briefly explain the various stages of problem solving class 11

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Steps for Problem Solving

Last updated at April 16, 2024 by Teachoo

Analyzing the Problem: Involves identifying the problem , inputs the program should accept and the desired output of the program.
Developing an Algorithm: The solution to the problem represented in natural language is called Algorithm. For a given problem, more than one algorithm is possible and we have to select the most suitable solution.
Coding: Different high level languages can be used for writing the code based on the algorithm developed.
Testing and Debugging: To ensure that the software meets all the business and technical requirements and works as expected . The errors or defects found in the testing phases are debugged or rectified and the program is again tested . This continues till all the errors are removed from the program.

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Introduction to Problem Solving Class 11 Notes | CBSE Computer Science

Latest Problem Solving Class 11 Notes includes Problem Solving, steps, algorithm and its need, flow chart, pseudo code with lots of examples.

1 What is Problem Solving?
2 Steps for problem solving
3 What is Algorithm?
4 Why do we need Algorithm?
5.1 Flow chart
5.2 Flow Chart Examples
5.3 Pseudo code
5.4 Pseudo Code Example
6.1 Selection
6.2 Algorithm, Pseudocode, Flowchart with Selection ( Using if ) Examples
6.3 Repetition
6.4 Algorithm, Pseudocode, Flowchart with Repetition ( Loop ) Examples
7 Decomposition

What is Problem Solving?

Problem solving is the process of identifying a problem, analyze the problem, developing an algorithm for the identified problem and finally implementing the algorithm to develop program.

Steps for problem solving

There are 4 basic steps involved in problem solving

Analyze the problem

Developing an algorithm
Testing and debugging

Analyzing the problem is basically understanding a problem very clearly before finding its solution. Analyzing a problem involves

List the principal components of the problem
List the core functionality of the problem
Figure out inputs to be accepted and output to be produced

Developing an Algorithm

A set of precise and sequential steps written to solve a problem
The algorithm can be written in natural language
There can be more than one algorithm for a problem among which we can select the most suitable solution.

Algorithm written in natural language is not understood by computer and hence it has to be converted in machine language. And to do so program based on that algorithm is written using high level programming language for the computer to get the desired solution.

Testing and Debugging

After writing program it has to be tested on various parameters to ensure that program is producing correct output within expected time and meeting the user requirement.

There are many standard software testing methods used in IT industry such as

Component testing
Integration testing
System testing
Acceptance testing

What is Algorithm?

A set of precise, finite and sequential set of steps written to solve a problem and get the desired output.
Algorithm has definite beginning and definite end.
It lead to desired result in finite amount of time of followed correctly.

Why do we need Algorithm?

Algorithm helps programmer to visualize the instructions to be written clearly.
Algorithm enhances the reliability, accuracy and efficiency of obtaining solution.
Algorithm is the easiest way to describe problem without going into too much details.
Algorithm lets programmer understand flow of problem concisely.

Characteristics of a good algorithm

Precision — the steps are precisely stated or defined.
Uniqueness — results of each step are uniquely defined and only depend on the input and the result of the preceding steps.
Finiteness — the algorithm always stops after a finite number of steps.
Input — the algorithm receives some input.
Output — the algorithm produces some output.

What are the points that should be clearly identified while writing Algorithm?

The input to be taken from the user
Processing or computation to be performed to get the desired result
The output desired by the user

Representation of Algorithm

An algorithm can be represented in two ways:

Pseudo code

Flow chart is visual representation of an algorithm.
It’s a diagram made up of boxes, diamonds and other shapes, connected by arrows.
Each step represents a step of solution process.
Arrows in the follow chart represents the flow and link among the steps.

briefly explain the various stages of problem solving class 11

Flow Chart Examples

Example 1: Write an algorithm to divide a number by another and display the quotient.

Input: Two Numbers to be divided Process: Divide number1 by number2 to get the quotient Output: Quotient of division

Step 1: Input a two numbers and store them in num1 and num2 Step 2: Compute num1/num2 and store its quotient in num3 Step 3: Print num3

Pseudo code means ‘not real code’.
A pseudo code is another way to represent an algorithm. It is an informal language used by programmer to write algorithms.
It does not require strict syntax and technological support.
It is a detailed description of what algorithm would do.
It is intended for human reading and cannot be executed directly by computer.
There is no specific standard for writing a pseudo code exists.

Keywords used in writing pseudo code

Pseudo Code Example

Example: write an algorithm to display the square of a given number.

Input, Process and Output Identification

Input: Number whose square is required Process: Multiply the number by itself to get its square Output: Square of the number

Step 1: Input a number and store it to num. Step 2: Compute num * num and store it in square. Step 3: Print square.

INPUT num COMPUTE square = num*num PRINT square

Example: Write an algorithm to calculate area and perimeter of a rectangle, using both pseudo code and flowchart.

INPUT L INPUT B COMPUTER Area = L * B PRINT Area COMPUTE Perimeter = 2 * ( L + B ) PRINT Perimeter

Flow of Control

An algorithm is considered as finite set of steps that are executed in a sequence. But sometimes the algorithm may require executing some steps conditionally or repeatedly. In such situations algorithm can be written using

Selection in algorithm refers to Conditionals which means performing operations (sequence of steps) depending on True or False value of given conditions. Conditionals are written in the algorithm as follows:

If <condition> then Steps to be taken when condition is true Otherwise Steps to be taken when condition is false

Algorithm, Pseudocode, Flowchart with Selection ( Using if ) Examples

Example: write an algorithm, pseudocode and flowchart to display larger between two numbers

INPUT: Two numbers to be compared PROCESS: compare two numbers and depending upon True and False value of comparison display result OUTPUT: display larger no

STEP1: read two numbers in num1, num2 STEP 2: if num1 > num2 then STEP 3: display num1 STEP 4: else STEP 5: display num2

INPUT num1 , num2 IF num1 > num2 THEN PRINT “num1 is largest” ELSE PRINT “num2 is largest” ENDIF

