post secondary education ne demek

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Kanadada sertifika ve diploma programları; post-secondary ve postgraduate nedir farkları nelerdir .

Post-Secondary diye adlandırılan eğitimler lise mezunlarına mesleki bilgi kazandırmak için verilen eğitimlerdir. Eğer Türkiye?de üniversite mezunuysanız Kanada?da ki Post-Secondary sertifika ve diploma programları size uygun değildir. Çünkü bu programa 18 yaşında Kanadalı lise mezunu öğrenciler, meslek öğrenmek için gelmiş olacaktır. Üstelik üniversite mezunu birinin tekrar lise sonrası Türkiye?de geçerliliği olmayan bir eğitim almak istemesi öğrenci vizesi başvurusunda da normal karşılanmayacaktır. Bu vize red nedenlerinden biridir.

Kanada?da Postgraduate (lisans sonrası) sertifika ve diploma programları üniversite mezunlarının katıldığı, yüksek lisans derslerinin alındığı eğitimlerdir. Bu eğitimler de meslek odaklıdır ama dersler yüksek lisans dersleri olduğu için sadece lisans mezunları bu eğitimlere katılabilir.

• Giriş Şartları - Not ortalaması : Kanada?da Postgradute sertifika-diploma programlarına katılabilmek için lisans mezunu olmanız gerekmektedir. Türkiye?de tüm lisans diplomaları Kanada?da kabul görmektedir. Kanada?da Postgraduate sertifika - diploma programlarına not ortalaması girişte ortalama çok fazla sorun olmamaktadır. Şimdiye kadar Türkiye?deki üniversitelerden düşük not ortalaması ile mezun adaylar girişte zorlanmadan kabul almışlardır.

Post-Secondary sertifikalara giriş için lise mezunu olmak yeterlidir. Devlet kolejlerinde Post-Secondary sertifika programlarına giriş için lise 11 ve 12. sınıfta Matematik görmüş olmak gereklidir.

• Giriş Şartları - İngilizce Yeterlilik : Kanada?da Kolejlerde verilen Postgraduate sertifika-diploma programlarına giriş şartları TOEFL IBT?den 88 (tüm bantlar min 22 olmalı) veya IELTS?den 6.5 (tüm bantlar min 6.0 olmalı) . Post-Secondary sertifikalara giriş için ise TOEFL - IBT?den 80 (tüm bantlar min 19 olmalı) veya IELTS?den 6.0 (tüm bantlar min 5.5 olmalı) olmalıdır.
• Giriş Şartları - İngilizce Hazırlık : Kanada?da Kolejlerde Post-Secondary ve Postgraduate sertifika-diploma programlarına akademik giriş şartını sağlayan ama İngilizce yeterliliği bulunmayan adaylar için hem kolejlerin İngilizce dil bölümlerinde hem de kolejler ile sınavsız geçiş anlaşması olan özel dil okullarında İngilizce eğitimi almak mümkündür. İngilizce hazırlık süresi bir yıla kadar olabilir. İngilizce hazırlık alacak adaylara Kanada?da ki kolejler ön kabul/şartlı kabul imkanı sunmaktadır. Özel dil okullarında ise bu süre 1 yıla kadar çıkabilmektedir. Master yapacak adaylar içinde ön kabul/şartlı kabul imkanı bulunmaktadır.
• Sertifika Program İçeriği : Kanada?da Postgraduate sertifika-diploma programları pratik uygulamalar içeren, mezunlarının iş hayatında kısa sürede iş bulmalarına odaklı eğitimlerdir. Özelikle mezuniyetten sonra Kanada?da çalışmak isteyen adaylar Postgraduate sertifika-diploma programlarını tercih etmektedirler.

Kanada?da Geçerliliği : Birçok kolejin mezunlarının mezuniyetten sonra 6 ay içinde işe girme oranı % 60 civarındadır. Post - Secondary programlar çok daha düşük seviyede eğitimler olduğu için mezuniyet sonrası işe girmede zorluk çekilebilmektedir.

Mezuniyetten sonra çalışma : Kanada?da kolej veya üniversitelerde bir yıllık akademik eğitim alan öğrencilerin okurken çalışma izni sonrasında, bir yılda Kanada?da kalarak mezuniyet sonrası full-time çalışma izni bulunmaktadır. Bu süre 2 yıllık veya (1?er yılık arka arkaya 2 eğitim) alındığında ise 3 yıldır. Kanada?da sertifika-diploma programlarında ve masterlarda eğitim süresince verilen çalışma izninde ve mezuniyet sonrası verilen ülkede kalma ve çalışma izninde bir farklılık yoktur.

Ücretler : Devlet kolejlerinde Post Secondary (lise sonrası) ve Postgraduate (lisans sonrası) teknik bilimler programlarının yıllık ücreti 15600 C$ civarındadır. Özel kolejlerde ise Post Secondary programların yıllık ücretleri 8000 C$ ?dan başlamaktadır.

Post - Secondary (lise sonrası) ve Postgraduate (lisans sonrası) kolejler, programlar ve ücretleri hakkında detaylı bilgiyi danışmanlarımızdan alabilirsiniz.

Postsecondary Education

Postsecondary Education , also known as tertiary education, is the education level that follows the successful completion of secondary education, often referred to as high school. Postsecondary education includes universities and colleges, as well as trade and vocational schools. Postsecondary education usually culminates with a diploma, certification or academic degree.

Postsecondary education is decentralized from regulation by the federal government and is essentially independent from it. Postsecondary education is often diverse because there are private and public institutions. Some institutions are small and affiliated with religious organizations, while others could be secular, rural, urban, or suburban.

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It means education after high school. Example : University

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1 : �niversite : � University

2 : Teknik �niversite : � Technical University

3 : Konservatuvar : � Conservatory

Description: An institution of higher education in which artists are trained for music and the performing arts. It lasts for eight semester.

4 : Enstit� : � Institute

5 : Meslek Y�ksekokulu : � Vocational School

6 : Y�ksek Teknoloji Enstit�s� : � Higher Institute of Technology

� Pre-Higher Education System

Basic : � Basic Education School

Length of program: 8

Age level from: 6

Age level to: 14

Certificate/Diploma awarded at end: Ilk�ğretim Diplomasi (Basic Education Diploma)

Secondary : � General, Vocational and Technical High Schools (Genel Lise, Meslek Lisesi, Teknik Lise)

Length of program: 4

Age level from: 14

Age level to: 17

Certificate/Diploma awarded at end: Lise Diplomasi (High School Diploma)

The age of entry to school is six or seven. Since 1997, secondary education follows eight years of primary education and covers general, vocational and technical high schools that provide four years of education. General high schools do not prepare students for a specific profession but rather for higher education. The following institutions are considered to fall within general secondary education: high schools; high schools with intensive foreign language teaching; Anatolian high schools where a foreign language - English, French or German - is taught during the preparatory year and the teaching of certain subjects is provided in that language in upper grades; science high schools; teacher training high schools; Anatolian fine arts schools; multi-curricula high schools; evening high schools; and private high schools. In general high schools, the average number of weekly periods of teaching in each grade varies from a minimum of 33 to a maximum of 41. In their second year, students in high schools where the general programme is applied may choose to attend branches which specialize in the natural sciences, literature and mathematics, the social sciences, foreign languages, art or physical education. Vocational high schools provide four-year secondary education, train qualified people for various professions and also prepare students for higher education. Technical high schools offer a four-year programme. Subjects offered in the first year are the same as in the vocational high schools. Secondary education students obtain the Lise Diplomasi which is the prerequisite for entry to higher education. For admission to all undergraduate programmes, a valid high school diploma and a sufficient score on the Student Selection and Placement Examinations (YGS and LYS) are required. The YGS and LYS are central university entrance examinations administered by the Assessment Selection and Placement Centre (�SYM).

