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How To Write An Effective Declaration Page For Your Thesis – Template

Published by Alvin Nicolas at March 13th, 2024 , Revised On April 5, 2024

A declaration page stands as a testament to the integrity and authenticity of a thesis. It is a succinct section at the beginning of the document and outlines key information and affirmations regarding the authorship and originality of the work.

Essentially, it serves as a formal declaration of the author’s adherence to ethical standards and their acknowledgement of the contributions made towards the completion of the thesis.

A declaration page acts as a cornerstone of academic integrity and helps reinforce the credibility of the research presented within the thesis or dissertation .

By explicitly stating that the work is original and free from plagiarism, the author not only upholds the principles of honesty but also demonstrates their commitment to scholarly standards.

Let’s explore this further.

What Is A Thesis Declaration Page

The declaration page within a thesis serves as a foundational element, providing essential information and affirmations crucial for academic integrity.

The declaration page, often positioned at the beginning of a thesis, is a formal section dedicated to asserting the authenticity, originality, and ethical adherence of the work presented within the document. It serves as a declaration of the author’s commitment to scholarly integrity and honesty.

This declaration is typically mandated by academic institutions as a requisite component of thesis submission, aimed at upholding rigorous standards of academic conduct.

Purpose Of A Dissertation Declaration

The primary purpose of the declaration page is twofold: to affirm the originality of the research and to acknowledge the contributions of individuals or sources that have assisted in the thesis’s completion.

By formally declaring the work’s authenticity and adherence to ethical standards, the author establishes credibility and trustworthiness, essential qualities in academic discourse.

Moreover, the declaration page functions as a transparent record of the author’s involvement in the research process , delineating their contributions and attributions.

It serves as a testament to the author’s accountability and responsibility for the content presented within the thesis, thus safeguarding against plagiarism and intellectual dishonesty.

Key Components To Include

Here are some of the key components to include in your declaration guide.

Title Of The Thesis

The declaration page typically begins with the title of the thesis , serving as a concise identifier of the research topic or subject matter. The title should accurately reflect the scope and focus of the thesis, providing readers with a clear understanding of its contents.

Name Of The Author

Following the title, the declaration page includes the name of the author, affirming their authorship and responsibility for the research presented within the thesis.

The author’s name serves as a key identifier, linking them directly to the work and asserting their ownership of intellectual contributions.

Declaration Of Originality

Central to the declaration page is the declaration of originality, wherein the author asserts that the work presented within the thesis is their own original creation.

This declaration typically includes statements affirming that the research has not been plagiarised and that any sources or references utilised have been properly cited.

Statement Of Contributions

The statement of contributions provides an opportunity for the author to acknowledge the individuals or entities that have contributed to the completion of the thesis. This may include supervisors , advisors, collaborators, or funding agencies, among others.

The statement should clearly delineate the specific contributions made by each party, highlighting their roles in the research process.

Acknowledgements (If Applicable)

In some cases, the declaration page may include a section for acknowledgements, wherein the author expresses gratitude to individuals or organisations who have provided support, guidance, or inspiration during the course of the research.

Acknowledgements may include mentors, peers, family members, or institutions that have facilitated the author’s academic pursuits.

Date Of Submission

Finally, the declaration page concludes with the date of submission, indicating the date on which the thesis was formally submitted for evaluation or examination.

The inclusion of the submission date serves as a record of the thesis’s completion and submission timeline, ensuring compliance with academic deadlines and requirements.

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How To Write A Declaration Page

Creating a declaration page that is both impactful and professional requires attention to detail and adherence to certain principles.

Clear & Concise Language

One of the cardinal rules of crafting an effective declaration page is to use clear and concise language. Avoid ambiguity or verbosity, and strive for clarity in expressing your affirmations and acknowledgements.

The declaration should be easily understandable to readers, conveying your commitment to academic integrity without unnecessary embellishment.

Formatting & Presentation Tips

Formatting plays a crucial role in the presentation of the declaration page. Ensure that the page layout is clean and organised, with consistent font styles and sizes.

Use headings and subheadings to delineate different sections of the declaration, making it easier for readers to navigate. Additionally, pay attention to spacing and alignment to maintain a polished appearance.

Honesty & Integrity

Honesty and integrity are paramount when crafting a declaration page. It is essential to uphold the highest ethical standards and truthfully affirm the originality of your work.

Avoid any misleading statements or exaggerations, as they can undermine the credibility of your thesis. Demonstrating integrity in your declaration not only reflects positively on your character but also reinforces the trustworthiness of your research.

Institutional Guidelines & Requirements

Every academic institution may have its own specific guidelines and requirements for declaration pages. Before crafting your declaration, familiarise yourself with these guidelines to ensure compliance.

Pay attention to formatting specifications, word limits, and any specific language or statements that may be required. Adhering to institutional guidelines demonstrates your attention to detail and respect for academic conventions.

Writing The Declaration Of Originality

The declaration of originality is a crucial component of the declaration page, affirming the authenticity and uniqueness of your work.

What Constitutes Original Work

Original work refers to content that is created by the author and has not been previously published or plagiarised from other sources. When writing the declaration of originality, it is important to understand what constitutes original work within the context of your field of study.

This may include original research findings, innovative ideas, or creative interpretations of existing knowledge.

Avoiding Plagiarism

Plagiarism is a serious offence in academia and must be strictly avoided. When writing the declaration of originality, explicitly state that the work presented in your thesis is your own and properly acknowledge any sources or references used.

Take care to cite all sources accurately and follow citation conventions prescribed by your institution. By demonstrating a commitment to academic honesty, you uphold the integrity of your research.

Declaration Template

I, [Your Name], hereby declare that this thesis entitled “[Title of Your Thesis]” is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at any university or equivalent institution.

I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project’s design and conception or in style, presentation, and linguistic expression is acknowledged. Where applicable, any part of this thesis containing materials prepared jointly with others has been explicitly identified.

Any views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of [University Name] or any other institution.

Signed: ____________________

Date: [Date]

Frequently Asked Questions

What is an example of a declaration in a thesis.

An example of a declaration in a thesis might state: “I hereby declare that this thesis is my original work, conducted under the supervision of [supervisor’s name], and all sources used have been properly cited and acknowledged.”

Where does the declaration go in a thesis?

The declaration typically appears as a preliminary page in a thesis, preceding the abstract and acknowledgements. It is usually located after the title page and before the table of contents, providing a formal statement from the author regarding the originality and integrity of their work.

What is an example of a declaration statement?

An example of a declaration statement in a thesis could be: “I solemnly declare that this thesis is the result of my own research endeavours, conducted under the guidance of [supervisor’s name]. All sources used have been duly acknowledged and referenced according to the conventions of academic integrity and citation.”

What is the declaration format for Phd thesis?

The declaration format for a PhD thesis typically includes a statement asserting the author’s originality of work, acknowledgement of sources, compliance with ethical standards, and declaration of any assistance received. It’s usually structured in a formal, concise manner and is placed at the beginning of the thesis document.

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What are Conflict of Interest Statements, Funding Source Declarations, Author Agreements/Declarations and Permission Notes?

Many Journals request that the Author(s) supply them with one or more of these items at initial submission stage.

Please note: Most journals require a formal format for these items. A generic form can be found further down this page.

To create one of these items, you're required to:

Have located a journal to submit to.
Have checked the Guide for Authors for that journal (sometimes a sample form is provided for you to download and complete).

If these are part of journal requirements, it'll be listed at the 'Attach File/Upload Files' step during the submission process.

Journals may request one or more of the following be uploaded as part of your submission:

An Author Agreement is a statement to certify that all authors have seen and approved the final version of the manuscript being submitted. They warrant that the article is the authors' original work, hasn't received prior publication and isn't under consideration for publication elsewhere.

A Conflict of Interest or Competing Interest is defined as a set of conditions in which professional judgment concerning a primary interest, such as the validity of research, may be influenced by a secondary interest, such as financial gain. See the Competing Interests Factsheet for more information.

A Declaration of Interest (sometimes called a Disclosure Statement) is a notification from the author that there's no financial/personal interest or belief that could affect their objectivity, or if there is, stating the source and nature of that potential conflict. To prevent ambiguity, authors must state explicitly whether potential competing interests do or don't exist, so you may be asked to provide one, even if no competing interests exist.

Many Elsevier journals use our Declaration Tool helps authors step-by-step through the process of preparing well-considered and ICMJE-compliant Please watch this short video on how to use the Declaration Tool in Editorial Manager .
Many medical journals follow ICMJE Recommendations . For these titles, you can download the ICMJE COI form , complete it and save it on your computer, then submit the completed form to the journal along with your manuscript.

