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HTML BASICS Slides Presentation

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This slide presentation shows basics of HTML.

HTML and XHTML are the foundation of all web development. HTML is used as the graphical user interface in client-side programs written in JavaScript. Server-side languages like PHP and Java also receive data from web pages and use HTML as the output mechanism. The emerging Ajax technologies likewise use HTML and XHTML as their visual engine. HTML was once a very loosely-defined language with very little standardization, but as it has become more important, the need for standards has become more apparent. Regardless of whether you choose to write HTML or XHTML, understanding the current standards will help you provide a solid foundation that will simplify all your other web coding. Fortunately HTML and XHTML are actually simpler than they used to be, because much of the functionality has moved to CSS.

Common Elements

Every page (HTML or XHTML shares certain elements in common.) All are essentially plain text files, with the .html extension. HTML files should not be created with a word processor, but in some type of editor that creates plain text. Every page has a large container (HTML or XHTML) and two major subcontainers, the head and the body. The head area contains information useful behind the scenes, such as CSS formatting instructions and JavaScript code. The body contains the part of the page that is visible to the user.

Tags and Attributes

An HTML document is based on the notion of tags. A tag is a piece of text inside angle brackets (<>). Tags typically have a beginning and an end, and usually contain some sort of text inside them. For example, a paragraph is normally denoted like this:

The <p> indicates the beginning of a paragraph. Text is then placed inside the tag, and the end of the paragraph is denoted by an end tag, which is similar to the start tag but with a slash (</p>.) It is common to indent content in a multi-line tag, but it is also legal to place tags on the same line:

Tags are sometimes enhanced by attributes, which are name value pairs that modify the tag. For example, the tag (used to embed an image into a page) usually includes the following attributes:

The src attribute describes where the image file can be found, and the alt attribute describes alternate text that is displayed if the image is unavailable.

Nested tags

Tags can be (and frequently are) nested inside each other. Tags cannot overlap, so <a><b></a></b> is not legal, but <a><b></b></a> is fine.

HTML VS XHTML

HTML has been around for some time. While it has done its job admirably, that job has expanded far more than anybody expected. Early HTML had very limited layout support. Browser manufacturers added many competing standards and web developers came up with clever workarounds, but the result is a lack of standards and frustration for web developers. The latest web standards (XHTML and the emerging HTML 5.0 standard) go back to the original purpose of HTML: to describe the structure of the data only, and leave all formatting to CSS (Please see the DZone CSS Refcard Series). XHTML is nothing more than HTML code conforming to the stricter standards of XML. The same style guidelines are appropriate whether you write in HTML or XHTML (but they tend to be enforced in XHTML):

Most of the requirements of XHTML turn out to be good practice whether you write HTML or XHTML. I recommend using XHTML strict so you can validate your code and know it follows the strictest standards.

XHTML has a number of flavors. The strict type is recommended, as it is the most up-to-date standard which will produce the most predictable results. You can also use a transitional type (which allows deprecated HTML tags) and a frameset type, which allows you to add frames. For most applications, the strict type is preferred.

HTML Template

The following code can be copied and pasted to form the foundation of a basic web page:

The structure of your web pages is critical to the success of programs based on those pages, so use a validating tool to ensure you haven't missed anything

USEFUL OPEN SOURCE TOOLS

Some of the best tools for web development are available through the open source community at no cost at all. Consider these application as part of your HTML toolkit:

PAGE STRUCTURE ELEMENTS

The following elements are part of every web page.

KEY STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

Most pages contain the following key structural elements:

LISTS AND DATA

Web pages frequently incorporate structured data so HTML includes several useful list and table tag

Standard List Types

HTML supports three primary list types. Ordered lists and unordered lists are the primary list types. By default, ordered lists use numeric identifiers, and unordered lists use bullets.

However, you can use the list-style-type CSS attribute to change the list marker to one of several types.

Lists can be nested inside each other

Definition lists

The special definition list is used for name / value pairs. The definition term (dt) is a word or phrase that is used as the list marker, and the definition data is normally a paragraph:

Use of tables

Tables were used in the past to overcome the page-layout shortcomings of HTML. That use is now deprecated in favor of CSS-based layout. Use tables only as they were intended, to display tabular data.

A table mainly consists of a series of table rows (tr.) Each table row consists of a number of table data (td) elements. The table heading (th) element can be used to indicate a table cell should be marked as a heading.

The rowspan and colspan attributes can be used to make a cell span more than one row or column.

Each row of a table should have the same number of columns, and each column should have the same number of rows. Use of the span attribute may require adjustment to other rows or columns.

