thesis defense

  • 1.1.1 Synonyms
  • 1.1.2 Translations

thesis defense ( plural thesis defenses )

  • ( academy ) The final step in earning a doctorate : an oral examination in which the doctorand publicly defends his/her thesis to the examiners .
  • viva voce ( in India )

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plural thesis defense

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First person plural or singular pronouns for thesis presentation

I am going to do an oral presentation for my thesis. Normally, when presenting a paper, as the paper is a collaboration work, I always use the pronoun "we".

The thesis is written based on the papers. However, when presenting (for example, when talking about the contributions of the thesis), I feel using "we" a bit odd.

Should I use "we" or "I"? Many thanks.

  • presentation

Reid's user avatar

  • 4 Do not use the Royal one ! :-p –  Massimo Ortolano Nov 13, 2020 at 12:36
  • 3 This is also worth checking out. –  mustaccio Nov 13, 2020 at 21:03

4 Answers 4

Use "we" when referring to something you did as a team, and use "I" when referring to something that you did by yourself. That is what these words are for.

Using "we" and "I" consistently in this way helps to make clear what your contributions were, and this is often exactly what the jury wants to find out during your presentation. If you choose to not go with the above option you should make it clear in some other way what you did and what others did.

Of course, if there is a clear preference in the culture where you are presenting it is best to follow that preference, but you would probably not be asking the question if that were the case.

Louic's user avatar

  • 7 +1 for calling out that it's very important in this context to differentiate your own personal contribution from collaborative (or others') work. I would be very careful to us "I", "we" and "they" very precisely. –  CCTO Nov 13, 2020 at 19:50
  • That's also what I thought actually. –  lenhhoxung Nov 17, 2020 at 15:16

That's a matter of opinion. If it's your official thesis defense presentation, you're representing your work, so it would be fine to use "I". But others may prefer to stick with the common "we".

There is no 'correct' answer here. You should do what you feel comfortable with.

  • Took the words right out of my mouth. Er... hands. Anyway, spot on. –  Buffy Nov 13, 2020 at 12:22
  • Seconded here. In my experience, even papers that are authored by a single author typically use "we" (in math at least), presumably to acknowledge the contributions of others they bounced ideas off of, chatted with, etc. even if not formally acknowledged. I would say a thesis presentation (or similar) is basically the only time "I" is commonly used, and even there, people often use "we" simply out of habit. That being said -- I don't think anything bad will happen if you use the wrong pronoun. I think people will be focused on the content, not the implicit attribution! –  Richard Rast Nov 14, 2020 at 15:09
  • 8 Math papers are a little bit special. They are written in the present tense, and I interpret the "we" as the author and the reader making their way together through the material. –  Mark Foskey Nov 14, 2020 at 20:08

There is no rule you have to pick one exclusively. I would not bat an eye at someone using "we" for the collaborative sections and "I" at their sections.

Especially for a thesis presentation, everyone knows you and who your group is.

Azor Ahai -him-'s user avatar

  • 5 Indeed, something like "Here we were interested in XYZ, so I made samples and analyzed them with..." is perfectly acceptable. "We" for big picture stuff, "I" for stuff you personally did. –  Jon Custer Nov 13, 2020 at 15:27

I agree with the options the other answers present, and that in the end it is up to you to decide what to do, keeping your audience in mind. However, the other answers do not say much about which of those options to choose, so I'd like to cover that in more detail.

Those words you're using, what do they mean?

First, let's take a step back and look at what the words mean. "we" refers to a group of more than person including the author/speaker* (unless you want to be patronizing or indicate that you're important than your audience , but I recommend against such arrogance). "I" refers to exactly one person, the author/speaker.

With these definitions of the meaning of "we", we(!) can rephrase your question as follows:

During an oral presentation for my thesis, should I attribute the contributions to myself only, or also to my coauthors?

Your options

And that is a good question! I see 3 workable options 1 here:

Attribute all contributions to the group consisting of you and your coauthors, and use "we" exclusively when talking about contributions. Note that this is about contributions only, never say something like "we thank our wife for her support during the writing of this thesis" 2 . Additionally, when "the group of you and your coauthors" is only a single person (i.e. you 3 ), you should use "I", of course. This is (usually) the case with your thesis, for example.