Please refer to each journal’s guide for authors for information on how to provide a Declaration of Interest statement for that journal.

A Funding Source Declaration contains a declaration of any funding or research grants (and their source) received in the course of study, research or assembly of the manuscript.

A Permission Note is a statement that permission has been received to use any material in the manuscript such as figures etc. which isn't original content. See Elsevier's Permission Guidelines for more information.

When in doubt, always consult with your professor, advisor, or someone in a position of authority who can guide you to the right course of action.

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Please include a declaration of competing interests at the end of the text of your manuscript. Nature 's competing interests policy is described here .

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Declarations

List of abbreviations

If abbreviations are used in the text they should be defined in the text at first use, and a list of abbreviations should be provided.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Manuscripts reporting studies involving human participants, human data or human tissue must:

include a statement on ethics approval and consent (even where the need for approval was waived)
include the name of the ethics committee that approved the study and the committee’s reference number if appropriate

Studies involving animals must include a statement on ethics approval.

Studies involving plants must include a statement specifying the local, national or international guidelines and legislation and the required or appropriate permissions and/or licences for the study.

If your manuscript does not report on or involve any animals, humans, human data, human tissue or plants, please state “Not applicable” in this section.

See our editorial policies for more information.

Consent for publication

If your manuscript contains any individual person’s data in any form, consent to publish must be obtained from that person, or in the case of children, their parent or legal guardian. All presentations of case reports must have consent to publish.

If your manuscript does not contain any individual persons data, please state “Not applicable” in this section.

Availability of data and materials

For all journals, SpringerOpen strongly encourages all datasets on which the conclusions of the manuscript rely to be either deposited in publicly available repositories (where available and appropriate) or presented in the main paper or additional supporting files, in machine-readable format (such as spreadsheets rather than PDFs) whenever possible. Please see the list of recommended repositories in our editorial policies.

For some journals, deposition of the data on which the conclusions of the manuscript rely is an absolute requirement. Please check the Criteria section for this article type (located at the top of this page) for journal specific policies.

For all journals, authors must include an “Availability of data and materials” section in their article detailing where the data supporting their findings can be found. If you do not wish to share your data, please state that data will not be shared, and state the reason.

For instructions on how to cite your data and format this section see preparation/style and formatting.

Competing interests

All financial and non-financial competing interests must be declared in this section. See our editorial policies for a full explanation of competing interests. If you are unsure whether you or any of your co-authors have a competing interest please contact the editorial office.

All sources of funding for the research reported should be declared. The role of the funding body in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript should be declared.

Authors' contributions

The individual contributions of authors to the manuscript should be specified in this section.

Acknowledgements

Please acknowledge anyone who contributed towards the article who does not meet the criteria for authorship including anyone who provided professional writing services or materials.

Authors should obtain permission to acknowledge from all those mentioned in the Acknowledgements section.

See our editorial policies for a full explanation of acknowledgements and authorship criteria.

Group authorship: if you would like the names of the individual members of a collaboration Group to be searchable through their individual PubMed records, please ensure that the title of the collaboration Group is included on the title page and in the submission system and also include collaborating author names as the last paragraph of the “Acknowledgements” section. Please add authors in the format First Name, Middle initial(s) (optional), Last Name. You can add institution or country information for each author if you wish, but this should be consistent across all authors.

Please note that individual names may not be present in the PubMed record at the time a published article is initially included in PubMed as it takes PubMed additional time to code this information.

Authors' information

You may choose to use this section to include any relevant information about the author(s) that may aid the reader's interpretation of the article, and understand the standpoint of the author(s). This may include details about the authors' qualifications, current positions they hold at institutions or societies, or any other relevant background information. Please refer to authors using their initials. Note this section should not be used to describe any competing interests.

Declaration in Research Paper Sample

H ere, you can find the best sample for declaration in a research paper and a general explanation of a declaration.

We aim to tell you how to write a declaration that clearly states your commitment to ethical research and help you discover tips for crafting an effective declaration that showcases your academic integrity.

If this process is tricky, use this guidance to enhance your research paper.

Table of Contents

“Declaration in a Research Paper” Explanation & Importance

Get familiar with the declaration writing process before having a sample. You can be more aware of what you have to write, and your declaration won’t be a copy of other declarations in research paper formats.

What is a declaration in a research paper?

A declaration form is a document that helps to ensure that research papers are original, ethical, and credible. It is typically signed by the author of the research paper and their supervisor.

What Are Different Types of Research Paper Declaration Samples?

You better know that there are various types of declaration samples, depending on the specific context and requirements.

Some of the most common declaration examples in other fields are:

1. Self-Declaration Form

2. Tax Declaration

3. Statutory Declaration

4. Employment Declaration

5. Student Declaration for Undergraduate Research Papers or the Papers Submitted to Journals

The declarations are important when used, but here, we exclusively discuss the declaration in a research paper. Do you know why having a declaration in a research paper is essential?

What is the Importance of a Declaration in a Research Paper?

If you add a declaration to your research paper, you can prevent any misunderstanding or misconception that might arise during the revision process.

It caters to making informed and fair decisions regarding your research paper. Also, this acts as a legal document for your written research paper and empowers your presenting article.

Now that you are familiar with the essence of the declaration letter let’s see a general sample of a declaration in a research paper.

Example of Declarations in Research Papers

Here is a sample to help you write a clear and academic declaration statement:

I, [Student Name] , declare that this research paper is an authentic and original representation of my work, prepared solely by myself, and has not been presented or submitted for any other degree. This thesis embodies my contribution to the field of [Research Domain] .

The experimental design and data analysis presented in this thesis are solely my work, and collaborative efforts have been duly acknowledged and referenced. I have meticulously adhered to all ethical protocols and guidelines for research conducted at [University Name] , ensuring the protection of human participants and the responsible handling of sensitive data.

I understand that the [Name of the University] upholds the highest standards of academic integrity and is committed to ensuring the originality of student work. I am fully prepared to undergo plagiarism checks and will accept any consequences arising from misconduct.

My research has made a significant contribution to the understanding of [Research Topic] . The findings presented in this thesis have the potential to impact the field of [Research Domain] and advance knowledge in this area.

I am proud of my work and the contribution I have made to academic research. I have strived to conduct my research with the utmost integrity and hope that my findings will serve as a valuable contribution to the field.

Student ID:

Supervisor’s Declaration

I have had the privilege of supervising the research conducted by [Student Name] and am fully satisfied that this thesis is an original and authentic work of their own. I have observed their dedication and commitment to ethical research practices throughout the project, and I am confident that the findings presented in this thesis are significant and will make a valuable contribution to the field of [research domain].

I highly recommend [Student Name] for academic distinction and believe their research exemplifies high academic integrity and intellectual rigor.

Read More: Cover Letter for Journal Submission Springer Template

In this guidance, we focused more on the SAMPLE of a declaration statement in an article.

But we also explained a Declaration in the Research Paper and its importance for the academics and students writing their thesis.

Have you ever written any declaration for your research paper? If yes, please share your knowledge and experience with us in the comments.

Cover Letter for Journal Submission Springer Template

Point by point response to reviewers, related articles.

Examples of Subheadings for Literature Review

Paper Rejected Without Review

How To Suggest Reviewers for Elsevier Journal?

Proof Checking Meaning

3 Must Have Ethical Declarations for Journal Submission

Recently, a researcher brought up the topic of ethics in research and how a simple oversight had led to rejection. This fueled a discussion about ethical declarations and related issues at the journal submission stage, which highlighted how little authors actually know about the topic. This deficiency is underlined by a 2018 Editage Global Author Survey, which reveals that 10-25% of respondents didn’t know or were confused about ethics statements, what plagiarism means, duplicate submissions, and even determining authorship, while 31% had never heard about global ethics-related bodies such as COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) or ICMJE (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors).

Scientific research is based on trust, integrity, and the ethical conduct of researchers across the globe. On the other hand, growing commercialization and competition is chipping away at the ethical principles that guide scientific research and publication. Renowned American computer scientist Bill Joy once said, “We can’t simply do our science and not worry about the ethical issues.” Lack of ethical declarations or any kind of ethical misconduct in research can lead to desk rejection, article retractions, hurt your academic career, and even discredit authors and their research findings. The best way for authors to avoid this quagmire is to learn more about publishing ethics and check your manuscript readiness before submission . Here’s something to get you started.

