subject of this diary-format biography. We form a sense of Mole’s desires, faults, attitudes and beliefs straight away.

2. Think about representation

Whether you’re writing fictional or non-fictional biography, how you represent events or tell the story is a creative decision.

Besides curating content (choosing what formative experiences, dramatic incidents, background details you include), there are different ways to approach representation , the way you tell the story.

As respected literary biographer Hermione Lee says, in an interview with James Rivington , there’s a difference between ‘autopsy’ and ‘portraiture’:

Autopsy, yes. There is a kind of biographical process that is, necessarily, cutting into the dead corpse, however ghoulish that can seem. You are as ruthlessly as possible trying to dissect and analyse the nature of the life. The other approach is more akin to portraiture: to see how the person looked from the outside, how they affected and influenced people, what their friendships were like, how they were one thing to one person and another thing to another person. I think you have get at both inside and outside if you can. Hermione Lee, interviewed by James Rivington for The British Academy

What Lee touches on is the issue of representation .

How will you mix biographical and historical facts (e.g. born here, raised there, had this key experience) with more painterly ways of revealing character ?

3. Decide on narrative style

Deciding how to write a biography means choosing between many available narrative modes or styles.

Will your story run from A to B to C, documenting each decade in a person’s life? Or will it be a crisscross portrait cutting back and forth in time?

A fragmentary style of narration may suit certain subjects and contexts better than a linear story. Says Lee:

I think that biography has to be watchful of making life seem too predictable, or determinist, or shaped, or ordered. Biographies go through fashions. There used to be a fashion for making the study run smoothly and look definitive – ‘this leads to this leads to this.’ I think life-stories are more bitty and piecemeal. Hermione Lee, interview for The British Academy

Example of inventive narrative style: Roland Barthes

As an example, Roland Barthes, a pioneer in semiotics (the study of signs and symbols and their interpretation), famously wrote an autobiography in fragments called Roland Barthes by Roland Barthes .

In this book, Barthes includes the preface ‘it must all be considered as if spoken by a character in a novel’.

What follows are captioned images from Barthes’ life, and then titled fragments where Barthes reflects on incidents, places, experiences and the development of his body of work.

For example, in a short section about the discomfort of writing called ‘Truth and Assertion’, Barthes refers to himself in third person , expressing discomfort in how words committed to paper express more than our original aims:

His (sometimes acute) discomfort—mounting some evenings, after writing the whole day, to a kind of fear—was generated by his sense of producing a double discourse, whose mode overreached its aim, somehow: for the aim of his discourse is not truth, and yet this discourse is assertive. (This kind of embarrassment started, for him, very early; he strives to master it — for otherwise he would have to stop writing — by reminding himself that it is language which is assertive, not he). Roland Barthes, Roland Barthes by Roland Barthes , p. 48, available here.

Fragments provide a fitting choice of narrative style for an unconventional autobiography that is as much a self-portrait of Barthes as a questioner of seemingly self-evident truths, as it is the representation of his life.

Barthes’ use of third-person and questioning reflections on the act of writing creates the ‘looking from the outside’ effect Hermione Lee describes as ‘portraiture’ in biography. Even as Barthes creates a self-portrait, he resists the idea of the ‘assertive’ author, the ‘completeness’ of the ‘final report’.

4. Use illustrative anecdotes

An English professor once asked his third year class ‘What is an anecdote?’

A girl put up her hand and answered, ‘It’s what you give someone when they’ve been bitten by a snake’, to which he replied ‘Please don’t ask someone for an anecdote if you’re ever bitten by a snake, for they will talk and talk and you will die.’

This is an anecdote. These usually short, often humorous stories about events involving a particular person are great fodder for biographies. They may illustrate a person’s quick wit or surly, non-communicative demeanor .

In biography, a brief anecdote may be all the reader needs to develop a sense of a key figure – a parent, friend, lover, rival or other.

Example of illustrative anecdotes: Dorothy Parker

The writer, poet and satirist Dorothy Parker is known for her witty comebacks and phrases.

One anecdote illustrating this character gives an alleged exchange between Parker and a snooty woman at an event, where both were trying to enter through a door at the same time:

It is recorded that Mrs. Parker and a snooty debutante were both going in to supper at a party: the debutante made elaborate way, saying sweetly “Age before beauty, Mrs. Parker.” “And pearls before swine,” said Mrs. Parker, sweeping in. Dorothy Parker, attributed. More on this anecdote at Quote Investigator.

Parker’s clever comeback to the woman’s quip about her being the older (and the implication she is less beautiful) evokes Jesus’s sermon on the Mount in which he said ‘Do not give what is holy to the dogs; nor cast your pearls before swine…’

The anecdote is a brilliant illustration of Parker as a quick-witted person with a sharp tongue and an ear for comedy. An anecdotal exchange here conveys a good sense of personality.

5. Find interest in the mundane

When we think about how a biography is written, we might think in terms of grand, important or scandalous events. Yet a biography is not a gossip column.

Lee makes this important point in her interview, regarding Virginia Woolf’s eventual suicide.

In writing the author’s biography, Lee describes the pitfalls of writing it as though Woolf was thinking about suicide every day.

It would possibly be sensationalizing (rather than allowing multiple ‘Woolfs’ to come through) to assume this linearity:

When, as in the case of Virginia Woolf, you have a very important, much-read woman writer who kills herself, there is a powerful desire to make the story move towards that point. You see that also in the life of Sylvia Plath – perhaps even more, because she was so much younger. It becomes all about the suicide. […] So one of my motives in writing about Virginia Woolf was to get away from the determinist sense of a story that had to end that way. Lee, interview for The British Academy

How do we make the repetitive, ‘boring’ parts of life interesting in life-writing?

• Skip over them (e.g. ‘For the next 5 years she was busy establishing the Hogarth Press. Then…’)
• Show their interesting place within a wider arc (e.g. ‘With every manuscript the Press put out, she gained a keener understanding of X that would lead to …’)

6. Avoid hagiography

Hagiography, the term for the writing of the lives of saints, also means ‘to display a subject undue reverence’ in writing.

The British statesman Arhtur Balfour is alleged to have said ‘Biography should be written by an acute enemy.’

There’s truth in this, since an enemy would dissect their rival’s life without mercy. Perform a thorough autopsy, and paint a colourful (even if unflattering) portrait.

In deciding how to write a biography, make sure you choose incidents that reflect multiple dimensions of the subject’s life. Their glorious and inglorious moments.

For example, to write the story of a now-revered author as the story of success after success may ring false for readers who know about the 12 rejections their first manuscript received.

Plan the scenes and incidents of a biography the way you would build a character profile. Ask, ‘What are the subject’s…’

• Impressive moments?
• Cringe moments?

7. Fictionalize where necessary

Author and essayist Geoff Dyer has written books in many forms, from travelogues blending fiction and non-fiction to books about writing biography ( Out of Sheer Rage: Wrestling with DH Lawrence ).

Dyer’s book But Beautiful: A Book about Jazz is an example of his genre-defying approach.

Part biography of renowned jazz musicians (including Duke Ellington and Thelonious Monk), part homage to the improvisational and playful language of jazz, it combines historical details, photography and discussion of music. Rather than tell a linear story of each musician’s life, Dyer captures fleeting moments and experiences in a manner evocative of jazz music’s ephemeral nature.

This approach naturally involves plenty of fictionalizing, filling in and describing unknown details.

For example, here Dyer imagines a road trip where Duke Ellington’s driver muses on their road-tripping and the impossibility of recording every detail:

He’d bought the car in ’49, intending just to hop around New York, but soon he was driving Duke all over the country. Several times he’d had an impulse to keep a notebook record of how far they’d traveled but always he came to thinking how he wished he’d done it right from the start and so, each time he thought of it, he gave up the idea and fell to calculating vaguely cumulative distances, remembering the countries and towns they had passed through. Geoff Dyer, But Beautiful: A Book about Jazz (1991), p. 4.

Adding fictionalized events, such as particular exchanges between Duke Ellington and a driver that may not have happened ‘exactly that way’, is a useful part of biography. Like the driver’s thought process, there are ‘vaguely cumulative distances’ you, the biographer, must calculate and recreate for your reader.

Writing a fiction or non-fiction (or semi-fictional) biographical novel? Get constructive, considere d feedback from a writing coach.

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• Tags biography , life-writing , memoir

Jordan is a writer, editor, community manager and product developer. He received his BA Honours in English Literature and his undergraduate in English Literature and Music from the University of Cape Town.

4 replies on “How to write a biography: 7 life-writing ideas”

This article is brilliant, useful and educational which I admired the most and I can’t wait to read more. Thanks for the topic you’ve shared!

Thank you, Rosella. Thanks for reading our blog and sharing your feedback.

I would like to write a biography of someone who is a brother to me. Inorder to be remembered forever.

That sounds wonderful. Have you started writing or planning it?

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• A Complete Guide on How to Write and Publish a Biography?
• Self Publishing Guide

Biographies are an intimate gateway into the lives of remarkable individuals, allowing us to glimpse their journeys, struggles, and triumphs. Whether you’re passionate about chronicling the lives of historical figures, celebrities, or even your own family members, writing and publishing a biography can be an incredibly fulfilling endeavour. In this comprehensive guide, we will take you through the process of crafting a compelling biography and navigating the intricacies of getting it published

How to write a Biography?

Understanding the Essence of Biography

A biography is more than a mere chronicle of events; it is an exploration of a person’s essence. It delves beyond dates and facts, seeking to understand the motivations, influences, and emotions that shaped the subject’s journey. A successful biography captures the person’s unique voice, experiences, and significance within a broader context.

