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The top list of academic search engines

1. Google Scholar

4. science.gov, 5. semantic scholar, 6. baidu scholar, get the most out of academic search engines, frequently asked questions about academic search engines, related articles.

Academic search engines have become the number one resource to turn to in order to find research papers and other scholarly sources. While classic academic databases like Web of Science and Scopus are locked behind paywalls, Google Scholar and others can be accessed free of charge. In order to help you get your research done fast, we have compiled the top list of free academic search engines.

Google Scholar is the clear number one when it comes to academic search engines. It's the power of Google searches applied to research papers and patents. It not only lets you find research papers for all academic disciplines for free but also often provides links to full-text PDF files.

• Coverage: approx. 200 million articles
• Abstracts: only a snippet of the abstract is available
• Related articles: ✔
• References: ✔
• Cited by: ✔
• Links to full text: ✔
• Export formats: APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, Vancouver, RIS, BibTeX

BASE is hosted at Bielefeld University in Germany. That is also where its name stems from (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine).

• Coverage: approx. 136 million articles (contains duplicates)
• Abstracts: ✔
• Related articles: ✘
• References: ✘
• Cited by: ✘
• Export formats: RIS, BibTeX

CORE is an academic search engine dedicated to open-access research papers. For each search result, a link to the full-text PDF or full-text web page is provided.

• Coverage: approx. 136 million articles
• Links to full text: ✔ (all articles in CORE are open access)
• Export formats: BibTeX

Science.gov is a fantastic resource as it bundles and offers free access to search results from more than 15 U.S. federal agencies. There is no need anymore to query all those resources separately!

• Coverage: approx. 200 million articles and reports
• Links to full text: ✔ (available for some databases)
• Export formats: APA, MLA, RIS, BibTeX (available for some databases)

Semantic Scholar is the new kid on the block. Its mission is to provide more relevant and impactful search results using AI-powered algorithms that find hidden connections and links between research topics.

• Coverage: approx. 40 million articles
• Export formats: APA, MLA, Chicago, BibTeX

Although Baidu Scholar's interface is in Chinese, its index contains research papers in English as well as Chinese.

• Coverage: no detailed statistics available, approx. 100 million articles
• Abstracts: only snippets of the abstract are available
• Export formats: APA, MLA, RIS, BibTeX

RefSeek searches more than one billion documents from academic and organizational websites. Its clean interface makes it especially easy to use for students and new researchers.

• Coverage: no detailed statistics available, approx. 1 billion documents
• Abstracts: only snippets of the article are available
• Export formats: not available

Consider using a reference manager like Paperpile to save, organize, and cite your references. Paperpile integrates with Google Scholar and many popular databases, so you can save references and PDFs directly to your library using the Paperpile buttons:

Google Scholar is an academic search engine, and it is the clear number one when it comes to academic search engines. It's the power of Google searches applied to research papers and patents. It not only let's you find research papers for all academic disciplines for free, but also often provides links to full text PDF file.

Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature developed at the Allen Institute for AI. Sematic Scholar was publicly released in 2015 and uses advances in natural language processing to provide summaries for scholarly papers.

BASE , as its name suggest is an academic search engine. It is hosted at Bielefeld University in Germany and that's where it name stems from (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine).

CORE is an academic search engine dedicated to open access research papers. For each search result a link to the full text PDF or full text web page is provided.

Science.gov is a fantastic resource as it bundles and offers free access to search results from more than 15 U.S. federal agencies. There is no need any more to query all those resources separately!

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Researchers in various studies looking for participants

Here is a list of research studies that currently are looking for participants.

Hearing and brain research study

The BRAiN Lab is seeking adults age 65 and older to participate in a research study that uses light to visualize brain activity when processing auditory and visual signals. This study involves two to three sessions, each lasting up to two hours. 

Individuals may be eligible to participate if they: 

• Have normal hearing sensitivity.
• No known neurological issues.

Participants will receive $15 per hour. 

If interested, email  [email protected]   or call 765-494-6844 for more information. The principal investigator is Maureen Shader, assistant professor in the Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, IRB-2022-687. 

Hearing and brain research study for cochlear implant users

The BRAiN Lab is seeking adults with cochlear implants to participate in a research study that uses light to visualize brain activity when processing auditory and visual signals. This study involves two to three sessions, each lasting up to two hours. 

Individuals may be eligible to participate if they are: 

• Adults age 18 and older. 
• Currently using one or two cochlear implants. 

Participants will receive $20 per hour, plus travel reimbursement 

Study on healthy eating choices in restaurants

Researchers are seeking individuals age 18 or older with recent dining experience in a sit-down restaurant to participate in a study aimed at understanding the factors that influence healthy eating choices when dining out. Participants will first complete a 5-8 minute Qualtrics survey to determine eligibility. Responses will be confidential. Qualified participants will receive an email with the scheduled focus group meeting time and location. The focus group meeting will last about 90 minutes. After attending the focus group, participants will receive a $30 Amazon gift card as a token of appreciation. Participation in this study is completely voluntary, and only the researchers will have access to the confidential data collected. Individuals interested in participating should complete the online survey .

For more information, contact Lucheng Wang at  [email protected] . The primary investigator is Karen Byrd, assistant professor of hospitality and tourism management. IRB#:2024-698.

Word learning study for preschool children with speech-language delays

Researchers are seeking 4- and 5-year-old children with speech-language delays to participate in a study of word learning.