Table of Contents

Ethical declarations every author needs to submit

Ethical misconduct can result in rejection, and while authors must ensure their study is important and novel, the job does not end there. Here are the top ethical declarations needed at the submission stage.

1. Statements of ethical approval

The first ethical declaration and one of the most important aspects of research is to ensure appropriate and ethical handling of people or animals involved in the study. Any use of information, patient data, or case studies in your manuscript without approval from relevant bodies and participants is unethical and can lead to rejection.

Types of ethical approvals

Authors first need written consent (with approval number) from an ethical approval committee/Institutional Review Board as well as from the participants in the study. Where children are involved, authors should submit informed consent from their parents, guardians or legal representatives with their manuscript.

What authors should do

Statements of ethical approvals are one of the key ethical declarations on submission that indicate the privacy and consent of study participants have been maintained in research projects. So, be sure to get all the relevant approvals and permissions in advance to ensure your research study is ethically compliant, and your findings are seen as credible. If researchers are unable to obtain consent, they should eliminate all personal details of the participants from the manuscript, including in supplementary materials and visuals.

2. Declaration of interest

At time of submission, journals require researchers to submit ethical declarations of any conflicts of interest that may impede an objective and transparent editorial and review process. While not uncommon or bad, authors are responsible for identifying and reporting potential conflicts to indicate their ability to be unbiased researchers. Failure to declare competing interests, when identified, can lead to journal rejection, so be sure to add this ethical declaration to your submission package.

Types of competing interests

Conflicts of interest can arise from personal, financial, and professional affiliations or relationships. Any bias toward academic methods and processes or toward a specific political standpoint can impact the research results. Additionally, any instances where authors stand to gain financially or commercially, in terms of gifts, sponsorships, funding, or consultancy fees from companies who benefit on research being published are conflicts of interest and require an ethical declaration. Finally, competing interests that influence how articles are reviewed, research is conducted, or how papers submitted by journal staff are evaluated are also problematic.

Ethical declarations for journal submission

The best approach is full disclosure, both with the journal and your funders. Submit ethical declarations that acknowledge all sources of funding or other sources of support received while conducting your research, divulge any commercial or tangible benefits you may gain by publishing your manuscript, and mention all personal or professional relationships that could be construed as conflicts of interest. If there is no potential conflict of interest, submit an ethical declaration mentioning this. Check if your journal requires a specific form to be filled, or refer to the ICMJE guidelines and use the form and ethical declaration examples provided there to create appropriate ethics statements for journal submission.

3. Manuscript submission-related ethical declarations

Some researchers may be tempted to submit to multiple journals to save time and boost their chances of acceptance, while others may have published portions of the research earlier. Authors who submit manuscripts without this ethical declaration or without disclosing this information could face duplicate publication or copyright infringement charges, which is a serious ethical offence.

Types of submission misconduct

Submitting manuscripts to multiple journals at the same time or attempting to republish content that has been published earlier without the right permissions or ethical declarations is an ethical violation. Consolidating related papers and publishing it as a larger, more comprehensive paper is seen as unethical, as is ‘salami slicing’ a research study to publish it as smaller papers to boost the publication list.

Journals require authors to submit ethical declarations disclosing any previous or pending publication of manuscript content in journal communications, conferences, or as preprints online at the time of submission. When using data (figures/tables) from published work, be sure to include signed permissions to use the content. In instances of secondary publication, authors must check and follow the ICMJE stipulated guidelines .

Research misconduct is a serious issue and researchers found guilty of it stand to lose their credibility in the academic community with little to no chance of professional advancement. This makes it crucial for authors to follow all the ethical guidelines and submit the required ethical declarations to indicate their integrity and ability to be transparent in their work. Along with these three key ethical declarations, authors must watch out for unethical authorship, data fabrication or falsification, and plagiarism well before they submit to a journal.

To ensure you’ve done everything required for submission, run your work through the comprehensive manuscript readiness check by Researcher.Life , which helps authors create submission-ready articles and maximize their chance of publication success.

How to Use Web of Science Effectively

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Format, bind and submit your thesis: general guidance

You no longer need to submit a physical copy of your thesis. Please refer directly to the “Submit Your Thesis” section below.

This information is for research students submitting a thesis for assessment. It tells you how to:

format your thesis
submit your thesis
bind your thesis
submit the final copy of your thesis

There are different requirements for students of fine arts, design, architecture or town planning.

Find out more about these requirements

Format your thesis

UCL theses should be submitted in a specific format, this applies to both the viva and final copies of your thesis.

View the thesis checklist

Presentation

In the electronic version of your thesis, hyperlinks (including DOIs) should be functional and resolve to the correct webpage.

We would recommend using Arial or Helvetica fonts, at a size of no less than 12.

Find out more about the accessibility guidelines

If printed, please present your thesis in a permanent and legible format.

Illustrations should be permanently mounted on A4 size paper and bound in with the thesis; you may not use sellotape or similar materials.

A4 size paper (210 x 297 mm) should be used. Plain white paper must be used, of good quality and of sufficient opacity for normal reading. Both sides of the paper may be used.

Both sides of the paper may be used.

Margins at the binding edge must not be less than 40 mm (1.5 inches) and other margins not less than 20 mm (.75 inches). Double or one-and-a-half spacing should be used in typescripts, except for indented quotations or footnotes where single spacing may be used.

All pages must be numbered in one continuous sequence, i.e. from the title page of the first volume to the last page of type, in Arabic numerals from 1 onwards. This sequence must include everything bound in the volume, including maps, diagrams, blank pages, etc. Any material which cannot be bound in with the text must be placed in a pocket inside or attached to the back cover or in a rigid container similar in format to the bound thesis (see Illustrative material ).

The title page must bear the following:

the officially-approved title of the thesis
the candidates full name as registered
the institution name 'UCL'
the degree for which the thesis is submitted

The title page should be followed by a signed declaration that the work presented in the thesis is the candidate’s own e.g.

‘I, [full name] confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis.'

Please see the section below entitled ‘Inclusion of published works in doctoral theses’ for more information about how to indicate when you have re-used material that you have previously published.

The signed declaration should be followed by an abstract consisting of no more than 300 words.

Impact Statement

The abstract should be followed by an impact statement consisting of no more than 500 words. For further information on the content of the Impact Statement, please see the Impact Statement Guidance Notes for Research Students and Supervisors on the Doctoral School's website.

Find out more about the Impact Statement

Inclusion of published works in doctoral theses

If you have included any work in your thesis that you have published (e.g. in a journal) previously, then you will need to insert a completed copy of the UCL Research Paper Declaration Form into your thesis after the Impact Statement. The form, and information about how to complete it is available on the Doctoral School’s website.

Find out more about the UCL Research Paper Declaration Form

In each copy of the thesis the abstract should be followed by a full table of contents (including any material not bound in) and a list of tables, photographs and any other materials. It is good practice to use bookmarking within the PDF of the thesis in electronic form to allow readers to jump to the relevant section, figure, table etc. from the table of contents.

Illustrative material

Illustrative material may be submitted on a CD-ROM. If you wish to submit material in any other form, your supervisor must contact Research Degrees well in advance of submission of the thesis.

Any material which cannot be bound in with the text must be placed either in a pocket inside or attached to the back cover or in a rigid container similar in format to the bound thesis. If it is separate from the bound volume it must be clearly labelled with the same information as on the title page. Each copy of the thesis submitted must be accompanied by a full set of this material.

Submit your thesis

Viva copies.

You must submit an electronic version of your thesis to via the UCL OneDrive . You no longer need to submit a printed copy unless your examiners ask for this.

Find out more on how to submit via the UCL OneDrive

We will check your status and if your examiners have been appointed we will forward the thesis directly to them. They will then be able to download the copy of your thesis to prepare for your exam.

If an external examiner requests a hard copy of the thesis you will need to arrange for this to be printed and submitted to the Student Enquiries Centre during their walk-in operational hours. We will collect your thesis and post it on to the examiners.

If your examiners have not been appointed, your thesis will be held securely until your examiners have been formally appointed by UCL.

Covid-19 Impact Form

We have developed a form for you to submit with your thesis if you wish to declare an impact on your research. The form is optional and your choice to complete it or not will have no bearing on the outcome of your examination. It is intended to set the context of examination and is not a plea for leniency. Your examiners will continue to apply the standard criteria as set out in UCL’s Academic Manual and the joint examiners’ form. Please see the publication from the QAA on Advice on Doctoral Standards for Research Students and Supervisors for further support.

You must submit this form as a separate Word document or PDF when you submit your thesis via the UCL Dropbox as detailed in our guidance above. We will only accept the form if you submit it at the same time that you submit your thesis. This will apply if you are making an initial submission or a resubmission.