Brainstorming: Laying the Foundation

Brainstorming  is a crucial first step in the biography-writing process. It involves gathering ideas, themes, and angles that will guide your narrative. Here’s how to approach it:

• Select your subject : Choosing your subject is the foundation of your biography. Opt for someone whose life story resonates with you, whether they’re a historical luminary, a contemporary influencer, or even someone close to your heart. A captivating subject ensures that your enthusiasm will translate into a compelling narrative that engages readers.
• Research : Preliminary research is your roadmap to understanding your subject’s life journey. Delve into existing literature, articles, and documentaries to gain a grasp of their background, accomplishments, and pivotal moments. This initial exploration will guide you towards key events and themes that deserve further exploration in your biography.
• Identify Themes : Thematic exploration provides depth and structure to your biography. Reflect on the recurring patterns or motifs that define your subject’s life. Is their story marked by resilience in the face of adversity, innovation in their field, or a profound impact on society? Defining these themes will guide the narrative’s direction, adding cohesion and resonance.
• Gather Primary Sources : Primary sources are the treasure trove of your biography. Seek out personal letters, diaries, and interviews that provide direct insights into your subject’s thoughts, emotions, and experiences. These firsthand accounts offer authenticity and intimacy, enabling you to craft a vivid and authentic portrayal of their life journey.
• Structured Approach : Creating a structured outline lays the foundation for a coherent biography. Decide whether to adopt a chronological or thematic framework. A chronological order follows the subject’s life events in sequence, providing a clear timeline. A thematic approach groups events based on recurring themes or significant life stages, enabling a deeper exploration of the subject’s character and journey. This structure guides your writing, ensuring a logical flow that engages readers and highlights the most impactful moments of the subject’s life.
• Opening Impact : An attention-grabbing introduction sets the tone for your biography. Start with a hook that intrigues readers—a pivotal event, a thought-provoking quote, or an anecdote that encapsulates the subject’s essence. This initial impact draws readers in, sparking their curiosity and compelling them to delve deeper into the narrative. A compelling opening establishes an emotional connection and primes readers for the journey ahead, ensuring they are invested in discovering the subject’s story.
• Captivating Details : Vivid details breathe life into your biography, immersing readers in the subject’s world. Describe their surroundings, relationships, and experiences with sensory imagery. Transport readers to a specific time and place, allowing them to visualise and empathise with the subject’s journey. Sensory details—such as sights, sounds, smells, and textures—create a rich and immersive reading experience. These details not only evoke emotions but also establish a strong connection between readers and the subject’s experiences.
• Balanced Perspective : A balanced portrayal adds depth and authenticity to your biography. Present the subject’s achievements and successes alongside their challenges and vulnerabilities. Humanise them by showcasing their personal qualities, flaws, and growth over time. This multi-dimensional perspective resonates with readers, making the subject relatable and real. Highlighting both triumphs and struggles creates a genuine emotional connection, allowing readers to root for the subject’s successes while understanding the complexity of their journey.

Examples of biographical narratives:

• Historical Figure : Mahatma Gandhi: In “The Story of My Experiments with Truth,” Gandhi provides an intimate account of his life, revealing his transformation from a hesitant lawyer to a global advocate for nonviolent resistance. His narrative showcases personal growth, inner struggles, and dedication to social change.
• Contemporary Icon :  Steve Jobs: In Walter Isaacson’s  “Steve Jobs,” the biography delves into the complexities of Jobs’ character, exploring his visionary leadership, innovative mindset, and personal challenges. The narrative captures Jobs’ creative genius and his influence on technology and design.
• Personal Biography : Maya Angelou’s autobiographical series, starting with “I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings,” recounts her tumultuous life journey from childhood to adulthood. Her narrative confronts racism, trauma, and personal triumphs, resonating with readers through its candidness and resilience.

You may also like: The Importance of Professional Editing in Self-Publishing

How to publish a Biography?

Traditional Publishing : This route involves submitting your manuscript to literary agents or publishing houses. If your manuscript is accepted, the publishing house handles editing, design, distribution, and marketing. While traditional publishing offers broader reach and industry expertise, securing a deal can be competitive and time-consuming.

Self-Publishing : Self-publishing empowers you to retain creative control and publish your biography independently. You can use platforms like Amazon Kindle Direct Publishing (KDP) or other self-publishing services. This option provides flexibility and faster publication, but it also demands that you take on responsibilities such as editing, design, and marketing.

Polishing your manuscript

Regardless of your chosen publishing path, your manuscript should be polished and refined. Proofread for grammar, spelling, and coherence. Consider enlisting a professional editor to provide objective feedback and suggestions for improvement.

Professional editing and design

For self-publishing, investing in professional editing and design is crucial. An eye-catching book cover and a well-formatted interior enhance the book’s visual appeal and ensure a seamless reading experience. Design elements must align with the tone and content of the biography.

Marketing and Promotion

Promoting your biography is essential for reaching your target audience and generating interest. Here are effective strategies to consider:

• Author Website : Crafting an author website provides a central hub for readers to learn about you and your biography. Showcase your background, writing journey, and other works. Dedicate sections to your biography, offering insights into the narrative, your motivations, and the journey of creating it. Include a contact page, allowing readers to reach out and fostering a direct connection that can deepen their engagement with your work.
• Social Media : Leveraging social media amplifies your biography’s visibility and engages a wider audience. Share captivating snippets from your biography, behind-the-scenes glimpses into your writing process, and personal anecdotes that resonate with readers. Consistent updates on platforms like Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn create a dynamic online presence, fostering reader interaction and building a dedicated community around your work.
• Book Launch Events : Organising book launch events is a dynamic way to introduce your biography to the world. Host virtual gatherings or in-person meetups, inviting friends, family, local bookstores, and potential readers. Engage with your audience through readings, Q&A sessions, and personal anecdotes that offer insights into your writing journey. These events create excitement, generate buzz, and establish personal connections that enhance your biography’s visibility.
• Collaborate with Bloggers : Collaborating with book bloggers and influencers exposes your biography to a wider audience. Reach out to bloggers who align with your genre and target readership. Offer them copies of your biography for honest reviews and features. Positive reviews from trusted sources carry weight and can significantly influence potential readers’ decisions to explore your work. Partnering with bloggers extends your biography’s reach and enhances its credibility within the literary community.

You may also like: International Publishing: Expanding Your Reach Beyond Borders

Engaging with readers not only promotes your biography but also establishes a deeper connection. Consider these engagement strategies:

• Book Clubs : Join or initiate book clubs that discuss your biography. Engaging in meaningful conversations about your work can lead to greater insights and reader loyalty.
• Reader Feedback : Encourage readers to provide feedback through social media, email, or author websites. Listening to your audience can inform your future writing endeavours.

Successful Examples of Published Biographies

• “Becoming” by Michelle Obama : Michelle Obama’s autobiographical masterpiece was traditionally published by Crown Publishing Group. The memoir offers readers a glimpse into her life as the first African-American First Lady of the United States, sharing her personal journey, values, and experiences.
• “Steve Jobs” by Walter Isaacson : Walter Isaacson’s biography of Steve Jobs was traditionally published by Simon & Schuster. The meticulously researched work captures Jobs’ entrepreneurial spirit, creative genius, and complex personality.
• Self-Published Success : “Educated” by Tara Westover: Tara Westover’s memoir “Educated” was self-published and later picked up by Random House. The powerful story of her journey from a survivalist family to earning a PhD resonated with readers, making it a New York Times bestseller.

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How Writing Your Biography Leads to a Happier, More Satisfying Life

  At StoryTerrace, we work with a truly diverse range of people. Our customers come from all over the world and have different backgrounds and perspectives to share. Yet one thing unites them all: The most consistent feedback we receive is from clients expressing how grateful they are for the life-changing opportunity to write their stories.

That got us to wondering: What is it about writing an autobiography that has such a profound effect on people? We looked at some of the latest research and found several important ways that the memoir-writing process supports personal happiness and overall wellbeing.  

Self-Reflection Is Key to Personal Growth

If there's one overarching condition of modern life, it's busyness. We move from email to email or meeting to meeting with little time to pause and think about our lives and their meaning — a situation that's only been made worse by the distractions of smartphones . Yet Harvard researchers have found that making time for self-reflection is a crucial component of learning.

Writing a biography is the ultimate exercise is self-reflection, as you aren't just thinking about a day's work, but your life as a whole. The process of reflection involves not only reviewing events, but finding connections between them and drawing valuable lessons from them — something that a professional biographer is trained to help people do as they tease out the themes of your life story.

Gaining Perspective Supports Healthy Relationships

When clients sit down with a StoryTerrace biographer, they are asked a series of questions about their lives, prompting them to recall everything from a funny incident in kindergarten to their wedding day. But our writers also ask probing questions to get at the heart of the memories: How did you feel? What did this person mean in your life? Why does this moment stand out above all others?

The real work of writing a memoir is to reflect and put life's events not only into order, but into perspective. To do this, psychoanalysts recommend a process of mentalization , in which you work to understand your emotions on an intellectual level. Through this process, you learn to understand why people behave the way they do and how they were feeling at the time — but this type of wisdom is only possible when you look at an event from an outsider's perspective. 

This is exactly what happens when you tell your story to a curious third party. Discussing the past with your biographer helps you understand events and relationships in context, which leads to stronger interpersonal connections, closure when necessary, and greater happiness overall.

Nostalgia Increases Happiness

While reflecting on the past can be an intellectual activity, nostalgia is an emotional one. Memory is about recalling the facts of a past event; nostalgia is about recalling how it felt to be there. A 2013 study published in the Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin found that engaging in nostalgia led people to feel more optimistic about the future. Nostalgia is also related to higher self-esteem, happiness, and feelings of closeness to loved ones. 

According to a 2008 study in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , nostalgia also has the power to help people feel more secure about their own mortality by making life seem more meaningful and reducing the number of thoughts about death — an incredible gift as we age.

In light of the research on nostalgia, it's not surprising that so many StoryTerrace clients found the biography writing process to be so fulfilling. It's a chance to engage in memories that evoke strong feelings that warm the heart and measurably boost happiness.  

A Sense of Accomplishment Leads to Better Life Satisfaction 

Though the authors of The 100 Simple Secrets of Happy People: What Scientists Have Learned and How You Can Use It report that 70% of happiness is determined by relationships with other people, eudaimonic theories of happiness posit that people must be self-actualized and work toward accomplishing goals or making the world a better place. In psychology, self-actualization involves creative work and coming to terms with the meaning of life, so writing a biography is perhaps the ultimate gateway to this type of fulfillment.

The mere process of working towards an achievable goal can also make people feel good about themselves. Psychologists who study "flow" posit that people feel good about themselves when they are able to lose themselves in a complex task — as when a knitter or carpenter loses track of time while working on a satisfying project.

It goes without saying that writing a whole book is a major achievement. If you've ever wished to write your life story but weren't sure where to start or felt too overwhelmed by the enormity of the task, working with a professional writer can give you the boost you need to complete an incredibly worthwhile project and bask in the glow of accomplishment.

Journaling Supports Mental Health and Wellness

The act of writing in a journal to record your innermost thoughts has been studied quite a bit recently, and it's linked to a wide range of mental health benefits , including better mood, increased sense of wellbeing, and even better working memory. In some cases, journaling is "prescribed" as a way to reduce PTSD symptoms or to help people suffering from depression and anxiety. 

But you don't have to be suffering to benefit from journaling. Any time spent writing your thoughts helps your brain get better at regulating your emotions . And a biography is like a journal on steroids. This act of writing provides similar benefits when it comes to mental health and happiness, with the bonus of allowing you to deal with your life as a whole instead of just a single day's events.

Gratitude Creates a Positive Feedback Loop

The process of reflection and the feelings of nostalgia that arise from writing your biography have another key benefit: They lead to feelings of deep gratitude for all the things you've experienced and people you've met along the way. And gratitude, researchers have discovered, is a key component of human happiness.