LINKS AND IMAGES

Links and images are both used to incorporate external resources into a page. Both are reliant on URIs (Universal Resource Indicators), commonly referred to as URLs or addresses.

<a> (anchor) The anchor tag is used to provide the basic web link:

In this example, http://www.example.com is the site to be visited. The text "link to example.com" will be highlighted as a link.

absolute and relative references

<link>

The link tag is used primarily to pull in external CSS files:

<img>

The img tag is used in to attach an image. Valid formats are .jpg, .png, and .gif. An image should always be accompanied by an alt attribute describing the contents of the image.

Image formatting attributes (height, width, and align) are deprecated in favour of CSS.

SPECIALTY MARKUP

HTML / XHTML includes several specialty tags. These are used to describe special purpose text. They have default styling, but of course the styles can be modified with CSS.

<quote>

The quote tag is intended to display a single line quote:

Quote is an inline tag. If you need a block level quote, use <blockquote>.

<pre>

The <pre> tag is used for pre-formatted text. It is sometimes used for code listings or ASCII art because it preserves carriage returns. Pre-formatted text is usually displayed in a fixed-width font.

<code>

The code format is used to manage pre-formatted text, especially code listings. It is very similar to pre.

<blockquote>

This tag is used to mark multi-line quotes. Frequently it is set off with special fonts and indentation through CSS. It is a block-level tag.

<span>

The span tag is a vanilla inline tag. It has no particular formatting of its own. It is intended to be used with a class or ID when you want to apply style to an inline chunk of code.

The em tag is used for standard emphasis. By default, <em> italicizes text, but you can use CSS to make any other type of emphasis you wish.

<strong>

This tag represents strong emphasis. By default, it is bold, but you can modify the formatting with CSS.

Forms are the standard user input mechanism in HTML / XHTML. You will need another language like JavaScript or PHP to read the contents of the form elements and act upon them.

Form Structure

A number of tags are used to describe the structure of the form. Begin by looking over a basic form:

The <form></form> pair describes the form. In XHTML strict, you must indicate the form's action property. This is typically the server-side program that will read the form. If there is no such program, you can set the action to null ("") The method attribute is used to determine whether the data is sent through the get or post mechanism.

Most form elements are inline tags, and must be encased in a block element. The fieldset is designed exactly for this purpose. Its default appearance draws a box around the form. You can have multiple fieldsets inside a single form.

You can add a legend inside a fieldset. This describes the purpose of the fieldset.

A label is a special inline element that describes a particular field. A label can be paired with an input element by putting that element's ID in the label's for attribute.

The input element is a general purpose inline element. It is meant to be used inside a form, and it is the basis for several types of more specific input. The subtype is indicated by the type attribute. Input elements usually include an id attribute (used for CSS and JavaScript identification) and / or a name attribute (used in server-side programming.) The same element can have both a name and an id.

This element allows a single line of text input:

Passwords display just like textboxes, except rather than showing the text as it is typed, an asterisk appears for each letter. Note that the data is not encoded in any meaningful way. Typing text into a password field is still entirely unsecure.

Radio Button

Radio buttons are used in a group. Only one element of a radio group can be selected at a time. Give all members of a radio group the same name value to indicate they are part of a group.

Attaching a label to a radio button means the user can activate the button by clicking on the corresponding label. For best results, use the selected attribute to force one radio button to be the default.

Checkboxes are much like radio buttons, but they are independent. Like radio buttons, they can be associated with a label.

Hidden fields hold data that is not visible to the user (although it is still visible in the code) It is primarily used to preserve state in server-side programs.

Note that the data is still not protected in any meaningful way.

Buttons are used to signal user input. Buttons can be created through the input tag:

This will create a button with the caption "launch the missiles." When the button is clicked, the page will attempt to run a JavaScript function called "launchMissiles()" Standard buttons are usually used with JavaScript code on the client. The same button can also be created with this alternate format:

This second form is preferred because buttons often require different CSS styles than other input elements. This second form also allows an <img> tag to be placed inside the button, making the image act as the button.

The reset button automatically resets all elements in its form to their default values. It doesn't require any other attributes.

Select / option

Drop-down lists can be created through the select / option mechanism. The select tag creates the overall structure, which is populated by option elements.

The select has an id (for client-side code) or name (for serverside code) identifier. It contains a number of options. Each option has a value which will be returned to the program. The text between <option> and </option> is the value displayed to the user. In some cases (as in this example) the value displayed to the user is not the same as the value used by programs.

Multiple Selections

You can also create a multi-line selection with the select and option tags:

DEPRECATED FORMATTING TAGS

Certain tags common in older forms of HTML are no longer recommended as CSS provides much better alternatives.