Attribute all results to yourself and use "I" exclusively when talking about contributions. If you do so, I recommend you at least briefly aknowledge the support of your coauthors at the start of your presentation. They would almost certainly feel ignored otherwise. (and they may still feel so if you only acknowledge them at the start! But that is a risk inherent to this option)

Decide in advance which contributions belong to you only, which contributions belong to all of you, and use both "I" and "we" accordingly.

As you can see, these options are distinguished in how you choose to assign the attribution of your work in cases where ownership is not obvious for the audience. This means that the difference between the options can be minor in practice, in particular when the ownership of most of your work is very clear.

I think there are pros and cons to all of these options. Which one to choose would mostly depend on what your audience expects of your presentation and what your goals are.

Pros and cons

The main advantage of options 1 and 2 is that you do not have to decide (or negotiate!) which contributions are really "yours" 3 . This makes it easier to prepare for your presentation, and harder to make mistakes. Whether you can afford option 1 or 2 would depend on the context. If, for example, your defense is mainly ceremonial (yes, this is possible. Academia varies more than you think ), then it may not be nessecary to assert your personal contribution during your defense and option 1 would be fine. At the least, your co-authors or friends their should not have to feel they are being ignored this way. I personally would not be comfortable with option 2, but there may be communities or cultures where this is acceptable or even the norm.

If you cannot afford or do not like options 1 or 2, then you should go for 3. This is a bit more complicated, as now you will have to decide what your personal contribution is and need to be careful to use the right words during your talk. (while you will probably have to do this sooner or later, a serious defense is likely one of the more confrontational settings to make this assertion) You may need to be careful when your idea of ownership conflicts with the feelings of coauthors present during your defense. Most decent people will not make a big deal about this, but well, not everyone is a decent person. If you suspect that someone might make a big deal about it, it might be a good idea to talk to them about it before your defense.

1. A fourth option would be to avoid both "we" and "I", but the author does not consider this a workable option, as one would have to refer to themselves in the third person when talking about their own (joint) contributions. This would be even more awkward for a speaker than it is for an author. Or at least, this author would imagine so. 2. Paraphrased from How to write mathematics by Paul Halmos, Chapter 13 "The editorial we is not all bad" 3. I mean singular "you" here. This would have been clearer if the English words for 2nd person singular and plural were not homonyms in most forms. (yes, "y'all" exists, but that does not help to indicate the singular, and its possessive form does not appear to be the lesser evil)

Discrete lizard's user avatar

  • "Y'all" IS the singular. The plural is "all y'all"! (Also: thee, thou, thy, thine.) –  JeffE Nov 16, 2020 at 4:17
  • 2 @JeffE I'm not an expert, but that seems to be a matter of debate . Which in itself implies the term does not decrease ambiguity as much as I'd hoped it would. Thanks for the other suggestions, good to know the English language used to have the words I wanted. I might actually use that when I prefer using stereotypical archaic words over making complaints about the English language. –  Discrete lizard Nov 16, 2020 at 7:05

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plural thesis defense

Reference management. Clean and simple.

How to prepare an excellent thesis defense

Thesis defence

What is a thesis defense?

How long is a thesis defense, what happens at a thesis defense, your presentation, questions from the committee, 6 tips to help you prepare for your thesis defense, 1. anticipate questions and prepare for them, 2. dress for success, 3. ask for help, as needed, 4. have a backup plan, 5. prepare for the possibility that you might not know an answer, 6. de-stress before, during, and after, frequently asked questions about preparing an excellent thesis defense, related articles.

If you're about to complete, or have ever completed a graduate degree, you have most likely come across the term "thesis defense." In many countries, to finish a graduate degree, you have to write a thesis .

A thesis is a large paper, or multi-chapter work, based on a topic relating to your field of study.

Once you hand in your thesis, you will be assigned a date to defend your work. Your thesis defense meeting usually consists of you and a committee of two or more professors working in your program. It may also include other people, like professionals from other colleges or those who are working in your field.

During your thesis defense, you will be asked questions about your work. The main purpose of your thesis defense is for the committee to make sure that you actually understand your field and focus area.

The questions are usually open-ended and require the student to think critically about their work. By the time of your thesis defense, your paper has already been evaluated. The questions asked are not designed so that you actually have to aggressively "defend" your work; often, your thesis defense is more of a formality required so that you can get your degree.

  • Check with your department about requirements and timing.
  • Re-read your thesis.
  • Anticipate questions and prepare for them.
  • Create a back-up plan to deal with technology hiccups.
  • Plan de-stressing activities both before, and after, your defense.