Researchers have found that practicing gratitude — that is, feeling and expressing thanks for the good things in your life — has helped people replace negative emotions with more positive ones. Gratitude has also been shown to increase feelings of wellbeing and self-esteem. Interestingly, gratitude may also help your newfound happiness last longer, as it reduces hedonic adaptation — the process of adjusting to good fortune that eventually causes you to become dissatisfied with things that once gave you joy.

Gratitude is the gift that keeps on giving. Reflecting on life increases gratitude, and gratitude increases happiness. When you're happier, you have an increased capacity for wonder, which leads to you notice more to be grateful for, and so on — an upward spiral of good feeling.

Our client Nalini Pillay bought a StoryTerrace package as a gift for her 93-year old father Jothie to document his story and bring the family together

Sharing stories benefits loved ones.

If all the evidence about personal happiness isn't quite enough to convince you to share your life story, consider this: Psychologists believe that sharing family stories are critical to teaching children and grandchildren important life lessons. Researchers at Emory University found that 90% of teens can repeat family stories even if they acted like they weren't listening, and young people who knew more about their family histories experienced less anxiety and fewer behavioral problems.

The bottom line? Preserving your life story won't just bring you happiness. It will also help your children and grandchildren understand the importance of the values you hold dear and will foster a sense of connectedness that leads to greater happiness for them in the future. Writing your memoirs has the power to pay your gratitude and joy forward to future generations. 

And it all starts by putting pen to paper today.    

If you've been inspired to write your own life story, we'd love to help! To learn more about our hardcover biographies and to find the perfect writer for you , contact StoryTerrace or sign up for our newsletter for more uplifting and informative content. 

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• A step-by-step guide to the writing process

The Writing Process | 5 Steps with Examples & Tips

Published on April 24, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on December 8, 2023.

Good academic writing requires effective planning, drafting, and revision.

The writing process looks different for everyone, but there are five basic steps that will help you structure your time when writing any kind of text.

Receive feedback on language, structure, and formatting

Professional editors proofread and edit your paper by focusing on:

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Table of contents

Step 1: prewriting, step 2: planning and outlining, step 3: writing a first draft, step 4: redrafting and revising, step 5: editing and proofreading, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about the writing process.

Before you start writing, you need to decide exactly what you’ll write about and do the necessary research.

Coming up with a topic

If you have to come up with your own topic for an assignment, think of what you’ve covered in class— is there a particular area that intrigued, interested, or even confused you? Topics that left you with additional questions are perfect, as these are questions you can explore in your writing.

The scope depends on what type of text you’re writing—for example, an essay or a research paper will be less in-depth than a dissertation topic . Don’t pick anything too ambitious to cover within the word count, or too limited for you to find much to say.

Narrow down your idea to a specific argument or question. For example, an appropriate topic for an essay might be narrowed down like this:

Doing the research

Once you know your topic, it’s time to search for relevant sources and gather the information you need. This process varies according to your field of study and the scope of the assignment. It might involve:

• Searching for primary and secondary sources .
• Reading the relevant texts closely (e.g. for literary analysis ).
• Collecting data using relevant research methods (e.g. experiments , interviews or surveys )

From a writing perspective, the important thing is to take plenty of notes while you do the research. Keep track of the titles, authors, publication dates, and relevant quotations from your sources; the data you gathered; and your initial analysis or interpretation of the questions you’re addressing.

Especially in academic writing , it’s important to use a logical structure to convey information effectively. It’s far better to plan this out in advance than to try to work out your structure once you’ve already begun writing.

Creating an essay outline is a useful way to plan out your structure before you start writing. This should help you work out the main ideas you want to focus on and how you’ll organize them. The outline doesn’t have to be final—it’s okay if your structure changes throughout the writing process.

Use bullet points or numbering to make your structure clear at a glance. Even for a short text that won’t use headings, it’s useful to summarize what you’ll discuss in each paragraph.

An outline for a literary analysis essay might look something like this:

• Describe the theatricality of Austen’s works
• Outline the role theater plays in Mansfield Park
• Introduce the research question: How does Austen use theater to express the characters’ morality in Mansfield Park ?
• Discuss Austen’s depiction of the performance at the end of the first volume
• Discuss how Sir Bertram reacts to the acting scheme
• Introduce Austen’s use of stage direction–like details during dialogue
• Explore how these are deployed to show the characters’ self-absorption
• Discuss Austen’s description of Maria and Julia’s relationship as polite but affectionless
• Compare Mrs. Norris’s self-conceit as charitable despite her idleness
• Summarize the three themes: The acting scheme, stage directions, and the performance of morals
• Answer the research question
• Indicate areas for further study

Once you have a clear idea of your structure, it’s time to produce a full first draft.

This process can be quite non-linear. For example, it’s reasonable to begin writing with the main body of the text, saving the introduction for later once you have a clearer idea of the text you’re introducing.

To give structure to your writing, use your outline as a framework. Make sure that each paragraph has a clear central focus that relates to your overall argument.

Hover over the parts of the example, from a literary analysis essay on Mansfield Park , to see how a paragraph is constructed.

The character of Mrs. Norris provides another example of the performance of morals in Mansfield Park . Early in the novel, she is described in scathing terms as one who knows “how to dictate liberality to others: but her love of money was equal to her love of directing” (p. 7). This hypocrisy does not interfere with her self-conceit as “the most liberal-minded sister and aunt in the world” (p. 7). Mrs. Norris is strongly concerned with appearing charitable, but unwilling to make any personal sacrifices to accomplish this. Instead, she stage-manages the charitable actions of others, never acknowledging that her schemes do not put her own time or money on the line. In this way, Austen again shows us a character whose morally upright behavior is fundamentally a performance—for whom the goal of doing good is less important than the goal of seeming good.

When you move onto a different topic, start a new paragraph. Use appropriate transition words and phrases to show the connections between your ideas.

The goal at this stage is to get a draft completed, not to make everything perfect as you go along. Once you have a full draft in front of you, you’ll have a clearer idea of where improvement is needed.

Give yourself a first draft deadline that leaves you a reasonable length of time to revise, edit, and proofread before the final deadline. For a longer text like a dissertation, you and your supervisor might agree on deadlines for individual chapters.

Now it’s time to look critically at your first draft and find potential areas for improvement. Redrafting means substantially adding or removing content, while revising involves making changes to structure and reformulating arguments.

Evaluating the first draft

It can be difficult to look objectively at your own writing. Your perspective might be positively or negatively biased—especially if you try to assess your work shortly after finishing it.

It’s best to leave your work alone for at least a day or two after completing the first draft. Come back after a break to evaluate it with fresh eyes; you’ll spot things you wouldn’t have otherwise.

When evaluating your writing at this stage, you’re mainly looking for larger issues such as changes to your arguments or structure. Starting with bigger concerns saves you time—there’s no point perfecting the grammar of something you end up cutting out anyway.

Right now, you’re looking for:

• Arguments that are unclear or illogical.
• Areas where information would be better presented in a different order.
• Passages where additional information or explanation is needed.
• Passages that are irrelevant to your overall argument.

For example, in our paper on Mansfield Park , we might realize the argument would be stronger with more direct consideration of the protagonist Fanny Price, and decide to try to find space for this in paragraph IV.

For some assignments, you’ll receive feedback on your first draft from a supervisor or peer. Be sure to pay close attention to what they tell you, as their advice will usually give you a clearer sense of which aspects of your text need improvement.

Redrafting and revising

Once you’ve decided where changes are needed, make the big changes first, as these are likely to have knock-on effects on the rest. Depending on what your text needs, this step might involve:

• Making changes to your overall argument.
• Reordering the text.
• Cutting parts of the text.
• Adding new text.

You can go back and forth between writing, redrafting and revising several times until you have a final draft that you’re happy with.

Think about what changes you can realistically accomplish in the time you have. If you are running low on time, you don’t want to leave your text in a messy state halfway through redrafting, so make sure to prioritize the most important changes.

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

Editing focuses on local concerns like clarity and sentence structure. Proofreading involves reading the text closely to remove typos and ensure stylistic consistency. You can check all your drafts and texts in minutes with an AI proofreader .

Editing for grammar and clarity

When editing, you want to ensure your text is clear, concise, and grammatically correct. You’re looking out for:

• Grammatical errors.
• Ambiguous phrasings.
• Redundancy and repetition .

In your initial draft, it’s common to end up with a lot of sentences that are poorly formulated. Look critically at where your meaning could be conveyed in a more effective way or in fewer words, and watch out for common sentence structure mistakes like run-on sentences and sentence fragments:

• Austen’s style is frequently humorous, her characters are often described as “witty.” Although this is less true of Mansfield Park .
• Austen’s style is frequently humorous. Her characters are often described as “witty,” although this is less true of Mansfield Park .

To make your sentences run smoothly, you can always use a paraphrasing tool to rewrite them in a clearer way.

Proofreading for small mistakes and typos

When proofreading, first look out for typos in your text:

• Spelling errors.
• Missing words.
• Confused word choices .
• Punctuation errors .
• Missing or excess spaces.

Use a grammar checker , but be sure to do another manual check after. Read through your text line by line, watching out for problem areas highlighted by the software but also for any other issues it might have missed.

For example, in the following phrase we notice several errors:

• Mary Crawfords character is a complicate one and her relationships with Fanny and Edmund undergoes several transformations through out the novel.
• Mary Crawford’s character is a complicated one, and her relationships with both Fanny and Edmund undergo several transformations throughout the novel.

Proofreading for stylistic consistency

There are several issues in academic writing where you can choose between multiple different standards. For example:

• Whether you use the serial comma .
• Whether you use American or British spellings and punctuation (you can use a punctuation checker for this).
• Where you use numerals vs. words for numbers.
• How you capitalize your titles and headings.

Unless you’re given specific guidance on these issues, it’s your choice which standards you follow. The important thing is to consistently follow one standard for each issue. For example, don’t use a mixture of American and British spellings in your paper.

Additionally, you will probably be provided with specific guidelines for issues related to format (how your text is presented on the page) and citations (how you acknowledge your sources). Always follow these instructions carefully.

If you want to know more about AI for academic writing, AI tools, or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

• Ad hominem fallacy
• Post hoc fallacy
• Appeal to authority fallacy
• False cause fallacy
• Sunk cost fallacy
• Deep learning
• Generative AI
• Machine learning
• Reinforcement learning
• Supervised vs. unsupervised learning

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• Grammar Checker
• Paraphrasing Tool
• Text Summarizer
• AI Detector
• Plagiarism Checker
• Citation Generator

Revising, proofreading, and editing are different stages of the writing process .

• Revising is making structural and logical changes to your text—reformulating arguments and reordering information.
• Editing refers to making more local changes to things like sentence structure and phrasing to make sure your meaning is conveyed clearly and concisely.
• Proofreading involves looking at the text closely, line by line, to spot any typos and issues with consistency and correct them.