There will be one to two sessions of testing to determine eligibility, followed by six research sessions if eligible. Each research session also includes general language enrichment activities centered on children’s books. Families receive $15 per session and a speech, language and hearing evaluation for their child. These one-hour sessions are scheduled at Purdue in the Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Lyles-Porter Hall.

The principal investigator is Laurence Leonard, professor of speech, language, and hearing sciences. For more information, contact Pat Deevy at 765-496-1821 or [email protected] . IRB#: 1603017480.  

Word learning study for preschool children

Researchers are seeking children to participate in a study of word learning. Children ages 4 to 5 ½ years old are eligible (stated in terms of age in months: 49 months through 70 months).

Families receive $15 per session and a speech, language and hearing evaluation for their child. Six one-hour sessions are scheduled at Purdue in the Department of Speech, Language, & Hearing Sciences in Lyles-Porter Hall.

The principal investigator is Laurence Leonard, professor of speech, language, and hearing sciences. For more information, contact Pat Deevy at 765-496-1821 or [email protected] . IRB#: 1603017480.

Baby Exploration Project

Researchers are inviting families with babies up to 2-years-old in the West Lafayette-Lafayette and surrounding areas to participate in a study of how babies explore their home environment.

A researcher will visit participants at home for two to three hours while families and the baby go about daily activities. Participants will receive a $100 Amazon gift card.

For more information visit  www.baby-exploration-project.org . To sign up, contact Paige Thompson at  [email protected] .

The principal investigator is Laura Claxton, associate professor in the Department of Health and Kinesiology. Purdue IRB# 2021-1249/ NYU IRB# FY2021-5660.

Health effects of grain foods in adults

Participants are needed by the Department of Nutrition Science to study the health effects of grain foods.

Participants must:

• Be age 18 and older.
• Have a hemoglobin A1c of 5.7-6.4%.
• Be a nonsmoker.
• Have no sensitivity or allergy to grain foods.

Participants have the potential to earn up to $1,000 in 14 weeks. Contact Giorgia at [email protected] to participate or for more information. The principal investigator is Richard Mattes, Distinguished Professor in the Department of Nutrition Science. IRB-2023-1071.

In vivo tendon properties across the lifespan of women

The purpose of the study is to characterize tendon tissue health in women, laying a foundation for developing strategies to improve their musculoskeletal function. Researchers are seeking women ages 21-75 to participate in a study evaluating the impact of menopause and exogenous estrogen use on tendon morphology and biomechanics. To participate, participants must meet the following criteria:

• 21-75 years old.
• Women who are pregnant will be excluded.
• Individuals with claustrophobia or implanted objects (metal plates, screws, etc) who cannot complete an MRI assessment will be excluded.
• Individuals with any orthopedic condition that would prevent them from properly performing knee extensions will be excluded.
• Individuals with prior knee replacement or knee surgeries (e.g. ACL reconstruction).
• Those with diabetes (HbA1c>6.5) will be excluded.
• Chronic users of acetaminophen, ibuprofen or prescription cyclooxygenase inhibitors.
• Individuals with physician-diagnosed liver disease.
• No previous history of severe cardiovascular disease including stroke, heart attack and arrythmias.
• No previous history of neurological disorders, such as Parkinson’s or multiple sclerosis.

Participants will attend five to six sessions at Purdue. Each session will last 30-45 minutes. The first session is an initial interview and screening. The second session consists of a fasted blood draw, 1-repetition maximum test and body composition measurement. Visits three through five are patellar tendon assessments using ultrasound imaging (visits two and three may be combined). Visit six is an MRI scan of the patellar tendon.

Benefits for participants:

• Although there are no direct benefits, the knowledge gained from this study may have implications for individuals going through menopause and may aid in guiding the future development of treatment options for tendinosis
• Compensation. Participants will be compensated $75 for completing this study.

For more information or to participate, contact Gordon Smilanich at  [email protected]  or 317-721-3651 (leave a message). Learn more about the lab and research at  https://hhs.purdue.edu/carroll-lab/ .

The primary investigator is Chad Carroll, associate professor of health and kinesiology. IRB#: 2024-027.

Development and validation of a wearable sEMG monitoring system for swallowing function disorders

Researchers are recruiting older healthy adults for a swallowing and sensors study.

Individuals may be eligible to participate if they:

• Are 55-90 years old and generally healthy.
• Do not have problems swallowing.
• Are willing to come to the lab for a free swallowing evaluation once for approximately 2.5-3 hours.

Participants will receive up to $30 for the single visit.

If interested, email  [email protected]  or call 765-496-0207 for more information. The principal investigator is Georgia Malandraki, professor in the Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences. IRB-2021-1247.

Development and validation of a wearable sEMG monitoring system for swallowing function disorders (study for veterans)

Researchers are recruiting veterans with a history of stroke or Parkinson’s disease with dysphagia for a swallowing and sensors study.

• Are 55-90 years old and have been diagnosed with swallowing difficulties.

Note:   Individuals with significant cognitive impairments, history of head and neck surgery, or radiation exposure to the head and neck area are not eligible to participate at this time.

Study on receiver, vehicle, and roadway systems for a dynamic wireless power transfer roadway testbed

Researchers are looking for adult residents in Indiana, specifically the Greater Lafayette area, to participate in a research study focused on understanding public perceptions and expectations regarding electric vehicles (EVs), EV charging, and a dynamic wireless power testbed project.