The font tag was used to set font color, family (typeface) and size. Numerous CSS attributes replace this capability with much more flexible alternatives. See the CSS refcard for details.

I (italics)

HTML code should indicate the level of emphasis rather than the particular stylistic implications. Italicizing should be done through CSS. The <em> tag represents emphasized text. It produces italic output unless the style is changed to something else. The <i> tag is no longer necessary and is not recommended. Add font-style: italic to the style of any element that should be italicized.

Like italics, boldfacing is considered a style consideration. Use the <strong> tag to denote any text that should be strongly emphasized. By default, this will result in boldfacing the enclosed text. You can add bold emphasis to any style with the font-weight: bold attribute in CSS.

DEPRECATED TECHNIQUES

In addition to the deprecated tags, there are also techniques which were once common in HTML that are no longer recommended.

Frames have been used as a layout mechanism and as a technique for keeping one part of the page static while dynamically loading other parts of the page in separate frames. Use of frames has proven to cause major usability problems. Layout is better handled through CSS techniques, and dynamic page generation is frequently performed through server-side manipulation or AJAX.

Table-based design

Before CSS became widespread, HTML did not have adequate page formatting support. Clever designers used tables to provide an adequate form of page layout. CSS provides a much more flexible and powerful form of layout than tables, and keeps the HTML code largely separated from the styling markup.

HTML ENTITIES

Sometimes you need to display a special character in a web page. HTML has a set of special characters for exactly this purpose. Each of these entities begins with the ampersand(&) followed by a code and a semicolon.

HTML 5 / CSS3 PREVIEW

New technologies are on the horizon. Firefox 3.5 now has support for significant new HTML 5 features, and CSS 3 is not far behind. While the following should still be considered experimental, they are likely to become very important tools in the next few years. Firefox 3.5, Safari 4 (and a few other recent browsers) support the following new features:

Audio and video tags

Finally the browsers have direct support for audio and video without plugin technology. These tags work much like the img tag.

The HTML 5 standard currently supports Ogg Theora video, Ogg Vorbis audio, and wav audio. The Ogg formats are opensource alternatives to proprietary formats, and plenty of free tools convert from more standard video formats to Ogg. The autoplay option causes the element to play automatically. The controls element places controls directly into the page.

The code between the beginning and ending tag will execute if the browser cannot process the audio or video tag. You can place alternate code here for embedding alternate versions (Flash, for example)

The canvas tag offers a region of the page that can be drawn upon (usually with Javascript.) This creates the possibility of real interactive graphics without requiring plugins like Flash.

This is actually a CSS improvement, but it's much needed. It allows you to define a font-face in CSS and include a ttf font file from the server. You can then use this font face in your ordinary CSS and use the downloaded font. If this becomes a standard, we will finally have access to reliable downloadable fonts on the web, which will usher in web typography at long last.

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10+ Free HTML and CSS Books in PDF Format

By Faraz - July 25, 2024

Access 10+ free HTML and CSS books in PDF format. Ideal for beginners and pros, these resources help you create beautiful, responsive websites. Start learning today!

Table of Contents

Introduction, the importance of html and css.

• HTML & CSS: The Complete Reference, Fifth Edition
• HTML & CSS: Design and Build Websites
• Sams Teach Yourself HTML, CSS, and JavaScript All in One
• Head First HTML and CSS
• HTML: A Beginner’s Guide, Fourth Edition
• HTML Tutorials Point
• HTML5 Notes for Professionals
• CSS Notes for Professionals
• How To Build a Website with HTML
• CSS: The Definitive Guide
• CSS in Depth
• CSS Handbook
• HTML and CSS: The Good Parts

FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)

Starting your web development journey needs the right learning materials. In this article, we share a list of 10+ free HTML and CSS books in PDF format. Whether you're a beginner or an experienced coder, these resources will help you learn to create beautiful and responsive websites. Let's explore web development together!

HTML and CSS form the backbone of web development, playing a pivotal role in creating visually appealing and functional websites. Understanding their significance is crucial for any aspiring or seasoned web developer.

Key Features of HTML

HTML, or HyperText Markup Language, is the foundation of web content. Learn about its key features, including its structure, and elements, and how it enhances the overall user experience.

Key Features of CSS

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) dictate the presentation and layout of web pages. Explore the essential features of CSS, such as styling, responsiveness, and the magic it brings to the visual aspects of a website.