Download the Covid-19 Impact Form

Find out more about the Student Enquiries Centre

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CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF DYING DECLARATION by Samridh Sinha & Chirayu Bagree

Author : Samridh Sinha [1], Student at O.P Jindal University.

Co-Author: Chirayu Bagree [2], Student at O.P Jindal University.

Section 32(1) of the Indian Evidence Act deals with dying declarations. Dying Declarations have been an intrinsic part of common law systems as far as evidence law is concerned. It is a written or oral set of facts as declared by the declarant explaining the circumstances of his death. Dying declaration is a debatable topic and must be subjected to critical academic inquiry to ensure it evolves with modern times. This paper seeks theoretically to break down the true meaning of dying declaration by studying statues and case laws involved. Secondly, the paper seeks to form a comparative analysis with other common law systems. Finally, the paper seeks to critically analyse the concept of dying declarations and specifically look at:

(i) Confusion surrounding dying declarations with respect to procedure i.e., if there is a need of a medical report, investigating officer dilemma, etc.

(ii) Suggestions to curb evolving times and broadening the sphere of section 32(1).

INTRODUCTION

Nemo moriturus praesumitur mentire

The above legal maxim means that “A Man will not meet his Maker with a lie in his mouth.” Although it is nowhere defined in the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, [3] a dying declaration is a proclamation, or a statement made by a person who is on his deathbed or before his death. This declaration can be made through writings, verbal communication, conduct and even signs and actions. The rationale behind the previously stated legal maxim is that it is a presumption that no person will lie on his deathbed. The very last moments of this person may be “attended by an involuntary desire to unburden the conscience.” [4] There is also a religious undertone to this entire concept of a dying declaration. The law considers it as an obligation to accept the truthfulness of such statements, since the situation is so serene and solemn in nature. It is accepted that a dying person will not indulge in falsehood and not cause miscarriage of justice while on his deathbed. The purpose of the research paper is to lay down a complete theoretical understanding of dying declaration and form a comparative analysis of dying declaration between two common law systems, India, and England. Furthermore, a complete analysis with respect to vagueness of dying declarations will be targeted, and thereafter critiquing the same. Suggestions will be made through the course of the paper. Secondary sources such as judgements, scholarly articles, papers and materials from the lectures of the course instructor have been used for this paper.

Dying Declaration is a concept of sufficient amount of interest to the legal enthusiasts simply because of the divergent views it can be looked from, for example this paper seeks to analyse how the concept is shaped in front of two common law systems.

“Truth sits upon the lips of dying men.” – Matthew Arnold.

The law elaborates on whether a certain piece of evidence is relevant and admissible in Court. The principle that governs Evidence Law is that what cannot be tried or tested in the Court of Law is inadmissible. Administration of an oath in court and cross-examination of a certain statement or a certain piece of evidence helps in establishing the veracity of said evidence. Thus, hearsay is not considered as evidence in most cases, S.32 (1) of the act [5] being an exception to the rule.

In India, dying declarations are admissible in both civil and criminal cases alike. [6] “For a statement to be attracted under the above section of the Act, the person trying to introduce the declaration must prove that:

The statement sought to be admitted was made by a person who is dead or who cannot be found of whose attendance cannot be procured without an amount of delay and expense or is incapable of giving evidence.
Such statement should have been made under any of the circumstances specified in Subsections (1) to (8) of Section 32 of the Evidence Act.” [7]

With respect to the person making a dying declaration, if he has a slight hope of recovering, his declaration will not be admitted into court. Although these declarations are backed by various judicial decisions by now, however, these statements have to pass a few tests for it to qualify as evidence. A declaration must pass the test of reliability since firstly, this statement has been made when the accused was absent and secondly, there is no chance of a cross-examination of such statements to verify its genuineness.

The second test to be applied is the test of proximity. This test, however, cannot be literally pursued since the facts may differ in every case. It cannot be reduced to a universally applicable formula. In the Ratan Singh Case, [8] it was held that:

“It is enough if the words spoken by the deceased have reference to any circumstance which has connection with any of the transactions which ended up in the death of the deceased. Such statement would also fall within the purview of S.32 (1) of the Evidence act. In other words, it is not necessary that such circumstance should be proximate, for, even distant circumstances can also become admissible under the sub-section, provided it has nexus with the transaction which resulted in the death.” [9]

Following the Supreme Court’s decision in Pakala Narayan Swami v Emperor, [10] Onkar v. State of Madhya Pradesh [11] explained the circumstances coming under the purview of the above section.

“The circumstances must have some proximate relation to the actual occurrence and they can only include the acts done when and where the death was caused…. Thus a statement, merely suggesting motive for a crime cannot be admitted in evidence unless it is so intimately connected with the transaction itself as to be a circumstance of the transaction. In the instant case evidence has been led about statements made by the deceased long before this incident which may suggest motive for the crime.” [12]

A dying declaration simply does not pertain only to cases of homicide. S.32 of the Act is also applicable in a case pertaining to suicide. Thus, the above declaration is equally relevant to prove a case related to suicide. “A suicidal note written found in the clothes of the deceased it is in the nature of dying declaration and is admissible in evidence under section 32 of Indian Evidence Act.” [13]

A strange thing under Indian law is the fact that a dying declaration, as per Section 32 (1) of the Act, [14] the “expectation of death” [15] does not hold much relevance in the admissibility of a dying declaration. [16] This is extremely peculiar considering the fact that the Supreme Court has cited R v. Woodcock [17] in quite a few cases. The rationale behind the above case is that:

“The general principle on which this species of evidence is admitted is that they are declarations made in extremity, when the party is at the point of death, and when every hope of this world is gone, when every motive to falsehood is silenced and the mind induced by the most powerful consideration to speak the truth; situation so solemn and so awful is considered by the law as creating an obligation equal to that which is imposed by a positive oath administered in a Court of Justice.” [18]

These kinds of rationales given become difficult to argue since Indian laws allow the admissibility of dying declarations even when a person is not under the situation of impending death. Therefore, there is no pressure on him at all, religiously or psychologically to make a truthful dying declaration.

“Solely based on a dying declaration, a conviction can take place if the statements are voluntary and true in nature. However, it may become unreliable if it is not as per the prosecution’s version or there is some fault in that version. The Supreme Court sums this up in the following way:

It is for the court to see that dying declaration inspires full confidence as the maker of the dying declaration is not available for cross examination.
Court should satisfy that there was no possibility of tutoring or prompting.
Certificate of the doctor should mention that victim was in a fit state of mind. Magistrate recording his own satisfaction about the fit mental condition of the declarant was not acceptable, especially if the doctor was available.
Dying declaration should be recorded by the executive magistrate and police officer to record the dying declaration only if condition of the deceased was so precarious that no other alternative was left.
Dying declaration may be in the form of questions and answers and answers being written in the words of the person making the declaration. But court cannot be too technical.” [19]

“Therefore, it can be concluded that once the statement of Dying person and the evidence of the witnesses testifying the same passes the test of careful scrutiny of the courts, it becomes very important and reliable piece of evidence and if the court is satisfied that the dying declaration is true and free from any embellishment such a Dying Declaration by itself can be sufficient for recording conviction even without looking for conviction.” [20]

A few other essentials conditions to further strengthen and a dying declaration are as follows:

A competent Magistrate, after taking all the necessary precautions, has recorded the declaration.
The declaration has been noted down in the exact words that were uttered by the dying person.
Shortly after the assault or any other accident, this dying declaration must be recorded so that there is no chance of others adding their impressions as to how the accident occurred or anything to the declaration.
The dying person had an ample amount of time and opportunity to make the declaration.
As long as the deceased had had his story straight and his multiple statements were in flow and directly related to the circumstances in hand, it is a valid declaration.