� Higher Education System

Higher education is provided by state universities, including higher institutes of technology, and foundations (private universities). The supreme authority for the regulation of higher education is the Council of Higher Education (Y�K), which is a fully autonomous national board of trustees without any political or government affiliation. The Interuniversity Council consists of the rectors of all the universities and one member elected by the Senate of each university. Universities, faculties, institutes and four-year schools are founded by law, while the two-year vocational schools, departments and divisions are established by the Council of Higher Education. The foundation universities are under the supervision of the Council of Higher Education and their programmes must be regularly accredited. The medium of instruction is Turkish. Some universities use English, French and German as the language of instruction with one preparatory year.

Law No. 4702 on access to the two-year higher education programmes without university entrance examination for vocational/technical high school graduates (2001)

Law No. 4306 on National Education (1997)

Law No. 625 on Private Education (1995)

Law No. 2547 on Higher Education (1981)

Basic Law No. 1739 on National Education (1973)

Turkish, English, French, German

Non-university level

Description: There is no non-university level post-secondary study in the Turkish higher education system. Higher technical and vocational post-secondary studies are offered in four-year higher schools and two-year vocational higher schools affiliated to the universities. They offer vocational training in various professions and confer an �nlisans Diploma following completion of two-year university studies and a Lisans Diploma on completion of four-year university studies.

University level first stage : �nlisans Diplomasi/Lisans Diplomasi

Description: An �nlisans Derecesi or Diplomasi (Associate's degree) is awarded after the successful completion of two-year university studies. Courses leading to the Lisans Diplomasi require a minimum of four years' university study. Studies in Dentistry, Pharmacy, Law and Veterinary Medicine last for five years and in Medicine for six years. In Veterinary Medicine, the professional qualification of Veteriner Hekim Diplomasi is conferred. In Dentistry, the Dis Hekimligi Diplomasi is conferred. In Medicine, the professional qualification of Tip Doktorlugu Diplomasi is conferred. Graduates of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Dentistry can directly apply to PhD/Doctorate programmes in Turkey. The qualifications in these three fields of study are considered to be the equivalent to a Yuksek Lisans Diplomasi (Master's degree).

University level second stage : Y�ksek Lisans Diplomasi/Bilim Uzmanligi Diplomasi

Description: The Y�ksek Lisans Diplomasi (Master's degree) lasts for two years with thesis option and for one-and-a-half years with non-thesis option.

University level third stage : Doktora Diplomasi/Bilim Doktorlugu Diplomasi/Tip Uzmanlik Diploması/Sanatta Yeterlik Diplomasi

Description: Candidates must hold the Y�ksek Lisans Diplomasi and sit for an examination. The Doktora Diplomasi is conferred after two years' study and on completion of a doctoral thesis (a total of four years). The Tip Uzmanlik Diploması (specialist degree) in Medicine is conferred to recognize a physician's advanced skills and expertise. It is considered to be the equivalent of a Doktora Diplomasi.

According to the Higher Education Law (art. 35), higher education institutions are responsible for the training of their own academic staff, both at home and abroad. There are various criteria for the promotion of teaching staff members.

Distance education is offered at the Open Education Faculty of Anadolu University. Entry is through central national university entrance examination (YKS) on a competitive basis. Courses last for two and four years.

Milli Egitim Bakanligi

Street: Atat�rk Bulvarı No. 98 Bakanlıklar

City: Ankara

PostCode: 06420

Tel: +90(312) 413-2680

www: http://www.meb.gov.tr

Contacts: Ziya Sel�uk (Head), Job title : Minister

Y�ksek�gretim Kurulu - Y�K

Street: Uluslararası İlişkiler Birimi B-7 Blok, 5. Kat Bilkent

PostCode: 06539

Tel: +90(312) 298-7933

Fax: +90(312) 266-4744

www: http://www.yok.gov.tr

Contacts: M. A. Yekta Sara� (Head), Job title : President

Assessment Selection and Placement Centre - �SYM

Street: �niversiteler Mh., İhsan Doğramacı Blv No:3

PostCode: 06538

Tel: +90(312) 298 8050

www: http://www.osym.gov.tr

Contacts: Halis Ayg�n (Head), Job title : President

ENIC-NARIC Turkiye

Services provided and types of students dealt with: The Department of Recognition and Equivalence Services (DRES); Recognition and equivalence assesments of foreign higher education qualificaiton

Recognition for institution: yes

Recognition for profession: yes

Street: Y�ksek�ğretim Kurulu Başkanlığı (Y�K) Bilkent

PostCode: 06800

Tel: +90(312) 298 7938

Fax: +90(312) 266 4744

www: https://denklik.yok.gov.tr

Contacts: Fikriye Karacameydan (Head), Job title : Lecturer and Expert of Foreign Education

Lise Diplomasi

Requirement for: all programmes

For admission to all undergraduate programmes in Turkey, a valid high school diploma and a sufficient score on the Student Selection and Placement Examinations (YGS and LYS) are required. The YGS and LYS are central university examinations administered by the Assessment Selection and Placement Center (�SYM).

Higher education programmes and their student numbers are defined in the Higher Education Programmes and Student Quotas Guide prepared by the Assessment Selection and Placement Center and the Council of Higher Education every year.

Admission Requirements: Foreign students who wish to undertake their undergraduate studies in Turkey must have completed their secondary education in a high school or a similar institution in which the education is equivalent to that of a Turkish high school. They must apply directly to the university of their choice and the university makes the selection. Foreign students who wish to pursue their graduate/post-graduate studies in Turkey must also apply directly to the university of their choice, each university having its own admission requirements. Some scholarships are available for international students. Citizens of the Turkish Republic Citizens and of the Turkish Republic of North Cyprus cannot apply within the the foreign students quotas. Detailed information at: http://www.yok.gov.tr/en/content/view/35/71/

� Recognition of Studies

In the current national structure, it is the responsibility of the Council of Higher Education to take the necessary steps for providing quality assurance in higher education. The Commission of Academic Evaluation and Quality Improvement in Higher Education Institutions (Y�DEK) is responsible for the improvement of quality assurance. It is an associate member of ENQA. Quality assurance in higher education is conducted according to the Regulation on Academic Evaluation and Quality Improvement in Higher Education Institutions. This regulation was prepared in accordance with the European Standards and Guidelines (ESG) in the matter.

For Access to Non-University Post-Secondary Studies: Non-university level studies completed abroad are not evaluated.

For Access to University Level Studies: The Council of Higher Education is responsible for the determination of the equivalency of Associate’s, Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees awarded abroad. The evaluation procedures are carried out according to the Regulations Governing Equivalency of Higher Education Diplomas Awarded Abroad. These regulations have been prepared in accordance with the Article 7/p of the Higher Education Law. The Inter-University Council (�AK) evaluates doctoral degrees and academic titles of Associate Professor and Professor awarded abroad.

For Access to Advanced Studies/Research: For access to advanced studies and research one must obtain the recognition of prior learning.

For the Exercise of a Profession: A foreign national is allowed to practise his profession in Turkey if he holds a work permit and has the necessary qualifications approved by a diploma validated by Y�K.

UNESCO International Convention on the Recognition of Studies, Diplomas and Degrees in Higher Education in the Arab and European States Bordering on the Mediterranean (1976)

Bologna Declaration (2001)

UNESCO Regional Convention on the Recognition of Studies, Diplomas and Degrees in Higher Education in Asia and the Pacific (1983)

UNESCO Convention on the Recognition of Studies and Degrees concerning Higher Education in the States belonging to the Europe Region (1979)

Convention on the Recognition of Qualifications concerning Higher Education in the European Region, Lisbon (internally ratified by Law No. 5463 of February 23, 2006 and international ratification process still to be completed) (2004)

European Convention on the General Equivalence of Periods of University Study (1990)

Revised Asia-Pacific Regional Convention on the Recognition of Qualifications in Higher Education (2011) (The Tokyo Convention) (2019)

Details: Medical insurance for foreign students is obligatory. Foreign students are generally advised to take out an insurance in their country before they leave.