Example: write pseudocode and flowchart to display largest among three numbers

INPUT: Three numbers to be compared PROCESS: compare three numbers and depending upon True and False value of comparison display result OUTPUT: display largest number

INPUT num1, num2, num3 PRINT “Enter three numbers” IF num1 > num2 THEN IF num1 > num3 THEN PRINT “num1 is largest” ELSE PRINT “num3 is largest” END IF ELSE IF num2 > num3 THEN PRINT “num2 is largest” ELSE PRINT “num3 is largest” END IF END IF

Repetition in algorithm refers to performing operations (Set of steps) repeatedly for a given number of times (till the given condition is true).
Repetition is also known as Iteration or Loop

Repetitions are written in algorithm is as follows:

While <condition>, repeat step numbers Steps to be taken when condition is true End while

Algorithm, Pseudocode, Flowchart with Repetition ( Loop ) Examples

Example: write an algorithm, pseudocode and flow chart to display “Techtipnow” 10 times

Step1: Set count = 0 Step2: while count is less than 10, repeat step 3,4 Step 3: print “techtipnow” Step 4: count = count + 1 Step 5: End while

SET count = 0 WHILE count<10 PRINT “Techtipnow” Count = count + 1 END WHILE

Example: Write pseudocode and flow chart to calculate total of 10 numbers

Step 1: SET count = 0, total = 0 Step 2: WHILE count < 10, REPEAT steps 3 to 5 Step 3: INPUT a number in var Step 4: COMPUTE total = total + var Step 5: count = count + 1 Step 6: END WHILE Step 7: PRINT total

Example: Write pseudo code and flow chart to find factorial of a given number

Step 1: SET fact = 1 Step 2: INPUT a number in num Step 3: WHILE num >=1 REPEAT step 4, 5 Step 4: fact = fact * num Step 5: num = num – 1 Step 6: END WHILE Step 7: PRINT fact

Decomposition

Decomposition means breaking down a complex problem into smaller sub problems to solve them conveniently and easily.
Breaking down complex problem into sub problem also means analyzing each sub problem in detail.
Decomposition also helps in reducing time and effort as different subprograms can be assigned to different experts in solving such problems.
To get the complete solution, it is necessary to integrate the solution of all the sub problems once done.

Following image depicts the decomposition of a problem

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Introduction to Problem Solving

Problems cannot be resolved by computers alone. We must provide clear, step-by-step directions on how to solve the issue. Therefore, the effectiveness of a computer in solving a problem depends on how exactly and correctly we describe the problem, create an algorithm to solve it, and then use a programming language to implement the algorithm to create a programme. So, the process of identifying a problem, creating an algorithm to solve it, and then putting the method into practise to create a computer programme is known as problem solving.

Steps for Problem Solving

To identify the best solution to a difficult problem in a computer system, a Problem Solving methodical approach is necessary. To put it another way, we must use problem-solving strategies to solve the difficult problem in a computer system. Problem fixing starts with the accurate identification of the issue and concludes with a fully functional programme or software application. Program Solving Steps are – 1. Analysing the problem 2. Developing an Algorithm 3. Coding 4. Testing and Debugging

Analyzing the problem – It is important to clearly understand a problem before we begin to find the solution for it. If we are not clear as to what is to be solved, we may end up developing a program which may not solve our purpose.

Developing an Algorithm – Before creating the programme code to solve a particular problem, a solution must be thought out. Algorithm is a step by step process where we write the problem and the steps of the programs.

Coding – After the algorithm is completed, it must be translated into a form that the computer can understand in order to produce the desired outcome. A programme can be written in a number of high level programming languages.

Testing and Debugging – The developed programme needs to pass different parameter tests. The programme needs to fulfil the user’s requirements. It must answer in the anticipated amount of time. For all conceivable inputs, it must produce accurate output.

What is the purpose of Algorithm?

A programme is created by a programmer to tell the computer how to carry out specific activities. Then, the computer executes the instructions contained in the programme code. As a result, before creating any code, the programmer first creates a roadmap for the software. Without a roadmap, a programmer might not be able to visualise the instructions that need to be written clearly and might end up creating a software that might not function as intended. This roadmap is known as algorithm.

Why do we need an Algorithm?

The purpose of using an algorithm is to increase the reliability, accuracy and efficiency of obtaining solutions.

Characteristics of a good algorithm

• Precision — the steps are precisely stated or defined. • Uniqueness — results of each step are uniquely defined and only depend on the input and the result of the preceding steps. • Finiteness — the algorithm always stops after a finite number of steps. • Input — the algorithm receives some input. • Output — the algorithm produces some output.

While writing an algorithm, it is required to clearly identify the following:

• The input to be taken from the user • Processing or computation to be performed to get the desired result • The output desired by the user

Representation of Algorithms

There are two common methods of representing an algorithm —flowchart and pseudocode. Either of the methods can be used to represent an algorithm while keeping in mind the following: • it showcases the logic of the problem solution, excluding any implementational details • it clearly reveals the flow of control during execution of the program

Flowchart — Visual Representation of Algorithms

A flowchart is a visual representation of an algorithm. A flowchart is a diagram made up of boxes, diamonds and other shapes, connected by arrows. Each shape represents a step of the solution process and the arrow represents the order or link among the steps.

There are standardized symbols to draw flowcharts. Some are given below –

Flow Chart Syntax

How to draw flowchart

Q. Draw a flowchart to find the sum of two numbers?

algorithm and flowchart for addition of two numbers

Q. Draw a flowchart to print the number from 1 to 10?

Another way to represent an algorithm is with a pseudocode, which is pronounced Soo-doh-kohd. It is regarded as a non-formal language that aids in the creation of algorithms by programmers. It is a thorough explanation of the steps a computer must take in a specific order.

The word “pseudo” means “not real,” so “pseudocode” means “not real code”. Following are some of the frequently used keywords while writing pseudocode –

Write an algorithm to display the sum of two numbers entered by user, using both pseudocode and flowchart.