With respect to the corroboration of the declaration, the Court must simply be satisfied that the dying declaration, which was given, was giving voluntarily in nature and is truthful. Secondly, the person giving this declaration should be in a sound state of mind. In the case of Harbans Singh v. State of Punjab, [21] the Supreme Court held that:

“It is neither a rule of law nor of prudence that a dying declaration requires to be corroborated by other evidence before conviction can be based thereon. The evidence furnished by the dying declaration must be considered just as the evidence of any witness, though undoubtedly some special consideration arises in the assessment of Dying Declaration which does not arise in the case of assessing the value of a statement made in the court by a person claiming to be a witness of the occurrence.” [22]

In the absence of a police office or a Magistrate, a doctor may record the dying declaration. If a doctor feels that a person does not have long to live, it is his duty to record said statement. He is also the best to take into account the state of mind and health of the patient. Thus, a doctor recording the dying declaration is admissible in court. [23]

With respect to medical certification from a doctor, in the case of Sunder v. State of Uttranchal, [24] the dying declaration was challenged simply on the grounds that the doctor did not endorse the state of mind and health of the victim. Rejecting this plea, the Supreme Court held that by asking the doctor beforehand about the mental condition of the victim, the Magistrate had satisfied himself and by looking at other corroborative pieces of evidence, the Court held that the Magistrate was right in accepting the dying declaration. Similarly in the case of Laxman v. State of Maharashtra, [25] it was held that:

“The court also must further decide that the deceased was in a fit state of mind and had the opportunity to observe and identify the assailant. Normally, therefore, the court in order to satisfy whether the deceased was in a fit mental condition to make the dying declaration look up to the medical opinion. But where the eyewitnesses state that the deceased was in a fit and conscious state to make the declaration, the medical opinion will not prevail, nor can it be said that since there is no certification of the doctor as to the fitness of the mind of the declarant, the dying declaration is not acceptable.” [26]

DISTINCTION BETWEEN INDIAN AND ENGLISH LAW

The law with respect to dying declaration in England and India have certain differences that this paper seeks to analyse. As far English law is concerned, a dying declaration must be made under the sense of impending death, the person should have no hope of living. In Indian law it contrasts in the sense that it is immaterial if there existed any expectation of death at the time of the declaration. In R v Jenkins, [27] the deceased’s dying declaration read “with no hope of recovery.” However, the deceased then later amended her dying declaration to add the word ‘present’ before ‘hope’. Therefore, her dying declaration read “with no present hope of my recovery.” The English court held that the amendment of the declaration is suggestive that she entertained a marginal hope of recovery and hence cannot be understood within the concept of a dying declaration. In India, as per the application of rules as given under section 32 of the Indian Evidence Act the statement made by the person (since deceased) would be admitted in evidence. The English understanding is problematic simply because the judges would be ascertaining the knowledge of imminent death in every case, this would be subjective to the judge and allow discrepancies to creep in.

NATURE OF PROCEEDINGS

There is also a contrasting difference with respect to the application of the dying declaration in the two countries. Let us take the hypothetical example of a rape case to understand this difference in application. In India, a dying declaration of a rape victim is admissible even if the death is not the subject matter of the charge, provided that the question of her death comes in the transaction of the rape charge. However, in England the court is of the opinion that only when the death of the deceased is the subject of the charge is when dying declarations are admissible. [28] Therefore, in England, such dying declaration of a rape victim is not admissible to prove rape. [29] This is because in such cases, the death of the deceased is not subject matter of the charge. The U.K position in this sense varies from the Indian understanding as there is an added necessity of death being the subject matter during investigation. Therefore, dying declarations in England are subject to homicides only which is a more narrowed understanding of dying declarations when compared to India, where dying declarations are admissible in both civil and criminal courts.

CIRCUMSTANCES LEADING TO DEATH

Statements being linked directly to the “cause of death” is another essential component of admissibility of dying declarations. [30] In the U.K, this is followed very strictly. [31] Any additional information which has nothing to do with the death is instantly eliminated. In the Indian statue of Evidence Act, as per section 32 (1) it also requires declarant’ “cause of death,” [32] however in addition to it, any of the “circumstances of the transaction which resulted in the death of the declarant are also admissible.” [33] The phrase “circumstances of transaction” gives a broader understanding as far as admissibility of evidence is concerned.

“There need not necessarily be a direct nexus between “circumstances” and death. It is enough if the words spoken by the deceased have reference to any circumstance which has a connection with any of the transactions which ended up in the death of the deceased.” [34]

Therefore, we can safely say that Indian understanding with respect to dying declaration is broader than the U.K since the circumstances surrounding the death are also admissible.

DECLARATIONS AND COMPETENCY

In English law it is rather clear that the declarant must be as competent as a witness, hence, tender age or being imbecile will exclude declaration. With respect to India, the law is not clear if this rule is applicable. However, S. 118 of the Indian Evidence Act reads that “All persons shall be competent to testify unless the Court considers that they are prevented from understanding the questions put to them, or from giving rational answers to those questions, by tender years, extreme old age, disease whether of body or mind, or any other cause of the same kind.” Therefore, it seems like in India, tender age or incompetency cannot be the grounds for complete exclusion of the declaration. Therefore, declarations of a child are to be looked at with greater judicial circumspection. [35]

EVIDENTIARY VALUE

While both in the U.K and India, conviction can be reached on the sole basis of dying declarations, there is a stark difference in their approaches. The dying declaration is a solid piece of evidence in the U.K due to the expectation of death. In India the evidentiary “weight is attached… on the basis of circumstances and surrounding under which it was made.” [36] The court also noted differences wherein it said that weight attached to a dying declaration under section 32 (1) of the evidence act would be less when compared to the weight attached in common law rules. [37] The rationale behind this is that a person making a dying declaration in India would lack that necessary condition (like in the U.K) of believing that a man was conscious of his condition and who knew death was inevitable and hence had given up all hopes of survival.

From the observations made above it is safe to conclude that Indian understanding of dying declaration is far more liberal and broader than English understanding of the concept.

“Apart from the dubious psychological foundation for the exception, and the difficulty of proving that the deceased had a settled hopeless expectation of death, the principal illogicality of this exception is its restriction to murder and manslaughter. It does not apply to rape or armed robbery, but there is no logical justification for such a restriction. It is also out of step with the modern approach to res gestae, in which the emphasis is rightly on probative value.” [38]

The Indian understanding of dying declaration poses a few problems that are necessary to admit. The main rationale behind a dying declaration is that “truth sits upon the lips of dying men.” [39] However, as per paragraph 2 of Section 32 (1) of the Indian Evidence Act, [40] it is made abundantly clear that the declaration need not necessarily be made under the anticipation of death. This is contrary to the English understanding, where anticipation of death is a prerequisite to admit dying declarations. While being broader than the English understanding, the paragraph takes away the desired sincerity so demanded from the serene moment.

Furthermore, there is a definite religious undertone to the statement ‘a man will not meet his maker with a lie in his mouth.’ Such a statement may hold true to god fearing and hyper religious individuals, but to make a sweeping assumption and use it in the court of law may be problematic in the modern society we live in. Motive of hatred, revenge may often lead to the declarant making false sweeping claims on the approaching death and facilitate miscarriage of justice. If a dying declaration is made under feeling of hatred and revenge, then such declarations must not be admitted as evidence. [41]

As far as the question of a dying declaration being a significant piece of proof is concerned, there does not seem to be much controversy. In India, a dying declaration stands on a different foundation than in England. According to English law, the credibility and relevance of a dying statement is important only if the person making such a statement is in a hopeless state and expects an imminent death. The weight to be added to a dying declaration in India depends not on the presumption of death that is assumed to guarantee the truth of the declaration, but on the circumstances and environment under which it was made, and also very much on the circumstances of the record made of it. The question is if it is safe to admit dying declarations without any corroborative piece of evidence to support it. One of the earliest judgments on dying declarations in India exclaimed that it would be unsafe to admit dying declarations as evidence without corroborative evidence. [42] However, there is no law or absolute rule that dying declarations cannot be the sole evidence in conviction, this stands true for both England and India. Therefore, it is imperative for the court to strike the right balance between serving justice and protecting the rights of the accused, this job is even more so difficult because of the absence of cross examination.

Another point of criticism with respect to dying declarations is that only when the death of the declarant comes into question is when it can be admitted under section 32(1). Let us look at an illustration where two brothers, C and D were shot dead. D describes C’s death in his dying declaration. D’s dying declaration will be excluded simply because the subject matter of the charge was not his, but his brother C’s death. It is referred as senseless rule of exclusion by Professor Wigmore. [43] Hence there must be a case by case understanding and inclusion of such declarations as evidence to avoid miscarriage of justice. In its sixty-ninth report on the Indian Proof Act, 1872, the India Law Commission noted that the language of the Provision is also now capable of a wider construction. It therefore proposed that Section 32 (1) on the following lines be added with a clarification.

“The circumstances of the transaction which resulted in the death may include facts relating to the death of another person.” [44]

There is a procedural vagueness in the understanding of section 32 (1) as well. Section 32(1) is silent about the mode of declaration and to whom it can be made. While it is understandable that a person in a situation of giving dying declaration cannot be reasonably expected to follow procedures, the absence of the same poses a lot of questions.