How long your oral thesis defense is depends largely on the institution and requirements of your degree. It is best to consult your department or institution about this. In general, a thesis defense may take only 20 minutes, but it may also take two hours or more. The length also depends on how much time is allocated to the presentation and questioning part.

Tip: Check with your department or institution as soon as possible to determine the approved length for a thesis defense.

First of all, be aware that a thesis defense varies from country to country. This is just a general overview, but a thesis defense can take many different formats. Some are closed, others are public defenses. Some take place with two committee members, some with more examiners.

The same goes for the length of your thesis defense, as mentioned above. The most important first step for you is to clarify with your department what the structure of your thesis defense will look like. In general, your thesis defense will include:

  • your presentation of around 20-30 minutes
  • questions from the committee
  • questions from the audience (if the defense is public and the department allows it)

You might have to give a presentation, often with Powerpoint, Google slides, or Keynote slides. Make sure to prepare an appropriate amount of slides. A general rule is to use about 10 slides for a 20-minute presentation.

But that also depends on your specific topic and the way you present. The good news is that there will be plenty of time ahead of your thesis defense to prepare your slides and practice your presentation alone and in front of friends or family.

Tip: Practice delivering your thesis presentation in front of family, friends, or colleagues.

You can prepare your slides by using information from your thesis' first chapter (the overview of your thesis) as a framework or outline. Substantive information in your thesis should correspond with your slides.

Make sure your slides are of good quality— both in terms of the integrity of the information and the appearance. If you need more help with how to prepare your presentation slides, both the ASQ Higher Education Brief and James Hayton have good guidelines on the topic.

The committee will ask questions about your work after you finish your presentation. The questions will most likely be about the core content of your thesis, such as what you learned from the study you conducted. They may also ask you to summarize certain findings and to discuss how your work will contribute to the existing body of knowledge.

Tip: Read your entire thesis in preparation of the questions, so you have a refreshed perspective on your work.

While you are preparing, you can create a list of possible questions and try to answer them. You can foresee many of the questions you will get by simply spending some time rereading your thesis.

Here are a few tips on how to prepare for your thesis defense:

You can absolutely prepare for most of the questions you will be asked. Read through your thesis and while you're reading it, create a list of possible questions. In addition, since you will know who will be on the committee, look at the academic expertise of the committee members. In what areas would they most likely be focused?

If possible, sit at other thesis defenses with these committee members to get a feel for how they ask and what they ask. As a graduate student, you should generally be adept at anticipating test questions, so use this advantage to gather as much information as possible before your thesis defense meeting.

Your thesis defense is a formal event, often the entire department or university is invited to participate. It signals a critical rite of passage for graduate students and faculty who have supported them throughout a long and challenging process.

While most universities don't have specific rules on how to dress for that event, do regard it with dignity and respect. This one might be a no-brainer, but know that you should dress as if you were on a job interview or delivering a paper at a conference.

It might help you deal with your stress before your thesis defense to entrust someone with the smaller but important responsibilities of your defense well ahead of schedule. This trusted person could be responsible for:

  • preparing the room of the day of defense
  • setting up equipment for the presentation
  • preparing and distributing handouts

Technology is unpredictable. Life is too. There are no guarantees that your Powerpoint presentation will work at all or look the way it is supposed to on the big screen. We've all been there. Make sure to have a plan B for these situations. Handouts can help when technology fails, and an additional clean shirt can save the day if you have a spill.

One of the scariest aspects of the defense is the possibility of being asked a question you can't answer. While you can prepare for some questions, you can never know exactly what the committee will ask.

There will always be gaps in your knowledge. But your thesis defense is not about being perfect and knowing everything, it's about how you deal with challenging situations. You are not expected to know everything.

James Hayton writes on his blog that examiners will sometimes even ask questions they don't know the answer to, out of curiosity, or because they want to see how you think. While it is ok sometimes to just say "I don't know", he advises to try something like "I don't know, but I would think [...] because of x and y, but you would need to do [...] in order to find out.” This shows that you have the ability to think as an academic.

You will be nervous. But your examiners will expect you to be nervous. Being well prepared can help minimize your stress, but do know that your examiners have seen this many times before and are willing to help, by repeating questions, for example. Dora Farkas at finishyourthesis.com notes that it’s a myth that thesis committees are out to get you.

Two common symptoms of being nervous are talking really fast and nervous laughs. Try to slow yourself down and take a deep breath. Remember what feels like hours to you are just a few seconds in real life.