By Road: Yes

By Rail: Yes

By Air: Yes

Available to Foreign Students: Yes

National Students - Min Tuition Fees: 190 Turkish Lira

� Credentials

Description: Secondary school leaving certificate obtained after eight years' basic education followed by four years' secondary education.

�nlisans Diplomasi

Description: The �nlisans diplomasi constitutes the first two years of studies leading to a four-year lisans diplomasi. At the same time, �n lisans diplomasi is a vocational higher education qualification.

Entrance exam test at National level: yes

Entrance exam test at Institution level: no

Type of institution where credential is offered: Meslek Y�ksekokulu (Vocational School)

Diş Hekimligi Diplomasi

Description: In Dentistry, the professional degree conferred upon the completion of five years' study is the Diş Hekimligi Diplomasi. It is equivalent to the Y�ksek Lisans Diplomasi (Master's degree).

Lisans Diplomasi

Description: The Lisans Diplomasi is a first terminal degree conferred after a minimum of four years' study.

Acronym: Ld

Credential required for entry: Lise Diplomasi

Type of institution where credential is offered: �niversite (University)

Tip Doktorlugu Diplomasi

Description: The professional qualification of Doktor is awarded in Medicine after six years' study. It is equivalent to the Y�ksek Lisans Diplomasi (Master's degree).

Veteriner Hekim Diplomasi

Description: In Veterinary Medicine, the professional qualification of Veteriner Hekim Diplomasi is conferred at the end of undergraduate studies. Studies last for five years. It is equivalent to the Y�ksek Lisans Diplomasi (Master's degree).

Y�ksek Lisans Diplomasi

Description: The Y�ksek Lisans Diplomasi is conferred after two years' further study beyond the Lisans Diplomasi. There are two types of Master's programmes: with or without a thesis. The Master's programmes with a thesis have 120 ECTS and consist of a minimum of seven courses, one seminar course, and thesis, with a minimum of 21 national credits. The seminar course and thesis are non-credit and graded on a pass/fail basis. The duration of the Master's programme with a thesis is four semesters. Non-thesis Master's programmes have 90 ECTS and consist of a minimum of 10 courses with a minimum of 30 national credits and a non-credit semester project. The semester project is graded on a pass/fail basis. Duration of the non-thesis Master's programme is three semesters.

Acronym: Yld

Diş Hekimliğinde, Eczacılıkta ve Veteriner Hekimlikte Uzmanlık Diploması

Description: The Diş Hekimliğinde, Eczacılıkta ve Veteriner Hekimlikte Uzmanlık Diploması is same as Tıp Uzmanlık Diploması (specialty training in Dentistry, Veterinary and Pharmacy) confirms a physician's advanced skills and expertise. It is considered to be equivalent to a Doctora Diploması.

Doktora Diplomasi

Description: Doctorate degree for which candidates must normally hold a Y�ksek Lisans Diploma and sit for a qualifying examination. After the preliminary course of graduate studies (normally two years), candidates sit for a candidacy examination. If successful, they then prepare a thesis based on research which makes an original contribution to scholarship. They must also pass an oral examination. The "Regulations on Graduate Education" of 19 August 2003 permits the Bachelor's degree holders to enlist directly into Doctorate programmes provided that the student's performance at the Bachelor's degree level is evaluated as exceptionally high and his/her application is approved by the relevant authorities of the university. For these students, the Doctorate programmes consist of a minimum of 14 courses, with a minimum of 42 national credits, a qualifying examination, a dissertation proposal, and a dissertation. PhD programmes have 240 ECTS.

Acronym: Dr.

Entrance exam test at National level: no

Entrance exam test at Institution level: yes

Credential required for entry: Lisans Diplomasi Y�ksek Lisans Diplomasi

Type of institution where credential is offered: �niversite (University) Teknik �niversite (Technical University)

Sanatta Yeterlik Diplomasi

Description: Degree for which candidates must normally hold a Y�ksek Lisans Diploma and sit for a qualifying examination. After the preliminary course of graduate studies, candidates sit for a candidacy examination. If successful, they then prepare and submit a thesis or a written project based on research which makes an original contribution to scholarship. They must also defend it orally before an examining committee. The aim of such programmes is the creation of an original work of art, or, in the case of the performing arts (music, drama, dance), a superior creative production or performance. Compentency in the arts programmes consists of a minimum of seven courses and practicums, for a minimum of 21 national credits, in addition to a thesis, exhibition, project, recital, concert or stage performance. The period allotted for the completion of such programmes is eight semesters. The regulations enacted by the senate of each institution will specify the procedures to be followed in the case of students who can graduate in a shorter period of time. The "Regulations on Graduate Education" of 19 August 2003 permits Bachelor's degree holders to enlist directly into Proficiency in Art programmes provided that the student's performance at the Bachelor's degree level is evaluated as exceptionally high and his/her application is approved by the relevant authorities of the university. The preliminary course of graduate studies is normally two years for Masters’s degree holders and 3 years for Bachelor’s degree holders.

Tipta Uzmanlik Diploması

Description: The Tip Uzmanlik Belgesi (specialty training in Medicine) confirms a physician's advanced skills and expertise. It is considered to be equivalent to a Doktora Diplomasi.

Description: Higher teaching qualification, the title of Associate Professor is awarded after passing the central Associate Professor Examination and taking foreign language proficiency document. The holders of Doktora Diplomasi, Sanatta Yeterlik Diplomasi, Diş Hekimliğinde Uzmanlık Diploması or Tipta Uzmanlik Belgesi can apply to this Examination. Applications for Associate Professorship are carried out by the Inter-University Council.

Acronym: Do�.

Profes�rl�k

Description: Highest teaching qualification awarded five years after the qualification of Do�entlik.

Acronym: Prof.

� Data Provided by

IAU from ENIC/NARIC Turkey, Council of Higher Education (YOK), January 2019. Bodies updated May 2020.

Updated on 24-06-2019

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Post-secondary education.

[Term encompassing] post-secondary non-tertiary education (ISCED 4) and complete tertiary education (ISCED 5 and 6) (UIS-UNESCO, 2011: 30).

The narrow donor base for support to basic education and the skewing of aid towards post-secondary education contribute to the problem (UNESCO, 2010: 217).

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Education in Canada: Post-secondary

Table of contents, on this page.

• Universities
• Colleges and institutes
• Educational credential recognition
• Financial help

Registered Education Savings Plans

Part-time and distance education.

• Government ministries in charge of post-secondary education by province and territory

Types of post-secondary schools

In Canada, there are 3 different types of post-secondary schools

• universities

At most post-secondary schools, the school year is divided into 2 main terms and an optional summer term.

• Term 1: September to December
• Term 2: January to April
• Optional summer term: May to August

Each province and territory makes sure each school and its programs meet a certain set of standards. Schools aren’t officially recognized until they’re certified.

A recognized school can grant

• certificates
• other qualifications

If you’re not sure if a school is officially recognized, contact your ministry or department of post-secondary education.

The Canadian Information Centre for International Credentials (CICIC) also maintains a directory of recognized schools in Canada.

Study at a university

Universities offer programs on a wide range of topics at different levels of difficulty and complexity. When you successfully complete a university program, you’re awarded with a university degree that reflects the type of program you completed. There are 3 types of degrees.

• Bachelor’s degree : This is the simplest degree offered by Canadian universities. It typically takes 3 to 4 years to complete.
• Master’s degree : This is a more advanced degree that usually takes 1 to 3 extra years of study after you get a bachelor’s degree.
• Doctoral degree : This is the most advanced degree offered by Canadian universities. It can take another 3 to 4 more years of study and research following a master’s degree.