Section 162 (1) of Code of Criminal Procedure provides that any statement to the police officer in the course of investigation is inadmissible, does it apply to dying declarations too?

While the courts have been hesitant to take admissions made to an investigating officer, the same clause mentions an exception to those cases which fall under the bracket of section 32(1) of the Indian Evidence Act. The courts have often conceded that the practice of making dying declarations to police officers must not be encouraged. [45] In cases where it can be reasonably explained why an investigating officer had to take the dying declaration, the same should be considered by the courts, however, they must be able to recognize the genuineness of the same. Often investigating officers with the greed of having a successful investigation may tamper with the dying declaration. This would lead to miscarriage of justice which is why the courts are rightly hesitant. Circumstances need to be considered case via case.

What happens in cases when the doctors have provided no certification that the declarant was mentally fit to give a declaration?

There is no rule of a prerequisite of a doctor’s certificate to ensure the admissibility of a dying declaration. Courts are of the opinion that the person who is recording the dying declaration must be convinced that the declarant is fit enough to do so. [46] While arguments have often been made on the absence of a medical certificate, there can be situations wherein the doctor could not have been called. In such situations completely disregarding the declaration would be absurd. The courts must not deny such declarations and check the truthfulness of the contents of the declaration. The courts should rely on the declaration once they are convinced that it is not tutored independent of a doctor’s report.

BROADENING THE SCOPE OF ARTICLE 32 (1)

As we have established above, The English understanding of dying declarations is narrower than the Indian understanding as per the law. ‘Circumstances of transaction’ in section 32 (1) is absent in the books of English law. In Rattan Singh v. State of H. P, [47] the court explained ‘circumstances of transaction’ mean that there need not be a direct nexus between circumstance and death. Distant circumstances are also admissible in court as long as there is a nexus with the transaction that resulted in death.

“It is enough if the words spoken by the deceased have reference to any circumstance that has connection with any of the transactions that ended up in the death of the deceased. Even distant circumstances can also become admissible under the subsection provided it has nexus with the transaction that resulted in death.” [48]

The phrase ‘circumstance of transaction’ leaves room for some form of limitation. Perhaps “circumstantial evidence” is a broader meaning to include all relevant facts and admit it as evidence. For example, a declaration which explains motive cannot be admitted in evidence but for being closely connected to the transaction itself as a circumstance. [49]

We can safely conclude that the Indian understanding of dying declarations is a lot broader than the English understanding of the same. However, it is imperative to note the Indian understanding is not barred of limitations. In conclusion, this paper has recognized certain limitations and provided criticisms for the same. The paper also critically points and tries to answer certain confusions that may arise from the bare reading of section 32 (1) of the Indian Evidence Act. We also have suggested a few amendments in the way law is dealt with respect to dying declarations. These statements are looked at different ways in different countries. However, the only thing which becomes imperative while looking and whether to admit or refuse to admit this evidence is that it strikes the right balance between justice for the deceased and the rights of the accused.

[1] Student, [email protected] , BA-LLB, 3 rd year (Batch of 2023)

[2] Student, [email protected] , BA-LLB. 3 rd year (Batch of 2023)

[3] Indian Evidence Act, 1872.

[4] Roderick Munday, Musings on the Dying Declaration , 22 Anglo-Am. L. Rev. 42, 42 (1993).

[5] Indian Evidence Act, 1872, S.32 (1), Act No. 1 of 1872, S.32 (1).

[6] Kishan Lal v. State of Rajasthan, A.I.R. 1999 S.C. 3062.

[7] Sudhakar & Anr v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 2000 SC 2602

[8] Ratan Singh v. State of Himachal Pradesh (1996).

[10] Pakala Narayana Swami v Emperor, AIR 1939 PC 47

[11] Onkar v. State of Madhya Pradesh , 1974 CriLJ 1200 (MP)

[13] State v. Maregowda, 2002 (1) RCR (Criminal)376 (Karnataka) (DB)

[14] Supra Note 3.

[15] The Indian Evidence Act, Act no. 01 of 1872, § 32(1).

[17] R v. Woodcock (1787) 1 Leach 500, 504.

[19] State of UP v. Madan Mohan. AIR 1989 SC 1519.

[20] Viramji Mohatji Thakore v. State of Gujarat, 2005 (2) GLR 1622

[21] Harbans Singh v State of Punjab, AIR 1962 SC 439

[23] [Vol. I] Rajendran A, [‘Evolution of Dying Declaration or whether Dying Declaration still Sacrosanct?’] [Criminal Law Journal, 2002]

[24] Sunder vs. State of Uttaranchal, (2016), 10 SCC 611.

[25] Laxman vs. State of Maharashtra, 2001, 6 SCC 710.

[27] R v Jenkins, (1869) LR 1 CCR 187.

[28] R v. Mead and Belt, (1823), 1 Lew C.C. 184.

[29] SUDIPTO SARKAR & V. R. MANOHAR, SARKAR ON EVIDENCE PG 634 (15 TH ED. 1999).

[30] Peter Nicolas, ‘I’m Dying to Tell You What Happened’: The Admissibility of Testimonial Dying Declarations

Post-Crawford, 37 Hastings Const. L.Q. 487, at 493.

[32] The Indian Evidence Act, 1872, Act No. 01 of 1872, § 32(1) (India).

[34] Supra note 4.

[35] Panchhi v. State of U.P., (1998) Cri LJ 4044 (SC).

[36] Irfan Nabi, Dying Declaration: A comparative Study, (last visited Mar 3, 2020), https://www.academia.edu/9267517/Dying_Declaration_A_comparative_Study.

[37] Jasunga S/o Akumu v. R, (1954) 21 EACA 331.

[38] Footnote: The Law Commission Of England in its 245th report on “Evidence in Criminal Proceedings : Hearsay and Related Topics”

[39] Neha Vijayvarigya, Admissibility Of Dying Declaration: Whether Justified , pg. 177 (2006).

[40] Supra Note 3.

[41] Ashutosh Salil, An Analysis of Indian and English Position of Dying Declaration , J 297, Cri.L.J. (2005).

[42] Ram Nath Madho Prasad v. State of M.P., AIR 1953 (SC) 420.

[43] Supra note 16.

[44] M.G. Amin, Assumptions behind Sanctity of Dying Declarations, pg. 175 (1995).

[45] Atul Gandhi v. State of Assam, (1990) Cri. L. J. 1049. Babura v. State of Rajasthan, (1993) Cr. L. J. 2696.

[46] Laxman v. State of Maharashtra, (2002) Cri LJ 4095.

[47] Cri LJ 833: AIR (1997) (SC) 768.

[48] Chand Sarda v. State of Maharashtra, (1984), AIR 1984 (SC) 1622.

[49] C. Narayan v. State of Kerala, (1992) Crt: LJ 286Q.

VOLUME 2, ISSUE 3

How to write declaration for academic projects (Undertaking by Candidate)

December 25, 2018 by studymumbai Leave a Comment

How to write a declaration for school/college projects and for assignments.

Every academic project has to follow a specific format as prescribed by the institution. In most cases, besides the usual parts (index, introduction, conclusion, etc), it also requires a declaration.

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The declaration states that the work is original and done by the efforts of the student, and has not been copied from any other work.

In case you are looking for some format, here is one. Here’s how to write a declaration for an academic project or for assignments.

I, the undersigned Mr. / Miss ……….declare that the work embodied in this project work hereby, titled “…………”, forms my own contribution to the research work carried out under the guidance of Mr./Dr………. is a result of my own research work and has not been previously submitted to any other University for any other Degree/ Diploma to this or any other University.

Wherever reference has been made to previous works of others, it has been clearly indicated as such and included in the bibliography.

I, here by further declare that all information of this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct.

StudyMumbai.com is an educational resource for students, parents, and teachers, with special focus on Mumbai. Our staff includes educators with several years of experience. Our mission is to simplify learning and to provide free education. Read more about us .

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There is a pressing need to improve the ways in which the output of scientific research is evaluated by funding agencies, academic institutions, and other parties.To address this issue, a group of editors and publishers of scholarly journals met during the Annual Meeting of The American Society for Cell Biology (ASCB) in San Francisco, CA, on December 16, 2012. The group developed a set of recommendations, referred to as the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment. We invite interested parties across all scientific disciplines to indicate their support by adding their names to this Declaration.

The outputs from scientific research are many and varied, including: research articles reporting new knowledge, data, reagents, and software; intellectual property; and highly trained young scientists. Funding agencies, institutions that employ scientists, and scientists themselves, all have a desire, and need, to assess the quality and impact of scientific outputs. It is thus imperative that scientific output is measured accurately and evaluated wisely.

