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Children who spend more time playing outside are more likely to be imaginative. What do you think this statement is an example of in terms of scientific research ? If you guessed a hypothesis, then you'd be correct. The formulation of hypotheses is a fundamental step in psychology research.
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What type of hypothesis matches the following definition. A hypothesis that states that the IV will influence the DV, and states how it will influence the DV.
Which type of hypothesis is also known as a two-tailed hypothesis?
What type of hypothesis matches the following definition. A predictive statement that researchers use when it is thought that the IV will not influence the DV.
What type of hypothesis is the following example. There will be no observed difference in scores from a memory performance task between people with high- or low-depressive scores.
Is the following example a falsifiable hypothesis, "leprechauns always find the pot of gold at the end of the rainbow".
What type of hypothesis is the following example. There will be an observed difference in scores from a memory performance task between people with high- or low-depressive scores.
Is memory an operationalised variable that could be used in a good hypothesis?
What type of hypothesis is the following example. People with low depressive scores will perform better in the memory performance task than people who score higher in depressive symptoms.
What type of hypothesis matches the following definition. A hypothesis that states that the IV will influence the DV. But, the hypothesis does not state how the IV will influence the DV.
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The current community of psychologists believe that the best approach to understanding behaviour is to conduct scientific research . To be classed as scientific research , it must be observable, valid, reliable and follow a standardised procedure.
One of the important steps in scientific research is to formulate a hypothesis before starting the study procedure.
The hypothesis is a predictive, testable statement predicting the outcome and the results the researcher expects to find.
The hypothesis provides a summary of what direction, if any, is taken to investigate a theory.
In scientific research, there is a criterion that hypotheses need to be met to be regarded as acceptable.
If a hypothesis is disregarded, the research may be rejected by the community of psychology researchers.
The purpose of including hypotheses in psychology research is:
When carrying out research, researchers first investigate the research area they are interested in. From this, researchers are required to identify a gap in the literature.
Filling the gap essentially means finding what previous work has not been explained yet, investigated to a sufficient degree, or simply expanding or further investigating a theory if doubt exists.
The researcher then forms a research question that the researcher will attempt to answer in their study.
Remember, the hypothesis is a predictive statement of what is expected to happen when testing the research question.
The hypothesis can be used for later data analysis. This includes inferential tests such as hypothesis testing and identifying if statistical findings are significant.
Researchers must follow certain steps to formulate testable hypotheses when conducting research.
Overall, the researcher has to consider the direction of the research, i.e. will it be looking for a difference caused by independent variables ? Or will it be more concerned with the correlation between variables?
All researchers will likely complete the following.
The above steps are used to formulate testable hypotheses.
The hypothesis is important in research as it indicates what and how a variable will be investigated.
The hypothesis essentially summarises what and how something will be investigated. This is important as it ensures that the researcher has carefully planned how the research will be done, as the researchers have to follow a set procedure to conduct research.
This is known as the scientific method.
When formulating hypotheses, things that researchers should consider are:
Hypothesis Requirement | Description |
It should be written as predictive statements regarding the relationship between the IV and DV. | The researcher should be able to predict what they expect to find from the study results. The researcher could state that they expect to see a difference. Occasionally, researchers may theorise what changes are expected to be observed (two-tailed alternative hypothesis). |
It should be formulated based on background research. | Hypotheses should not be based on guesswork. Instead, researchers should use previously published research to predict the study's expected outcome. |
Identify the IV. | IV is what the experimenter manipulates to see if it affects the DV. |
Identify the DV. | DV is the variable being measured after the IV has been manipulated or after it changes during the experiment. |
The should be operationalised. | The researchers must define how each variable (IV and DV) will be measured. For example, may be measured using a performance test, such as the Mini-Mental Status Examination. When a hypothesis is operationalised, it is testable. |
The hypotheses need to be falsifiable. | Other researchers need to be able to replicate the research using the same variables to see whether they can verify the results. The hypothesis needs to be written in a way that is falsifiable, meaning it can be tested using the scientific method to see if it is true.An example of a non-falsifiable hypothesis is "leprechauns always find the pot of gold at the end of the rainbow." |
The hypotheses should be clear. | Hypotheses are usually only a sentence long and should only include the details summarised above. A good hypothesis should not include irrelevant information. |
Researchers can propose different types of hypotheses when carrying out research.