In regulated professions, students must complete an internship or pass a standardized test (or series of tests) after getting the degree. You can’t work in these professions until you get the degree and pass the tests. Regulated professions include

Get help choosing a program

Universitystudy.ca can help you plan for your education. Learn about

• universities in Canada
• programs of study
• how to choose a program
• application and admission requirements
• financial planning information

Study at a college or institute

There are many types of colleges and institutes recognized by provinces and territories, including

• community colleges
• colleges of applied arts or applied technology
• institutes of technology or science
• collèges d’enseignement général et professionnel (CEGEPs) in Quebec
• career colleges

More about “career colleges”

These institutions are privately owned and run. They offer programs that focus on specific careers like

• personal support workers
• early childcare assistants
• estheticians

While they’re reviewed and recognized by the provinces and territories, they’re not publically funded. They’re entirely funded through tuition fees.

Learn more about regulated career colleges.

Colleges and institutes usually offer shorter programs than universities (1 to 3 years). Instead of degrees, they issue diplomas and certificates that qualify graduates to do specific jobs in different industries.

These industries can include

• computer and mechanical technologies
• health care
• social services
• agriculture
• trades (such as carpentry, electrical or plumbing)

Many colleges are also starting to offer bachelor’s degrees and master’s degrees in certain industries.

Find out more about the available degrees .

Get your educational credentials recognized

To study at post-secondary school in Canada, you need to have your existing level of education assessed. The assessment verifies your foreign degree, diploma or certificate (or other proof of your credential) is valid and equal to a Canadian one.

Contact the post-secondary schools you are interested in to find out what kind of educational assessment they accept.

The costs of post-secondary education

All post-secondary schools charge tuition fees for their programs. For Canadian citizens and permanent residents, tuition fees are between $2,500 and $11,400 a year, depending on the school and program you’ve chosen. Tuition fees can be much higher for international students.

Students will also have to pay for

• course materials, like textbooks and supplies
• transportation
• other expenses

Many students depend on financial support programs to help them cover these costs.

Get financial help

The federal and provincial/territorial governments all have programs that provide low-cost loans, grants and scholarships for students.

There are 2 main types of financial help for students:

• Student loans from a bank or the federal government: These need to be repaid according to the terms of the loan.
• Grants, scholarships or bursaries, which you don’t have to repay.

You can get information from

• National Student Loans Service Centre
• The university or college you plan to attend

Student financial help by province and territory

• British Columbia
• New Brunswick
• Newfoundland and Labrador
• Northwest Territories
• Nova Scotia
• Prince Edward Island
• Saskatchewan

A  Registered Education Savings Plan (RESP) is a tax-free education savings account that lets parents, family members and friends save money for a child’s post-secondary education.

When you open an RESP account, the Government of Canada will help you save by adding money to your RESP through special programs. This encourages people to save more money for their child’s education.

These programs include

• Canada Education Savings Grants (for children aged 17 or younger)
• Canada Learning Bonds  (for children aged 15 or younger)

Find out how to open an RESP account

Many post-secondary schools offer part-time programs and distance education . These programs can help you get an education if you have limited time or can’t attend the school in person.

Contact schools directly to learn about their part-time study and distance education options.

Ministries of post-secondary education

• Alberta Innovation and Advanced Education
• British Columbia Ministry of Advanced Education
• Manitoba Advanced Education
• New Brunswick Ministry of Post-Secondary Education, Training and Labour
• Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Advanced Education, Skills and Labour
• Northwest Territories Ministry of Education, Culture and Employment
• Nova Scotia Department of Education
• Nunavut Department of Education
• Ontario Ministry of Advanced Education and Skills Development
• Prince Edward Island Department of Workforce and Advanced Learning
• Quebec – Ministère de l'Éducation et de l'Enseignement supérieur
• Saskatchewan—Ministry of Advanced Education
• Yukon Department of Education

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Everything You Need to Know About Getting a Post-Secondary Education

• By Emily Summers
• December 10, 2019

Are you about to graduate high school or have already graduated but are considering further studies for better employment opportunities? If so, then you might have heard the term “post-secondary education” every now and then.

As the name goes, post-secondary education takes place after you finish high school. And while most people see it as a stepping stone towards better employment opportunities in the future, this isn’t always necessarily the case. Also, contrary to popular belief, post-secondary education isn’t limited to college, so if money is a hindering factor for taking post-secondary education, you might want to consider the other options aside from college.

In this article, we define post-secondary education, what it means, and the various options available for you after your graduate high school (or high school equivalent). And then we tackle whether or not taking a post-secondary education really is important in the career path you want to take.

What Is Post-Secondary Education?

Secondary vs. post-secondary education, vocational schools, non-degree students, community colleges, colleges & universities, do i need post-secondary education for work.

Post-secondary education is also known as “higher education,” “third-level education,” or “tertiary education,” which all roughly mean the same thing. Its subtypes that don’t result in degrees like certificate programs and community college are also called “continuing education.” These refer to the educational programs you can take after graduating high school, get your GED, or anything similar to these in your country.

Unlike primary and secondary school that are mandatory for children under the age of 18, post-secondary education is completely optional. It is the final stage of formal learning and leads towards an academic degree. Post-secondary education is defined in the International Standard Classification of Education as levels 6 through 8. Post-secondary education also includes both undergraduate and postgraduate studies.

In the United States, plenty of high school students opt to take post-secondary education , with over 21 million students attending after high school. This is because many people see this as a ticket to economic security as having a higher education degree can be the key to opening more job opportunities in the market. While college is a type of post-secondary education, it is not the only form of tertiary education, though. And just because someone has completed their post-secondary education does not necessarily mean there will be job offers lined up for their choosing. Nor does it mean that they automatically earn more than a person who chose not to attend post-secondary education.

Secondary education is more commonly known as high school, but it can also refer to people who have taken their GED (General Education Development) tests or any equivalent around the world. Unlike post-secondary education, students are required to attend secondary school (or at least they are, until they turn 18 and can opt to drop out).

There are a number of people who choose to drop out ( around 527,000 people from October 2017 to October 2018). While it is possible for them to find work (around 47.2 percent of them), they cannot attend post-secondary education unless they finish high school or earn a secondary education diploma.

And while there are jobs available for those who didn’t get to finish secondary school or finished high school but opted not to attend post-secondary education, this closes some doors for them. For example, if you want to become a medical doctor , you cannot enter medical school until you earn a Bachelor’s degree by attending four years of college under an appropriate pre-med program. So, even if you got high grades in high school biology, no medical school is going to accept a student without a bachelor’s degree.

Post-Secondary Institutions

Contrary to popular belief, the term “post-secondary education” and its other similar terms aren’t limited to just earning a bachelor’s degree in high school. Colleges and universities are the most popular choice, but they may not be the most financially possible choice for everyone, especially if you consider that plenty of college graduates in the US are struggling to pay off student loan payments years after they’ve graduated college.

If you’re open to the idea of further education after high school but want to consider other options, here are your possible choices.

Also known as trade or tech schools, vocational schools teach it students on the technical side of certain crafts or skills of a specific job. Unlike colleges where its students receive academic training for careers in certain professional disciplines, vocational school students do job-specific training where certain physical skills are needed more than academic learning.

These are available in almost every country, though they may go by different names. In some countries, there may be both vocational schools run privately or public vocational school that are either fully or partially subsidized by the government for people who want to learn skills for better employment opportunities.

Some vocational courses include:

• Health care for nursing (for people who want to work as caregivers)
• Computer network management
• Word processing application (secretarial positions)
• Food and beverage management
• Fashion designing
• Electrician
• Commercial pilot
• Catering and hotel management
• Daycare management
• Hairstyling, cosmetics, and beautification
• Paralegal studies
• Massage therapy
• Pharmacy technician
• Travel agent

Take note that there are a lot more vocational courses than the ones provided, but not all vocational schools provide all types of courses. Some vocational schools may also specialize in certain industries, so it’s best to do your research on vocational schools in your area .