Pseudocode for the sum of two numbers will be – input num1 input num2 COMPUTE Result = num1 + num2 PRINT Result

Flowchart for this pseudocode or algorithm –

Flow of Control

The flow of control depicts the flow of events as represented in the flow chart. The events can flow in a sequence, or on branch based on a decision or even repeat some part for a finite number of times.

Sequence – These algorithms are referred to as executing in sequence when each step is carried out one after the other.

Selection – An algorithm may require a question at some point because it has come to a stage when one or more options are available. This type of problem we can solve using If Statement and Switch Statement in algorithm or in the program.

Repetition – We often use phrases like “go 50 steps then turn right” while giving directions. or “Walk to the next intersection and turn right.” These are the kind of statements we use, when we want something to be done repeatedly. This type of problem we can solve using For Statement, While and do-while statement.

Verifying Algorithms

Software is now used in even more important services, such as the medical industry and space missions. Such software must function properly in any circumstance. As a result, the software designer must ensure that every component’s operation is accurately defined, validated, and confirmed in every way.

To verify, we must use several input values and run the algorithm for each one to produce the desired result. We can then tweak or enhance the algorithm as necessary.

Comparison of Algorithm

There may be more than one method to use a computer to solve a problem, If you wish to compare two programmes that were created using two different approaches for resolving the same issue, they should both have been built using the same compiler and executed on the same machine under identical circumstances.

Once an algorithm is decided upon, it should be written in the high-level programming language of the programmer’s choice. By adhering to its grammar, the ordered collection of instructions is written in that programming language. The grammar or set of rules known as syntax controls how sentences are produced in a language, including word order, punctuation, and spelling.

Decomposition

A problem may occasionally be complex, meaning that its solution cannot always be found. In these circumstances, we must break it down into simpler components. Decomposing or breaking down a complicated problem into smaller subproblems is the fundamental concept behind addressing a complex problem by decomposition. These side issues are more straightforward to resolve than the main issue.

Computer Science Class 11 Notes

Unit 1 : Basic Computer Organisation
Unit 1 : Encoding Schemes and Number System
Unit 2 : Introduction to problem solving
Unit 2 : Getting Started with Python
Unit 2 : Conditional statement and Iterative statements in Python
Unit 2 : Function in Python
Unit 2 : String in Python
Unit 2 : Lists in Python
Unit 2 : Tuples in Python
Unit 2 : Dictionary in Python
Unit 3 : Society, Law and Ethics

Computer Science Class 11 MCQ

Computer science class 11 ncert solutions.

Unit 2 : Tuples and Dictionary in Python

NCERT solutions for Class 11 Computer Science chapter 4 - Introduction to Problem Solving [Latest edition]

NCERT solutions for Class 11 Computer Science chapter 4 - Introduction to Problem Solving - Shaalaa.com

Solutions for chapter 4: introduction to problem solving.

Below listed, you can find solutions for Chapter 4 of CBSE NCERT for Class 11 Computer Science.

NCERT solutions for Class 11 Computer Science Chapter 4 Introduction to Problem Solving Exercise [Pages 83 - 85]

Write a pseudocode that reads two numbers and divides one by another and displays the quotient.

Two friends decide who gets the last slice of a cake by flipping a coin five times. The first person to win three flips wins the cake. An input of 1 means player 1 wins a flip, and a 2 means player 2 wins a flip. Design an algorithm to determine who takes the cake.

Write the pseudocode to print all multiples of 5 between 10 and 25 (including both 10 and 25).

Give an example of a loop that is to be executed a certain number of times.

Suppose you are collecting money for something. You need ₹ 200 in all. You ask your parents, uncles, and aunts as well as grandparents. Different people may give either ₹ 10, ₹ 20, or even ₹ 50. You will collect till the total becomes 200. Write the algorithm.

Write the pseudocode to print the bill depending on the price and quantity of an item. Also print Bill GST, which is the bill after adding 5% of the tax to the total bill.

Write pseudocode that will perform the following:

Read the marks of three subjects: Computer Science, Mathematics, and Physics, out of 100.
Calculate the aggregate marks.
Calculate the percentage of marks.

Write an algorithm to find the greatest among two different numbers entered by the user.

Write an algorithm that performs the following:

Ask a user to enter a number. If the number is between 5 and 15, write the word GREEN. If the number is between 15 and 25, write the word BLUE. if the number is between 25 and 35, write the word ORANGE. If it is any other number, write that ALL COLOURS ARE BEAUTIFUL.

Write an algorithm that accepts four numbers as input and finds the largest and smallest of them.

Write an algorithm to display the total water bill charges of the month depending upon the number of units consumed by the customer as per the following criteria:

for the first 100 units @ 5 per unit
for next 150 units @ 10 per unit
more than 250 units @ 20 per unit

Also, add meter charges of 75 per month to calculate the total water bill.

What are conditionals? When they are required in a program?

Match the pairs.


	Flow of Control
	Process Step
	Start/Stop of the Process
	Data
	Decision Making

Following is an algorithm for going to school or college. Can you suggest improvements in this to include other options?

Reach_School_Algorithm

Take lunch box
Take the bus
Get off the bus
Reach school or college

Write pseudocode to calculate the factorial of a number (Hint: Factorial of 5, written as 5! = 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1).

Draw a flowchart to check whether a given number is an Armstrong number. An Armstrong number of three digits is an integer such that the sum of the cubes of its digits is equal to the number itself. For example, 371 is an Armstrong number since 3**3 + 7**3 + 1**3 = 371.

Following is an algorithm to classify numbers as “Single Digit”, “Double Digit” or “Big”.

Verify for (5, 9, 47, 99, 100, 200) and correct the algorithm if required.

For some calculations, we want an algorithm that accepts only positive integers up to 100.

On what values will this algorithm fail?
Can you improve the algorithm?