Participants will be asked to complete  an online questionnaire survey  of about 5-10 minutes in Qualtrics, which consists of questions related to perceptions about electric vehicles, charging technologies, and a dynamic wireless power transfer testbed, as well as some basic demographic information. The principal investigator is Nadia Gkritza, professor of civil engineering and agricultural and biological engineering. For more information, email  [email protected] . IRB-2023-786.

Effects of dance training on balance testing  

Individuals ages 18-30 are needed to participate in a study on the effects of dance training on clinical balance testing. Participants should have normal hearing and normal or corrected to normal vision; should not be susceptible to motion sickness; and should have no history of migraines or difficulties with balance. Researchers are seeking individuals who have dance experience as well as those with no dance experience. Researchers intend to enroll up to 40 participants, with equal numbers of dancers and nondancers.

Participants will be paid $15 for one session, approximately 60 minutes long. This study is conducted on the Purdue University campus in Lyles-Porter Hall. Participants must be able to come to the research site.

The principal investigators involved in the study are Alexander Francis and Melissa Newell in the Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences. For more information or to schedule a time to participate, contact Gillian Battung at  [email protected] . IRB #: IRB-2024-515.

Study on exercise, cognition, and emotion

Young adults ages 18-25 are needed to participate in research studies on how exercise may influence cognitive function and emotion.

Participants will be compensated up to $120 for completing the study.

Participation requires three visits to Lambert Fieldhouse. Each visit will last about two hours, involving health questionnaires, computer games, exercise and assessment of brain activation (i.e., electroencephalogram [EEG]). Participation in this study will also involve the wearing of a small device (i.e., accelerometer) that measures daily movement for seven days.

For more information, contact the Physical Activity and NeuroCognitive Health Lab at  [email protected]  in the Department of Health. The principal investigator is Shih-Chun Kao, assistant professor of health and kinesiology. IRB-2024-355.

Study on serum advanced glycation end products and alterations of tendon properties

The purpose of this research is to determine if markers in blood serum are related to changes in tendon properties, especially in individuals with diabetes. Researchers are seeking men and women ages 40-75 to participate in a study evaluating impact of pre-diabetes and diabetes on tendon health. To participate, participants must meet the following criteria:

• 40-75 years old.
• Not physically active.
• Individuals with claustrophobia or implanted objects (metal plates, screws, etc.) who cannot complete an MRI assessment will be excluded.
• Chronic users of acetaminophen, ibuprofen, or prescription cyclooxygenase inhibitors.

Participants will conduct five to six sessions at Purdue. Each session will last 30-45 minutes. The first session is an initial interview and screening. The second session consists of a fasted blood draw. Visits three through five are patellar tendon assessments using ultrasound imaging (visits two and three may be combined). Visit six is an MRI scan of the patellar tendon.

• Although there are no direct benefits, the knowledge gained from this study may benefit future diabetic patients with tendon problems by providing new information that could lead to the development of new treatment options.
• Participants will be compensated $75 for completing this study.

For more information or to participate, contact Eric Gutierrez at  [email protected]  or 765-205-2357 (please leave a message). Learn more about the lab and research at  https://hhs.purdue.edu/carroll-lab/ .

The primary investigator is Chad Carroll, associate professor of health and kinesiology. IRB#: 2023-1703.

Infant sense to learn word-learning study

Families with children ages 22-28 months are needed for a study about how children learn new words. Children learn language by interacting with the world around them using different senses, like sight, sound, touch, smell and taste. Researchers are interested in how sensory experiences affect how children learn language.

Families will complete a single one-hour visit at the child-friendly research space at Purdue. Children will do things like learn new words, look at pictures and interact with toys, and caregivers will complete online surveys. Families will receive $30 for visiting the lab plus $10 for completing surveys online, and children will receive a book. 

To confirm eligibility to participate, complete an  online survey  or contact the Language Learning and Meaning Acquisition (LLaMA) Lab at 765-496-0427 or  [email protected] . The principal investigator is Arielle Borovsky, associate professor in the Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences. IRB-2022-1471.

Multi-fingerprint data collection 

The International Center for Biometric Research is looking for participants to test the performance of multiple fingerprint recognition systems. Outcomes of the study will help in furthering the understanding of the performance and how to improve the fingerprint recognition systems based on the collected data.    Participants should be age 18 and older and know and understand English. The study will consist of one 40-minute lab visit at Young Hall, Room B020. Participants will receive compensation of $20 at the completion of their visit.

Those interested in participating should follow the instructions below:  

• Sign up by  clicking here .
• Select “Multi-Fingerprint Test.”
• Pick a day and time that works for you.
• Fill in the required information.

The principal investigator is Stephen Elliott, associate dean for academic programs in the Polytechnic Institute. Any questions regarding the study can be addressed to  [email protected] . IRB-2022-1378.

Study on how the brain combines sight and sound for children with language difficulty

Children who have language difficulty are needed for a study on how the brain combines sight and sound.

To participate, children must meet the following criteria:

• 8-12 years old.
• Normal nonverbal intelligence.
• Small vocabulary.
• Slow to process written/oral language or have difficulty following instructions.
• Grammatical errors when speaking (such as sometimes omitting the past tense -ed or the plural -s) 
• Poor short-term memory for language. 
• Speak in sentences that are shorter or simpler than typical for their age.
• May have a diagnosis of learning disability, language delay, or sound processing disorder.
• No neurological disorders such as autism, seizures or cerebral palsy (we can include children with ADHD/ADD).
• Can be either monolingual or bilingual. However, if bilingual, English must be the primary language. 