Completion of any of these courses provide you with a certificate that shows you have completed and trained for the skill of your choice. This gives you a competitive advantage in the job market compared to other high school graduates who do not have the same training for the skillset you have.

It is also possible to have multiple certificates for different courses if you think this will give you a further advantage, such as getting certified for Electrician, Plumber, and Carpentry courses if you intend to work in the construction industry. This also applies to college graduates who think they can get a leg up with both a college degree and a vocational school certificate on their resume.

There are two definitions of non-degree students . The first is a student who attends a college or university and attends undergraduate, master, or doctorate classes but not for the sake of earning a degree. These are people who may be interested in learning for specific classes and want to pursue academic interests but do not see the need to earn the full degree. These can be simply because they want to learn a certain field or who want to add to their resume that they took classes for a specific subject.

Another type of non-degree student are online or classroom programs on specific topics that can be used for resume-building skills or personal enrichment. You won’t earn a diploma, but you earn a certificate of completion. It’s similar to what you earn from tech school, but more academic than in terms of skill.

Community colleges are also known as “junior colleges” or “two-year colleges.” As its name goes, instead of earning a Bachelor’s degree after four years, community college students earn associate degrees after just two years . Some community colleges also offer non-degree certificates and vocational courses, though not all colleges do. Aside from academic classes, community colleges offer other programs for the community.

The reason why community colleges take half the time to earn a diploma is because it only offers the general education requirements taken by all college students. In regular colleges and universities, you spend four years studying: the first two years are dedicated to general education requirements, while the next two are for your specialized classes depending on your major.

Community college can be a step towards employment, but it can also be a step towards entering university. With the classes you’ve taken in community college, you can proceed to a university and major for two more years to work towards a bachelor’s degree. But if you think you don’t need one and intend to enter the workforce after attending community college, you’ll be given an associate’s degree after completion.

The most popular choice for post-secondary education, colleges and universities not only provide bachelor’s degree for high school students, but also post-graduate degrees for college students. Some examples of post-graduate degrees that fall under this bracket include graduate school, law school, medical school, dental school, and business school.

Some people attend post-secondary education institutions like graduate school and business schools for a master’s degree that will give them a leg-up in the job market for higher-ranking positions. However, for other institutions like law school and medical school, you need to enter and finish your education if you want to achieve a certain job role. For example, paralegals may need certification or even a bachelor’s degree, depending on how competitive a paralegal position in a law firm is, but if you want to become a lawyer, you need to finish to law school and pass the bar exam in your jurisdiction.

It’s relatively the most expensive form of post-secondary education, but there are several options on how to get in. There are several scholarship and grant programs that can provide you with partial to full scholarships (some even provide stipends or allowances for expenses like food, books, and other necessities) without having to go into debt. However, a lot of scholarship programs are extremely competitive and are usually awarded to students who show a lot of academic or athletic promise or require the most financial aid.

Getting post-secondary education is not necessary to land a job in the future, nor is there any assurance that getting further education will get you a job right after completing your education. If you feel like none of the options mentioned above can help you towards the career you want or see yourself doing in the future, then you don’t have to take any of them. Unlike elementary and secondary school in your younger years, post-secondary education isn’t mandatory – whether you attend school after high school or after the age of 18 is still your choice.

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, almost 70% of high school graduates in 2018 between the ages of 16 to 24 enrolled to colleges or universities. And out of the 20 to 29-year-olds who received a college diploma, around 72% were employed. However, 74% of high school graduates were in the labor force (meaning they were working or actively looking for work), while 42% of high school drop outs were working.

This means that regardless of your educational attainment, there will be a position in the job market that will suit your educational attainment. However, depending on what that is, the job market could be competitive.

Also, take note of the salary difference. One of the possible reasons why over half of high school graduates opt to attend post-secondary education is because the average annual salary of a college graduate is over half the average annual salary of a high school graduate – and the gap between the two educational attainments is only growing wider.

However, some people don’t work for the paycheck alone and work because it’s something they want to do or they’re content with their job and the salary they earn. There is nothing wrong with this, especially if this means they choose a career path or job that allows them to do what they want.

Whether or not you should pursue post-secondary education is ultimately up to you. If you want a career that doesn’t necessarily fall under the available institutions or you feel like continuing education will do little to help your career, then it’s OK to skip this altogether and pursue a career or track that you want. But if you want to pursue continuing education but feel like you can’t afford to take four years of college, then you know that you have other options available that may help you.

About the Author

Emily summers.

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Schoolcomrade

What is Post-Secondary Education? All you need to know

What is post-secondary education | types, post-secondary education in countries..

What is Post-Secondary Education : Post-secondary education refers to any form of education that comes after completing secondary or high school education. It encompasses a wide range of educational programs and institutions that provide learning opportunities beyond the basic level of schooling. Post-secondary education is typically pursued by individuals who wish to enhance their knowledge and skills in specific fields to prepare for their desired careers or further academic pursuits.

Types Of Post-Secondary Education

Common types of post-secondary education include:

1. Universities : These institutions offer undergraduate and graduate degree programs in various fields, such as arts, sciences, engineering, medicine, law, and more.

2. Colleges : Colleges often focus on practical, career-oriented programs, granting diplomas or associate degrees. They may offer technical and vocational courses as well.

3. Community Colleges : Similar to colleges, community colleges offer two-year associate degree programs and certificate courses. They also provide a more affordable and accessible option for students.

4. Vocational and Technical Schools : These schools concentrate on specialized skills and training for specific careers, such as culinary arts, automotive technology, healthcare, etc.

5. Trade Schools : These schools focus on training students for specific trades, like plumbing, electrical work, carpentry, etc.

6. Professional Schools : Specialized schools that provide professional degrees for careers like law, medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, etc.

7. Online Education : With advancements in technology, many post-secondary institutions offer online courses and degree programs, allowing for flexible learning options.

Post-secondary education is considered a critical stepping stone for individuals to gain expertise in their chosen fields, increase employability, and pursue higher-level job opportunities. It also fosters personal growth, critical thinking, and prepares students to become well-rounded individuals in society.

Check: WHAT IS PHYSICAL EDUCATION | All you need to know

Post-Secondary Education in Africa

Post-secondary education in Africa varies significantly from country to country, as the continent is home to a diverse range of cultures, economies, and educational systems. While some African countries have well-established and developed higher education systems, others face significant challenges in providing accessible and quality post-secondary education.

Here are some key points about post-secondary education in Africa:

• Universities: Many African countries have universities that offer undergraduate and postgraduate degree programs in various disciplines. Some of these universities have gained recognition for their research and academic contributions at both regional and international levels. Examples of prominent universities in Africa include the University of Cape Town in South Africa, Makerere University in Uganda, and the University of Nairobi in Kenya.
• Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET): Several African countries recognize the importance of vocational training to address skills gaps and improve employability. TVET institutions provide practical and job-specific training in fields like agriculture, engineering, hospitality, and healthcare.
• Challenges: Despite the progress made in some regions, post-secondary education in Africa faces significant challenges. These include inadequate funding, limited infrastructure, a shortage of qualified faculty, and an imbalance in the distribution of educational resources between urban and rural areas.
• Access to Education: Access to post-secondary education is a major concern in many African countries. High tuition fees, limited capacity, and distance from institutions often hinder students, particularly those from disadvantaged backgrounds, from pursuing higher education.
• Distance Learning: In recent years, online and distance learning options have gained popularity as a means to expand access to education, especially in remote or underserved areas. Online courses and programs offer flexibility and can reach a broader student population.
• International Partnerships: Some African countries have established partnerships with foreign universities and institutions to improve the quality of education and facilitate research collaborations. These partnerships can also help attract international students and faculty.
• Research and Innovation: African universities and research institutions are making significant strides in various fields, contributing to advancements in technology, healthcare, agriculture, and other sectors relevant to the continent’s development.