The Journal Impact Factor is frequently used as the primary parameter with which to compare the scientific output of individuals and institutions. The Journal Impact Factor, as calculated by Thomson Reuters*, was originally created as a tool to help librarians identify journals to purchase, not as a measure of the scientific quality of research in an article. With that in mind, it is critical to understand that the Journal Impact Factor has a number of well-documented deficiencies as a tool for research assessment. These limitations include: A) citation distributions within journals are highly skewed [1–3]; B) the properties of the Journal Impact Factor are field-specific: it is a composite of multiple, highly diverse article types, including primary research papers and reviews [1, 4]; C) Journal Impact Factors can be manipulated (or “gamed”) by editorial policy [5]; and D) data used to calculate the Journal Impact Factors are neither transparent nor openly available to the public [4, 6, 7]. Below we make a number of recommendations for improving the way in which the quality of research output is evaluated. Outputs other than research articles will grow in importance in assessing research effectiveness in the future, but the peer-reviewed research paper will remain a central research output that informs research assessment. Our recommendations therefore focus primarily on practices relating to research articles published in peer-reviewed journals but can and should be extended by recognizing additional products, such as datasets, as important research outputs. These recommendations are aimed at funding agencies, academic institutions, journals, organizations that supply metrics, and individual researchers.

A number of themes run through these recommendations:

the need to eliminate the use of journal-based metrics, such as Journal Impact Factors, in funding, appointment, and promotion considerations;
the need to assess research on its own merits rather than on the basis of the journal in which the research is published; and
the need to capitalize on the opportunities provided by online publication (such as relaxing unnecessary limits on the number of words, figures, and references in articles, and exploring new indicators of significance and impact).

We recognize that many funding agencies, institutions, publishers, and researchers are already encouraging improved practices in research assessment. Such steps are beginning to increase the momentum toward more sophisticated and meaningful approaches to research evaluation that can now be built upon and adopted by all of the key constituencies involved.

The signatories of the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment support the adoption of the following practices in research assessment.

General Recommendation

1. Do not use journal-based metrics, such as Journal Impact Factors, as a surrogate measure of the quality of individual research articles, to assess an individual scientist’s contributions, or in hiring, promotion, or funding decisions.

For funding agencies

2. Be explicit about the criteria used in evaluating the scientific productivity of grant applicants and clearly highlight, especially for early-stage investigators, that the scientific content of a paper is much more important than publication metrics or the identity of the journal in which it was published.

3. For the purposes of research assessment, consider the value and impact of all research outputs (including datasets and software) in addition to research publications, and consider a broad range of impact measures including qualitative indicators of research impact, such as influence on policy and practice.

For institutions

4. Be explicit about the criteria used to reach hiring, tenure, and promotion decisions, clearly highlighting, especially for early-stage investigators, that the scientific content of a paper is much more important than publication metrics or the identity of the journal in which it was published.

5. For the purposes of research assessment, consider the value and impact of all research outputs (including datasets and software) in addition to research publications, and consider a broad range of impact measures including qualitative indicators of research impact, such as influence on policy and practice.

For publishers

6. Greatly reduce emphasis on the journal impact factor as a promotional tool, ideally by ceasing to promote the impact factor or by presenting the metric in the context of a variety of journal-based metrics (e.g., 5-year impact factor, EigenFactor [8], SCImago [9], h-index, editorial and publication times, etc.) that provide a richer view of journal performance.

7. Make available a range of article-level metrics to encourage a shift toward assessment based on the scientific content of an article rather than publication metrics of the journal in which it was published.

8. Encourage responsible authorship practices and the provision of information about the specific contributions of each author.

9. Whether a journal is open-access or subscription-based, remove all reuse limitations on reference lists in research articles and make them available under the Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication [10].

10. Remove or reduce the constraints on the number of references in research articles, and, where appropriate, mandate the citation of primary literature in favor of reviews in order to give credit to the group(s) who first reported a finding.

For organizations that supply metrics

11. Be open and transparent by providing data and methods used to calculate all metrics.

12. Provide the data under a licence that allows unrestricted reuse, and provide computational access to data, where possible.

13. Be clear that inappropriate manipulation of metrics will not be tolerated; be explicit about what constitutes inappropriate manipulation and what measures will be taken to combat this.

14. Account for the variation in article types (e.g., reviews versus research articles), and in different subject areas when metrics are used, aggregated, or compared.

For researchers

15. When involved in committees making decisions about funding, hiring, tenure, or promotion, make assessments based on scientific content rather than publication metrics.

16. Wherever appropriate, cite primary literature in which observations are first reported rather than reviews in order to give credit where credit is due.

17. Use a range of article metrics and indicators on personal/supporting statements, as evidence of the impact of individual published articles and other research outputs [11].

18. Challenge research assessment practices that rely inappropriately on Journal Impact Factors and promote and teach best practice that focuses on the value and influence of specific research outputs.

Adler, R., Ewing, J., and Taylor, P. (2008) Citation statistics. A report from the International Mathematical Union.
Seglen, P.O. (1997) Why the impact factor of journals should not be used for evaluating research. BMJ 314, 498–502.
Editorial (2005). Not so deep impact. Nature 435, 1003–1004.
Vanclay, J.K. (2012) Impact Factor: Outdated artefact or stepping-stone to journal certification. Scientometric 92, 211–238.
The PLoS Medicine Editors (2006). The impact factor game. PLoS Med 3(6): e291 doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030291.
Rossner, M., Van Epps, H., Hill, E. (2007). Show me the data. J. Cell Biol. 179, 1091–1092.
Rossner M., Van Epps H., and Hill E. (2008). Irreproducible results: A response to Thomson Scientific. J. Cell Biol. 180, 254–255.
http://www.eigenfactor.org/
http://www.scimagojr.com/
http://opencitations.wordpress.com/2013/01/03/open-letter-to-publishers
http://altmetrics.org/tools/ (Link to archived site)

*The Journal Impact Factor is now published by Clarivate Analytics.

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FTC Announces Rule Banning Noncompetes

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Today, the Federal Trade Commission issued a final rule to promote competition by banning noncompetes nationwide, protecting the fundamental freedom of workers to change jobs, increasing innovation, and fostering new business formation.

“Noncompete clauses keep wages low, suppress new ideas, and rob the American economy of dynamism, including from the more than 8,500 new startups that would be created a year once noncompetes are banned,” said FTC Chair Lina M. Khan. “The FTC’s final rule to ban noncompetes will ensure Americans have the freedom to pursue a new job, start a new business, or bring a new idea to market.”

The FTC estimates that the final rule banning noncompetes will lead to new business formation growing by 2.7% per year, resulting in more than 8,500 additional new businesses created each year. The final rule is expected to result in higher earnings for workers, with estimated earnings increasing for the average worker by an additional $524 per year, and it is expected to lower health care costs by up to $194 billion over the next decade. In addition, the final rule is expected to help drive innovation, leading to an estimated average increase of 17,000 to 29,000 more patents each year for the next 10 years under the final rule.

Banning Non Competes: Good for workers, businesses, and the economy

Noncompetes are a widespread and often exploitative practice imposing contractual conditions that prevent workers from taking a new job or starting a new business. Noncompetes often force workers to either stay in a job they want to leave or bear other significant harms and costs, such as being forced to switch to a lower-paying field, being forced to relocate, being forced to leave the workforce altogether, or being forced to defend against expensive litigation. An estimated 30 million workers—nearly one in five Americans—are subject to a noncompete.

Under the FTC’s new rule, existing noncompetes for the vast majority of workers will no longer be enforceable after the rule’s effective date. Existing noncompetes for senior executives - who represent less than 0.75% of workers - can remain in force under the FTC’s final rule, but employers are banned from entering into or attempting to enforce any new noncompetes, even if they involve senior executives. Employers will be required to provide notice to workers other than senior executives who are bound by an existing noncompete that they will not be enforcing any noncompetes against them.

In January 2023, the FTC issued a proposed rule which was subject to a 90-day public comment period. The FTC received more than 26,000 comments on the proposed rule, with over 25,000 comments in support of the FTC’s proposed ban on noncompetes. The comments informed the FTC’s final rulemaking process, with the FTC carefully reviewing each comment and making changes to the proposed rule in response to the public’s feedback.

In the final rule, the Commission has determined that it is an unfair method of competition, and therefore a violation of Section 5 of the FTC Act, for employers to enter into noncompetes with workers and to enforce certain noncompetes.