The following research scenario will be discussed to show examples of each type of hypothesis that the researchers could use. "A research team was investigating whether memory performance is affected by depression ."
The identified independent variable is the severity of depression scores, and the dependent variable is the scores from a memory performance task.
The null hypothesis predicts that the results will show no or little effect. The null hypothesis is a predictive statement that researchers use when it is thought that the IV will not influence the DV.
In this case, the null hypothesis would be there will be no difference in memory scores on the MMSE test of those who are diagnosed with depression and those who are not.
An alternative hypothesis is a predictive statement used when it is thought that the IV will influence the DV. The alternative hypothesis is also called a non-directional, two-tailed hypothesis, as it predicts the results can go either way, e.g. increase or decrease.
The example in this scenario is there will be an observed difference in scores from a memory performance task between people with high- or low-depressive scores.
The directional alternative hypothesis states how the IV will influence the DV, identifying a specific direction, such as if there will be an increase or decrease in the observed results.
The example in this scenario is people with low depressive scores will perform better in the memory performance task than people who score higher in depressive symptoms.
To summarise, let's look at an example of a straightforward hypothesis that indicates the relationship between two variables: the independent and the dependent.
If you stay up late, you will feel tired the following day; the more caffeine you drink, the harder you find it to fall asleep, or the more sunlight plants get, the taller they will grow.
Directional, alternative hypothesis
Alternative hypothesis
Null hypothesis
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What are the 3 types of hypotheses?
The three types of hypotheses are:
What is an example of a hypothesis in psychology?
An example of a null hypothesis in psychology is, there will be no observed difference in scores from a memory performance task between people with high- or low-depressive scores.
What are the steps in formulating a hypothesis?
All researchers will likely complete the following
What is formulation of hypothesis in research?
The formulation of a hypothesis in research is when the researcher formulates a predictive statement of what is expected to happen when testing the research question based on background research.
How to formulate null and alternative hypothesis?
When formulating a null hypothesis the researcher would state a prediction that they expect to see no difference in the dependent variable when the independent variable changes or is manipulated. Whereas, when using an alternative hypothesis then it would be predicted that there will be a change in the dependent variable. The researcher can state in which direction they expect the results to go.
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COMMENTS
5. Phrase your hypothesis in three ways. To identify the variables, you can write a simple prediction in if…then form. The first part of the sentence states the independent variable and the second part states the dependent variable. If a first-year student starts attending more lectures, then their exam scores will improve.
The formulation and testing of a hypothesis is part of the scientific method, the approach scientists use when attempting to understand and test ideas about natural phenomena. The generation of a hypothesis frequently is described as a creative process and is based on existing scientific knowledge, intuition, or experience.
A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. It is a specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in a study. It is a preliminary answer to your question that helps guide the research process. Consider a study designed to examine the relationship between sleep deprivation and test ...
Definition: Hypothesis is an educated guess or proposed explanation for a phenomenon, based on some initial observations or data. It is a tentative statement that can be tested and potentially proven or disproven through further investigation and experimentation. ... The formulation of a hypothesis is based on existing knowledge, observations ...
Complex Hypothesis Examples. A complex hypothesis involves more than two variables. An example could be, "If students sleep for at least 8 hours and eat a healthy breakfast, then their test scores and overall well-being will improve." This type of hypothesis examines multiple factors and their combined effects.
Simple hypothesis. A simple hypothesis is a statement made to reflect the relation between exactly two variables. One independent and one dependent. Consider the example, "Smoking is a prominent cause of lung cancer." The dependent variable, lung cancer, is dependent on the independent variable, smoking. 4.
A hypothesis is a prediction of what will be found at the outcome of a research project and is typically focused on the relationship between two different variables studied in the research. It is usually based on both theoretical expectations about how things work and already existing scientific evidence. Within social science, a hypothesis can ...