Ssee Also: What is Multicultural Education | Goals and Importance

Post-Secondary Education in The United States

Post-secondary education in the United States is diverse and offers a wide range of opportunities for students to pursue higher education and specialized training. The system is known for its flexibility, extensive resources, and globally recognized institutions. Here are some key points about post-secondary education in the USA:

• Universities and Colleges: The United States is home to numerous universities and colleges, both public and private. Universities offer undergraduate and graduate degree programs, while colleges typically focus on undergraduate degrees. Some universities are research-intensive and offer doctoral programs across various fields of study.
• Community Colleges: Community colleges are two-year institutions that provide associate degrees and certificate programs. They often serve as a more affordable option for students, allowing them to complete general education requirements before transferring to a four-year university.
• Liberal Arts Colleges: These institutions emphasize a well-rounded education and offer undergraduate degrees in arts, humanities, sciences, and social sciences.
• Technical and Vocational Schools: These schools provide specialized training and education in fields like nursing, culinary arts, automotive technology, computer science, and more. They equip students with practical skills for specific careers.
• Ivy League: The Ivy League is a group of eight prestigious private universities, known for their academic excellence, selective admissions, and long-standing traditions. The Ivy League schools are Brown University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University, and Yale University.
• Admissions Process: College admissions in the USA are typically competitive, with universities and colleges considering various factors, such as high school grades, standardized test scores (e.g., SAT or ACT), extracurricular activities, essays, and letters of recommendation.
• Financial Aid: The cost of higher education in the USA can be significant, but various financial aid options are available to help students, including scholarships, grants, work-study programs, and student loans.
• Research and Innovation: American universities are known for their research contributions and are at the forefront of innovation in various fields, including technology, medicine, engineering, and social sciences.
• Online Education: In recent years, online education has become increasingly popular, with many institutions offering online courses and degree programs to cater to the needs of non-traditional and working students.
• Diversity: American universities and colleges welcome students from all around the world, making the higher education system in the USA one of the most diverse and multicultural in the world.

In general, students have a wide range of options and possibilities to pursue their academic and career goals through the post-secondary education system in the USA. It is essential for preparing people for the job and advancing research and innovation in a variety of fields.

See Also: WHAT IS FORMAL EDUCATION? | Levels, Importance & Characteristics

Post-Secondary Educational Organizations in the United States

These organizations for higher education (tertiary and post-secondary) share a commitment to advocating for a range of institutional management and public interest issues. These groups serve institutions and have specialized goals for topics including faculty unionization, public policy research, and service. Although some are involved in service and research at all levels of education, the majority are concentrated on the administration and governance of higher and tertiary education.

List of Post-Secondary Educational Organizations in the United States

Faculty union.

• American Association of University Professors
• American Federation of Teachers
• National Center for the Study of Collective Bargaining in Higher Education
• National Education Association

Governance, Leadership, and Management

• Association for Tertiary Education Management
• Association of Governing Boards of Universities and Colleges
• The Leadership Foundation for Higher Education (UK)
• State Higher Education Executive Offices
• Campus Legal Information Clearinghouse
• National Association of College and University Attorneys

Policy Research

• Center for Higher Education Policy Analysis
• Center for the Study of Higher Education
• Educational Policy Institute
• Institute for Higher Education Policy
• The Center for Community College Policy
• The National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education
• Policy Center on the First Year of College

Research (General)

• Higher Education Research Institute
• National Center of Education Statistics

Service/advocacy

• American Council of Education
• Education Commission of the States
• The Higher Learning Commission
• UNESCO: Higher Education

Post-Secondary Education in Canada

Post-Secondary Education in Canada : As of my last update in September 2021, post-secondary education in Canada is highly regarded and offers a diverse range of programs and institutions. Here are some key points about post-secondary education in Canada:

1. Types of Institutions: Canada has various types of post-secondary institutions, including universities, colleges, technical institutes, and vocational schools. Universities offer undergraduate and graduate degrees, while colleges typically provide diploma and certificate programs, along with some degree options.

2. Degrees and Credentials: Canadian universities grant bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral degrees. Colleges offer diplomas, certificates, and sometimes degrees in specific applied fields. Each province and territory may have slightly different education systems and naming conventions for degrees and credentials.

3. Quality of Education: Canada is known for its high-quality education and research opportunities. Many Canadian universities are ranked among the top institutions globally, attracting students from around the world.

4. Language of Instruction: English and French are the primary languages of instruction in Canadian post-secondary institutions. Some institutions offer programs in both languages, while others primarily operate in one of the official languages.

5. Admission Requirements: Admission requirements vary depending on the institution and program you choose. Generally, for undergraduate studies, you’ll need to submit your high school transcripts and may need to take standardized tests like the SAT or ACT. For graduate studies, you’ll typically require a bachelor’s degree and may need to submit standardized test scores (e.g., GRE, GMAT) and letters of recommendation.

6. Tuition Fees: Tuition fees in Canada can vary significantly depending on the institution, program, and whether you are a domestic or international student. Generally, international students pay higher fees than Canadian residents.

7. Scholarships and Financial Aid: There are various scholarships, grants, and financial aid options available to both domestic and international students to help with the cost of education. Many universities and colleges have scholarships specifically designated for international students.

8. Work Opportunities: As an international student in Canada, you may be eligible to work on or off-campus while studying. This can help you gain work experience and supplement your finances.

9. Post-Graduation Work Permit (PGWP): Canada offers a Post-Graduation Work Permit to eligible international students who have completed a qualifying program at a Designated Learning Institution (DLI). This permit allows them to work in Canada for a specified period after graduation, which can be a pathway to permanent residency.

It’s essential to keep in mind that education systems can evolve, and policies may change over time. For the most up-to-date information on post-secondary education in Canada, including specific programs, admission requirements, and fees, it’s best to visit the official websites of Canadian universities and colleges or consult with the Canadian government’s official immigration and education websites.

Post-Secondary Education in Nigeria

Post-secondary education in Nigeria is an important phase of the country’s education system, providing students with opportunities to pursue higher learning and specialized training after completing their secondary education. Nigeria has a diverse range of post-secondary institutions, including universities, polytechnics, and colleges. Here are some key points about post-secondary education in Nigeria:

1. Universities : Nigeria is home to several universities, both public and private. The universities offer a wide range of undergraduate and postgraduate degree programs in various fields of study, including arts, sciences, engineering, medicine, social sciences, and more. Some of the well-known universities in Nigeria include the University of Lagos , Ahmadu Bello University , University of Ibadan , and Obafemi Awolowo University .

2. Polytechnics : Polytechnics offer practical and skill-based education in fields such as engineering, technology, agriculture, business studies, and applied sciences. Graduates of polytechnics typically earn Higher National Diplomas (HND), which focus on hands-on training and technical expertise.

3. Colleges of Education : Colleges of Education focus on training individuals to become teachers and educators. They offer programs such as the National Certificate of Education (NCE), which qualifies graduates to teach in primary and secondary schools.

4. Admission Process : Admission into post-secondary institutions in Nigeria is generally competitive, with students required to meet specific academic criteria, pass entrance examinations, and meet other requirements set by individual institutions.

5. Challenges : Post-secondary education in Nigeria faces various challenges, including inadequate funding, infrastructural deficiencies, limited access to quality education in certain regions, and occasional disruptions due to strikes or other labor-related issues.

6. Research and Innovation : Nigerian universities and research institutions contribute to research and innovation in various fields, addressing issues specific to the country and the African continent as a whole.