NCERT solutions for Class 11 Computer Science chapter 4 - Introduction to Problem Solving

Shaalaa.com has the CBSE Mathematics Class 11 Computer Science CBSE solutions in a manner that help students grasp basic concepts better and faster. The detailed, step-by-step solutions will help you understand the concepts better and clarify any confusion. NCERT solutions for Mathematics Class 11 Computer Science CBSE 4 (Introduction to Problem Solving) include all questions with answers and detailed explanations. This will clear students' doubts about questions and improve their application skills while preparing for board exams.

Further, we at Shaalaa.com provide such solutions so students can prepare for written exams. NCERT textbook solutions can be a core help for self-study and provide excellent self-help guidance for students.

Concepts covered in Class 11 Computer Science chapter 4 Introduction to Problem Solving are Flowchart, Pseudocode, Introduction to Flow of Control, Sequence, Selection, Repetition, Verifying Algorithms, Comparison of Algorithm, Coding, Decomposition, Problem Solving, Steps for Problem Solving, Algorithms, Why Do We Need an Algorithm?, Representation of Algorithms.

Using NCERT Class 11 Computer Science solutions Introduction to Problem Solving exercise by students is an easy way to prepare for the exams, as they involve solutions arranged chapter-wise and also page-wise. The questions involved in NCERT Solutions are essential questions that can be asked in the final exam. Maximum CBSE Class 11 Computer Science students prefer NCERT Textbook Solutions to score more in exams.

Get the free view of Chapter 4, Introduction to Problem Solving Class 11 Computer Science additional questions for Mathematics Class 11 Computer Science CBSE, and you can use Shaalaa.com to keep it handy for your exam preparation.

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Explain the stages of problem-solving methodology.

problem solving methodology

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The stages of problem-solving methodology are

1. Problem definition:

The problem should be clearly understood by the solution provider. One has to analyze what must be done rather than how to do it and then is requires to developing the exact specification of the problem.

2. Problem Analysis:

In problem analysis, we try to understand what are the inputs to be specified and what are the required outputs.

3. Design of a solution using design tools:

The design of a solution includes a sequence of well-defined steps that will produce the desired result (output). Algorithms and flowcharts are used as design tools and represent the solution to a problem.

4. Coding:

The process of writing program instructions for i.e., it is the process of transforming algorithm/flowchart into a program code using programming language instructions.

5. Debugging:

It is the process of detecting and correcting the errors in the program. This stage is also referred to as verification.

6. Program Documentation:

It is a reference material that contains details about a program and functions of different programs of software. Documentation helps other users to understand the program and use it conveniently more effectively.

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What is Problem Solving? (Steps, Techniques, Examples)

By Status.net Editorial Team on May 7, 2023 — 5 minutes to read

What Is Problem Solving?

Definition and importance.

Problem solving is the process of finding solutions to obstacles or challenges you encounter in your life or work. It is a crucial skill that allows you to tackle complex situations, adapt to changes, and overcome difficulties with ease. Mastering this ability will contribute to both your personal and professional growth, leading to more successful outcomes and better decision-making.

Problem-Solving Steps

The problem-solving process typically includes the following steps:

Identify the issue : Recognize the problem that needs to be solved.
Analyze the situation : Examine the issue in depth, gather all relevant information, and consider any limitations or constraints that may be present.
Generate potential solutions : Brainstorm a list of possible solutions to the issue, without immediately judging or evaluating them.
Evaluate options : Weigh the pros and cons of each potential solution, considering factors such as feasibility, effectiveness, and potential risks.
Select the best solution : Choose the option that best addresses the problem and aligns with your objectives.
Implement the solution : Put the selected solution into action and monitor the results to ensure it resolves the issue.
Review and learn : Reflect on the problem-solving process, identify any improvements or adjustments that can be made, and apply these learnings to future situations.

Defining the Problem

To start tackling a problem, first, identify and understand it. Analyzing the issue thoroughly helps to clarify its scope and nature. Ask questions to gather information and consider the problem from various angles. Some strategies to define the problem include:

Brainstorming with others
Asking the 5 Ws and 1 H (Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How)
Analyzing cause and effect
Creating a problem statement

Generating Solutions

Once the problem is clearly understood, brainstorm possible solutions. Think creatively and keep an open mind, as well as considering lessons from past experiences. Consider:

Creating a list of potential ideas to solve the problem
Grouping and categorizing similar solutions
Prioritizing potential solutions based on feasibility, cost, and resources required
Involving others to share diverse opinions and inputs

Evaluating and Selecting Solutions

Evaluate each potential solution, weighing its pros and cons. To facilitate decision-making, use techniques such as:

SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats)
Decision-making matrices
Pros and cons lists
Risk assessments

After evaluating, choose the most suitable solution based on effectiveness, cost, and time constraints.

Implementing and Monitoring the Solution

Implement the chosen solution and monitor its progress. Key actions include:

Communicating the solution to relevant parties
Setting timelines and milestones
Assigning tasks and responsibilities
Monitoring the solution and making adjustments as necessary
Evaluating the effectiveness of the solution after implementation

Utilize feedback from stakeholders and consider potential improvements. Remember that problem-solving is an ongoing process that can always be refined and enhanced.

Problem-Solving Techniques

During each step, you may find it helpful to utilize various problem-solving techniques, such as:

Brainstorming : A free-flowing, open-minded session where ideas are generated and listed without judgment, to encourage creativity and innovative thinking.
Root cause analysis : A method that explores the underlying causes of a problem to find the most effective solution rather than addressing superficial symptoms.
SWOT analysis : A tool used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats related to a problem or decision, providing a comprehensive view of the situation.
Mind mapping : A visual technique that uses diagrams to organize and connect ideas, helping to identify patterns, relationships, and possible solutions.

Brainstorming

When facing a problem, start by conducting a brainstorming session. Gather your team and encourage an open discussion where everyone contributes ideas, no matter how outlandish they may seem. This helps you:

Generate a diverse range of solutions
Encourage all team members to participate
Foster creative thinking

When brainstorming, remember to:

Reserve judgment until the session is over
Encourage wild ideas
Combine and improve upon ideas

Root Cause Analysis

For effective problem-solving, identifying the root cause of the issue at hand is crucial. Try these methods:

5 Whys : Ask “why” five times to get to the underlying cause.
Fishbone Diagram : Create a diagram representing the problem and break it down into categories of potential causes.
Pareto Analysis : Determine the few most significant causes underlying the majority of problems.

