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Thermo Electric Effects & Temperature Measurement

Published by Maximillian Baldwin Craig Modified over 9 years ago

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Presentation on theme: "Thermo Electric Effects & Temperature Measurement"— Presentation transcript:

Electrical Thermometers

Start Presentation October 11, 2012 Thermodynamics Until now, we have ignored the thermal domain. However, it is fundamental for the understanding of physics.

TEMPERATURE measurements

Electric Currents and Resistance

ME 388 – Applied Instrumentation Laboratory Temperature Measurement Lab.

Temperature - I - Temperature Scales - Step Response of first order system - RTD.

Thermocouples Most frequently used method to measure temperatures with an electrical output signal.

Met 163: Lecture 4 Chapter 4 Thermometry.

PH0101 UNIT-5 LECTURE 3 Introduction

Applications Team Sensing Products

Temperature Measurement

Mechanical Measurement and Instrumentation MECN 4600

Thermocouples Sensors Pedro Castro ECE 5320 Mechatronics Assignment #1.

Practical Aspects of Thermo-couples P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department Correct Use of Themocouples ….

Electric Current and Direct-Current Circuits

Met 163: Lecture 4 Chapter 4 Thermometry. Thermoelectric Sensors The junction of two dissimilar metals forms a thermocouple. When the two junctions are.

Measuring Temperature

Engineering 80 – Spring 2015 Temperature Measurements

Measurements in Fluid Mechanics 058:180:001 (ME:5180:0001) Time & Location: 2:30P - 3:20P MWF 218 MLH Office Hours: 4:00P – 5:00P MWF 223B-5 HL Instructor:

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Thermoelectric slides powerpoint

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• Preferences

The ThermoElectric Effect A short course in applied probability and nonequilibrium statistical mecha - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

The ThermoElectric Effect A short course in applied probability and nonequilibrium statistical mecha

The thermo-electric effect ... electric current. electrons interact with phonons ... through the electrons, heat and electric currents are coupled overview ... – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• by Maarten H. van Wieren
• 1821 Seebeck effect
• 1834 Peltier effect
• 1854 Thomson relation
• (1873 Maxwell Elect.magn.)
• Understanding the principle
• Electrons carry chargegt electric current
• Electrons interact with phonons (thermal vibrations of the atomic lattice)gt heat current
• gtThrough the electrons, heat and electric currents are coupled!
• Intro-duction and electo-duction
• Nonequilibrium Statistical Mechanics
• A-Symetric Exclusion Process (ASEP)
• Surface vs. boundary driven process
• Chemical Potentials
• Equivalence of Ensembles
• Heat conduction
• Temperature gradient and heat conduction
• A more realistic conductor
• Fouriers law
• The thermoelectric effect
• Linear response theory
• Fluctuation Theorem, Green-Kubo, Onsager reciprocity
• Beyond linear response
• Quasi-classical, thermal viewpoint
• Idea microscopic laws gt macroscopic laws
• Interest in
• entropy production (how nonequilibrium)
• linear response theory (various physics laws)
• Onsager reciprocity
• fluctuations
• beyond linear response?
• Recall 2nd law of thermodynamicsIs average law!!!
• More in general entropy production in reservoirs quantifies local equilibriumBoltzm ann-like weights
• Electrons particles fermions gt exclusion
• Electrons scatter on metal latticegt interaction with phonons
• Movement according to local equilibrium(Boltzmann -like weights)
• Finite lattice with periodic boundary conditions gt a ring
• Density of particles
• States on statespace
• Construction of the dynamics
• (exercise! show that transition prob. and that particles are conserved)
• Choose initial state with density
• Probability evolution
• Rotational invariance gt intuition says stationary measure product measure (Bernoulli on with density for stationarity)
• (exercise! prove this)
• Generator construct with rates
• (exercise! Prove equivalence using )
• Again rotational invariance
• Again Bernoullli measure (alternative exercise)
• What is the particle/electrical current?
• (exercise! show that note this is independent of i !)
• We should have Ohms law
• Particle current as electric current
• Electric field as electrical potential
• Is the model good? In other words do we have (up to linear order)
• (exercise! determine if the model yields Ohms law)
• Joule heat electrical work done
• entropy production

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Exceptionally large transverse thermoelectric effect produced by combining thermoelectric and magnetic materials

A NIMS research team has demonstrated for the first time ever that a simple stack of thermoelectric and magnetic material layers can exhibit a substantially larger transverse thermoelectric effect -- energy conversion between electric and heat currents that flow orthogonally to each other within it -- than existing magnetic materials capable of exhibiting the anomalous Nernst effect. This mechanism may be used to develop new types of thermoelectric devices useful in energy harvesting and heat flux sensing.