1. HTML and CSS: The Complete Reference, Fifth Edition

HTML and CSS: The Complete Reference, Fifth Edition by Thomas A. Powell is an authoritative and comprehensive guide for web developers and designers. In this latest edition, Powell delves into the intricacies of HTML and CSS, providing a wealth of information for both beginners and experienced professionals. The book covers the latest standards and best practices, offering a thorough understanding of the fundamentals and advanced concepts in web development. Powell's clear explanations, practical examples, and detailed insights make this reference an indispensable tool for anyone looking to master HTML and CSS. Whether you're building your first website or seeking to refine your skills, this fifth edition is an invaluable resource that covers the full spectrum of HTML and CSS topics.

2. HTML and CSS: Design and Build Websites

HTML and CSS: Design and Build Websites by Jon Duckett is a visually engaging and user-friendly guide that takes readers on a journey through the essentials of web development. With its beautifully designed pages and clear explanations, this book is a perfect companion for beginners and those looking to enhance their HTML and CSS skills. Jon Duckett's unique approach combines visual learning with practical insights, making complex concepts accessible to readers of all levels. Whether you're a novice in web design or looking to refine your coding abilities, this book provides a solid foundation in HTML and CSS. Dive into the world of website creation with Jon Duckett's beautifully crafted guide, where learning is both informative and visually captivating.

3. Sams Teach Yourself HTML, CSS, and JavaScript All in One

Sams Teach Yourself HTML, CSS, and JavaScript All in One by Julie C. Meloni is a comprehensive and practical guide for individuals eager to learn the core technologies of web development. In this book, Julie C. Meloni skillfully navigates through HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, offering a well-structured and hands-on approach for beginners and intermediate learners alike. The content is presented in a clear, concise manner, with real-world examples and exercises that reinforce understanding. Whether you're starting from scratch or looking to expand your web development skills, this book is an invaluable resource, providing a solid foundation in HTML, CSS, and JavaScript—all in one convenient package.

4. Head First HTML and CSS

Head First HTML and CSS by Elisabeth Robson and Eric Freeman is a dynamic and brain-friendly guide designed to make learning HTML and CSS an engaging and memorable experience. With its visually rich format, interactive exercises, and witty approach, this book caters to beginners and those looking to solidify their understanding of web development. Elisabeth Robson and Eric Freeman leverage the Head First series' unique style to break down complex concepts into digestible chunks, making it easier for readers to grasp the fundamentals of HTML and CSS. Whether you're a visual learner or someone looking for an enjoyable introduction to web design, this book provides a refreshing and effective learning experience.

5. HTML: A Beginner’s Guide, Fourth Edition

HTML: A Beginner’s Guide, Fourth Edition by Wendy Willard is an invaluable resource for those diving into the world of web development. This comprehensive book offers a step-by-step approach to learning HTML, making it accessible for beginners while providing in-depth insights for those looking to enhance their skills. Wendy Willard, an experienced educator, simplifies the complexities of HTML, offering clear explanations, practical examples, and hands-on exercises. Whether you're new to coding or aiming to refine your web development expertise, this fourth edition is a must-have guide, ensuring a solid foundation in HTML. Dive into the world of web design with confidence, thanks to Wendy Willard's expert guidance.

6. HTML Tutorials Point

HTML Tutorials Point by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd offers a comprehensive and user-friendly tutorial for learning HTML. Developed by Tutorials Point, a trusted name in online education, this resource serves as an effective guide for individuals aiming to grasp the fundamentals of HTML. The tutorial covers a wide range of topics, providing step-by-step instructions, examples, and practical insights to help learners build a strong foundation in HTML. Whether you are a beginner in web development or seeking to enhance your skills, Tutorials Point's HTML tutorial offers a structured and accessible approach to mastering this essential language for creating web pages.

7. HTML5 Notes for Professionals

HTML5 Notes for Professionals by GoalKicker.com is a concise and practical resource that caters to both beginners and experienced developers seeking valuable insights into HTML5. This book, compiled by GoalKicker.com, offers a compilation of notes, tips, and examples to help readers master HTML5 efficiently. The content is presented in a clear and straightforward manner, making it an ideal reference for quick learning and problem-solving. Whether you're building your first website or exploring advanced features of HTML5, this resource serves as a handy companion for anyone looking to enhance their skills in web development.

8. CSS Notes for Professionals

CSS Notes for Professionals by GoalKicker.com is a concise and informative guide designed to assist both beginners and seasoned developers in mastering Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). Compiled by GoalKicker.com, this resource offers a collection of notes, tips, and examples to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of CSS. The content is presented in a user-friendly format, making it a valuable quick-reference tool for solving CSS-related challenges. Whether you're just starting with web design or seeking to refine your CSS skills, this guide provides a practical and efficient resource to enhance your knowledge and proficiency in styling web pages.