Children will participate in up to eight research sessions. Each session will last 1.5-2 hours. During the first two sessions, standardized tests will be administered to evaluate children’s nonverbal intelligence and language skills. During the last six sessions, children’s brain activity will be recorded with the help of a special cap with built-in electrodes (similar to EEG recordings) while they are doing different tasks. There is no discomfort involved, and the method has been safely used with infants, children and adults. Families can withdraw at any time.

Benefits for families:

• Parents receive a detailed report on hearing and vision screening, nonverbal intelligence and comprehensive language and literacy skills of their child.
• Children are paid $10/hour and receive a small toy for each visit.
• Parents are paid $10/session to help with gas expenses.

For more information or to participate, contact Jennifer Schumaker at  [email protected]  or 765-494-4445 (leave a message). Learn more about the  lab online .

The primary investigator is Natalya Kaganovich, associate professor of speech, language and hearing sciences and psychological sciences. IRB#: 0909008484.

Study on how the brain combines sight and sound for school-aged children 

Eight- and 11-year-old boys and girls and 12-year-old boys are needed for a study on how the brain combines sight and sound.

• Eight- and 11-year-old boys and girls, and 12-year-old boys.
• Typical language skills.
• Right-handed.

Children will participate in up to eight research sessions. Each session will last 1.5-2 hours. During the first two sessions, standardized tests will be administered that will evaluate children’s nonverbal intelligence and language skills. During the last six sessions, children’s brain activity will be recorded with the help of a special cap with built-in electrodes (similar to EEG recordings) while they are doing different tasks. There is no discomfort involved, and the method has been safely used with infants, children and adults. Families can withdraw at any time.

Determining associations between oral cysteine exposure and bacteria that produce genotoxic hydrogen sulfide via cysteine metabolism  

The Wolf Research Lab in the Department of Nutrition Science is conducting a study to learn more about bacteria and items people put in their mouths, like food and tobacco products.  

This study may be a good fit for individuals if they are:

• 18-80 years old.
• Not pregnant.
• Have not taken antibiotics in the past six months.

Individuals who decide to take part in the research study will: 

• Come to Purdue for one screening visit and two research visits.
• Have their weight, height, body composition and calorie needs measured. 
• Complete several surveys about health, diet and experiences.
• Provide a stool and saliva sample.

Participants will receive a $25 gift card to compensate for their time and reimbursement for travel. To learn more about this research, contact Patricia Wolf, principal researcher and assistant professor in the Department of Nutrition Science, at 765-496-0143 or email  [email protected] . IRB #IRB-2023-916.

Study on infant and toddler vegetable acceptance 

The Child Temperament and Health Lab at Purdue is recruiting families to participate in a research study looking at infants’ responses to vegetables and caregivers’ decisions about offering them to their child. Participating in the study will require two study visits, which will take place virtually via Zoom. Each virtual visit will last approximately 60-90 minutes. Participants will receive up to $80 in gift cards for participating.   

Individuals may be qualified to participate if they meet the following criteria:  

• Child is between 6 months and 24 months of age.
• Child was born at term (>37 weeks) and has experienced at least one complementary food (e.g., rice cereal).
• Child has no food allergies or medical conditions.
• Parent or caregiver is between 18 and 50 years of age. 
• Participant home is located in the greater Lafayette area of Indiana.

The principal investigator is Kameron Moding, assistant professor in Department of Human Development and Family Studies. Those interested in participating in the study should contact Ellie Kielb at  [email protected]  and mention the “Infant Vegetable Study.” IRB-2019-451.

Recruiting participants for a survey on parent feeding strategies

The Child Temperament and Health Lab is looking to recruit parents of preschoolers (3-5 years of age) to participate in a Qualtrics survey conducted by researchers at Purdue. The survey will be conducted fully online and takes approximately 30-45 minutes to complete. Participants will be compensated $15 for their time.

The principal investigator is Kameron Moding, assistant professor in Department of Human Development and Family Studies. Individuals interested in participating in this study should contact Ellie Kielb at  [email protected]  with the header “Parent Feeding Strategies Survey.” IRB-2022-482.

Research study for breast cancer survivors and their partners

Purdue researchers are looking for breast cancer survivors and their romantic partners to complete a study exploring how relationships and stress affect couples’ health during survivorship. The study is looking for couples who live together and who have completed breast cancer treatment. Researchers are interested in relationships that are going well and those that are experiencing difficulties.

Participants may be compensated up to $300 as a couple for their time. This study has multiple ways to participate, depending on interests and availability. Participation could involve an online survey followed by a seven-day diary study with short questionnaires on a mobile app; completing one study visit as a couple (three hours) at Purdue; and/or wearing a heart rate monitor and collecting blood samples from the convenience of home.

Click  this link  to fill out the screening questionnaire. For more information, email  [email protected] , call 812-518-9498, or visit the  study website . The principal investigator is Rosie Shrout, assistant professor in the Department of Human Development and Family Science. IRB No. IRB-2022-538.

Healthy adult research participants needed for language study

Principal investigator Jiyeon Lee, associate professor in the Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, is seeking participants for a language study for healthy adults.