SWOT Analysis

SWOT analysis helps you examine the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats related to your problem. To perform a SWOT analysis:

List your problem’s strengths, such as relevant resources or strong partnerships.
Identify its weaknesses, such as knowledge gaps or limited resources.
Explore opportunities, like trends or new technologies, that could help solve the problem.
Recognize potential threats, like competition or regulatory barriers.

SWOT analysis aids in understanding the internal and external factors affecting the problem, which can help guide your solution.

Mind Mapping

A mind map is a visual representation of your problem and potential solutions. It enables you to organize information in a structured and intuitive manner. To create a mind map:

Write the problem in the center of a blank page.
Draw branches from the central problem to related sub-problems or contributing factors.
Add more branches to represent potential solutions or further ideas.

Mind mapping allows you to visually see connections between ideas and promotes creativity in problem-solving.

Examples of Problem Solving in Various Contexts

In the business world, you might encounter problems related to finances, operations, or communication. Applying problem-solving skills in these situations could look like:

Identifying areas of improvement in your company’s financial performance and implementing cost-saving measures
Resolving internal conflicts among team members by listening and understanding different perspectives, then proposing and negotiating solutions
Streamlining a process for better productivity by removing redundancies, automating tasks, or re-allocating resources

In educational contexts, problem-solving can be seen in various aspects, such as:

Addressing a gap in students’ understanding by employing diverse teaching methods to cater to different learning styles
Developing a strategy for successful time management to balance academic responsibilities and extracurricular activities
Seeking resources and support to provide equal opportunities for learners with special needs or disabilities

Everyday life is full of challenges that require problem-solving skills. Some examples include:

Overcoming a personal obstacle, such as improving your fitness level, by establishing achievable goals, measuring progress, and adjusting your approach accordingly
Navigating a new environment or city by researching your surroundings, asking for directions, or using technology like GPS to guide you
Dealing with a sudden change, like a change in your work schedule, by assessing the situation, identifying potential impacts, and adapting your plans to accommodate the change.
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How to Write Inspiring Core Values? 5 Steps with Examples
30 Employee Feedback Examples (Positive & Negative)

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THE STAGES OF PROBLEM SOLVING

By its education asia.

[Problem Solving Guide-Home]

The problem solving process can be divided in different. ways and the stages have been given various labels. This has been done to make it easier to understand but how it is divided and the labels that are used are not important. To be a successful problem solver you need to understand what the stages involve and follow them methodically whenever you encounter a problem.

To be a successful problem solver you must go through these stages:

recognising and defining the problem
finding possible solutions
choosing the best solution
implementing the solution.

These stages are examined in detail in later articles, but here is a summary of what is involved at each stage.

1. Recognising and defining the problem

Obviously, before any action can be taken to solve a problem, you need to recognise that a problem exists. A surprising number of problems go unnoticed or are only recognised when the situation becomes serious. Opportunities are also missed. There are specific techniques you can use to help you recognise problems and opportunities.

Once you have recognised a problem you need to give it a label..... a tentative definition. This serves to focus your search for relevant information, from which you can write an accurate description or definition of the problem.

The process of definition differs for closed and openended problems. With closed problems you need to define all the circumstances surrounding the deviation from the norm. Sometimes this will provide strong clues as to the cause of the problem.

Defining open-ended problems involves identifying and defining your objectives and any obstacles which could prevent you reaching them. The problem definition provides the basis for finding solutions.

2. Finding possible solutions

Closed problems generally have one or a limited number of possible solutions, while open-ended problems usually can be solved in a large number of ways. The most effective solution to an open-ended problem is found by selecting the best from a wide raJ.1ge of possibilities. Finding solutions involves analysing the problem to ensure that you fully understand it and then constructing courses of action which will achieve your objective.

Analysing the problem involves identifying and collecting the relevant information and representing it in a meaningful way. Analysing closed problems helps you to identify all the possible causes and confirm the real cause, or obstacle, before looking for a solution. With open-ended problems you are looking for information which will help to suggest a range of possible ways to solve the problem. Analysis also helps you to decide what the ideal solution would be, which helps to guide your search for solutions.

Constructing courses of action to solve the problem involves discovering what actions will deal with any obstacles and achieve your objective. Workable solutions are developed by combining and modifying ideas and a range of creative techniques are available to help in this process. The more ideas you have to work with, the better your chances of finding an effective solution.

3. Choosing the best solution

This is the stage at which you evaluate the possible solutions and select that which will be most effective in solving the problem. It's a process of. decision making based on a comparison of the potential outcome of alternative solutions. This involves

identifying all the features of an ideal solution, including the constraints it has to meet
eliminating solutions which do not meet the constraints
evaluating the remaining solutions against the outcome required
assessing the risks associated with the 'best' solution
making the decision to implement this solution

A problem is only solved when a solution has been implemented. In some situations, before this can take place, you need to gain acceptance of the solution by other people, or get their authority to implement it. This may involve various strategies of persuasion.

4. Implementing the solution

This involves three separate stages:

planning and preparing to implement the solution
taking the appropriate action and monitoring its effects
reviewing the ultimate success of the action

Implementing your solution is the culmination of all your efforts and requires very careful planning. The plan describes the sequence of actions required to achieve the objective, the timescale and the resources required at each stage. Ways of minimising the risks involved and preventing mistakes have to be devised and built into the plan. Details of what must be done if things go wrong are also included.

Once the plan has been put into effect, the situation has to be monitored to ensure that things are running smoothly. Any problems or potential problems have to be dealt with quickly. When the action is completed it's necessary to measure its success, both to estimate its usefulness for solving future problems of this type and to ensure that the problem has been solved. If not, further action may be required.