9. How To Build a Website with HTML

How To Build a Website with HTML by Erin Glass is a beginner-friendly guide that empowers readers to create their own websites using HTML. Erin Glass provides clear, step-by-step instructions and practical examples to demystify the process of web development. Whether you're new to coding or looking to strengthen your HTML skills, this guide offers a straightforward approach, making it accessible for individuals with varying levels of expertise. Dive into the world of web design with Erin Glass's guidance and build your own website from the ground up using HTML.

10. CSS: The Definitive Guide

CSS: The Definitive Guide by Eric A. Meyer and Estelle Weyl is an authoritative and comprehensive resource for web developers seeking a deep understanding of Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). In this book, Eric A. Meyer and Estelle Weyl provide a detailed exploration of CSS properties, selectors, and techniques, offering insights into both the fundamentals and advanced features of styling web content. The authors' expertise and clarity make this guide invaluable for both beginners and experienced developers looking to enhance their CSS skills. Whether you're aiming to create visually stunning websites or troubleshoot styling issues, this definitive guide serves as an indispensable reference for mastering the intricacies of CSS.

11. CSS in Depth

CSS in Depth by Keith J. Grant is a comprehensive and insightful guide that delves deep into the world of Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). With a focus on practical applications and real-world examples, Keith J. Grant provides readers with an in-depth understanding of CSS concepts, techniques, and best practices. Whether you're a beginner looking to build a solid foundation or an experienced developer seeking to refine your CSS skills, this book offers a detailed exploration of styling web content. With Keith J. Grant's expertise, CSS in Depth is a valuable resource for anyone aiming to master the intricacies of modern web design and layout.

12. CSS Handbook

The CSS Handbook by Flavio is a concise and user-friendly guide that provides valuable insights into Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). Flavio's handbook is crafted to be an accessible resource for both beginners and experienced developers looking to enhance their understanding of CSS. With clear explanations, practical examples, and a focus on real-world applications, this handbook serves as a handy reference for styling web content. Whether you're embarking on your journey in web development or seeking to streamline your CSS skills, Flavio's CSS Handbook is a helpful companion offering practical tips and guidance to navigate the intricacies of modern web styling.

13. HTML and CSS: The Good Parts

HTML & CSS: The Good Parts by Ben Henick is a must-read for web developers seeking to master the fundamentals of HTML and CSS. This book distills the most effective and efficient practices into a clear and concise format, focusing on the core concepts and techniques that lead to clean, maintainable code. Henick's expert insights and practical examples guide readers through the complexities of web development, making this book an invaluable resource for both beginners and seasoned professionals looking to refine their skills.

Empower yourself with the knowledge and skills needed to excel in web development by exploring these 10+ free HTML and CSS books in PDF format. Whether you're a beginner or an experienced coder, this curated list ensures you have the right resources at your fingertips.

Q1. Are these books suitable for beginners in web development?

A1. Yes, many of the suggested books cater to beginners, offering step-by-step guidance and hands-on exercises to build a strong foundation in HTML and CSS.

Q2. How often should I update my knowledge with the latest HTML and CSS trends?

A2. Regular updates are beneficial. Aim for quarterly check-ins to stay informed about emerging trends.

Q3. Are there any books specifically focused on responsive design for mobile devices?

A3. Yes, we've included PDF books specializing in responsive design for various devices.

Q4. Can I use these resources for self-paced learning?

A4. Certainly! Most of these books are designed for self-paced learning, allowing you to progress at your own speed.

Q5. What is the future outlook for web developers with HTML, CSS, and JavaScript skills?

A5. The demand is high! As technology evolves, skilled developers in HTML, CSS, and JavaScript will continue to be sought after in various industries.

That’s a wrap!

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The HTML Presentation Framework

Created by Hakim El Hattab and contributors

Hello There

reveal.js enables you to create beautiful interactive slide decks using HTML. This presentation will show you examples of what it can do.

Vertical Slides

Slides can be nested inside of each other.

Use the Space key to navigate through all slides.

Basement Level 1

Nested slides are useful for adding additional detail underneath a high level horizontal slide.

Basement Level 2

That's it, time to go back up.

Not a coder? Not a problem. There's a fully-featured visual editor for authoring these, try it out at https://slides.com .

Pretty Code

Code syntax highlighting courtesy of highlight.js .

Even Prettier Animations

Point of view.

Press ESC to enter the slide overview.

Hold down the alt key ( ctrl in Linux) and click on any element to zoom towards it using zoom.js . Click again to zoom back out.

(NOTE: Use ctrl + click in Linux.)

Auto-Animate

Automatically animate matching elements across slides with Auto-Animate .