  • Try meditational breathing right before your defense.
  • Get plenty of exercise and sleep in the weeks prior to your defense.
  • Have your clothes or other items you need ready to go the night before.
  • During your defense, allow yourself to process each question before answering.
  • Go to dinner with friends and family, or to a fun activity like mini-golf, after your defense.

Allow yourself to process each question, respond to it, and stop talking once you have responded. While a smile can often help dissolve a difficult situation, remember that nervous laughs can be irritating for your audience.

We all make mistakes and your thesis defense will not be perfect. However, careful preparation, mindfulness, and confidence can help you feel less stressful both before, and during, your defense.

Finally, consider planning something fun that you can look forward to after your defense.

It is completely normal to be nervous. Being well prepared can help minimize your stress, but do know that your examiners have seen this many times before and are willing to help, by repeating questions for example if needed. Slow yourself down, and take a deep breath.

Your thesis defense is not about being perfect and knowing everything, it's about how you deal with challenging situations. James Hayton writes on his blog that it is ok sometimes to just say "I don't know", but he advises to try something like "I don't know, but I would think [...] because of x and y, you would need to do [...] in order to find out".

Your Powerpoint presentation can get stuck or not look the way it is supposed to do on the big screen. It can happen and your supervisors know it. In general, handouts can always save the day when technology fails.

  • Dress for success.
  • Ask for help setting up.
  • Have a backup plan (in case technology fails you).
  • Deal with your nerves.

plural thesis defense

English Teacher Site

Whats the Plural of Thesis: Understanding Singular and Plural Forms

  • The plural of “thesis” adheres to the Greek-rooted pattern, changing the singular -is to a plural -es.
  • Accurate use of “thesis” and “theses” reflects scholarly precision in both written and oral communication.
  • Awareness of correct pluralization extends to other similar nouns ending in -sis, emphasizing the importance of understanding language origins.

It is crucial to use the word correctly in both singular and plural contexts to maintain the integrity of written and spoken communication. In the realm of academics, precision in language reflects the rigor of one’s research and argumentation. As such, understanding the transformation from “thesis” to its plural counterpart is more than a trivial detail; it reflects a deeper appreciation for the structure and history of the English language.

What’s the Plural of Thesis?

The proper plural of thesis is “theses.” This transformation is part of a broader pattern in the English language where certain nouns change their ending to reflect a plural state.

Below, a comparison is made to illustrate the standard singular to plural transformation for nouns ending in -is:

SingularPlural
thesistheses
crisiscrises
oasisoases

Key Points about the pluralization of “thesis”:

  • The plural follows a specific rule of changing the ‘-is’ ending to ‘-es’.
  • This pattern is consistent with other Greek-derived words.
  • The pronunciation changes with the plural form, ending in “-eez.”

To clarify usage, consider these examples:

  • Singular: The student’s thesis was commended for its clarity.
  • Plural: The professor read all the submitted theses before the conference.

Singular Form of Thesis

The singular form of ‘thesis’ is of notable interest due to its origins and distinct pluralization.

Origination and Definition:

  • Etymology : Derived from the ancient Greek word τίθημι (tithēmi), which means “to put” or “to place.”
  • Meaning : It is a statement or theory put forward to be maintained or proved.

Usage in Academia:

  • A significant piece of writing prepared by a student to obtain a university degree or diploma.
  • Often involves original research and substantiates a particular view or argument.

Table 1: Notable Features of ‘Thesis’

FeaturesDescription
Pronunciation/ˈθiːsɪs/
Syllable StructureTwo
Grammatical NumberSingular

Table 2: Contextual Examples

ContextExample Sentence
In a Proposal“Her proposal was accepted by the advisory committee.”
During Defense“He defended his rigorously to earn his master’s degree.”
In Academic Writing“The central of the book is well-supported with evidence.”

Definition of Thesis

A thesis is a substantial piece of scholarly writing that is typically required to obtain a master’s or doctoral degree. It represents the author’s research and findings in their chosen field of study. A thesis serves as evidence that the student has acquired the knowledge necessary to be considered a scholar in the field. Here, two key aspects of a thesis will be described through tables:

Purpose and Composition of a Thesis:

To present original researchIntroduction
To showcase the author’s understanding and proficiencyLiterature Review
To contribute to the academic communityMethodology
To fulfill a requirement for a graduate degreeResults/Discussion
 Conclusion

Characteristics of a Thesis:

  • Focused : It should have a clear, concise premise or central argument.
  • Researched : Employs rigorous methodologies to gather and analyze data.
  • Structured : Contains defined sections that present information logically.
  • Cited : Includes proper citations of sources that support or contrast the thesis.
  • Reviewed : Undergoes scrutiny by academic peers or supervisors.