3 Define your variables. Once you have an idea of what your hypothesis will be, select which variables are independent and which are dependent. Remember that independent variables can only be factors that you have absolute control over, so consider the limits of your experiment before finalizing your hypothesis.
Hypothesis testing example. You want to test whether there is a relationship between gender and height. Based on your knowledge of human physiology, you formulate a hypothesis that men are, on average, taller than women. To test this hypothesis, you restate it as: H 0: Men are, on average, not taller than women. H a: Men are, on average, taller ...
Step 4: Refine your hypothesis. You need to make sure your hypothesis is specific and testable. There are various ways of phrasing a hypothesis, but all the terms you use should have clear definitions, and the hypothesis should contain: The relevant variables. The specific group being studied.
It seeks to explore and understand a particular aspect of the research subject. In contrast, a research hypothesis is a specific statement or prediction that suggests an expected relationship between variables. It is formulated based on existing knowledge or theories and guides the research design and data analysis. 7.
Clearly define your variables and the expected relationship between them. Ensure testability: A good hypothesis should be testable through empirical means, ... Keep it focused: One of the common pitfalls in hypothesis formulation is trying to answer too many questions at once. Keep your hypothesis focused on a specific issue or relationship.
What they need at the start of their research is to formulate a scientific hypothesis that revisits conventional theories, real-world processes, and related evidence to propose new studies and test ideas in an ethical way.3 Such a hypothesis can be of most benefit if published in an ethical journal with wide visibility and exposure to relevant ...
Examples. A research hypothesis, in its plural form "hypotheses," is a specific, testable prediction about the anticipated results of a study, established at its outset. It is a key component of the scientific method. Hypotheses connect theory to data and guide the research process towards expanding scientific understanding.
A research hypothesis (also called a scientific hypothesis) is a statement about the expected outcome of a study (for example, a dissertation or thesis). To constitute a quality hypothesis, the statement needs to have three attributes - specificity, clarity and testability. Let's take a look at these more closely.
The hypothesis of Andreas Cellarius, showing the planetary motions in eccentric and epicyclical orbits. A hypothesis (pl.: hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon.For a hypothesis to be a scientific hypothesis, the scientific method requires that one can test it. Scientists generally base scientific hypotheses on previous observations that cannot satisfactorily be explained with ...
Facilitating Hypothesis Formulation: In quantitative research, hypotheses often stem from the research questions, proposing specific predictions or expectations based on theoretical foundations or previous studies. Hypotheses provide a testable statement that guides the empirical investigation and analysis. ... Definition: A hypothesis is a ...
The hypothesis is a predictive, testable statement predicting the outcome and the results the researcher expects to find. The hypothesis provides a summary of what direction, if any, is taken to investigate a theory. In scientific research, there is a criterion that hypotheses need to be met to be regarded as acceptable.
Formulation of the null hypothesis is a vital step in testing statistical significance. Having formulated such a hypothesis, one can establish the probability of observing the obtained data or data more different from the prediction of the null hypothesis, if the null hypothesis is true. That probability is what is commonly called the "significance
Hypothesis is a prediction of the outcome of a study. Hypotheses are drawn from theories and research questions or from direct observations. In fact, a research problem can be formulated as a hypothesis. To test the hypothesis we need to formulate it in terms that can actually be analysed with statistical tools.
To formulate a hypothesis, a researcher must consider the requirements of a strong hypothesis: Make a prediction based on previous observations or research. Define objective independent and ...
The hypothesis is a predictive, testable statement predicting the outcome and the results the researcher expects to find. The hypothesis provides a summary of what direction, if any, is taken to investigate a theory. In scientific research, there is a criterion that hypotheses need to be met to be regarded as acceptable.
Define the specific aspect or problem you want to investigate. The research question should be clear and concise. ... By mastering the art of hypothesis formulation, you empower yourself to explore, discover, and contribute to the ever-evolving field of psychology. As you embark on your own psychological research journey, remember that ...