The study will be up to 12 sessions, and each session lasts approximately two hours. Testing will be conducted at Lyles-Porter Hall. To be eligible, individuals should be 40-85 years old, be a native speaker of English and have general good health. If eligible, participation will be compensated and free parking is available.

For more information, contact  [email protected] , call 765-496-0216, or visit the  Aphasia Research Laboratory website . IRB-2021-659.

Individuals with aphasia needed for study

The Purdue Aphasia lab invites people with aphasia to participate in a new NIH-funded training study. Participation will help researchers to better understand language recovery in aphasia, in hopes to develop new language treatments.

To be eligible, individuals should have aphasia as a result of a stroke, have no history of other neurological conditions (dementia, Parkinson’s disease, etc.) and be a native speaker of English. Eligibility for this training study will be determined after the initial language evaluation.

Studies will be conducted at Lyles-Porter Hall, at the Indianapolis lab site or virtually via Zoom. Participants, if eligible, will be compensated $20 per session, and free garage parking is provided.

The principal investigator is Jiyeon Lee, associate professor in the Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences. For more information, contact  [email protected] , call 765-496-0216, or visit the  Aphasia Research Laboratory website . IRB-2021-659.

Study on High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and mindfulness activity on cognition

Young adults ages 18-30 are needed to participate in a research study on how cognitive changes occur as a result of HIIT and mindfulness activity. 

Participants will be compensated $45 total for completing the study. Participation requires one visit to the Lambert Fieldhouse. The visit may last 2.5-3 hours, involving questionnaires, computer games, interval exercise and assessment of brain activation (i.e., electroencephalogram [EEG]).

For more information, contact the Physical Activity and NeuroCognitive Health Lab at  [email protected]  in the Department of Health and Kinesiology. Professor Shih-Chun Kao in the Department of Health and Kinesiology is the principal investigator. IRB-2022-1416.

Studies looking for Asian and multiracial individuals and families

Researcher in the Antiracism, Resistance, Identity, Socialization, and Equity (ARISE) Lab study how talking about race, ethnicity and culture impacts identity development and mental health.

Researchers are recruiting:

• Multiracial/biracial/mixed race youth and adults.
• Parents of multiracial youth.
• Asian American youth and adults.

By filling out this  short 1–3-minute survey , individuals can be added to the lab’s email list. They will have the option to sign up for newsletters that will share resources, an advice column and fun features like pop culture news and recipes from their community that are family-friendly. Individuals can also sign up for the lab’s participant pool to receive invitations to ongoing studies.

Participation in studies would involve tasks such as completing brief and potentially compensated anonymous surveys or interviews to share personal experiences and perspectives so researchers can learn more about multiracial and Asian American youth and families.

Questions can be directed to Annabelle Atkin, principal investigator and assistant professor of human development and family science, at  [email protected] . IRB-2023-249.

How children think and feel during and after exercise 

Children ages 8-10 are needed for a research study on how children think and feel during and after exercise.

Participation in this study requires two visits on separate days to the Physical Activity and NeuroCognitive Health (PANCH) Laboratory in Lambert Fieldhouse. The first visit may last approximately three hours and involve computer games and a fitness test. The second visit may last about three hours and involve health-related and demographic questionnaires, two sessions of 20-minute aerobic exercise, and recoding of brain waves using techniques such as electroencephalogram (EEG). Participation in this study will be compensated by a maximum total of $100.

Shih-Chun Kao, assistant professor in the Department of Health and Kinesiology, is the principal investigator. To participate or for more information, email  [email protected]  or call 765-496-7781. IRB-2021-955.

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How South Korea can build better gender diversity into research

• Heisook Lee 0 &
• Heajin Kim 1

Heisook Lee is president of the Korea Center for Gendered Innovations for Science and Technology Research in Seoul.

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Heajin Kim is a senior researcher at the Korea Center for Gendered Innovations for Science and Technology Research in Seoul.

When designing a research study, integrating sex and gender as variables , such as by including both female and male participants and ensuring transgender people and those who do not fall into binary categorizations are also accounted for, is key to ensuring robust and reproducible results. But this is not being done nearly enough. In medical research, for example, centuries of female exclusion have led to inadequate knowledge and funding of diseases that affect women . In the development of generative artificial intelligence (AI), a lack of sex and gender considerations has perpetuated biases and stereotypes in areas such as image creation and language translation. Such oversights not only skew research findings but also undermine opportunities for discovery. Significant advancements have been made in fields such as cancer immunotherapy, cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis as a result of using sex and gender analysis (SGA) in research, and it has revealed important differences in how men and women metabolize drugs, leading to safer and more effective doses.

Heisook Lee. Credit: GISTeR

Despite the clear need for SGA to become the norm in experimental design, there is much work to be done before the practice is standardized in research globally. In South Korea, SGA integration is encouraged and promoted through government initiatives, but more policy development and capacity building is needed to drive uptake. At the Korea Center for Gendered Innovations for Science and Technology Research (GISTeR) in Seoul, we are investigating the use of SGA in South Korean research. One analysis showed that between 2017 to 2021, just 5.65% of South Korean biomedical articles, on average, included SGA in the experimental or study design. This figure, which relies heavily on individual researchers choosing to engage with the practice, is lower than in countries where the integration of SGA is mandatory for research funding.