Other Irregular Plural Nouns Ending in -sis/ses

Below you will find two tables categorized by common and less common irregular plurals that follow this pattern.

Common Irregular Plurals:

SingularPlural
analysisanalyses
hypothesishypotheses
parenthesisparentheses
thesistheses

This pattern is often observed with words that have Greek origins.

Less Common Irregular Plurals:

SingularPlural
basisbases
crisiscrises
oasisoases

It is important to recognize these forms to maintain grammatical accuracy in writing and speech. Below is a list of examples used in sentences:

  • When multiple scientific hypotheses are tested, the results can lead to important discoveries.
  • During the editing process, Jane had to review all the parentheses to ensure clarity in her writing.
  • Geographers study multiple oases in the desert to understand these unique ecosystems.
  • His thesis on renewable energy was well-received, and many theses on the subject reference his work.

Examples of Thesis (Singular) in Sentences

Here are examples that demonstrate its usage in various sentences.

In Academic Context

Subject Area Sentence
Literature His thesis explores the symbolism in Victorian poetry.
Science The thesis provides a groundbreaking approach to climate change mitigation.

In Everyday Discourse

Informal setting : During the debate, his thesis was that space exploration is no longer just a dream but a necessity.

  • Discussing beliefs : Her thesis is that all public spaces should offer free Wi-Fi.
  • Opinion : They argued the thesis that high taxes discourage spending.

Examples of Theses (Plural) in Sentences

Here are some examples of how “theses” can be used in sentences:

The library’s collection includes theses from graduates over the decades. Indicates possession of multiple papers by the library.
She compared multiple theses to ensure her research was comprehensive. Shows the act of reviewing several papers.
The committee requested summaries of the proposed theses before approval. Used as the subject of the committee’s requests.
Theses covering revolutionary medical findings were presented at the conference. Theses acting as the main topic at a professional event.

Education Setting : Graduate students often struggle to find unique topics for their theses as most ideas have been extensively explored.

  • Evaluating the structure and arguments of different theses can help one build a stronger dissertation.

Origin of the Word Thesis

The term thesis originates from the ancient Greek word θέσις (thésis), which means “a proposition” . Historically, this term has played a crucial role in both rhetorical and academic contexts. It denotes a statement that a writer intends to support and prove. In academic circles, thesis often refers to a document that presents the author’s research and findings and is submitted in support of candidature for a degree or professional qualification.

Etymological Background

The journey of the word from its Greek roots to the modern English language reflects the changing dynamics of educational and scholarly practices over the centuries.

Greek OriginModern English Equivalent
θέσις (thésis)Thesis

As a carryover from Greek to Latin, the word made its way into English, maintaining its original Greek plural form:

SingularPlural
ThesisTheses

Usage in Academia

In academia, the word has been used since the late Middle Ages to denote a scholarly work written by students aiming to obtain a university degree. Over time, the use of thesis expanded from merely referring to a proposition to a lengthy document providing evidence of comprehensive research.

Historical Evolution:

  • Middle Ages : Referred to propositions for a degree.
  • Renaissance : Emphasized individual research.
  • Modern Usage : Extensive research documents for higher education degrees.

Areas of Impact:

  • Rhetoric : Considered as a premise to be argued.
  • Academic Research : Reflects comprehensive study in a field.

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Definition of thesis noun from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

  • Students must submit a thesis on an agreed subject within four years.
  • He presented this thesis for his PhD.
  • a thesis for a master's degree
  • He's doing a doctoral thesis on the early works of Shostakovich.
  • Many departments require their students to do a thesis defense.
  • She completed an MSc by thesis.
  • her thesis adviser at MIT
  • in a/​the thesis
  • thesis about

Want to learn more?

Find out which words work together and produce more natural-sounding English with the Oxford Collocations Dictionary app. Try it for free as part of the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary app.

plural thesis defense

What’s the Plural of Thesis? (Thesises? Theses?)

  • November 13, 2022

plural thesis defense

What’s the plural of “thesis”?