Seebeck effect-based thermoelectric technologies capable of converting waste heat and other heat sources into electricity have been extensively researched in recent years. The Seebeck effect normally generates an electric current that flows parallel to the associated heat flow (i.e., a longitudinal thermoelectric effect). This physical limitation requires Seebeck effect-based devices to have complex structures, leading to reduced service lives and increased manufacturing costs. On the other hand, by leveraging transverse thermoelectric effects such as the anomalous Nernst effect, thermoelectric devices can have much simpler structures than Seebeck effect-based devices, making them potentially useful in energy harvesting and heat flux sensing. However, the room-temperature thermoelectric conversion performance resulting from the anomalous Nernst effect is currently very low -- less than 10 μV of electricity can be generated by a 1 K temperature difference at room temperature -- presenting a major disadvantage.

This research team fabricated a thermoelectric composite with a very simple structure -- a pair of thermoelectric and magnetic material layers stacked tightly atop one another so that electricity can flow across them. This device was able to exhibit a transverse thermoelectric effect significantly larger than that produced solely by existing magnetic materials capable of exhibiting the anomalous Nernst effect in the first-ever experimental demonstration of its kind. To achieve the large transverse thermoelectric effect, the team first constructed a theoretical model and estimated the optimal thickness ratio between the paired thermoelectric silicon (Si) substrate capable of exhibiting a large Seebeck effect and the magnetic iron-gallium (Fe-Ga) alloy thin film. The team then stacked the Fe-Ga thin film atop an Si substrate with the optimum thickness ratio. This composite produced a maximum output voltage of 15.2 μV/K -- approximately six times larger than that generated by the Fe-Ga alloy alone (2.4 μV/K) based on the anomalous Nernst effect.

This research team demonstrated that a simple layered structure composed of a pair of thermoelectric and magnetic material layers in direct contact was able to produce a significantly larger transverse thermoelectric effect than magnetic materials capable of exhibiting the anomalous Nernst effect when used alone. This composite is expected to be applicable in a wide range of practical thermoelectric devices. Moving forward, research will be expanded to include large bulk materials required for practical applications, aimed at contributing to society's energy conservation through thermoelectric power generation device applications.

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Materials provided by National Institute for Materials Science, Japan . Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

Journal Reference :

• Weinan Zhou, Taisuke Sasaki, Ken‐ichi Uchida, Yuya Sakuraba. Direct‐Contact Seebeck‐Driven Transverse Magneto‐Thermoelectric Generation in Magnetic/Thermoelectric Bilayers . Advanced Science , 2024; DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308543

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High Energy Physics - Phenomenology

Title: electric field induction in quark-gluon plasma due to thermoelectric effects.

Abstract: Relativistic heavy-ion collisions produce quark-gluon plasma (QGP), which is locally thermalized. QGP with higher thermal conductivity advances towards global thermalization. Being made of electrically charged particles (quarks), QGP exhibits interesting thermoelectric phenomena during its evolution, resulting in the induction of an electric field in the medium. For the first time, we estimate the induced electric field in the QGP due to thermoelectric effect. This can be seen even in the QGP produced in the head-on collisions. The Seebeck coefficient is essential in determining the induced field. However, spectator current can produce a magnetic field in peripheral heavy-ion collisions. This breaks the isotropy of the thermoelectric coefficient matrix and introduces magneto-Seebeck and Nernst coefficients that contribute to the induced electric field in peripheral collisions. We have taken care of the temperature evolution of QGP with different hydrodynamic cooling rates to calculate the transport coefficients. The induced electric field is estimated with the cooling rate obtained from Gubser hydrodynamic flow. We estimated the space-time profile of the induced field and found that it is zero at the center and increases as we go away from the center. At the early time of evolution, the electric field can reach a maximum value of $eE \approx 1~m_\pi^2$, and the strength decreases in time. Moreover, we estimated the transport coefficients in the presence of the external time-varying magnetic field. The effect of the intensity and decay parameter of the magnetic field on the induced electric field is also explored.

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THERMOELECTRICITY

Jul 10, 2014

120 likes | 481 Views

THERMOELECTRICITY. Introduction & History. Vincent alan heramiz. Introduction.

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• thomas seebeck
• often elegant
• thermodynamic derivation lead
• thermoelectric devices
• dissimilar conductors

Presentation Transcript

Introduction & History Vincent alanheramiz

Introduction Early 19th century scientists, Thomas Seebeck and Jean Peltier, first discovered the phenomena that are the basis for today's thermoelectric industry. Seebeck found that if you placed a temperature gradient across the junctions of two dissimilar conductors, electrical current would flow. Peltier, on the other hand, learned that passing current through two dissimilar electrical conductors, caused heat to be either emitted or absorbed at the junction of the materials. It was only after mid-20th Century advancements in semiconductor technology, however, that practical applications for thermoelectric devices became feasible. With modern techniques, we can now produce thermoelectric modules that deliver efficient solid state heat-pumping for both cooling and heating; many of these units can also be used to generate DC power in special circumstances (e.g., conversion of waste heat). New and often elegant uses for thermoelectrics continue to be developed each day.