These stages provide a very flexible framework which can be adapted to suit all problems. With closed problems, for example, where there is likely to be only one or a few solutions, the emphasis will be on defining and analysing the problem to indicate possible causes. Open-ended problems, on the other hand, require more work at the idea generation stage to develop a large range of possible solutions.

At any stage in solving a problem it may be necessary to go back and adapt work done at an earlier stage. A variety of techniques and strategies are available to help you at each stage and these are described in later articles.

Read the next article: The skills of problem solving

What are problems?
The stages of problem solving
The skills of problem solving
Why people fail to solve problems effectively
Barriers to finding the best solution
Overcoming the blocks to problem solving
A good climate for problem solving
Company policies and procedures effect on problem solving
Style of management effect on problem solving
Physical environment effect on problem solving
Does your organisation support problem solving? 15 telling questions to ask!
So what's the problem?
Defining problems – closed and open ended problems
Finding possible solutions to your problems
The Road to a Solution - Using models to represent a problem
The Road to a Solution - Generating ideas
Solving problems using a group - advantages and disadvantages
The ‘unlucky’ list to bad decision making
Evaluating the solution
Accepted - Reasons for opposition and how to plan your presentation
Accepted - Making your presentation
Implementing your solution
The Action Plan

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1st PUC Computer Science Question Bank Chapter 5 Problem Solving Methodology

You can Download Chapter 5 Problem Solving Methodology Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC Computer Science Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Computer Science Question Bank Chapter 5 Problem Solving Methodology

1st puc computer science problem solving methodology one mark questions and answers.

Question 1. Define problem-solving. Answer: It is the process of expressing the solution of a specific problem, in terms of simple operations that can be understood by the computer.

Question 2. What is the problem definition? Answer: The process of understanding the given problem and what the solution must do is known as problem definition.

Question 3. What are the steps involved in problem analysis? Answer: The steps involved in problem analysis are:

Data we need to provide (input) and
Information we want the program to produce (the output).

Question 4. What is the important aspect of the design of a solution? Answer: The most important aspect of developing a solution is developing the logic to solve the specific problem.

Question 5. Write the tools used in the design of a solution. Answer: The algorithm and flowchart tools are used in the design of a solution.

Question 6. Define an algorithm. Answer: An algorithm is a “step by step procedure to solve a given problem infinite number of steps”.

Question 7. Define the flowchart. Answer: A flowchart is a pictorial or graphical representation of a solution to any problem.

Question 8. How are flowcharts classified? Answer: Flowcharts are classified as system flowchart and program flowchart.

Question 9. What is a pseudo code? Answer: Pseudo code is structured English that consists of short, English phrases used to explain specific tasks within a program’s algorithm.

Question 10. Define coding. Answer: The process of translating the algorithmic solution or flowchart solution into a set of instructions in a programming language is called as coding.

Question 11. What is testing? Answer: It is the process of checking the program logic, by providing selected sample data and observing the output for correctness.

Question 12. What do you mean by debugging? Answer: The process of detecting the errors and correcting the errors in a program is called as debugging.

Question 13. What is the function of compiler? Answer: It is a translator software which converts source program into its equivalent machine language object program.

Question 14. Define source program. Answer: The program written using high level language is called source program.

Question 15. Define object program. Answer: A machine language program generated by the compiler is called object program.

Question 16. What is syntax error? Answer: It refers to an error in the syntax of a sequence of characters or tokens that is intended to be written in a particular programming language.

Question 17. What are semantic errors? Answer: An error, which occurs due to the incorrect logic and a solution is called a semantic error.

Question 18. What are run time errors? Answer: The errors that may occur during execution of the program are called run time errors.

Question 19. Name the two types of program documentation. Answer: The two types of documentation are internal documentation and external documentation.

Question 20. Define program maintenance. Answer: Program maintenance is the process of periodic review of the programs and modifications based on user requirements.

Question 21. What is sequential construct? Answer: The ability of executing the program statement one after another in sequence is called sequential construct.

Question 22. Define selection. Answer: It is the process of selecting a certain set of statements based on a requirement for execution.

Question 23. Define iteration. Answer: It is the process of repeating the execution of a certain set of statements again and again until a requirement is satisfied.

Question 24. What is the simple if also called as? Answer: The simple if is also called a one-way branch.

Question 25. What is the if-else construct is also called as? Answer: The if-else construct is also called a two-way branch.

Question 26. What is the if-else-if construct is also called as? Answer: The if-else-if construct is also called a multiple-way branch.

Question 27. When is the multiple selection construct used? Answer: If there are more than two alternatives to be selected for execution then multiple selection construct is used.

Question 28. What are the two types of iterative constructs? Answer: The two iterative constructs are conditional looping and unconditional looping.

Question 29. What is top-down design? Answer: It is the process of dividing a problem into subproblems and further dividing the subproblems into smaller subproblems and finally to problems that can be implemented as program statements.

Question 30. What is bottom-up design? Answer: It is the process of beginning design at the lowest level modules or subsystems and progressing upwards to the design of the main module.

Question 31. What is structured programming? Answer: It is an easy and efficient method of representing a solution to a given problem using sequence, selection and iteration control.

Question 32. What is a modular design technique? Answer: In this technique, a given problem is divided into a number of self-contained independent program segments. Each program segment is called a ‘module’ and a module can be called for in another program or in another module.

1st PUC Computer Science Problem Solving Methodology Two/Three Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1. What does the programming task involves? Answer: The programming task involves defining and analyzing the problem and developing the solution logically, using an algorithm.

Question 2. Which activity is represented by a rectangle and a rhombus symbol in the flowchart? Answer:

The rectangle symbol represents the process or calculation activity.
Rhombus symbol represents decision making or branching activity.

Question 3. What is the use of the assignment statement? Give an example. Answer: The assignment statement is used to store a value in a variable. For example, let A = 25

Question 4. What are the input and output statements? Answer: The input statement is used to input value into the variable from the input device and the output statement is used to display the value of the variable on the output device.