Thesis , (and its plural theses ) is an example of one of the many common English words that has roots elsewhere. In this case, thesis is a word that has roots all the way back to Ancient Greek. Like other similarly structured words: diagnosis , synthesis , analysis , oasis , crisis , nemesis and the like, thesis is by no means the only frequently used Greek word that’s made it to Modern English.

What’s the singular of thesis?

"Thesis" singular in sentences.

Thesis is a singular noun and refers to one thing (or one thesis ).

What’s a thesis?

Merriam-Webster defines the noun thesis (plural theses ) as follows, “a dissertation embodying results of original research and especially substantiating a specific view especially : one written by a candidate for an academic degree.”

plural thesis defense

Nouns that end in -sis/ses

Thesis is an irregular plural noun that does not end in the typical -s / -es that regular plural noun forms take. This is so despite that theses plural does in fact end in the conventional -s/-es suffix. Why is it still considered irregular; then, given that it follows the regular plural form? Notice the following regular plural noun forms:

plural thesis defense

Thesis / theses operates differently. With these Greek words, the -ses does not simply  add onto the end of the singular form of the noun; instead, -ses replaces the singular noun’s suffixes, and effectively changes the entire spelling of the word (and arguably the word itself.)

crises

Examples of “thesis” (singular) in sentences

His master thesis was on modal neural networks.
She wrote her thesis on Renaissance Nativity scenes.
We disagreed with the basic thesis of the report.
I’ve made a first draft of my thesis .
The student’s experiments helped her formulate a thesis to share with her professor and classmates.

Examples of “theses” (plural) in sentences

It must not be assumed that Luther’s ninety-five theses produced any considerable direct results.
The collection of theses are ready for publication.
Twenty years after Savonarola’s death Martin Luther made public his theses against indulgences.
Theses are generally examined by two or more specialists.
Theses is the plural form of the singular noun thesis.

Origin of the word “thesis”

Thesis / theses are of Greek origin.

Read about other irregular nouns

  • What’s the plural of bison?
  • What’s the plural of moose?
  • What’s the plural of sheep?
  • What’s the plural of ox?
  • What’s the plural of cactus?
  • What’s the plural of crisis?
  • What’s the plural of hypothesis?

Read about other topics in grammar

  • What’re personal pronouns?
  • What’s the difference between they’re, their, and there?
  • Whose vs who’s?
  • Merriam-Webster, thesis/theses.

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plural thesis defense

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plural thesis defense

Eric Martinez Thesis Defense: The Cognitive Underpinnings of Legal Complexity

Thursday, June 13, 2024 at 1:00pm

Building 46, McGovern Seminar Room 46-3189 43 VASSAR ST, Cambridge, MA 02139

Date/Time: June 13th, 1pm

In-person location: McGovern Seminar Room 46-3189 

Zoom link:  https://mit.zoom.us/j/98439520717

Defense Title: The Cognitive Underpinnings of Legal Complexity

Defense Abstract: Across modern civilization, societal norms and rules are codified and communicated largely in the form of written laws. Although principles of communicative efficiency and legal doctrine dictate that laws be comprehensible to the common world, legal documents have long been attested to be largely incomprehensible to those who are required to comply with them (i.e. everyone). Why? This thesis sets out to answer this question using the tools of cognitive science.

Chapter II approaches the question from the comprehender side, documenting the cognitive and linguistic factors that make legal documents difficult to understand for non-lawyers. We find that legal contracts are laden with psycholinguistically complex structures at a strikingly higher rate than nine baseline genres of English, and that contracts written with these features are more difficult to understand and recall than contracts of equivalent meaning without those features. This work further reveals that center-embedded syntax inhibits recall and comprehension of legal content more than other features, suggesting that such processing difficulties result largely from working-memory limitations imposed by long-distance syntactic dependencies as opposed to a mere lack of specialized legal knowledge. Chapter III extends these results to other legal genres and investigates the cognitive and linguistic profile of law over time. Analyzing every law passed by congress between 1951 and 2022 with matched texts from four different genres, we find that laws have and continue to be disproportionately laden with psycholinguistically complex structures relative to baseline genres of English, suggesting that top-down efforts to simplify legal texts over this period have largely failed. Chapters IV and V turn to the producer side, investigating why legal actors write in a complex manner in the first place. We find that lawyers likewise struggle to recall and comprehend legal content drafted in a complex register and prefer simplified legal documents to complex documents across virtually every dimension. We further find that people tasked with writing official laws write in a more convoluted manner than when tasked with writing unofficial legal texts of equivalent conceptual complexity, whereas people editing a legal document do not write in a more convoluted manner than when writing from scratch. From a cognitive perspective, these results suggest law to be a rare exception to the general tendency in human language towards communicative efficiency. In particular, these results indicate law's complexity to be derived from its performativity, whereby low-frequency structures may be inserted to signal law’s authoritative, world-state-altering nature, at the cost of increased processing demands on readers. From a legal perspective, these findings call into question the coherence and legitimacy of legal principles whose validity rests on the notion of law being comprehensible to laypeople. From a policy perspective, this work informs long-standing efforts to simplify legal documents for the public at-large, which, despite bipartisan support, have remained largely intractable. Finally, from a field-building perspective, this thesis lays the foundation for a broader interdisciplinary research program that uses insights from cognitive science to inform long-standing and cutting-edge questions of legal doctrine and policy.