The increasing complexity of study designs makes SGA integration a challenge for scientists in South Korea, especially early career researchers, who are not typically taught the practice. The limited availability of sex-disaggregated resources — data, animals, cells and other materials that have been collected and analysed separately for male, female and non-binary participants — further complicates matters and emphasizes the need for training to encourage more researchers to consider SGA in their work. As the South Korean government ramps up funding and support for international collaboration, its researchers will need to get up to speed on SGA integration. Horizon Europe, the European Union’s flagship research-funding programme that South Korea joined in March, mandates SGA integration in the research it funds , for example.

Heajin Kim. Credit: GISTeR

Recent policy changes from the South Korean government have been encouraging, but they have not moved the needle much in terms of researcher and institution uptake of SGA. In 2020, amendments were made to the Korean Framework Act on Science and Technology to emphasize the importance of sex and gender characteristics. Two years later, Korea’s Fifth Science and Technology Master Plan, which outlines the country’s medium-to-long-term goals and priorities for 2023 to 2027, emphasized the importance of SGA integration.

We need buy-in from funding agencies, publishers and institutions to ensure that researchers are equipped and incentivized to implement the practice. We propose the following strategies. First, funding agencies in South Korea should consider mandating SGA integration in the research they fund, and more academic journals need to strengthen their editorial policies by requiring SGA integration in manuscript submissions.

The research community needs to ensure the management and standardization of resources, such as cells and biological models, and data that are sex or gender specific, so they can be used throughout the entire research process, from the initial design to the final analysis. At GISTeR, we are running training and outreach programmes in an effort to help researchers understand how to achieve this.

Source: Gendered Innovation for Science and Technology Research Center

Last, it is important that indicators of SGA integration in research outputs are being developed at a global level, mirroring established metrics on quantity and quality. This approach would highlight where SGA is needed and encourage its use.

It is crucial for South Korean science that improvements are made to SGA integration rates. This will not only elevate the quality of its outputs, but could help to solidify South Korea’s role in developing equitable and impactful solutions to the world’s most urgent societal challenges.

Nature 632 , S13 (2024)

doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-024-02688-9

This article is part of Nature Index 2024 South Korea , an editorially independent supplement. Advertisers have no influence over the content. For more information about Nature Index, see the homepage .

Competing Interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

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Harris Energizes Democrats in Transformed Presidential Race

1. the presidential matchup: harris, trump, kennedy, table of contents.

• Other findings: Both Harris and Trump are viewed more favorably than a few months ago
• Voting preferences among demographic groups
• How have voters shifted their preferences since July?
• Harris’ supporters back her more strongly than Biden’s did last month
• Large gap in motivation to vote emerges between the candidates’ younger supporters
• Harris and Trump have gained ground with their own coalitions
• Share of ‘double negatives’ drops significantly with change in presidential candidates
• Views of Biden have changed little since his withdrawal from the 2024 presidential race
• Acknowledgments
• The American Trends Panel survey methodology

Nationally, Vice President Kamala Harris and former President Donald Trump are essentially tied among registered voters in the current snapshot of the presidential race: 46% prefer Harris, 45% prefer Trump and 7% prefer Robert F. Kennedy Jr.

Following Biden’s exit from the race, Trump’s support among voters has remained largely steady (44% backed him in July against Biden, while 45% back him against Harris today). However, Harris’ support is 6 percentage points higher than Biden’s was in July . In addition to holding on to the support of those who backed Biden in July, Harris’ bump has largely come from those who had previously said they supported or leaned toward Kennedy.

Harris performs best among the same demographic groups as Biden. But this coalition of voters is now much more likely to say they strongly support her: In July, 43% of Biden’s supporters characterized their support as strong – today, 62% of Harris’ do.

Overall, many of the same voting patterns that were evident in the Biden-Trump matchup from July continue to be seen today. Harris fares better than Trump among younger voters, Black voters, Asian voters and voters with college degrees. By comparison, the former president does better among older voters, White voters and voters without a college degree.

But Harris performs better than Biden across many of these groups – making the race tighter than it was just a few weeks ago.

• In July, women’s presidential preferences were split: 40% backed Biden, 40% preferred Trump and 17% favored Kennedy. With Harris at the top of the ticket, 49% of women voters now support her, while 42% favor Trump and 7% back Kennedy.
• Among men, Trump draws a similar level of support as he did in the race against Biden (49% today, compared with 48% in July). But the share of men who now say they support Harris has grown (to 44% today, up from 38% last month). As a result, Trump’s 10-point lead among men has narrowed to a 5-point lead today.

Race and ethnicity

Harris has gained substantial ground over Biden’s position in July among Black, Hispanic and Asian voters. Most of this movement is attributable to declining shares of support for Kennedy. Trump performs similarly among these groups as he did in July.

• 77% of Black voters support or lean toward Harris. This compares with 64% of Black voters who said they backed Biden a few weeks ago. Trump’s support is unchanged (13% then vs. 13% today). And while 21% of Black voters supported Kennedy in July, this has dropped to 7% in the latest survey.
• Hispanic voters now favor Harris over Trump by a 17-point margin (52% to 35%). In July, Biden and Trump were tied among Hispanic voters with 36% each.
• By about two-to-one, Asian voters support Harris (62%) over Trump (28%). Trump’s support among this group is essentially unchanged since July, but the share of Asian voters backing Harris is 15 points higher than the share who backed Biden in July.
• On balance, White voters continue to back Trump (52% Trump, 41% Harris), though that margin is somewhat narrower than it was in the July matchup against Biden (50% Trump, 36% Biden).