The Commission found that noncompetes tend to negatively affect competitive conditions in labor markets by inhibiting efficient matching between workers and employers. The Commission also found that noncompetes tend to negatively affect competitive conditions in product and service markets, inhibiting new business formation and innovation. There is also evidence that noncompetes lead to increased market concentration and higher prices for consumers.

Alternatives to Noncompetes

The Commission found that employers have several alternatives to noncompetes that still enable firms to protect their investments without having to enforce a noncompete.

Trade secret laws and non-disclosure agreements (NDAs) both provide employers with well-established means to protect proprietary and other sensitive information. Researchers estimate that over 95% of workers with a noncompete already have an NDA.

The Commission also finds that instead of using noncompetes to lock in workers, employers that wish to retain employees can compete on the merits for the worker’s labor services by improving wages and working conditions.

Changes from the NPRM

Under the final rule, existing noncompetes for senior executives can remain in force. Employers, however, are prohibited from entering into or enforcing new noncompetes with senior executives. The final rule defines senior executives as workers earning more than $151,164 annually and who are in policy-making positions.

Additionally, the Commission has eliminated a provision in the proposed rule that would have required employers to legally modify existing noncompetes by formally rescinding them. That change will help to streamline compliance.

Instead, under the final rule, employers will simply have to provide notice to workers bound to an existing noncompete that the noncompete agreement will not be enforced against them in the future. To aid employers’ compliance with this requirement, the Commission has included model language in the final rule that employers can use to communicate to workers.

The Commission vote to approve the issuance of the final rule was 3-2 with Commissioners Melissa Holyoak and Andrew N. Ferguson voting no. Commissioners Rebecca Kelly Slaughter , Alvaro Bedoya , Melissa Holyoak and Andrew N. Ferguson each issued separate statements. Chair Lina M. Khan will issue a separate statement.

The final rule will become effective 120 days after publication in the Federal Register.

Once the rule is effective, market participants can report information about a suspected violation of the rule to the Bureau of Competition by emailing [email protected] .

The Federal Trade Commission develops policy initiatives on issues that affect competition, consumers, and the U.S. economy. The FTC will never demand money, make threats, tell you to transfer money, or promise you a prize. Follow the FTC on social media , read consumer alerts and the business blog , and sign up to get the latest FTC news and alerts .

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How To Write An Effective Declaration
Formatting & Presentation Tips. Formatting plays a crucial role in the presentation of the declaration page. Ensure that the page layout is clean and organised, with consistent font styles and sizes. Use headings and subheadings to delineate different sections of the declaration, making it easier for readers to navigate.
PDF Sample of the Declaration Page of a Thesis Annex 3 DECLARATION
have read the University's current research ethics guidelines, and accept responsibility for the conduct of the procedures in accordance with the University's Committee on the Use of Human & Animal Subjects in Teaching and Research (HASC). I have attempted to identify all the risks related to this research that may arise in conducting this ...
PDF Signed Declaration in a Postgraduate Research Thesis
examples of what should be included in the signed declaration which must be incorporated in all theses . submitted for assessment. Scope: Guidance is not Mandatory. Relevant to postgraduate research students, supervisors of postgraduate research students and support staff involved with postgraduate research thesis submission. Contact Officer
Sample Declaration Statement of Originality for Research Paper
When you are submitting a research paper to an institution, they will often ask you to include a declaration of originality on submission either at the beginning or end of the paper. Your paper will most likely get rejected if such a declaration statement is not included in it.
Ethical declarations that authors should provide at the journal
2. Authors' contribution: The individual contributions of authors to the research work and writing of the manuscript should be specified in this section; for example, who conceived the study design, who did the data acquisition, who performed the experiments, who did the data analysis, who wrote the manuscript, etc. Authors should check journal-specific guidelines to declare the authors ...
How to Write a Declaration or Statement of Originality for Research Paper
Learn how to draft a declaration of originality. When you are submitting a research paper to an institution, they will often ask you to include a declaration...
Thesis & Dissertation Acknowledgements
The acknowledgements section is your opportunity to thank those who have helped and supported you personally and professionally during your thesis or dissertation process. Thesis or dissertation acknowledgements appear between your title page and abstract and should be no longer than one page. In your acknowledgements, it's okay to use a more ...
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A Funding Source Declaration contains a declaration of any funding or research grants (and their source) received in the course of study, research or assembly of the manuscript. A Permission Note is a statement that permission has been received to use any material in the manuscript such as figures etc. which isn't original content.
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further authorize Nipissing University to reproduce this thesis or dissertation by photocopying or by other means, in total or in part, at the request of other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. Signature. [*The Author's Declaration Page must be signed in the two locations prior to the thesis/MRP being ...
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On this page are links to the various forms you will need to fill in before your paper can be published. Please include a declaration of competing interests at the end of the text of your ...
Declarations
Declarations. List of abbreviations. If abbreviations are used in the text they should be defined in the text at first use, and a list of abbreviations should be provided. Ethics approval and consent to participate. Manuscripts reporting studies involving human participants, human data or human tissue must: Studies involving animals must ...
Declaration in Research Paper Sample
Here is a sample to help you write a clear and academic declaration statement: I, [Student Name], declare that this research paper is an authentic and original representation of my work, prepared solely by myself, and has not been presented or submitted for any other degree. This thesis embodies my contribution to the field of [Research Domain ...
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Updated July 2022. OFFICE FOR RESEARCH TRAINING, QUALITY AND INTEGRITY. STUDENT DECLARATION TEMPLATES. Overview. VU offers a number of research degrees for which a Thesis is the major component of assessment. Research does not only take on the standard form of a Thesis, but may be submitted in alternative creative forms such as a dance ...
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The first ethical declaration and one of the most important aspects of research is to ensure appropriate and ethical handling of people or animals involved in the study. ... research is conducted, or how papers submitted by journal staff are evaluated are also problematic. What authors should do. The best approach is full disclosure, both with ...
Format, bind and submit your thesis: general guidance
Paper. A4 size paper (210 x 297 mm) should be used. Plain white paper must be used, of good quality and of sufficient opacity for normal reading. Both sides of the paper may be used. Layout. Both sides of the paper may be used. Margins at the binding edge must not be less than 40 mm (1.5 inches) and other margins not less than 20 mm (.75 inches).
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Close relationships with editors at the journal. Competing interests (eg, personal, political, religious, academic) Involvement in legal action (eg, paper retraction) When choosing what conflicts of interest to disclose in a manuscript, you want to consider whether that conflict is connected to the work in that particular manuscript.
CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF DYING DECLARATION by Samridh Sinha & Chirayu
Dying declaration is a debatable topic and must be subjected to critical academic inquiry to ensure it evolves with modern times. This paper seeks theoretically to break down the true meaning of dying declaration by studying statues and case laws involved. ... The purpose of the research paper is to lay down a complete theoretical understanding ...
Declaration Tool
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Spread the loveHow to write a declaration for school/college projects and for assignments. Every academic project has to follow a specific format as prescribed by the institution. In most cases, besides the usual parts (index, introduction, conclusion, etc), it also requires a declaration. GET INSTANT HELP FROM EXPERTS! Looking for any kind of help on […]
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Conflicts of Interest in Research: Declaring Conflicts of Interest as a
How to declare conflicts of interest in research papers. A recent review of the Retraction Watch Database suggests that the conflicts of interest in research accounted for around 1% of the retraction notices issued between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2020. While this accounts for a small proportion of retractions, it is still as serious a ...
Read the Declaration
San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment. There is a pressing need to improve the ways in which the output of scientific research is evaluated by funding agencies, academic institutions, and other parties.To address this issue, a group of editors and publishers of scholarly journals met during the Annual Meeting of The American Society ...
The Doha Declaration at Twenty: Interpretation, Implementation, and
The Declaration sets out WTO Members' understanding of the relationship between the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ("TRIPS Agreement") and global health; recognizes the existence of "flexibilities" in the Agreement; and identifies (in Paragraph 6) a "problem" that required "an expeditious ...
FTC Announces Rule Banning Noncompetes
Today, the Federal Trade Commission issued a final rule to promote competition by banning noncompetes nationwide, protecting the fundamental freedom of workers to change jobs, increasing innovation, and fostering new business formation. "Noncompete clauses keep wages low, suppress new ideas, and rob the American economy of dynamism, including from the more than 8,500 new startups that would ...

How To Write An Effective Declaration Page For Your Thesis – Template

What Is A Thesis Declaration Page

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Title Of The Thesis

Name Of The Author

Declaration Of Originality

Statement Of Contributions

Acknowledgements (If Applicable)

Date Of Submission

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