Question 5. Give the general form of a simple if statement. Answer: If (test condition) then Statement 1

Question 6. Give the general form of if-else statement. Answer: If (test condition) then Statement; Else Statement;

Question 7. What is unconditional looping? Give an example. Answer: If a set of statements are repeatedly executed for a specified number of times, is called unconditional looping. For example, for a conditional statements.

Question 8. What is the difference between a program flowchart and system flowchart? Answer: A program flowchart details the flow through a single program. Each box in the flowchart will represent a single instruction or a process within the program. A system flowchart will show the flow through a system. Each box will represent a program or a process made up of multiple programs.

Question 9. Give the general form of for conditional structure. Answer: The general form of for conditional structure is For (initialization; condition; increment/decrement) statement 1 statement2 statement

Question 10. Give the characteristics of a good program. Answer: Modification and portability are the two important characteristics of a good program.

Question 11. Give the list of statements that can be used in structured programming. Answer:

Sequence of sequentially executed statements.
Conditional execution of statements.
Iteration execution statements.

Question 12. Give the list of statements that cannot be used in structured programming. Answer:

go to statement
break or continue statement
multiple exit points.

Question 13. Mention the advantages of modular programming. Answer: Code reusability, localized errors, and team, work are the few advantages of modular programming.

1st PUC Computer Science Problem Solving Methodology Five Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1. Explain the stages of problem-solving methodology. Answer: The stages of problem-solving methodology are 1. Problem definition: The problem should be clearly understood by the solution provider. One has to analyze what must be done rather than how to do it and then is requires to developing the exact specification of the problem.

2. Problem Analysis: In problem analysis, we try to understand what are the inputs to be specified and what are the required outputs.

3. Design of a solution using design tools: The design of a solution includes a sequence of well-defined steps that will produce the desired result (output). Algorithms and flowcharts are used as design tools and represent the solution to a problem.

4. Coding: The process of writing program instructions for i.e., it is the process of transforming algorithm/flowchart into a program code using programming language instructions.

5. Debugging: It is the process of detecting and correcting the errors in the program. This stage is also referred to as verification.

6. Program Documentation: It is a reference material that contains details about a program and functions of different programs of software. Documentation helps other users to understand the program and use it conveniently more effectively.

Question 2. Explain the characteristics of the algorithm. Answer: Characteristics of the algorithm

It must be simple.
Every step should perform a single task.
There should not be any confusion at any stage.
It must involve a finite number of instructions.
It should produce at least one output.
It must give a unique solution to the problem.
The algorithm must terminate and must not enter into infinity.

Question 3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of an algorithm? Answer: Advantages:

Easy to understand since it is written in universally a spoken language like English.
It consists of a finite number of steps to produce the result.
Easy to first develop the algorithm.
It is independent of any programming language, (universal).
Easy program maintenance.

Disadvantages:

It is time-consuming and difficult to understand for larger and complex problems.
Understanding complex logic through algorithms would be difficult.

Question 4. Write the steps involved in developing a flowchart. Answer: Steps involved in developing a flowcharts

Understand the problem statement clearly before developing the flowchart.
Study the outputs to be generated and the required inputs to solve the problem.
Design the process in such a way that it produces the desired result.
Test the flowchart by giving test data.
Verify the result for correctness. Make suitable changes, if required, and repeat the process.

Question 5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of a flowchart? Answer: Advantages:

It is a means of communication and easy to understand.
Easy to convert into a program code.
Independent of programming language, i.e., A flowchart can be used to write programs using different programming languages.
Easy to test the program for errors and easy removal of such errors.
It is time consuming process as it makes use of a number of symbols.
It is difficult to show the complex logic using a flowchart.
Any changes in the flowchart needs redrawing the flowchart again.

Question 6. Write a note on program errors. Answer: The different program errors are as follows; 1. Syntax error: An error occurs when there is a violation of the grammatical rules of a programming language’s instructions. It happens at the time of compilation. Such errors need to be rectified before proceeding further.

2. Semantic errors: An error, which occurs due to the incorrect logic in a solution is called semantic error. It also occurs due to the wrong use of grammar in the program.

3. Runtime Errors: occur at run-time. Such an error causes a program to end abruptly or even cause system shut-down. Such errors are hard to detect and are known as ‘Bugs’.

4. Logical Error: It may happen that a program contains no syntax or run-time errors but still, it doesn’t produce the correct output. It is because the developer has not understood the problem statement properly. These errors are hard to detect as well. It may need the algorithm to be modified in the design phase and changing sources code.

1st PUC Computer Science Question Bank Chapter 5 Problem Solving Methodology 1

Question 8. Explain the top-down approach in brief. Answer: Top-Down Approach: It is based on a concept called divide and conquer. A given problem is solved by breaking it down into smaller manageable parts called modules. Hence it is also called as stepwise refinement. The subprograms are further divided into still smaller subproblems. Finally, the subproblems are solved individually, and all these give the solution to the overall problem.

Properties of Top-Down Analysis:

Understandability: The individual modules are organized to execute in a particular sequence.
This helps to understand the program behaviour more easily.
Clear Identification of tasks.
Removes duplication or repetition of coding in a problem.
Enhances the feature of code reusability.

Question 9. Write a short note on structured programming. Answer: Structured Programming: The concept was contributed by Professor Dijkstra and other colleagues made it popular. Structured Programming deals only with logic and code and suggests making use of programming structures such as sequence, selection, iteration and modularity in programs. Features:

It focuses on techniques for developing good computer programs and problem-solving.
The structures can be repeated one within another.
It is most important to consider single-entry and single-exit control in a program and structure.
Structured code is like a page, which can be read from the top to bottom without any backward references.
Reading from top to bottom makes the code easy to read, test, debug, and maintain.

Advantages:

Programs are easy to write because the programming logic is well organized.
Programs can be functionally divided into smaller logical working units (modularity).
Modularity leads to understanding the program, test and debug easily.
Easy to maintain because of single entry and single exit features.
Eliminates the use of undisciplined controls (GOTO, BREAK, etc.,) in the program.