Thesis defense

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In more general, commonly used, contexts, the plural form will also be .

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XYLD: Attractive High Yielder With An Element Of Defense

Roberts Berzins, CFA profile picture

  • The Global X S&P 500 Covered Call ETF is a low-cost ETF that sells options using the S&P 500 index.
  • The ETF's objective is to maximize income from covered call strategy, which limits the potential for capturing gains from the price appreciation.
  • Yet, given the prevailing macro conditions and uncertainty around interest rates, it seems that sideways trading or a downward sloping market scenario are more realistic.
  • In such situations, XYLD should deliver solid relative total returns, while still delivering attractive distribution income.
  • In this article I assess XYLD and outline my thoughts on why I think that this ETF is an attractive portfolio diversifier especially for yield-chasing investors.

Candlestick chart and data of financial market.

The Global X S&P 500® Covered Call ETF ( NYSEARCA: XYLD ) is a pure play covered call ETF, which sells options using the S&P 500 index. It has a market cap of over $8 billion and the expense ratio is just 0.6%, which is quite low given that XYLD incorporates option strategies.

The overall objective of XYLD is to maximize the current income potential from the covered call strategy as it writes calls on a full notional exposure. In other words, the entire AUM base is linked to covered calls, which means that the only upside in terms of the ETF price appreciation is bound by the difference of market price and call strike price at the time when an option is sold.

An important element in this context is the frequency at which XYLD sells these options. XYLD implements a monthly option strategy, where each month the ETF has to sell fresh options to maintain the necessary exposure and get the premium.

Now, if we compare the historical 3-Year total return performance of XYLD with that of the S&P 500 and its close peer the JPMorgan Equity Premium Income ETF ( JEPI ) (which also bases its option strategy on the S&P 500), we will notice that XYLD has underperformed both of them.

Total returns

The total return divergence really started to take place in late 2023, when the market took off in a quite significant fashion. Up to that time, XYLD performed more or less in line with JEPI and SPY as the overall equity markets were trading sideways.

The reason for this lies in XYLD's option strategy, where the call options are sold near or at the money, thereby almost completely shutting down the price appreciation potential. In the times of upward trending markets, such a strategy obviously produces subpar results, especially relative to those instruments that enjoy great upside potential (e.g., in JEPI's case the option strikes are not that close to the underlying index value at the time when they are sold).

There are several reasons why, in my opinion, XYLD is an attractive enough vehicle to be included in yield-seeking investor portfolios.

First, the current yield offered by XYLD is enticing, close to 10%, which as compared to other high yield generating asset classes could be deemed quite attractive. Even compared to JEPI, XYLD offers more than 200 basis points in yield because of the same reason as outlined earlier in the article (i.e., distance between option strike and underlying index values). On top of this, XYLD currently exhibits a favorable momentum in the dividend growth, which is clearly supportive of capturing abnormal yields over the foreseeable future.

Yield potential

Global X Management Company LLC

Second, if we look at the VIX dynamics below, we will notice rather unfavorable picture. Since late 2023, the VIX has been trending down , imposing headwinds for covered call strategies as the lower volatility levels inherently lead to less expensive options. Currently, it seems that the VIX has stabilized in the 12.5 to 15 range, which is closely in line with the 10-year historical average.

What is interesting, however, is that XYLD's yield is still high despite the depressed volatility levels. Part of this is explained by the fact that XYLD writes at the money or close to being at the money options, which are per definition more expensive and less impacted by the overall dynamics in the VIX curve.

VIX level

Third, the combination of high yield, depressed VIX and some notable uncertainty at the macro front related to the unpredictable nature of interest rate cuts and the uncertainty around the lagged effects from restrictive monetary policy create a beneficial situation for covered call investors.