Whether you’re publishing a blog, submitting a research paper , or even just writing an important email, there are a few techniques you can use to make sure it’s error-free:

• Take a break : Set your work aside for at least a few hours so that you can look at it with fresh eyes.
• Proofread a printout : Staring at a screen for too long can cause fatigue – sit down with a pen and paper to check the final version.
• Use digital shortcuts : Take note of any recurring mistakes (for example, misspelling a particular word, switching between US and UK English , or inconsistently capitalizing a term), and use Find and Replace to fix it throughout the document.

If you want to be confident that an important text is error-free, it might be worth choosing a professional proofreading service instead.

If you’ve gone over the word limit set for your assignment, shorten your sentences and cut repetition and redundancy during the editing process. If you use a lot of long quotes , consider shortening them to just the essentials.

If you need to remove a lot of words, you may have to cut certain passages. Remember that everything in the text should be there to support your argument; look for any information that’s not essential to your point and remove it.

To make this process easier and faster, you can use a paraphrasing tool . With this tool, you can rewrite your text to make it simpler and shorter. If that’s not enough, you can copy-paste your paraphrased text into the summarizer . This tool will distill your text to its core message.

Cite this Scribbr article

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Caulfield, J. (2023, December 08). The Writing Process | 5 Steps with Examples & Tips. Scribbr. Retrieved September 3, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/academic-writing/writing-process/

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• Writing Biography: Historians and Their Craft

In this Book

• Lloyd E. Ambrosius
• Published by: University of Nebraska Press
• View Citation

Table of Contents

• Frontmatter
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Table of Contents
• Introduction
• pp. vii-xiii
• 1. Biography Matters: Why Historians Need Well-Crafted Biographies More than Ever
• 2. Culture and Context in Biographical Studies: The Case of China
• 3. Reshaping Tudor Biography: Anne Boleyn and Anne of Cleves
• 4. Conception, Conversation, and Comparison: My Experiences as a Biographer
• 5. Ut Pictura Poesis; or, The Sisterhood of the Verbal and Visual Arts
• pp. 103-131
• 6. Did Friedrich Schelling Kill Auguste Böhmer and Does It Matter? The Necessity of Biography in the History of Philosophy
• pp. 133-153
• List of Contributors
• pp. 155-157
• pp. 159-166

Additional Information

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+1 (410) 516-6989 [email protected]

©2024 Project MUSE. Produced by Johns Hopkins University Press in collaboration with The Sheridan Libraries.

Now and Always, The Trusted Content Your Research Requires

Built on the Johns Hopkins University Campus

In terms of bang for your buck, a biography research report packs a punch. It covers a wide range of standards-based skills, and it’s a meaningful student-centered project. Each step of the biographical writing process is outlined below, allowing you to make the most of every minute of instructional time.   

Introduction

Kick off the assignment by breaking down the term biography. Lead students in a discussion about the word parts bio and graph. You can also take a moment to focus on the differences between a biography and an autobiography by discussing the meaning of the word part auto.  Click here to read more about adding roots, prefixes, and suffixes to your curriculum.

Mentor Text

Start the biographical writing process by examining a mentor text. Mentor texts are pieces of writing that students can return to and reread for different purposes. They are texts that can be studied and imitated. To make sure you don’t overwhelm your students or bombard them with unnecessary information, select a short biographical excerpt (I use the John Muir chapter from Home of the Brave: An American History Book for Kids: 15 Immigrants Who Shaped US History ). After reading through the biographical excerpt together as a class, analyze the major components of a biography using discussion questions that you have prepared ahead of time. Focus your mentor text questions on content, structure, and connection. Three example questions are provided below. 

Text Content: What details does the author provide to begin the biography?

Text Structure: How is the information in the text organized? 

Text Connection: Which elements from this text would you like to include in your biography?

Biography Research Guide

Completing a biography research guide will help your students remain focused and on task. The format and structure of the research guide is based on the needs of your students. Hopefully, the items listed below will point you in the right direction.  

Cover Page : It’s important to review the meaning of the term biography and require students to think critically about who they will research and why. Giving students room to pick the person they will research and write about is what makes this assignment student-centered. Even picking from a list of figures provides students with a sense of choice, helping them take ownership of their learning.  

Things To Keep In Mind : Include a page that reviews important details and things to keep in mind during the research and writing process. You may also want to  include space for students to record due dates.

Bibliography : A bibliography template with space to record source information is helpful for students to utilize while researching.

Research Template : Guide students through the research process with a comprehensive research template.  In order to assist students in crafting a successful biography, include specific criteria for  students to fill in while researching. 

After completing the research portion of the project, your students will be prepared to start writing their biographies. Providing your students with a structured step-by-step outline will ensure that each paragraph of their biography is organized and focused.  

Essay Template

An essay template is nice to have on hand for students that might be struggling with the writing process. It can also be used as a whole-class activity before independent writing begins. Modeling the writing process for students will ease the feelings of stress and provide your students with a roadmap for success. Observing others plays a vital role in how we acquire new knowledge and skills. When applied to this particular project, analyzing the mentor text and modeling the writing process are two ways in which observational learning can be applied.  

“Observing others plays a vital role in how we acquire new knowledge and skills.”  Albert Bandura, Social Learning Theory   

Editing Checklist

An editing checklist is extremely helpful for peer or independent editing. Ideally, the checklist will include the assessment of essay content, structure, grammar, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling. The revising process is something that students will develop over time. Providing students with an editing checklist is a helpful learning scaffold until students feel comfortable revising their work independently. 

Students need to start with the end in mind. Reviewing the rubric before starting the research and writing process gives students a clear understanding of the project expectations.

In addition to reinforcing research and writing skills, the biography project will provide your students with an opportunity to think critically about an influential figure and how they might apply some of the lessons learned to their own lives.  

Are you ready to incorporate a biography research report into your curriculum, but don’t have the time to create all of the necessary components? Click here to download everything you need from Literacy in Focus on TpT.  Printable and digital formats are included! 

This post contains affiliate links. Click here to read my affiliate policy .

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• Open access
• Published: 06 September 2024

Wearable bio-adhesive metal detector array (BioMDA) for spinal implants

• Jian Li   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-9768-0932 1 , 2   na1 ,
• Shengxin Jia   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6998-3872 1 , 2   na1 ,
• Dengfeng Li   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8875-6974 1 , 2 ,
• Lung Chow 1 ,
• Qiang Zhang   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-2707-0258 1 ,
• Yiyuan Yang 3 ,
• Xiao Bai 1 ,
• Qingao Qu 1 ,
• Yuyu Gao 1 ,
• Zhiyuan Li 1 ,
• Zongze Li 1 ,
• Rui Shi 1 ,
• Binbin Zhang 1 , 2 ,
• Ya Huang   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0965-8226 1 , 2 ,
• Xinyu Pan 1 ,
• Zhan Gao 1 ,
• Jingkun Zhou   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5394-4388 1 , 2 ,
• WooYoung Park   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2250-3613 1 ,
• Xingcan Huang   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4210-2470 1 ,
• Hongwei Chu 1 ,
• Zhenlin Chen   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2100-1363 1 , 2 ,
• Pengcheng Wu   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7990-4234 1 ,
• Guangyao Zhao 1 ,
• Kuanming Yao   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-8744-8892 1 ,
• Muhamed Hadzipasic 4 ,
• Joshua D. Bernstock 5 , 6 ,
• Ganesh M. Shankar   ORCID: orcid.org/0009-0006-5203-8619 4 ,
• Kewang Nan   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-2745-0656 7 , 8 ,
• Xinge Yu   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-0522-1171 1 , 2 , 9 &
• Giovanni Traverso   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-7851-4077 3 , 10 , 11  

Nature Communications volume  15 , Article number:  7800 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

Metrics details

• Biomedical engineering
• Mechanical engineering

Dynamic tracking of spinal instrumentation could facilitate real-time evaluation of hardware integrity and in so doing alert patients/clinicians of potential failure(s). Critically, no method yet exists to continually monitor the integrity of spinal hardware and by proxy the process of spinal arthrodesis; as such hardware failures are often not appreciated until clinical symptoms manifest. Accordingly, herein, we report on the development and engineering of a bio-adhesive metal detector array (BioMDA), a potential wearable solution for real-time, non-invasive positional analyses of osseous implants within the spine. The electromagnetic coupling mechanism and intimate interfacial adhesion enable the precise sensing of the metallic implants position without the use of radiation. The customized decoupling models developed facilitate the precise determination of the horizontal and vertical positions of the implants with incredible levels of accuracy (e.g., <0.5 mm). These data support the potential use of BioMDA in real-time/dynamic postoperative monitoring of spinal implants.

Introduction

Spinal hardware has proved crucial in treating spinal deformities, injuries, degenerative diseases, and other conditions that affect both spinal integrity and function. The use of spinal hardware allows for the correction of spinal alignment, relief from pain, and/or prevention of further degenerative processes 1 , 2 , 3

Of note, spinal fusion places incredible demands on implanted hardware due in part to dynamic loading force(s), limited thickness of the spinal pedicles, and often suboptimal bone quality/density 4 , 5 . Consequently, implants used in spinal fusion carry a higher risk of postoperative failure as compared to those used in other orthopedic surgeries 6 , 7 . Critically, understanding the position of implants during spinal fusion can also help assess the progress of bone fusion (i.e., arthrodesis) and in so doing evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the surgery.

In current practice, radiographic imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT) are commonly used to assess the integrity/position of spinal implants/constructs should any clinical concerns manifest. However, such imaging modalities are expensive and expose patients to relatively high doses of radiation 8 . Alternative invasive solutions have been proposed for the long-term monitoring of spinal fusion via a self-powered synchronized dynamical system 9 , yet enthusiasm for such an approach has been limited given the inherent risk of infection, added inflammation, and possible perturbations to the fusion process itself.

In comparison, wearable technologies offer a promising alternative and may be employed for non-invasive, real-time monitoring of a litany of clinically relevant conditions, ranging from the measurement of physical indexes to the assessment of tissue status 10 , 11 , 12 . In line with this, emerging wearable imaging solutions, such as ultrasound 13 , 14 and electromagnetic-based imaging 15 , 16 , 17 , have been developed for real-time imaging of internal structures/organs. However, they suffer from either poor image quality due to severe interference (i.e., at skin/device and bone/implants interfaces) or an absence of decoupling models to convert response signals into positional information respectively. Additionally, high frequency wave absorption and the generation of eddy currents may lead to heat accumulation within implants 18 , 19 , potentially causing injury to tissue 20 and in so doing perturb the fusion process.