Touch Optimized

Presentations look great on touch devices, like mobile phones and tablets. Simply swipe through your slides.

Add the r-fit-text class to auto-size text

Hit the next arrow...

... to step through ...

... a fragmented slide.

Fragment Styles

There's different types of fragments, like:

fade-right, up, down, left

fade-in-then-out

fade-in-then-semi-out

Highlight red blue green

Transition Styles

You can select from different transitions, like: None - Fade - Slide - Convex - Concave - Zoom

Slide Backgrounds

Set data-background="#dddddd" on a slide to change the background color. All CSS color formats are supported.

Image Backgrounds

Tiled backgrounds, video backgrounds, ... and gifs, background transitions.

Different background transitions are available via the backgroundTransition option. This one's called "zoom".

You can override background transitions per-slide.

Iframe Backgrounds

Since reveal.js runs on the web, you can easily embed other web content. Try interacting with the page in the background.

Marvelous List

• No order here

Fantastic Ordered List

• One is smaller than...
• Two is smaller than...

Tabular Tables

Clever Quotes

These guys come in two forms, inline: The nice thing about standards is that there are so many to choose from and block:

“For years there has been a theory that millions of monkeys typing at random on millions of typewriters would reproduce the entire works of Shakespeare. The Internet has proven this theory to be untrue.”

Intergalactic Interconnections

You can link between slides internally, like this .

Speaker View

There's a speaker view . It includes a timer, preview of the upcoming slide as well as your speaker notes.

Press the S key to try it out.

Export to PDF

Presentations can be exported to PDF , here's an example:

Global State

Set data-state="something" on a slide and "something" will be added as a class to the document element when the slide is open. This lets you apply broader style changes, like switching the page background.

State Events

Additionally custom events can be triggered on a per slide basis by binding to the data-state name.

Take a Moment

Press B or . on your keyboard to pause the presentation. This is helpful when you're on stage and want to take distracting slides off the screen.

• Right-to-left support
• Extensive JavaScript API
• Auto-progression
• Parallax backgrounds
• Custom keyboard bindings

- Try the online editor - Source code & documentation

Create Stunning Presentations on the Web

reveal.js is an open source HTML presentation framework. It's a tool that enables anyone with a web browser to create fully-featured and beautiful presentations for free.

Presentations made with reveal.js are built on open web technologies. That means anything you can do on the web, you can do in your presentation. Change styles with CSS, include an external web page using an <iframe> or add your own custom behavior using our JavaScript API .

The framework comes with a broad range of features including nested slides , Markdown support , Auto-Animate , PDF export , speaker notes , LaTeX support and syntax highlighted code .

Ready to Get Started?

It only takes a minute to get set up. Learn how to create your first presentation in the installation instructions !

Online Editor

If you want the benefits of reveal.js without having to write HTML or Markdown try https://slides.com . It's a fully-featured visual editor and platform for reveal.js, by the same creator.

Supporting reveal.js

This project was started and is maintained by @hakimel with the help of many contributions from the community . The best way to support the project is to become a paying member of Slides.com —the reveal.js presentation platform that Hakim is building.

Slides.com — the reveal.js presentation editor.

Become a reveal.js pro in the official video course.

HTML Tutorial

Html graphics, html examples, html references, html introduction.

HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages.

What is HTML?

• HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
• HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages
• HTML describes the structure of a Web page
• HTML consists of a series of elements
• HTML elements tell the browser how to display the content
• HTML elements label pieces of content such as "this is a heading", "this is a paragraph", "this is a link", etc.

A Simple HTML Document

Example explained.

• The <!DOCTYPE html> declaration defines that this document is an HTML5 document
• The <html> element is the root element of an HTML page
• The <head> element contains meta information about the HTML page
• The <title> element specifies a title for the HTML page (which is shown in the browser's title bar or in the page's tab)
• The <body> element defines the document's body, and is a container for all the visible contents, such as headings, paragraphs, images, hyperlinks, tables, lists, etc.
• The <h1> element defines a large heading
• The <p> element defines a paragraph

What is an HTML Element?

An HTML element is defined by a start tag, some content, and an end tag:

The HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:

Note: Some HTML elements have no content (like the <br> element). These elements are called empty elements. Empty elements do not have an end tag!

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Web Browsers

The purpose of a web browser (Chrome, Edge, Firefox, Safari) is to read HTML documents and display them correctly.

A browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses them to determine how to display the document:

HTML Page Structure

Below is a visualization of an HTML page structure:

Note: The content inside the <body> section will be displayed in a browser. The content inside the <title> element will be shown in the browser's title bar or in the page's tab.