While it is almost impossible to predict the economic conditions and forthcoming volatility levels, in my humble opinion, considering the aforementioned elements, the upside for XYLD is greater than any downside.

The only scenario, which would bring inferior results by holding XYLD is if the equity markets continued to surge higher from the current levels. In that case, XYLD would still generate decent yield income, but just as depicted in the very first chart of the article, there would likely be a negative alpha relative to SPY or JEPI.

The bottom line

At this specific macroeconomic juncture, allocating part of capital into XYLD seems like a smart move, especially for investors who follow a yield-seeking investment strategy.

Currently, XYLD offers a dividend yield of 9.5%, which compared to other yield-focused asset classes is very attractive. One of the main reasons why XYLD is able to provide such a yield even though the VIX is quite depressed, is related to the fact that the options which XYLD sells are at the money or very close to it. On the one hand this inherently allows it to generate higher income, but on the other hand, it comes with some opportunity cost in terms of the upside potential for the ETF's price appreciation.

However, given that the market has continued to surge higher, while the broader macroeconomic and interest rate risks have remained open, in my opinion, the probability of a sideways trading or downward sloping market is higher than experiencing incremental upside in a meaningful fashion.

As a result of this, I view the Global X S&P 500® Covered Call ETF as a nice diversifier and yield enhancer in dividend seeking investor portfolios, especially for those that have assumed a more conservative view on the market outlook.

This article was written by

Roberts Berzins, CFA profile picture

Analyst’s Disclosure: I/we have no stock, option or similar derivative position in any of the companies mentioned, and no plans to initiate any such positions within the next 72 hours. I wrote this article myself, and it expresses my own opinions. I am not receiving compensation for it (other than from Seeking Alpha). I have no business relationship with any company whose stock is mentioned in this article.

Seeking Alpha's Disclosure: Past performance is no guarantee of future results. No recommendation or advice is being given as to whether any investment is suitable for a particular investor. Any views or opinions expressed above may not reflect those of Seeking Alpha as a whole. Seeking Alpha is not a licensed securities dealer, broker or US investment adviser or investment bank. Our analysts are third party authors that include both professional investors and individual investors who may not be licensed or certified by any institute or regulatory body.

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plural thesis defense

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    thesis defense (plural thesis defenses) (academy) The final step in earning a doctorate: an oral examination in which the doctorand publicly defends his/her thesis to the examiners.

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    14. I am going to do an oral presentation for my thesis. Normally, when presenting a paper, as the paper is a collaboration work, I always use the pronoun "we". The thesis is written based on the papers. However, when presenting (for example, when talking about the contributions of the thesis), I feel using "we" a bit odd.

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  4. Whats the Plural of Thesis: Understanding Singular and Plural Forms

    By Khamis 23 January 2024. The plural of "thesis" adheres to the Greek-rooted pattern, changing the singular -is to a plural -es. Accurate use of "thesis" and "theses" reflects scholarly precision in both written and oral communication. Awareness of correct pluralization extends to other similar nouns ending in -sis, emphasizing the ...

  5. What Is the Plural of Thesis

    Thesis becomes theses in plural form for two reasons: 1) The word thesis has a Greek root, and theses is how it is pluralized in that original language. 2) There are many English words ending with -is that take on -es endings when pluralized: e.g., crisis becomes crises. The pluralization isn't all that unique.

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    thesis (that…) a statement or an opinion that is discussed in a logical way and presented with evidence in order to prove that it is true. The basic thesis of the book is fairly simple. These latest findings support the thesis that sexuality is determined by nature rather than choice.

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  12. Eric Martinez Thesis Defense: The Cognitive Underpinnings of Legal

    Eric Martinez Thesis Defense: The Cognitive Underpinnings of Legal Complexity. Thursday, June 13, 2024 at 1:00pm. Building 46, McGovern Seminar Room 46-3189. 43 VASSAR ST, Cambridge, MA 02139. Date/Time: June 13th, 1pm. In-person location: McGovern Seminar Room 46-3189.

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  17. XYLD: Attractive High Yielder With An Element Of Defense

    XYLD: Attractive High Yielder With An Element Of Defense. Jun. 04, 2024 11:55 AM ET Global X S&P 500® Covered Call ETF (XYLD) ... Thesis. There are several reasons why, in my opinion, XYLD is an ...

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