Here we present a set of materials, sensors, and a theoretical modeling approach for a bio-adhesive stainless-steel metal implant detector array (BioMDA) in an effort to develop a non-invasive, real-time monitoring system for spinal implants. It is prudent to note that the employment of magnetostatic interaction eliminates the heat accumulation issue noted above within the implants. By engineering the biocompatible adhesive hydrogel interface layer and adopting conformal designs in BioMDA, effective and reliable sensing capabilities based on inductive coupling were in fact achieved. Using customized decoupling models, the actual position of the metal implants can be precisely tracked.

The advancements represented by the BioMDA system hold promise for a myriad of applications within medicine/surgery; particularly in the postoperative monitoring of metallic implants (i.e., throughout orthopedics). Such an approach would allow for patients to be monitored in real-time and at home, which in turn may promote decentralized health care, patient adherence/rehabilitation, and in so doing optimize post-surgical outcomes.

Concept and working principle(s) of the BioMDA

The BioMDA system is comprised of an array consisting of 16 sensors capable of metal implant detection, a thin layer of biocompatible adhesive hydrogel which acts as an interface bonding layer, and customized theoretical decoupling model(s) capable of calculating the positional information from the measured inductive signals (Fig.  1a ). With the assistance of the biocompatible adhesive layer, the sensor array can be easily and securely attached to the back of a patient’s neck like a medical tape, enabling the zero power consumption, non-contact sensing of cervical pedicle screws (CPS) through the inductive coupling between the permanent magnets and the metal implants. Specifically, regular spine movement results in the variation in relative position between CPS and the BioMDA, contributing to a regular movement of magnet and the generation of inductive signals within the coil (Fig.  1a , inset). Ultimately, the noncontact sensing mechanism of BioMDA would permit the noninvasive positioning of a diverse set of orthopedic implants beyond those in the spine (e.g., KineSpring for knee osteoarthritis, ankle implants etc) (Supplementary Fig.  1 ) by optimizing sensors dimension and configuration.

a Schematic illustration of the working principle of the BioMDA. The sensor array is mounted to the skin above the cervical vertebrae, allowing for relative position changes during a set of neck movements. b Layered schematic illustration of the components of the BioMDA and the robust covalent connection achieved through the bio-adhesive with both silicone encapsulation and the skin. c Optical images showing the BioMDA mounted on user’s neck (left) as well as its remarkable flexibility (right). d Schematic illustration showing how relative position change between the BioMDA and cervical implants are achieved via a set of bending movements. e Workflow diagram showing the BioMDA in diagnosing cervical pedicle screws (CPS) fracture or rod fracture through determining position changes of implants, where multichannel sensing signals arising from BioMDA are transmitted to the horizontal mapping model and the distance decoupling model sequentially for real-time 3D localization.

The sensor array referenced above has a 4 × 4 layout with 20 mm interspacing that connected via ultrathin copper/polyimide (Cu/PI, 18/12 μm in thickness) traces to ensure mechanical flexibility and structural stability. Moreover, a thin layer of hydrogel ( ~ 500 μm in thickness) was engineered with stable covalent bonds formed with both the skin and the silicone encapsulation to facilitate tight-fitting of BioMDA (Fig.  1b ). This adhesive layer helped to maintain accurate relative positions between the sensors and implants to achieve stable inductive signal acquisition. Advanced laser cutting and transfer printing technologies allowed the precise fabrication of the flexible and stretchable conductive interconnections on a thin elastomer substrate layer (200 μm) that connects all sensors to the integrated ports while maintaining good mechanical robustness when undergoing up to 30% stretching and 90° twisting (Supplementary Fig.  2 ). An isolation film (PI, 5 μm in thickness) was involved to isolate sensors from top silicone encapsulation and provide adequate movement space for the magnets. Bilayers of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) were adopted as encapsulations to improve the stability and durability of the sensor array. The robust interface connection, flexible designs, and integration strategies employed in the BioMDA resulted in and ultralight system (weighting only 40.3 g) with exceptional flexibility and interface stability of the sensor array, facilitating intimate contact between the BioMDA and patient skin as well as long-term comfortability (Fig.  1c , Supplementary Fig.  3 ).

In clinical applications, such as postoperative tracking of spinal (cervical) fusion surgery, the BioMDA is mounted on the patient’s back (neck). A series of designated movements are then performed to induce different spinal curvatures, causing tissue compression and thus changes in the relative position between the sensors and implants (Fig.  1d , Supplementary Fig.  4 ). These movements enable the effective capture of inducing signals from the electromagnetic coils embedded in the sensor array (Supplementary Movie  1 ). To realize regular monitoring of implant positions in an effort to determine whether the implants/construct have failed, e.g. CPS fracture or rod fracture (Fig.  1e , inset), the captured multichannel sensing signals are subsequently extracted and analyzed to determine the response units within the sensor array. The response signals in determined units are then passed to the decoupling models (Fig.  1e (i-iii) ), where received-signal-strength (RSS)-based method is utilized to determine the horizontal distribution of the implants while a customized electromagnetic-kinematic decoupling model was adopted to calculate the vertical distance of the implants. By incorporating these models, the actual position of the metal implants can be effectively ascertained and compared with retrospective sensor data to evaluate the states of metal implants during patient recovery/rehabilitation thereby providing insights in the integrity of the hardware and by proxy osseous arthrodesis.

Design, optimization, and characterization of the BioMDA sensing unit

The single sensing unit which serves as a core component of the BioMDA system comprises a copper toroidal coil, a silicone ring (PDMS) with an inner and outer diameter of 12 mm and 18 mm, respectively, a permanent magnet that is 8 mm in diameter and 1.5 mm in thickness, and a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) holding film (Fig.  2a , Supplementary Fig.  3a ). The ring coil which is 18 mm in outer diameter, 2 mm in inner diameter, and 1 mm in thickness generates inductive electrical signals in response to the movement of the permanent magnet due to electromagnetic induction. The silicone ring, together with the PET holding film, provides initial support to the magnet while allowing sufficient movement space for it in response to external electromagnetic force(s). Figure  2b illustrates the force state of the magnet, where the combined electromagnetic and gravitational forces cause a bending deformation in the holding film, which, in turn, generates shear and bonding forces that counterbalance the electromagnetic force and gravity. Structural parameters such as the thickness and the central angle of the sector connection area of the PET film dictate the movement characteristics of the magnet in response to external force, thereby influencing the system’s sensitivity and stability.

a Schematic illustration of the components comprising a single sensing unit. PET stands for polyethylene terephthalate. b Force state analysis of the permanent magnet in response to external attractive force and structural parameters that determine the sensing capability and stability of the unit. Schematic illustration of the platform ( c ) utilized to study the force changes with increased deviating distance ( d ) with nickel coating thickness ranging from 0 to 200 nm. e Finite element analysis results showing the strain distribution of the supporting PET film with thickness of 50 µm and 250 µm in response to the external attractive force of 100 mN. Measured response signal amplitude ( f ) and maximum detection distance ( g ) variation with a set of film thicknesses ranging from 50 µm to 250 µm. h Measured response signal amplitude with central angle of the PET film ranging from 30° to 90°, bar height, mean; error bars, s.d.; n  = 3 independent tests. i Measured response signal showing the cyclic variation during implant approaching, holding, and deviating process. j Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of the response signal in ( i ) showing the movement frequency of the implant. k Response signals in over 4000 approaching and deviating cycles showing the stability of the single sensing unit.

Next, we used a bench setup to evaluate the effects of external attractive forces on the movement of the magnet. Figure  2c presents a schematic illustration measuring the interaction force between the magnet and an exposed CPS at varying distances. The corresponding force-distance relationship is depicted in Fig.  2d , where the interactive force exhibits a quadratic decreasing trend with increased distance, consistent with the known distribution of spatial magnetic fields 21 . It should be noted that in this work, unmodified stainless-steel metal implants were employed for all experiments. For implants with lower magnetization capability, such as titanium 22 , 23 or zinc 24 alloys, a layer of magnetic metal can be coated on them to enhance the magnetization capability of implants to increase the interactive force and the distance limitation. To prove this, a thin layer of nickel with a thickness ranging from 100 nm to 400 nm was coated onto the stainless-steel CPS to enhance its magnetic response. Figure  2d inset highlights the increased interactive force resulting from nickel coating, particularly in the distance range of 8 mm to 12 mm, demonstrating over 100% force enhancement with 400 nm nickel coating as compared to implants without coating.

As previously mentioned, the PET holding film provides initial support to the magnet while allowing it to swing in response to external electromagnetic interactions. The mechanical properties of the holding film will influence the kinematic response and, consequently, the electromagnetic response in the coil. For instance, if the flexural stiffness of the film is too large, it will impede or weaken the motion of the magnet when subjected to a small attractive force, leading to a weak response signal in the coil, therefore greatly increasing the response threshold. On the other hand, small flexural stiffness of the film contributes to a low response threshold, thereby increasing the signal fluctuation(s) and instability of the whole system. Figure  2e illustrates the results of finite element mechanical simulation showing the strain distribution on the PET film with a thickness of 50 μm and 250 μm under the external loading of 100 mN, which is close to the loading within a detection range of 8 mm to 12 mm (Fig.  2d ). The results in Fig.  2e show that the 50 μm PET swings almost 90 degrees under the external loading, indicating poor stability of the sensor. Significant shaking of the response signal after the response peak was also experimentally observed (Fig.  2f inset) despite a larger peak voltage being generated as compared to sensors with thicker holding films. Additionally, although a thicker film contributes to stable response signals (Fig.  2f inset), a dramatic reduction in signal amplitude was observed with 250 μm thickness PET film.

To achieve a balance between the detection limit and system stability, we conducted experiments to determine the optimal combination of structural parameters including film thickness and central angel that provide a sufficient detection distance covering the normal distance range from 5 mm to 20 mm considering the distance from skin to epidural space 25 , 26 and the dimensions of CPS in cervical vertebrae segments C1-C7 for patients undergoing cervical spinal fusion surgery. Figure  2 g, h illustrate the maximum measurement distance and response signal amplitude of the sensors with different film thicknesses, from which films with a thickness of 150 μm and a central angle of 60 degrees were shown to exhibit both satisfactory measurement limits and signal quality. Figure  2i presents the response signal in the coil during an approaching and separating cycle between a stainless-steel CPS and the sensor. A positive response peak was generated in response to the approaching of the CPS in the coil, while minor fluctuations after the response peak were observed due to the attenuated motion of the magnet under the influence of inertia and damping effect of the holding film. Subsequently, the deviation of the screw resulted in a negative response peak in the response signal due to the reverse motion of the magnet. The spectrogram of the response signal indicates the motion frequency between the sensor and the screw (Fig.  2j ). Figure  2k presents the response signal over a substantial number of approach-separation cycles between the CPS and the sensor, where no significant signal fluctuation in either the waveform or amplitude was observed over 4000 cycles, indicating excellent mechanical robustness of the sensor. Additionally, temperature tracking over 1000 cycles revealed that the sensing unit experienced minimal temperature fluctuations, with less than a 2°C deviation from the minimum environmental temperature (Supplementary Fig.  5 , Movie  2 ), ensuring long-term user safety and comfort. Moreover, dynamic tests with a CPS moving at constant distance from the sensor array at 10 mm in patterns resembling that of CITYU demonstrated the good uniformity of each sensor node with minimal signal crosstalk (Supplementary Fig.  6 ).