History In 1821 Thomas Johann Seebeck found that a circuit made from two dissimilar metals, with junctions at different temperatures would deflect a compass magnet. Seebeck initially believed this was due to magnetism induced by the temperature difference. However, it was quickly realized that it was an electrical current that is induced, which by Ampere's law deflects the magnet. More specifically, the temperature difference produces an electric potential (voltage) which can drive an electric current in a closed circuit. Today, this is known as the Seebeck effect. 

History In 1834, a French watchmaker and part time physicist, Jean Charles AthanasePeltier found that an electrical current would produce heating or cooling at the junction of two dissimilar metals. In 1838 Lenz showed that depending on the direction of current flow, heat could be either removed from a junction to freeze water into ice, or by reversing the current, heat can be generated to melt ice. The heat absorbed or created at the junction is proportional to the electrical current. The proportionality constant is known as the Peltier coefficient. 

History Twenty years later, William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) issued a comprehensive explanation of the Seebeck and Peltier Effects and described their interrelationship. The Seebeck and Peltier coefficients are related through thermodynamics. The Peltier coefficient is simply the Seebeck coefficient times absolute temperature. This thermodynamic derivation lead Thomson to predict a third thermoelectric effect, now known as the Thomson effect. In the Thomson effect, heat is absorbed or produced when current flows in a material with a temperature gradient. The heat is proportional to both the electric current and the temperature gradient. The proportionality constant, known as the Thomson coefficient is related by thermodynamics to the Seebeck coefficient.

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Study indicates interstitial Cu reduces the defect density in matrix and suppresses the donor-like effect

by Science China Press

Due to the capacity to directly and reversibly convert heat into electricity, thermoelectric (TE) material has potential applications in solid-state heat pumping and exhaust heat recuperation, thus attracting worldwide attention. Bi 2 Te 3 stands out for its excellent thermoelectric properties and has been used in commercial thermoelectric devices.

However, the development of Bi 2 Te 3 -based thermoelectric devices is seriously hindered by the weak mechanical properties and low TE properties of n-type Bi 2 (Te, Se) 3 . Therefore, it is important to develop a high-performance n-type Bi 2 Te 3 polycrystalline material.

To address this issue, a study, published in the journal Science Bulletin , introduced extra Cu into the classical n-type Bi 2 Te 2.7 Se 0.3 to optimize its local defect state, and a two-step hot deformation process was employed to construct the high textured polycrystalline Bi 2 Te 2.7 Se 0.3 material.

This research reveals that the extra Cu is able to enter the van der Waals gaps between the Te (1) -Te (1) layers in Bi 2 Te 2.7 Se 0.3 matrix, suppressing the formation of the anionic vacancies. This reduction in defect density contributes to lattice plainification in Cu 0.01 Bi 2 Te 2.7 Se 0.3 , improving the carrier mobility of Bi 2 Te 2.7 Se 0.3 from 174 cm 2 V –1 s –1 to 226 cm 2 V –1 s –1 with the 1% additional Cu, resulting in a maximum ZT of 1.10 at 348 K.

Subsequently, the SPS-sintered Cu 0.01 Bi 2 Te 2.7 Se 0.3 bulk material underwent a two-step hot deformation process. Since the interstitial Cu can stabilize the lattice and effectively suppress the donor-like effect. The carrier concentration of hot deformation sample remains almost unchanged, while its grain orientation and grain size have significantly increased, which dramatically boosts the carrier mobility, from the initial 174 cm 2 V –1 s –1 to 333 cm 2 V –1 s –1 , representing a 91% increase after the hot deformation process.

This significant improvement in electronic properties contributes to a substantial enhancement in ZT for hot deformation sample. The ZT max of the textured Cu 0.01 Bi 2 Te 2.7 Se 0.3 reaches 1.27 at 373 K, and its average ZT value is 1.22 in the range of 300-425 K, nearly twice as much as the initial Bi 2 Te 2.7 Se 0.3 .

Furthermore, a 127-pair thermoelectric cooling device (TEC) was fabricated by using the textured Cu 0.01 Bi 2 Te 2.7 Se 0.3 sample coupled with commercial p-type BST. The TEC module achieved cooling temperature differentials of 65 K and 83.4 K at hot-end temperatures (T h ) of 300 K and 350 K, respectively, which is superior to the commercial Bi 2 Te 3 -based TEC modules. And a 7-pair thermoelectric generator module (TEG) was constructed by using the same materials.

The TEG module demonstrated a significantly high conversion efficiency of 6.5% at a temperature different of 225 K, which is comparable to other state-of-the-art Bi 2 Te 3 -based TEG modules.

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