7. Private Institutions : In addition to public institutions, there are several private universities, polytechnics, and colleges in Nigeria, offering a variety of programs to students.

8. Distance Learning : To address the issue of access and flexibility, some institutions offer distance learning programs, allowing students to study remotely through online courses and materials.

9. National Universities Commission (NUC) : The NUC is the regulatory body responsible for overseeing the establishment and operation of universities in Nigeria, ensuring academic standards and quality.

10. Student Mobility : Nigerian students also pursue higher education opportunities abroad, particularly in countries like the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, and other African countries.

Overall, post-secondary education in Nigeria is extremely important for giving students the knowledge and skills they need to engage in the global economy and contribute to the growth of their country. In order to fulfill the demands of the expanding student body and the needs of the country’s growth, efforts are being made to increase the quality and accessibility of higher education in Nigeria.

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6. Secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education

On this page, general objectives, general objectives – lower secondary education, general objectives – upper secondary education – general education schools, general objectives – upper secondary education – vocational schools and vocational training in the dual system, specific legislative framework, secondary schools providing general and vocational education, vocational training.

Secondary education breaks down into lower secondary level ( Sekundarstufe I ), which comprises the courses of education from grades 5/7 to 9/10 of school, and upper secondary level ( Sekundarstufe II ), which comprises all the courses of education that build on the foundations laid in the lower secondary level.

The function of all the courses of education at lower secondary level is to prepare pupils for courses of education at upper secondary level, at the end of which a vocational qualification or the right to access higher education is acquired. Accordingly, lower secondary education is predominantly of a general nature whereas upper secondary level includes the general course of education at the gymnasiale Oberstufe as well as vocational courses of education.

As a rule, lower secondary level is attended by pupils between 10/12 and 15/16 years of age and upper secondary level by pupils between 15/16 and 18/19 years of age. Both age groups are required to attend school: the former full-time, the latter, 15- to 19-year-olds, generally part-time for three years or until they have reached the age of 18, unless they are attending a full-time school.

Lower secondary level educational institutions do differ in terms of duration and school-leaving qualifications, but largely constitute an open system allowing transfer from one type of course to the other. The same qualifications can, as a rule, also be obtained subsequently in  vocational education and training institutions as well as adult education institution or through an external examination ( Nichtschülerprüfung, Schulfremdenprüfung ).

The organisation of lower secondary level schools and courses of education is based on the principle of basic general education, individual specialisation and encouraging pupils according to their abilities. The schools endeavour to achieve these goals by:

• furthering the overall intellectual, emotional and physical development of pupils, teaching them to be independent, make decisions and bear their share of personal, social and political responsibility;
• providing instruction based on the state of academic knowledge that takes the pupils' age-related conceptual faculties into account in its organisation and in the demands made on them and provides a basis for successful further education in the sense of lifelong learning;
• gradually increasing the degree of specialisation in line with each pupil's abilities and inclinations;
• maintaining an open system allowing transfer from one type of school to the other after an orientation stage.

The courses of education provided at general education schools within the upper secondary level lead to a higher education entrance qualification.

The aim of learning and work within the upper level of the Gymnasium is to obtain the Allgemeine Hochschulreife , which entitles the holder to enter any study course at any institution of higher education and also enables them to commence a course of vocational education and training. The instruction at the gymnasiale Oberstufe provides an in-depth general education, general capacity for academic study and the propaedeutics of scientific work. Of particular importance are in-depth knowledge, skills and competences in the subjects German, foreign language and mathematics. In addition, the teaching of artistic, social science and scientific-technical subjects contributes significantly to the realisation of the goals of the gymnasiale Oberstufe . The instruction is organised along specialist, multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary lines. It offers an introduction by example to academic issues, categories and methods, and provides an education which facilitates the development and strengthening of personality, the shaping of a socially responsible life, and participation in democratic society. Instruction at the gymnasiale Oberstufe includes appropriate information on higher education institutions, on vocational fields and on structures and requirements of higher education and of the professional and working world.

The courses of education provided at vocational schools within the upper secondary level lead to a vocational qualification for skilled work as qualified staff, e.g. in an anerkannter Ausbildungsberuf (recognised occupation requiring formal training) or in an occupation for which individuals can only qualify by attending school. Resolutions of the Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs ( Kultusministerkonferenz ) ensure, moreover, that many professional qualification training courses can lead to the acquisition of a higher education entrance qualification.

The Berufliches Gymnasium provides a three-year course of education. Starting on the basis of a Mittlerer Schulabschluss satisfying the requirements for admittance to the gymnasiale Oberstufe or an equivalent qualification, the Berufliches Gymnasium leads, as a rule, to the Allgemeine Hochschulreife (a general entrance qualification for higher education). The Berufsfachschulen serve to provide an introduction to one or several occupations, provide part of the vocational training in one or several recognised occupations requiring formal training or lead to a vocational training qualification in a specific occupation. At the same time, they expand the level of general education previously acquired. In the Berufsoberschule , the knowledge, capabilities and skills acquired by pupils during their initial vocational training are taken as the basis for an extended general and in-depth subject-related theoretical education, which shall enable pupils to pursue a course in higher education. The three- to four-year courses of education for double qualification provide both vocational qualification (e.g. the assistant occupations or vocational qualifications in a number of recognised occupations requiring formal training) and a higher education entrance qualification. The Berufsoberschule provides two years of full-time education and leads to the Fachgebundene Hochschulreife (qualification entitling holder to study particular subjects at a higher education institution). Pupils can obtain the Allgemeine Hochschulreife by proving their proficiency in a second foreign language. The Fachoberschule requires a Mittlerer Schulabschluss and leads as a rule in a two-year course of study up to the Fachhochschulreife , i.e. the higher education entrance qualification for the Fachhochschule . It equips its pupils with general and specialised theoretical and practical knowledge and skills. The Länder may also establish a grade 13, after successful completion of which pupils can obtain the Fachgebundene Hochschulreife and, under certain conditions, the Allgemeine Hochschulreife .

Within the framework of vocational education and training within the duales System (dual system), the task of the Berufsschule is to teach practically-oriented and interdisciplinary competences with special consideration for the requirements of vocational education and training and at the same time to provide an educational programme that prepares pupils for vocational education and training or accompanies the professional activity. The Berufsschule can cooperate in tasks of further vocational and continuing education.

Based on the Education Acts and Compulsory Schooling Acts of the German Länder, ordinances  for schools providing general and vocational education in particular contain detailed regulations covering the content of the courses as well as the leaving certificates and entitlements obtainable on completion of lower and upper secondary education.

The legal provisions for in-company vocational training and in handicrafts are contained and supplemented in the Vocational Training Act ( Berufsbildungsgesetz – BBiG) of 1969 and the Crafts and Trades Regulation Act ( Gesetz zur Ordnung des Handwerks – HwO) of 1953, respectively. Among other issues, these two laws govern fundamental matters of the relationship between trainees and companies that provide training (e.g. contracts, certificates, pay), in other words the rights and obligations of trainees and trainers. They also govern the regulatory aspects of vocational training (e.g. the suitability of training providers and instructors, the terms of the training regulations known as Ausbildungsordnungen , the examination system and supervision of training) and the organisation of vocational training (e.g. the function of the various chambers of industry and commerce as the competent bodies and of their vocational training committees).

The Protection of Young Persons at Work Act ( Jugendarbeitsschutzgesetz ) lays down special provisions for the protection of young trainees.

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635th Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment

635-й зенитно-ракетный полк

Military Unit: 86646

Activated 1953 in Stepanshchino, Moscow Oblast - initially as the 1945th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment for Special Use and from 1955 as the 635th Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment for Special Use.