While the age patterns present in the Harris-Trump matchup remain broadly the same as those in the Biden-Trump matchup in July, Harris performs better across age groups than Biden did last month. That improvement is somewhat more pronounced among voters under 50 than among older voters.

• Today, 57% of voters under 30 say they support Harris, while 29% support Trump and 12% prefer Kennedy. In July, 48% of these voters said they backed Biden. Trump’s support among this group is essentially unchanged. And 12% now back Kennedy, down from 22% in July.
• Voters ages 30 to 49 are now about evenly split (45% Harris, 43% Trump). This is a shift from a narrow Trump lead among this group in July.
• Voters ages 50 and older continue to tilt toward Trump (50% Trump vs. 44% Harris).

With Harris now at the top of the Democratic ticket, the race has become tighter.

Much of this is the result of shifting preferences among registered voters who, in July, said they favored Kennedy over Trump or Biden.

Among the same group of voters surveyed in July and early August, 97% of those who backed Biden a few weeks ago say they support or lean toward Harris today. Similarly, Trump holds on to 95% of those who supported him a few weeks ago.

But there has been far more movement among voters who previously expressed support for Kennedy. While Kennedy holds on to 39% of those who backed him in July, the majority of these supporters now prefer one of the two major party candidates: By about two-to-one, those voters are more likely to have moved to Harris (39%) than Trump (20%). This pattern is evident across most voting subgroups.

In July, Trump’s voters were far more likely than Biden’s voters to characterize their support for their candidate as “strong” (63% vs. 43%). But that gap is no longer present in the Harris-Trump matchup.

Today, 62% of Harris voters say they strongly support her, while about a third (32%) say they moderately support her. Trump’s voters are just about as likely to say they strongly back him today as they were in July (64% today, 63% then).

Kennedy’s voters make up a smaller share of voters today than a month ago – and just 18% of his voters say they strongly support him, similar to the 15% who said the same in July.

Across demographic groups, strong support for Harris is higher than it was for Biden

Among women voters who supported Biden in July, 45% said they did so strongly. That has grown to 65% today among women voters who support Harris.

Increased intensity of support is similar among men voters who back the Democratic candidate: In July, 42% of men voters who supported Biden said they did so strongly. This has since grown to 59% of Harris’ voters who are men.

Across racial and ethnic groups, Harris’ supporters are more likely than Biden’s were to say they back their candidates strongly.

Among White voters, 43% who supported Biden in July did so strongly. Today, Harris’ strong support among White voters sits at 64%.

A near identical share of Harris’ Black supporters (65%) characterize their support for her as strong today. This is up from the 52% of Biden’s Black supporters who strongly backed him in July. Among Harris’ Hispanic supporters, 56% support her strongly, while 45% of Asian Harris voters feel the same. Strong support for Harris among these voters is also higher than it was for Biden in July.

Across all age groups, Harris’ strength of support is higher than Biden’s was. But the shift from Biden is less pronounced among older Democratic supporters than among younger groups.

Still, older Harris voters are more likely than younger Harris voters to describe their support as strong. For instance, 51% of Harris’ voters under 50 say they strongly support her, while 71% of Harris supporters ages 50 and older characterize their support as strong.

Today, about seven-in-ten of both Trump supporters (72%) and Harris supporters (70%) say they are extremely motivated to vote.

Motivation to vote is higher in both the Democratic and Republican coalitions than it was in July .

These shifts have occurred across groups but are more pronounced among younger voters.

Today, half of voters under 30 say they are extremely motivated to vote, up 16 points since July. Motivation is up 11 points among voters ages 30 to 49 and 50 to 64, and up 6 points among those ages 65 and older.

Among the youngest voters, the increased motivation to vote is nearly all driven by shifts among Democratic supporters.

• In July, 38% of 18- to 29-year-old Trump voters said they were extremely motivated to vote. Today, a similar share of his voters (42%) report that level of motivation.
• But 18- to 29-year-old Harris supporters are far more likely to say they are extremely motivated to vote than Biden’s supporters in this age group were about a month ago. Today, 61% of Harris’ voters under 30 say this. In July, 42% of voters under 30 who supported Biden said they were extremely motivated to vote.

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As Robert F. Kennedy Jr. exits, a look at who supported him in the 2024 presidential race

Many americans are confident the 2024 election will be conducted fairly, but wide partisan differences remain, joe biden, public opinion and his withdrawal from the 2024 race, amid doubts about biden’s mental sharpness, trump leads presidential race, americans’ views of government’s role: persistent divisions and areas of agreement, most popular, report materials.

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Lincoln Laboratory and National Strategic Research Institute launch student research program to tackle biothreats to national security

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The following announcement was released jointly by MIT Lincoln Laboratory and the National Strategic Research Institute.

MIT Lincoln Laboratory and the National Strategic Research Institute (NSRI) at the University of Nebraska (NU), a university-affiliated research center designated by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), have established a joint student research program.

The goal is to bring together the scientific expertise, cutting-edge capabilities, and student capacity of NU and MIT for critical issues within global health and agricultural security, aiming to foster solutions to detect and neutralize emerging biological threats.

"We are excited to combine forces with NSRI to develop critical biotechnologies that will enhance national security," says Catherine Cabrera, who leads Lincoln Laboratory's Biological and Chemical Technologies Group. "This partnership underscores our shared commitment to safeguarding America through scientific leadership."