In practical applications, the environmental settings and patient conditions are often more complex than controlled lab environments. One of the least controllable variables in clinical settings is the body orientation of patients, which can introduce significant signal interference to the sensing units and decrease measurement/diagnostic accuracy. Therefore, we evaluated the signal stability across a range of device orientations, from −60° to 60° relative to the vertical plane (Supplementary Fig.  7a ). The response signals in these different orientations showed no significant difference (Supplementary Fig.  7b ). Additionally, we tested the device’s anti-interference capability against common electromagnetic sources encountered in daily life, including permanent magnets, metal board and WIFI router. A fixed separation distance of 5 cm between the interference sources and the device was maintained to evaluate its anti-interference performance (Supplementary Fig.  8 ). A statical comparison on signal amplitudes revealed only minor fluctuations caused by different external interferences (Supplementary Fig.  8f ), demonstrating the potential of BioMDA for real world applications. However, further reducing the separation distance between the stainless-steel plane and the device to 1 cm caused significant signal distortion (Supplementary Fig.  9 ), indicating that the user should avoid positioning the device too close (less than 2 cm) to the interference sources during actual use to ensure measurement accuracy.

BioMDA interface design and characterization

The dramatic decrease in the magnetic field strength with distance poses a challenge in maintaining a stable response signal for accuracy measurements. Even a slight relative position change between the BioMDA and the CPS can result in severe fluctuations in the response signal, thus affecting the overall measurement accuracy. To address this, we developed a biocompatible, tissue-adhesive hydrogel to enable bidirectional adhesion between skin and the silicone encapsulation of the BioMDA, which cannot be achieved effectively using a traditional silicone elastomer and/or commercial adhesives. The adhesive hydrogel consists of a poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) network crosslinked with biodegradable gelatin methacrylate, along with a biodegradable gelatin network (Fig.  3a ), showing strong adhesion to diverse materials (Supplementary Fig.  10 ) and superior biocompatibility, without skin irritation caused on 2 volunteers after 12 h continuous covering (Supplementary Fig.  11 ). When applied to skin, the carboxylic acid groups in PAA establish initial rapid adhesion through intermolecular bonds (e.g., hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions) with the skin under gentle pressures of <5 kPa in <10 s. Subsequently, the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester grafted PAA (PAA-NHS ester) forms covalent connections with the amine groups on the skin via amide reaction in the next ~10 min (Fig.  3b ). To establish stable covalent connections between the adhesive and the silicone encapsulation of the BioMDA, we grafted amino groups on the surface of silicone elastomer with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES, see methods for details, Supplementary Fig.  12 ) so that covalent bonds between the hydrogel and the silicone can form through amide reactions to enable robust interface connection (Fig.  3c ).

a Schematic illustration of the interfacial bonding achieved by the bio-adhesive with both the skin and the silicone encapsulation. PAA stands for poly (acrylic acid). Formation of the covalent connection between bio-adhesive and the skin ( b ) as well as the bio-adhesive and the amino grafted silicone elastomer ( c ). d Schematics and force variation to increased separation distance results showing the interface toughness between skin-skin and skin- polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) connection during 180° peel test. Inset scale bars: 1 cm. e Schematics and shear stress variation with increased separation distance during shear test. Inset scale bars: 1 cm. f Optical images showing the settings of the BioMDA and metal screws in electrical performance validation experiments. Scale bars: 1 cm. Response signals from the 4 highlighted channels at bending cycle 1 ( g ) and bending cycle 100 ( h ) and Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) comparison ( i ) with bio-adhesive as interface material. Response signals from the 4 highlighted channels at bending cycle 1 ( j ) and bending cycle 100 ( k ) and SNR comparison ( l ) with commercial adhesive as interface material. Center line, median; box limits, upper and lower quartiles; whiskers, 1.5 × interquartile range; n  = 4 independent signals in Figs. i and l .

The bio-adhesive in this work exhibited a variable elastic modulus ranging from 13 to 46 kPa as the NHS-ester content varies (Supplementary Fig.  13 ), enabling sufficient bonding strength between the sensor array and the skin while also ensuring mechanical compatibility to maximize user comfort during the wearing process. Furthermore, the high resilience of the bio-adhesive allowed it to stretch to more than 8 times of its original length (Supplementary Fig.  14 ), along with its excellent reproducibility across multiple loading and unloading cycles, indicating the uniform stress distribution within its network 27 (Supplementary Fig.  14b ). To assess the adhesion strength of the bio-adhesive, we conducted peeling tests and tap-shear tests to evaluate the interfacial toughness and shear strength, respectively. Silicone encapsulation material PDMS and porcine skin were chosen as interface materials for their wide applicability and close resemblance to human skin 28 , 29 . Figure  3d shows the results of interfacial toughness during the 180-degree peeling test for the two interface materials combinations, where over 1000 J/m 2 interfacial toughness is achieved in skin-to-skin interface. Notably, strong adhesion was achieved in both skin-to-skin and skin-to-PDMS, with a shear strength of 36 kPa and 12.5 kPa, respectively (Fig.  3e ). Both the interface toughness and shear strength in the skin-to-skin group were higher than those in the skin-to-PDMS group due to limited hydrogen bonding (Fig.  3b, c ). The interface toughness and shear strength in the PDMS-to-PDMS group presented similar values to those in the skin-to-PDMS group (Supplementary Fig.  15 ), further conforming that the limited hydrogen bond leads to the weaker interface adhesion performance on PDMS. It is worth noting that although the limited hydrogen bonds decrease the interface adhesion performance on PDMS, it is still sufficient for the BioMDA device used in this work. The interfacial bonding strength also exhibited good robustness, with no evident failure observed after subjecting it to 50 tensile cycles at a 20% tensile strain (Supplementary Fig.  16 ) and more than 5 peel-off cycles from the skin (Supplementary Fig.  17 ). Furthermore, the hydrogel adhesive maintained a stable connection for over 24 h at room temperature and over 3 weeks in a freezing environment at −20 °C (Supplementary Fig.  18 ). Additionally, the intimate interface between device and skin effectively encapsulated the bio-adhesive layer, preventing interfacial adhesion failure due to water loss (Supplementary Fig.  19 ). We further employed a modular design for the bio-adhesive layer and the sensor array, allowing quick replacement of the adhesive layer while maintaining the functionality of the sensing module (Supplementary Fig.  20 ).

The BioMDA demonstrated improved uniformity and suppressed crosstalk with the employment of the bio-adhesive interface (Supplementary Fig.  21 ). To evaluate the enhancement in practical sensing performances through the incorporation of the bio-adhesive, we conducted a comparative analysis of signal quality between the signals generated using the bio-adhesive in this work and those produced with a commercial double-sided adhesive (acrylic adhesive 100MP, 3 M) as the interface material. During the tests, the BioMDA was mounted on the top side of the porcine skin, while four CPS were embedded into the porcine tissue/bone from the bottom side with a distance of ~ 10 mm apart (Fig.  3f ). The porcine tissue was then subjected to bending deformation to mimic positional shifts between the CPS and BioMDA that frequently occur in real patient measurements (Fig.  1d ). Figure  3 g, j present the response signals from the four highlighted sensing units in hydrogel and the commercial adhesive group, where consistent response signals are generated across all sensing channels. However, the response signals produced in the commercial adhesive group demonstrate both smaller amplitudes and larger variations compared to those in hydrogel group (Fig.  3j ). The reduction in amplitude can be attributed to the presence of grain stain or dust on the skin, which diminishes the bonding strength, and thereby generates gaps between the sensor array and the skin. In comparison, the response signals produced in the bio-adhesive group display regular and stable responses across all channels, indicating robust adhesion at the interface (Supplementary Fig.  22 ).

Additionally, after subjecting the system to 100 bending cycles, the signals in the bio-adhesive group exhibited a negligible decrease in peak amplitude along with minor fluctuations across 4 channels (Fig.  3h ). On the contrary, severe fluctuations were observed across all channels in the commercial adhesive group after 100 bending cycles due to the formation of air gaps at the interface due to adhesive failure. A quantitative comparison of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) further reveals that the response signals in the bio-adhesive group show no significant reduction in SNR (Fig.  3i ), while those in the commercial double-sided adhesive group demonstrate a dramatic decrease (Fig.  3l , Supplementary Fig.  23 ). In practical applications, sweat accumulation poses a significant challenge for achieving robust interface adhesion and maintaining biocompatibility. While commercial double-sided adhesive has proven to be an effective solution for the device-skin interface 30 , sweat accumulation at the interface can still lead to adhesion failure and skin irritation (Supplementary Fig.  24 ). In contrast, the good water absorption capability of the biocompatible hydrogel prevented sweat accumulation at the interface, thereby avoiding skin irritation and adhesion failure (Supplementary Figs.  24 , 25 , Movie  3 ).

Decoupling model construction and performance evaluation

We developed a two-step decoupling model to accurately estimate the implants’ vertical distance and horizontal location, respectively. Specifically, we constructed the vertical distance decoupling model based on the theoretical electromagnetic interaction between the implants and the sensing unit of BioMDA and the kinematic analysis of the chain reaction triggered by a moving implant (Fig.  4a , Supplementary Note  1 ). The vertical distance decoupling model serves as the fundamental sensing model of each unit of BioMDA for sensor calibration and precision evaluation. With only six calibration factors (Eq.  6 ), the distance decoupling model accurately simulated the electromagnetic response from the coil corresponding to a moving implant. Moreover, the calibration process of each sensing unit could be reduced to six selected pairs of distance and velocity. Such an effortless calibration process helps maintain consistency among massive production and simplifies recalibration after long-term uses.

a Framework of the electromagnetic-kinematic decoupling model to calculate the vertical distance of the implants related to BioMDA. This model calculates the vertical distance z between implants and sensors by decoupling the electromagnetic and kinematic interactions, with F representing the force exerted. b Visualization of the difference between the theoretical model without and with the calibrated attenuation model. The calibration approximates the scaling between theoretical model ε 0 ( z i ) to the captured inducing signal across the coil ε ( z m ) and can be divided into two steps scaling in the distance space ( c ) and velocity space ( d ). e The comparison between the calibrated model \(\hat{\varepsilon }\left({z}_{m}\right)\) and test samples is visualized for distances ranging from 1.25 to 6.5 mm and velocities ranging from 7 to 15.5 mm/sec. Optical images of screw malposition ( f ) and screw immigration ( j ) with spinal cord. g , k Decoupled spatial distribution of the implants. To estimate the vertical distance of the implants, the electromagnetic-kinematic model is sliced by the maximum amplitude of the captured inducing signal ( h , l ), where red lines indicate abnormal signal from malfunctioned implants and blue lines for normal implants. The localization results include an estimated range of distance ( i , m ). Scale bars in f and j : 1 cm.