HTML History

Since the early days of the World Wide Web, there have been many versions of HTML:

This tutorial follows the latest HTML5 standard.

Video: HTML Introduction

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HTML: HyperText Markup Language

HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the most basic building block of the Web. It defines the meaning and structure of web content. Other technologies besides HTML are generally used to describe a web page's appearance/presentation ( CSS ) or functionality/behavior ( JavaScript ).

"Hypertext" refers to links that connect web pages to one another, either within a single website or between websites. Links are a fundamental aspect of the Web. By uploading content to the Internet and linking it to pages created by other people, you become an active participant in the World Wide Web.

HTML uses "markup" to annotate text, images, and other content for display in a Web browser. HTML markup includes special "elements" such as <head> , <title> , <body> , <header> , <footer> , <article> , <section> , <p> , <div> , <span> , <img> , <aside> , <audio> , <canvas> , <datalist> , <details> , <embed> , <nav> , <search> , <output> , <progress> , <video> , <ul> , <ol> , <li> and many others.

An HTML element is set off from other text in a document by "tags", which consist of the element name surrounded by " < " and " > ". The name of an element inside a tag is case-insensitive. That is, it can be written in uppercase, lowercase, or a mixture. For example, the <title> tag can be written as <Title> , <TITLE> , or in any other way. However, the convention and recommended practice is to write tags in lowercase.

The articles below can help you learn more about HTML.

Key resources

If you're new to web development, be sure to read our HTML Basics article to learn what HTML is and how to use it.

For articles about how to use HTML, as well as tutorials and complete examples, check out our HTML Learning Area .

In our extensive HTML reference section, you'll find the details about every element and attribute in HTML.

Beginner's tutorials

Our HTML Learning Area features multiple modules that teach HTML from the ground up — no previous knowledge required.

This module sets the stage, getting you used to important concepts and syntax such as looking at applying HTML to text, how to create hyperlinks, and how to use HTML to structure a web page.

This module explores how to use HTML to include multimedia in your web pages, including the different ways that images can be included, and how to embed video, audio, and even entire other webpages.

Representing tabular data on a webpage in an understandable, accessible way can be a challenge. This module covers basic table markup, along with more complex features such as implementing captions and summaries.

Forms are a very important part of the Web — these provide much of the functionality you need for interacting with websites, e.g. registering and logging in, sending feedback, buying products, and more. This module gets you started with creating the client-side/front-end parts of forms.

Provides links to sections of content explaining how to use HTML to solve very common problems when creating a web page: dealing with titles, adding images or videos, emphasizing content, creating a basic form, etc.

Advanced topics

The crossorigin attribute, in combination with an appropriate CORS header, allows images defined by the <img> element to be loaded from foreign origins and used in a <canvas> element as if they were being loaded from the current origin.

Some HTML elements that provide support for CORS , such as <img> or <video> , have a crossorigin attribute ( crossOrigin property), which lets you configure the CORS requests for the element's fetched data.

The preload value of the <link> element's rel attribute allows you to write declarative fetch requests in your HTML <head> , specifying resources that your pages will need very soon after loading, which you therefore want to start preloading early in the lifecycle of a page load, before the browser's main rendering machinery kicks in. This ensures that they are made available earlier and are less likely to block the page's first render, leading to performance improvements. This article provides a basic guide to how preload works.

HTML consists of elements , each of which may be modified by some number of attributes . HTML documents are connected to each other with links .

Browse a list of all HTML elements .

Elements in HTML have attributes . These are additional values that configure the elements or adjust their behavior in various ways.

Global attributes may be specified on all HTML elements , even those not specified in the standard . This means that any non-standard elements must still permit these attributes, even though those elements make the document HTML5-noncompliant.

HTML elements are usually "inline-level" or "block-level" elements. An inline-level element occupies only the space bounded by the tags that define it. A block-level element occupies the entire space of its parent element (container), thereby creating a "block box".

HTML comments are used to add explanatory notes to the markup or to prevent the browser from interpreting specific parts of the document.

The <audio> and <video> elements allow you to play audio and video media natively within your content without the need for external software support.

HTML is comprised of several kinds of content, each of which is allowed to be used in certain contexts and is disallowed in others. Similarly, each context has a set of other content categories it can contain and elements that can or can't be used in them. This is a guide to these categories.

Historical information on quirks mode and standards mode.

Related topics

This article covers most of the ways you use CSS to add color to HTML content, listing what parts of HTML documents can be colored and what CSS properties to use when doing so.

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PDF exporter for HTML presentations

astefanutti/decktape

Folders and files.

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DeckTape is a high-quality PDF exporter for HTML presentation frameworks.