1953 to 1984 equipped with 60 S-25 (SA-1) launchers:

• Launch area: 55 15 43N, 38 32 13E (US designation: Moscow SAM site E14-1)
• Support area: 55 16 50N, 38 32 28E
• Guidance area: 55 16 31N, 38 30 38E

1984 converted to the S-300PT (SA-10) with three independent battalions:

• 1st independent Anti-Aircraft Missile Battalion (Bessonovo, Moscow Oblast) - 55 09 34N, 38 22 26E
• 2nd independent Anti-Aircraft Missile Battalion and HQ (Stepanshchino, Moscow Oblast) - 55 15 31N, 38 32 23E
• 3rd independent Anti-Aircraft Missile Battalion (Shcherbovo, Moscow Oblast) - 55 22 32N, 38 43 33E

Disbanded 1.5.98.

Subordination:

• 1st Special Air Defence Corps , 1953 - 1.6.88
• 86th Air Defence Division , 1.6.88 - 1.10.94
• 86th Air Defence Brigade , 1.10.94 - 1.10.95
• 86th Air Defence Division , 1.10.95 - 1.5.98

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Out of the Centre

Savvino-storozhevsky monastery and museum.

Zvenigorod's most famous sight is the Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery, which was founded in 1398 by the monk Savva from the Troitse-Sergieva Lavra, at the invitation and with the support of Prince Yury Dmitrievich of Zvenigorod. Savva was later canonised as St Sabbas (Savva) of Storozhev. The monastery late flourished under the reign of Tsar Alexis, who chose the monastery as his family church and often went on pilgrimage there and made lots of donations to it. Most of the monastery’s buildings date from this time. The monastery is heavily fortified with thick walls and six towers, the most impressive of which is the Krasny Tower which also serves as the eastern entrance. The monastery was closed in 1918 and only reopened in 1995. In 1998 Patriarch Alexius II took part in a service to return the relics of St Sabbas to the monastery. Today the monastery has the status of a stauropegic monastery, which is second in status to a lavra. In addition to being a working monastery, it also holds the Zvenigorod Historical, Architectural and Art Museum.

Belfry and Neighbouring Churches

Located near the main entrance is the monastery's belfry which is perhaps the calling card of the monastery due to its uniqueness. It was built in the 1650s and the St Sergius of Radonezh’s Church was opened on the middle tier in the mid-17th century, although it was originally dedicated to the Trinity. The belfry's 35-tonne Great Bladgovestny Bell fell in 1941 and was only restored and returned in 2003. Attached to the belfry is a large refectory and the Transfiguration Church, both of which were built on the orders of Tsar Alexis in the 1650s.  

To the left of the belfry is another, smaller, refectory which is attached to the Trinity Gate-Church, which was also constructed in the 1650s on the orders of Tsar Alexis who made it his own family church. The church is elaborately decorated with colourful trims and underneath the archway is a beautiful 19th century fresco.

Nativity of Virgin Mary Cathedral

The Nativity of Virgin Mary Cathedral is the oldest building in the monastery and among the oldest buildings in the Moscow Region. It was built between 1404 and 1405 during the lifetime of St Sabbas and using the funds of Prince Yury of Zvenigorod. The white-stone cathedral is a standard four-pillar design with a single golden dome. After the death of St Sabbas he was interred in the cathedral and a new altar dedicated to him was added.

Under the reign of Tsar Alexis the cathedral was decorated with frescoes by Stepan Ryazanets, some of which remain today. Tsar Alexis also presented the cathedral with a five-tier iconostasis, the top row of icons have been preserved.

Tsaritsa's Chambers

The Nativity of Virgin Mary Cathedral is located between the Tsaritsa's Chambers of the left and the Palace of Tsar Alexis on the right. The Tsaritsa's Chambers were built in the mid-17th century for the wife of Tsar Alexey - Tsaritsa Maria Ilinichna Miloskavskaya. The design of the building is influenced by the ancient Russian architectural style. Is prettier than the Tsar's chambers opposite, being red in colour with elaborately decorated window frames and entrance.

At present the Tsaritsa's Chambers houses the Zvenigorod Historical, Architectural and Art Museum. Among its displays is an accurate recreation of the interior of a noble lady's chambers including furniture, decorations and a decorated tiled oven, and an exhibition on the history of Zvenigorod and the monastery.

Palace of Tsar Alexis

The Palace of Tsar Alexis was built in the 1650s and is now one of the best surviving examples of non-religious architecture of that era. It was built especially for Tsar Alexis who often visited the monastery on religious pilgrimages. Its most striking feature is its pretty row of nine chimney spouts which resemble towers.

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• Kontinental Hockey League

Gagarin Cup Preview: Atlant vs. Salavat Yulaev

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Gagarin cup (khl) finals:  atlant moscow oblast vs. salavat yulaev ufa.

Much like the Elitserien Finals, we have a bit of an offense vs. defense match-up in this league Final.  While Ufa let their star top line of Alexander Radulov, Patrick Thoresen and Igor Grigorenko loose on the KHL's Western Conference, Mytischi played a more conservative style, relying on veterans such as former NHLers Jan Bulis, Oleg Petrov, and Jaroslav Obsut.  Just reaching the Finals is a testament to Atlant's disciplined style of play, as they had to knock off much more high profile teams from Yaroslavl and St. Petersburg to do so.  But while they did finish 8th in the league in points, they haven't seen the likes of Ufa, who finished 2nd. 

This series will be a challenge for the underdog, because unlike some of the other KHL teams, Ufa's top players are generally younger and in their prime.  Only Proshkin amongst regular blueliners is over 30, with the work being shared by Kirill Koltsov (28), Andrei Kuteikin (26), Miroslav Blatak (28), Maxim Kondratiev (28) and Dmitri Kalinin (30).  Oleg Tverdovsky hasn't played a lot in the playoffs to date.  Up front, while led by a fairly young top line (24-27), Ufa does have a lot of veterans in support roles:  Vyacheslav Kozlov , Viktor Kozlov , Vladimir Antipov, Sergei Zinovyev and Petr Schastlivy are all over 30.  In fact, the names of all their forwards are familiar to international and NHL fans:  Robert Nilsson , Alexander Svitov, Oleg Saprykin and Jakub Klepis round out the group, all former NHL players.

For Atlant, their veteran roster, with only one of their top six D under the age of 30 (and no top forwards under 30, either), this might be their one shot at a championship.  The team has never won either a Russian Superleague title or the Gagarin Cup, and for players like former NHLer Oleg Petrov, this is probably the last shot at the KHL's top prize.  The team got three extra days rest by winning their Conference Final in six games, and they probably needed to use it.  Atlant does have younger regulars on their roster, but they generally only play a few shifts per game, if that. 

The low event style of game for Atlant probably suits them well, but I don't know how they can manage to keep up against Ufa's speed, skill, and depth.  There is no advantage to be seen in goal, with Erik Ersberg and Konstantin Barulin posting almost identical numbers, and even in terms of recent playoff experience Ufa has them beat.  Luckily for Atlant, Ufa isn't that far away from the Moscow region, so travel shouldn't play a major role. 

I'm predicting that Ufa, winners of the last Superleague title back in 2008, will become the second team to win the Gagarin Cup, and will prevail in five games.  They have a seriously well built team that would honestly compete in the NHL.  They represent the potential of the league, while Atlant represents closer to the reality, as a team full of players who played themselves out of the NHL. 

• Atlant @ Ufa, Friday Apr 8 (3:00 PM CET/10:00 PM EST)
• Atlant @ Ufa, Sunday Apr 10 (1:00 PM CET/8:00 AM EST)
• Ufa @ Atlant, Tuesday Apr 12 (5:30 PM CET/12:30 PM EST)
• Ufa @ Atlant, Thursday Apr 14 (5:30 PM CET/12:30 PM EST)

Games 5-7 are as yet unscheduled, but every second day is the KHL standard, so expect Game 5 to be on Saturday, like an early start. 

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