Specifically, the electromagnetic model (Fig.  4a ) in the distance decoupling model includes three parts: the simplified distribution of magnetic field distribution B (Eq.  1 ), the electromotive force (emf) ε 0 following Faraday’s law of induction in vacuum (Eq.  2 ), and the phenomenological attenuation model e -γz as the wave propagates through the medium (Eq.  3 ):

where µ 0 is the permeability of vacuum (4π × 10 −7  H/m), M is the magnetization of the permanent magnet, z presents the vertical distance to the magnet and its time derivative \(\dot{z}\) , a and h presents the diameter, and thickness of the magnet, A presents the related area of the magnet flux, ξ B (z ) describes the theoretical magnet field change, and γ represents the attenuation parameter which numerical methods could easily approximate. Equation  3 theoretically models the electromagnetic interaction into a distance-velocity space. As shown in the amplified window in Fig.  4e , emf ε(z) was exponentially affected by distance when an implant approached a sensing unit, while velocity may add small fluctuations. Thus, we mainly focused on the emf ε(z) amplitude to simplify the moving implant’s localization process. Figure 4b illustrates the difference between the emf model without and with the attenuation model as in Eq.  2 and Eq.  3 , respectively. The next step was to approximate the attenuation model, considering the kinematic model.

The kinematic model inspected the coupled relationship between the movement of the implants (z i ) and the magnet (z m ) and decomposed the movement of the magnet into vertical and rotational primitives (Supplementary Note  2 ). We then decomposed the collectible emf ε(z m ) accordingly (Fig.  4c, d ) and approximately projected ε(z m ) to the distance-velocity space of the implants z i as:

where constant values k, b , and \({a}_{\ast }\) in both scaling functions (Eq.  5 ) are estimated using regression, and z 0 is the local minima of ξ B (z ) around 2.834 mm (Supplementary Fig.  27 ), which relates to the structural parameter of the sensing unit. Following the attenuation model, we introduced the scaling functions in the form of sf 1 to approximate the exponential curve in the distance space of z i , and the results are illustrated in Fig.  4d . While in the velocity space, a spin around the distance axis was observed around 11.25 mm/s (Fig.  4d ) with slopes following an exponential curve of sf 1 (Supplementary Fig.  28 ). We posit that this distortion relates to the rotational primitives when the magnet swings back and forth in response to external electromagnetic interactions, and the spinning center relates to the mechanical properties of the holding film. Here, we introduce a linear fit of z i to compensate for the discrepancy in the distortion. We examined the response of the sensing unit in BioMDA when an implant approached the sensor from 15 mm to a minimum distance of 2 − 6.5 mm with varying constant speed from 7.5 to 15 mm/s with an incrementation of 0.5 mm in both distance and velocity (Fig. 4e ). The implant was controlled by a Micro-Newton tester (Instron, 5942), and each test was repeated 20 times. The amplitude of the calibrated model is visualized in Fig.  4e for distances ranging from 1.25 mm to 6.5 mm and velocities ranging from 7 mm/s to 15.5 mm/s. Compared with 1525 test samples, the error between our learned model and experiment values is 1.5 ± 1.3 μV (75 tests lost their first samples during data acquisition). We posit that the distance decoupling model could be applied to other electromagnetic sensing systems with suitable modifications. It is worth noting that the distance decoupling model functions as a decoder to directly determine the distance between the implants and the corresponding sensing units. Due to the negligible attenuation of magnetic field strength caused by human tissue 31 , 32 , the decoupling model can function effectively across different body types.

While the vertical distance model processes the signal from a single unit in BioMDA, the horizontal mapping model evaluates signals from multiple units in BioMDA to localize the horizontal position of the implants. When an implant is off the central axis of a sensor unit, its movement triggers multiple sensor responses. We consider the response differences between multiple sensor units analogous to the well-suited Received Signal Strength (RSS) 33 -based localization problem based on the theoretical simulations (Supplementary Figs.  29 and 30 ). Specifically, we adopted Radial Basis Function kernels to generate a 2D map of received signal strength from the sensing array to determine implant malposition or migration.

With the employment of the distance decoupling model and the horizontal mapping model, we could accurately identify the common failures modes with spinal implants, such as screw loosening, screw fracture, rod fracture, and rod loosening, which collectively account for more than 90% of failures in postoperative spinal fusion processes 34 , 35 . In practical applications, CPS loosening or fracture results in ineffective securing of the implant rods by the implant threads, which leads to an unstable connection between the spines and cause a decreased relative distance between CPS and the BioMDA in response to spine bending. In comparison, rod loosening, rod fracture, and CPS fracture introduce instability in the connection between the threads and the rods, leading to relative displacement between the CPS and the BioMDA.

To evaluate the sensing capability of the BioMDA, we conducted in-vitro evaluation experiments on a spinal prosthesis with two types of relative positions between implants and BioMDA, shorting in vertical distance and horizontal misalignment, included to effectively simulate the relative position between spine and implants in normal and failure scenarios. In the case of screw loosening (Fig.  4f ), we selected four CPSs with a diameter of 4.5 mm and a length of 45 mm based on the pedicle width 36 . These CPSs were inserted into the C3 and C5 segments of cervical vertebrae under the connection of two rods with a diameter of 5 mm and a length of 120 mm. To imitate the skin, a thin layer of artificial skin (PDMS, 6 mm in thickness) was employed to isolate the implants and BioMDA (Fig.  4f(ii) ). The loosened screw was set to be pulled out of 4 mm, with a 2 mm vertical distance to the BioMDA (Fig.  4f(iii) ). From the response unit in the BioMDA, we firstly evaluated the horizontal mapping of the implants based on the RSS-based model (Fig.  4g ), where the top left response unit showed enhanced signal strength while no obvious horizontal misalignment was observed. Based on this, we analyzed response signals under two types of experimental settings (normal setting and loosened setting) based on the vertical decoupling model. Two decoupled traces were calculated, as highlighted with blue and green dotted line in Fig.  4h , representing the response signal in normal and loosened settings, respectively. Quantitative statistics on the decoupled distances presented dynamic ranges from 5.604 mm to 6.146 mm and 1.934 mm to 2.237 mm for normal implant and loosened implant, respectively (Fig.  4i ). Similarly, when it comes to screw fracture failure mode, the top left screw was fractured with a misalignment of 5 mm (Fig.  4j ). The horizontal mapping of the implants indicated that misalignment occurred to the top left screws with a smaller signal strength compared to those in other response units (Fig.  4k ). Analysis on the two response units (highlighted in Fig.  4j ) with vertical decoupling model indicated the decoupled distances (Fig.  4l ), ranging from 5.507 mm to 6.037 mm and 5.901 mm to 6.481 mm for normal implants and fractured implants (Fig.  4m ), respectively. Furthermore, from the vertical decoupling model, we can conclude that when the patient bends the neck to enable the effective capture of inducing signals from the BioMDA, a qualitative description of the velocity of movement, such as slow or fast, can further improve the calculation accuracy.

Postoperative monitoring is often crucial for the early detection and diagnosis of hardware failures within the spine (e.g., screw malposition or migration, rod fracture etc) and for the prevention of severe clinical complications such as nerve damage/paralysis, spinal instability and/or failure of fusion 37 . By implementing the BioMDA system, it may become possible to reduce patient exposure to harmful radiation whilst concurrently optimizing patient outcomes and recovery (i.e., via tracking of both the hardware construct/osseous fusion). In such a scenario, prior to abject hardware/fusion failure modifications could be put in place that might include adjuvant bracing and/or alterations in physical activity/rehabilitation.

The capabilities of BioMDA are centered on three main advances over previously reported technologies: (i) flexible design and integration whilst maintaining remarkable mechanical robustness; (ii) an engineered biocompatible adhesive which enables the creation/maintenance of intimate interface between sensors and users’ skin, significantly improving the sensing capability and stability of the system; (iii) the development and optimization of theoretical decoupling models for the precise real-time localization of implants/hardware. A litany of studies including reductionist benchtop work, theoretical simulations, comprehensive experiment characterization, and validation using human phantoms have demonstrated the feasibility of all key functions/components of the BioMDA system as well as the practical utility of using it for non-contact sensing and localization of metal implants.

A number of limitations will need to be addressed in future iterations of the BioMDA system. These are centered on the materials that are able to be detected (i.e., with the understanding that medical implants have moved away from stainless steel and toward titanium) and the depth of detection (i.e., if such a system is to be applicable in the lumbar spine). Composite materials within the final construct or the incorporation of an active magnetic field excitation may solve the former challenge (e.g., a set cap composed of a nickel alloy vs screw coating as was mentioned above). Furthermore, initial indications may focus on clinical populations that make challenges related to depth negligible (e.g., low BMI cut-offs vs pediatric hardware etc.). Further investigations will examine strategies for enhancing the sensing limits and precision for deeper implants, as well as incorporating artificial intelligence (AI)-based decoupling models for diverse types of implant detection. From a regulatory perspective it is also important to note there have been precedent FDA approvals with medical devices that contain magnets, such as magnetic devices systems for in vivo biopsies 38 .

In summary, the BioMDA system represents a promising technological advancement in wearable sensing via the provision of a cost-effective real-time solution for metal implant analyses. Such promising technology will certainly be applicable beyond spinal hardware and may ultimately have a role to play throughout trauma/orthopedic surgery.

Fabrication of the stretchable electrodes of the BioMDA

The fabrication process started with the precise patterning (Supplementary Fig.  31 ) of the copper/polyimide (Cu/PI) film using an ultraviolet laser processing system (ProtoLaser U4, LPKF). Initially, a glass sheet (75 mm × 75 mm) was thoroughly cleaned using acetone, isopropyl alcohol (IPA), ethanol and deionized (DI) water to eliminate any surface residues before spin-coating a thin layer of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS, Sylgard 184 silicone elastomer), with a cross-linker ratio of 10:1 with a thickness of 200 μm to serve as an adhesion layer. Next, a layer of Cu/PI thin film, with a thickness of 18/12 μm, was laminated onto the PDMS layer before patterning the electrode traces with the laser processing system. Water soluble tape (WST) was then employed to peel off the patterned electrode traces from the adhesive layer of PDMS, followed by cleaning the PI side with IPA to remove carbon residues during the laser patterning process. Subsequently, a layer of titanium (Ti) and silicone dioxide (SiO2) with a thickness of 5 nm and 50 nm, respectively, was deposited onto the PI side of the electrode to facilitate its robust bonding to the PDMS substrate. Both the PDMS substrate and the electrode pattern underwent oxygen plasma treatment before being bonded together under a general pressure at 80 °C in a heated oven for 30 min for the formation of covalent bonding of silicone. Finally, the WST was dissolved using DI water, and the electrode was tried before being partially encapsulated with PDMS with the assistance of sacrificial Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) pillars to protect the welding pads. The robust covalent connection between the electrode traces and the PDMS substrate, combined with the PDMS encapsulation layer, provides remarkable mechanical robustness to the electrode, capable of undergoing over 20% stretch and over 180° twist deformation while without delamination caused (Supplementary Fig.  2 ). Additionally, the robust connection between the welding pads and the PDMS substrate enables stable soldering connections between the pads and sensors, significantly enhancing the mechanical robustness of the BioMDA.