"In an era of rapidly evolving dangers, we must stay ahead of the curve through continuous innovation," says  David Roberts , the NSRI research director for special programs. "This partnership harnesses a unique combination of strengths from two leading academic institutions and two research institutes to create new paradigms in biological defense."

With funding from a DoD agency, the collaborators conducted a pilot of the program embedded within the MIT Engineering Systems Design and Development II course . The students’ challenge was to develop methods to rapidly screen for novel biosynthetic capabilities. Currently, such methods are limited by the lack of standardized, high-throughput devices that can support the culture of traditionally “uncultivable” microorganisms, which severely limits the cell diversity that could be probed for bioprospecting or biomanufacturing applications.

Led by  Todd Thorsen , a technical staff member in the  Biological and Chemical Technologies Group at Lincoln Laboratory, MIT students created the project, "Bioprospecting Experimentation Apparatus with Variable Environmental Regulation," which focused on developing simple high-throughput tools with integrated environmental control systems to expand the environmental testing envelope.

"This program, which emphasizes both engineering design and prototyping, challenges students to take what they learned in the classroom in their past undergraduate and graduate studies, and apply it to a real-world problem," Thorsen says. "For many students, the hands-on nature of this course is an exciting opportunity to test their abilities to prioritize what is important in developing products that are both functional and easy to use. What I found most impressive was the students’ ability to apply their collective knowledge to the design and prototyping of the biomedical devices, emphasizing their diverse backgrounds in areas like fluid mechanicals, controls, and solid mechanics."

In total, 12 mechanical engineering students contributed to the program, producing and validating a gas gradient manifold prototype and a droplet-dispensing manifold that has the potential to generate arbitrary pH gradients in industry-standard 96-well plates used for biomedical research. These devices will greatly simplify and accelerate the microculture of complex mixtures of organisms, like bacteria populations, where the growth conditions are unknown, allowing the end user to use the manifolds to dial in the optimal environmental parameters without the need for expensive, bulky hardware like the anaerobic chambers typically used for microbiology research.

"This class was my first experience with microfluidics and biotech, and thanks to our sponsors, I gained the confidence to pursue a career path in biotech," says Rachael Rosco, an MIT mechanical engineering graduate student. "The project itself was meaningful, and I know that our work will hopefully one day make an impact. Who knows, maybe one day it will lead to cultivating extremophile bacteria on a foreign planet!"

The collaboration will continue to seek DoD research funding to create workforce development opportunities for top scientific talent and introduce students to long-standing DoD challenges. Projects will take place nationwide at several NSRI, NU, Lincoln Laboratory, and MIT facilities.

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Getting to the NIH Clinical Center

August 20, 2024

Getting to the NIH Clinical Center. The National Institute of Mental Health. Thank you for participating in our research and contributing to advancing scientific knowledge. Here's a quick video to help you get to your NIH appointment. NIH is a large campus. We want to do everything we can to make this visit easy for you. You'll be coming to the NIH Clinical Center or Building ten in Bethesda, Maryland.

Please give yourself at least 45 to 60 minutes to go through security. Park your car and check in at admissions. If you are coming by car between 6 a.m. and 10 p.m., come to the entrance on West Cedar Lane. For patients and patient visitors. Use this address in your navigation system. 5300 West Cedar. Me. It is labeled West Drive

Main Patient and Family entrance on the map. If you are driving at night between 10 p.m. through 6 a.m., come to the Commercial Vehicle Inspection Facility (CVIF) building 67 on Rockville Pike between North Drive and Wilson Drive. Use this address in your navigation system. 9100 Rockville Pike. If you are taking the Metro, take the Red line to the Medical Center station.

The station’s escalators come out at the entrance of the NIH campus. If you are arriving by Metro or walking between 6 a.m. through 10 p.m., enter Gateway Main Entrance. Take the NIH shuttle bus just past the security turnstiles to the north entrance atrium of the Clinical Center. When you come to campus, please be sure to bring a government issued ID.

For example, a driver's license and the name and phone number of the staff you are meeting at NIH. Marijuana or cannabis, whether medical or recreational, is prohibited. Do not bring alcohol or any type of weapon. Once you finish with security, you may need to park your car. We recommend you use our free valet parking, which is available Monday through Friday, 6 a.m. through 7 p.m., but not on federal holidays.

Valet parking is at the north entrance of the NIH Clinical Center. You do not need to tip your valet. Take your valet ticket to the information hospitality desk inside the Clinical Center to have it validated. If you decide to self-park, you may need to park on the P1 level in the underground parking garage in the Clinical Center.

The entrance is off Memorial Drive. You will enter on level P3. Follow directions to level P2. Once on level P2, drive to the gate and get a ticket. Proceed to park on the P1 level. You can only park on the P1 level. Use the south elevators. Stop by the Information/Hospitality desk inside the Clinical Center to validate your ticket.

If this is your first time here and you arrive Monday through Friday between 7 a.m. and 5 p.m., please go to the Information/Hospitality desk in the atrium. Ask them to take you to admissions. Admissions is on the first floor behind the fish tank and can be reached at (301) 496-3141. If you already have a medical record number because you have been through admissions before, you may go straight to the outpatient clinic on the fourth floor.

Also, called OP P4. If you need help finding it, ask the staff at the Information/Hospitality desk. You may also download the NIH CC Take Me There app to help you walk around the clinical center. You can find it in the Apple Store or Google Play. We look forward to seeing you soon.