DeckTape is built on top of Puppeteer which relies on Google Chrome for laying out and rendering Web pages and provides a headless Chrome instance scriptable with a JavaScript API.

DeckTape currently supports the following presentation frameworks out of the box:

Bespoke.js  •  deck.js  •  DZSlides  •  Flowtime.js  •  impress.js  •  Inspire.js  •  NueDeck  •  remark  •  reveal.js  •  RISE  •  Shower  •  Slidy  •  WebSlides

DeckTape also provides a generic command that works by emulating the end-user interaction, allowing it to be used to convert presentations from virtually any kind of framework. The generic mode is particularly useful for supporting HTML presentation frameworks that don’t expose an API or accessible state.

DeckTape’s plugin-based architecture exposes an extension API, making it possible to add support for other frameworks or to tailor existing plugins to your specific needs.

DeckTape can optionally be used to capture screenshots of your slide decks in various resolutions (similar to pageres ). That can be useful to make sure your presentations are responsive or to create handouts for them.

You can browse some slide deck examples below that have been exported with DeckTape.

Install DeckTape globally and run it:

Or locally:

See the FAQ for troubleshooting / alternatives.

In addition to the general options listed above, command specific options can be displayed the following way:

Iterates over the available plugins , picks the compatible one for presentation at the specified url and uses it to export and write the PDF into the specified filename .

Emulates the end-user interaction by pressing the key with the specified --key option, and iterates over the presentation as long as:

Any change to the DOM is detected by observing mutation events targeting the body element and its subtree,

Nor the number of slides exported has reached the specified --max-slides option.

The --key option must be a list of UI events KeyboardEvent key values , and defaults to ['ArrowRight'] , e.g.:

--screenshots

Captures each slide as an image at the --screenshots-size resolution, exports it to the --screenshots-format image format and writes the output into the --screenshots-directory directory.

The --screenshots-size option can be set multiple times. For example:

Exports only the slides specified as a series of slides indexes and ranges, e.g.:

The rendering stops and the file written out after the largest numbered slide is exported.

The following slide deck examples have been exported using DeckTape:

DeckTape can be executed within a Docker container from the command-line using the astefanutti/decktape Docker image available on Docker Hub :

For example:

To convert an online HTML presentation and have it exported into the working directory under the slides.pdf filename:

Or, to convert an HTML presentation that’s stored on the local file system in the home directory:

Or, to convert an HTML presentation that’s deployed on the local host:

You may have to use host.docker.internal instead of localhost on macOS and Windows.

You may want to specify a tag corresponding to a released version of DeckTape for the Docker image, e.g. astefanutti/decktape:3.0.0 .

Besides, it is recommended to use the following options from the docker run command:

DeckTape is meant to be run as a short-term foreground process so that it’s not necessary to have the container’s file system persisted after DeckTape exits,

to mount a data volume so that DeckTape can directly write to the local file system.

Alternatively, you can use the docker cp command, e.g.:

If your presentation relies on fonts installed on the host system, but not in the base Docker container, you can mount your fonts directory as a volume, e.g. for macOS:

I’m using Arch Linux, is there an AUR package?

Yes, it is available at https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/nodejs-decktape/ .

Is it possible to pass arguments to Chrome?

Yes, you can use the --chrome-arg option, e.g.:

The list of Chromium flags can be found here .

Troubleshooting

No usable sandbox!

Arch Linux, among other Linux distributions may have the user namespace in the kernel disabled by default. You can verify this by accessing chrome://sandbox in your Chrome browser. You can find more about sandboxing, here . As a temporary work-around, you can pass --chrome-arg=--no-sandbox as a CLI option.

Mixed Content: The page was loaded over HTTPS, but requested an insecure resource

Chrome blocks insecure content on secure pages by default. This can be alleviated by passing the --allow-running-insecure-content flag option, e.g.:

Failed to read the 'rules' property from 'CSSStyleSheet': Cannot access rules

Starting Chrome 64, accessing CSS rules in a stylesheet loaded from the local filesystem or an external location violates CORS policies. As some Decktape plugins tweak the CSS rules for better PDF printing, you need to allow access to local files or external stylesheets by setting the --disable-web-security flag option, e.g.:

Layout inconsistencies

Decktape relies on Pupeteer to convert each slide in PDF format. Slight layout inconsistencies can result as part of this transformation. One workaround is to set a specific slide size using the -s option. The value of -s 1024x768 has generally worked well in such situations.

Reveal.js slide generation never finishes

Decktape does not use the built-in PDF support of reveal.js, and instead captures each slide individually. Therefore you must not append ?print-pdf or load the print stylesheets in any other way when using Decktape.

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