Fabrication of the single sensing unit

The single sensing unit comprises a copper coil, a silicone supporting ring, a magnet, and a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) holding film. To prepare the sensing unit, PET films with thicknesses ranging from 50 µm to 250 µm, with intervals of 50 µm, were first patterned into a concentric ring structure connected by a sector-shaped area using the laser processing system (ProtoLaser U4, LPKF). Next, the soft silicone supporting ring was fabricated through inversion molding of PDMS (Sylgard 184 silicone elastomer, with the cross-linker ratio at 10:1) with the assistance of a 3D printed polyacrylate mold. The magnet, with a diameter of 8 mm and a thickness of 1.5 mm, was bonded to the PET holding film using a commercial double-sided adhesive (acrylic adhesive 100MP, 3 M). Finally, the copper coil, with an outer diameter of 18 mm, inner diameter of 1 mm, and a thickness of 1 mm, the soft supporting ring, and the PET film bonding with the magnet were assembled in alignment using a PDMS adhesive (Sylgard 184 silicone elastomer, with the cross-linker ratio at 30:1) to form a cohesive sensing unit.

Preparation of the adhesive hydrogel

To prepare the adhesive hydrogel, acrylic acid, gelatin, gelatin methacrylate (GelMA, type A, gel strength 300 from porcine skin with 80% substitution), acrylic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (AAC-NHS ester), and Lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate (LAP) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich without further purification. Next, a mixture was prepared by dissolving 30% acrylic acid, 10% gelatin, AAc-NHS ester, with concentration ranging from 0.3% to 1%, 0.1% GelMA, and 0.05% LAP in DI water. The mixture was stirred for 24 h at a temperature of 60° to obtain a homogeneous solution. The obtained solution was then filtered with 0.4 µm sterile syringe filters to remove any impurities. Subsequently, the solution was poured into glass molds covered with releasing films followed by degassing and curing in an ultraviolet light chamber (405 nm in wavelength) for 30 s for photo cross-linking.

Integration of BioMDA

To integrate the BioMDA, the stretchable electrode, 16 sensing units, and adhesive hydrogel patch need to be first prepared using the above-mentioned methods. To facilitate the covalent bonding between the silicone encapsulation of the electrode and the bio-adhesive, (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES, Sigma-Aldrich) was used to graft amine functional groups onto PDMS. Specifically, the PDMS was treated with oxygen plasma (plasma power at 50 W, 20 Sccm of oxygen flow) for 10 min to activate hydroxyl groups on it (Fig. S7). Then, the activated stretchable electrode was immersed in 1% (w/w) APTES solution (1% (w/w) APTES in 50% ethanol) and incubated for 5 h at room temperature before cleaning it with isopropyl alcohol, ethanol, and DI water. Next, the prepared adhesive hydrogel film was gently pressed onto the PDMS side for over 10 s. The opposite side of the adhesive hydrogel that will be adhered to the skin was covered with a silicone oil coated releasing film (50 µm in thickness) to isolate it from dust and ease the integration of sensing units. After that, 16 sensing units were soldered to their respective electrodes to facilitate stable electrical connections. PDMS (Sylgard 184 silicone elastomer, with the cross-linker ratio at 10:1) was then used to construct a robust bond between the silicone supporting ring of the sensing units and the PDMS substrate of the electrode. An isolation layer (PI, 18 µm in diameter, 25 µm in thickness) was fabricated by a laser cutter and laminated onto the sensing units to isolate them from uncured PDMS used in the encapsulation process. Finally, PDMS was poured onto the sensing array followed by a degassing process, and cured at 80° for 2 h to form the top encapsulation layer. It is worth noting that the releasing film also acts as an isolation layer, keeping the bio-adhesive layer from dust and dehydration and can be easily peeled off before adhering the BioMDA to human skin.

Characterization

The electrical-related data was sampled by the multichannel data acquisition system (DAQ 6510, Keithley) with a constant sampling frequency at 1000 Hz. The nickel-coated implant samples were prepared with a dual target sputtering system (Q150TS, Quorum). The thickness of coated films was measured by a stylus profilometer (DektakXT).

Mechanical tests

Porcine skin samples were stored in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and sealed in plastic bags. Upon tests, samples (porcine skin or aminated PDMS) were cut into 20 mm in width and 80 mm in length. To ensure the stable interface connection between tested samples, the adhesive hydrogel (20 mm in width, 50 mm in length) was adhered to samples, followed by generally pressing for 10 s. To determine the interface toughness and shear strength, the prepared samples were tested by 180-degree peel test and rap-shear test with a micro-Newton tester (5942, Instron) with a constant loading speed of 0.1 mm/s under the instruction of ASTM F2256 and ASTM F2255, respectively. The interfacial toughness was calculated by dividing two times the peak force by the width of the sample, and the shear strength was calculated by dividing the maximum force by the adhesion area.

Mechanical simulation

Finite element analysis was utilized to model the sensing unit in studying its mechanical response to external attractive force. The simulation was conducted using commercial software ABAQUS (version 2018, Dassault System). The deformation and strain distribution of the PET supporting film with a set of thickness and central angles was studied to optimize the structural parameters of the sensing units for optimal electrical response and measurement limitations. In the simulation, the silicone elastomer PDMS was modeled with hyperelastic materials under the governing of Mooney-Rivlin energy potential model with elastic modulus (E) and Poisson’s ratio at 150 kPa and 0.49, respectively. The PET supporting film was modeled using shell elements (S4R) with elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio at 2.8 GPa and 0.45, while the permanent magnet was modeled using a rigid body due to its minimal deformation during the sensing process.

Electromagnetic simulation

Electromagnetic simulation was employed to investigate the theoretical distribution of the magnetic field and inductive coupling between the CPS and sensing units. The simulation was performed using the commercial software Maxwell (version 16.0, Ansys). The permanent magnet was modeled by a Neodymium Iron Boron magnet, with a relative permeability of 1.04 and a magnetic coercivity of 8.76 × 105 A/m. The CPS was modeled using stainless-steel, with a relative permeability of 4000 and a bulk conductivity of 1.03 × 107 S/m. To conserve computational resources while maintaining simulation accuracy, a vacuum boundary was applied with a 100 mm offset from the model boundary in x, y, and z direction. Furthermore, mesh refinement was implemented, setting a maximum element length of 0.5 mm for the CPS and 1 mm for the vacuum box, to ensure simulation accuracy.

Ethics statement

All procedures during the BioMDA system testing from human participants are approved by Human and Artefacts Ethics Sub-Committee, City University of Hong Kong Research Committee. The informed consent of all participants was obtained prior inclusion in this study.

Reporting summary

Further information on research design is available in the  Nature Portfolio Reporting Summary linked to this article.

Data availability

All data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article and its supplementary files. Any additional requests for information can be directed to, and will be fulfilled by, the corresponding authors.  Source data are provided with this paper.

Code availability

The code supporting the findings of this work is available at the following link: https://zenodo.org/records/12806601 .

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported in part by: InnoHK Project on Project 2.2—AI-based 3D ultrasound imaging algorithm at Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), City University of Hong Kong (Grants No. 9667221, 924007 and 9680322), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants No. 62122002), Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (Grant No. RFS2324-1S03), Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission (Grant No. SGDX20220530111401011), the Innovation and Technology Fund of Innovation and Technology Commission (Grant No. ITS/119/22), Karl Van Tassel (1925) Career Development Professorship and. The Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT.

Author information

These authors contributed equally: Jian Li, Shengxin Jia.

Authors and Affiliations

Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Jian Li, Shengxin Jia, Dengfeng Li, Lung Chow, Qiang Zhang, Xiao Bai, Qingao Qu, Yuyu Gao, Zhiyuan Li, Zongze Li, Rui Shi, Binbin Zhang, Ya Huang, Xinyu Pan, Yue Hu, Zhan Gao, Jingkun Zhou, WooYoung Park, Xingcan Huang, Hongwei Chu, Zhenlin Chen, Hu Li, Pengcheng Wu, Guangyao Zhao, Kuanming Yao & Xinge Yu

Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong, China

Jian Li, Shengxin Jia, Dengfeng Li, Binbin Zhang, Ya Huang, Jingkun Zhou, Zhenlin Chen & Xinge Yu

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

Yiyuan Yang & Giovanni Traverso

Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Muhamed Hadzipasic & Ganesh M. Shankar

Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Joshua D. Bernstock

David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China

Department of Gastroenterology Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China

City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China

Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Giovanni Traverso

Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA

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Contributions

J.L. and S.J. contributed equally to this work. J.L, D.L., K.N., X.Y. and G.T. conceived the ideas and designed the experiments. J.L, S.J., D.L, Y.Y., M.H., J.D.B., G.M.S., K.N., X.Y. and G.T. wrote and revised the manuscript. J.L., L.C., Q.Z., X.B., Q.Q., Y.G., Z.L., Z.Z.L., R.S., B.Z., Y.H, X.P., Y.Hu., Z.G., J.Z., W.P., X.H., H.C. and Z.C., performed device design and characterization experiments and analyzed the experimental data. J.L., Q.Z., H.L., P.W. and G.Z., and K.Y., performed interface design and characterization experiments, J.L., S.J. and Q.Q., developed the decoupling models and evaluated the model accuracy. J.L. conducted the mechanical and electromagnetic simulations for structural and model optimization.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Dengfeng Li , Ganesh M. Shankar , Kewang Nan , Xinge Yu or Giovanni Traverso .

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Competing interests.

J.D.B. has an equity position in Treovir Inc. and UpFront Diagnostics. J.D.B. is also a co-founder of Centile Bioscience and on the NeuroX1 scientific advisory board. The authors declare filing of a provisional patent application encompassing the work described.

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Li, J., Jia, S., Li, D. et al. Wearable bio-adhesive metal detector array (BioMDA) for spinal implants. Nat Commun 15 , 7800 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-51987-2

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-51987-2

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