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6 Steps of Decision-making Process

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Decision-making is the process of selecting the best course of action from a set of alternative options to achieve a desired goal or objective. It involves four interrelated phases: explorative (searching for potential alternatives), speculative (identifying the factors that influence the decision problem), evaluative (analyzing and comparing the alternative courses of action), and selective (making the final choice of the best course of action). The ultimate aim of decision-making is to find the option that is believed to fulfil the objective of the decision problem most satisfactorily compared to other alternatives.

Decision-making is a systematic process that comprises the following elements:

Identifying the Problem: The decision-making process begins by recognizing a problem that requires resolution. This problem may arise due to a gap between the present state and the desired state of affairs or as a result of environmental changes presenting threats or opportunities. Managers need to continuously monitor the situation to swiftly identify and define the real problem. Properly defining the problem is crucial for a clear decision-making environment, and it requires imagination, experience, and judgment to detect managerial decision needs effectively.
Diagnosing the Problem: Diagnosing the real problem involves analyzing its elements, magnitude, urgency, course, and its relation with other problems. Managers must gather all relevant facts and analyze them carefully to diagnose the problem accurately. The critical aspect of problem diagnosis is determining the actual causes or sources of the problem, ensuring that symptoms are not mistaken for the real issue. For instance, addressing manufacturing costs may not solve the problem if the real issue lies in poor engineering design. The problem can be analyzed based on its nature (routine or strategic), impact, futurity, periodicity, and relevant limiting or strategic factors.
Discover Alternatives: The next step in the decision-making process is to explore various possible alternatives. Rushing to adopt the first feasible solution is not advisable for executives. Identifying available courses of action may not always be apparent, and decision-makers must employ their ingenuity and creativity to recognize and relate them. Having a reasonably wide range of alternatives grants managers more freedom in their choices. However, it is prudent for management to focus on discovering critical or strategic alternatives relevant to the problem at hand, following the principle of the limiting factor. Strategic factors are those that hold the most significance in determining the appropriate action for a given problem. For instance, when deciding on expanding operations, capital availability or government regulations may act as limiting factors. Selecting the most favorable alternative involves recognizing and resolving these critical factors to achieve desired goals accurately. The goal is to keep the number of alternatives manageable while considering time and cost constraints. Developing alternatives is a creative process that necessitates research and imagination. Management must ensure thorough consideration of the best alternatives before finalizing a course of action, gathering and analyzing relevant information for this purpose.
Evaluate Alternatives: After discovering the alternatives, the next step is to evaluate them. This process involves measuring the positive and negative consequences of each option, considering costs and benefits. Judgement and knowledge are vital in assessing the net benefit of each alternative. Both quantitative and qualitative factors should be taken into account, including risk, available resources, and timing. Management should establish evaluation criteria to weigh the options effectively, considering factors like risk, economy of effort, timing, and limitation of resources within the organisation.
Select the Best Alternative: After evaluating the alternatives, the optimal choice is selected. The optimum alternative maximizes results under the given conditions. This step is crucial in decision-making and sets successful managers apart from unsuccessful ones. Past experience, experimentation, research, and analysis contribute to selecting the best alternative.
Implementation and Follow-up: After making a decision, the implementation process begins with communication and obtaining feedback. Procedures, time frames, and necessary resources are established for implementation. Continuous monitoring ensures progress and desired outcomes. Responsibility for specific tasks is assigned to individuals if needed. Periodic progress reports help in assessing the decision’s effectiveness . Herbert Simon’s decision-making process includes three phases: intelligence activity (identifying and diagnosing the problem, defining objectives, and collecting information), decision activity (generating and evaluating alternatives), and choice activity (selecting the best course of action, followed by implementation).

Also read, other articles on Decision Making: What is Decision Making? 7 Important Steps of Decision Making Process Group Decision Making Techniques Types of Decision-making

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Problem solving techniques: Steps and methods

Posted on May 29, 2019

Constant disruption has become a hallmark of the modern workforce and organisations want problem solving skills to combat this. Employers need people who can respond to change – be that evolving technology, new competitors, different models for doing business, or any of the other transformations that have taken place in recent years.

In addition, problem solving techniques encompass many of the other top skills employers seek . For example, LinkedIn’s list of the most in-demand soft skills of 2019 includes creativity, collaboration and adaptability, all of which fall under the problem-solving umbrella.

Despite its importance, many employees misunderstand what the problem solving method really involves.

What constitutes effective problem solving?

Effective problem solving doesn’t mean going away and coming up with an answer immediately. In fact, this isn’t good problem solving at all, because you’ll be running with the first solution that comes into your mind, which often isn’t the best.

Instead, you should look at problem solving more as a process with several steps involved that will help you reach the best outcome. Those steps are:

Define the problem
List all the possible solutions
Evaluate the options
Select the best solution
Create an implementation plan
Communicate your solution

Let’s look at each step in a little more detail.

It's important you take the time to brainstorm and consider all your options when solving problems.

1. Define the problem

The first step to solving a problem is defining what the problem actually is – sounds simple, right? Well no. An effective problem solver will take the thoughts of everyone involved into account, but different people might have different ideas on what the root cause of the issue really is. It’s up to you to actively listen to everyone without bringing any of your own preconceived notions to the conversation. Learning to differentiate facts from opinion is an essential part of this process.

An effective problem solver will take the opinions of everyone involved into account

The same can be said of data. Depending on what the problem is, there will be varying amounts of information available that will help you work out what’s gone wrong. There should be at least some data involved in any problem, and it’s up to you to gather as much as possible and analyse it objectively.

2. List all the possible solutions

Once you’ve identified what the real issue is, it’s time to think of solutions. Brainstorming as many solutions as possible will help you arrive at the best answer because you’ll be considering all potential options and scenarios. You should take everyone’s thoughts into account when you’re brainstorming these ideas, as well as all the insights you’ve gleaned from your data analysis. It also helps to seek input from others at this stage, as they may come up with solutions you haven’t thought of.

Depending on the type of problem, it can be useful to think of both short-term and long-term solutions, as some of your options may take a while to implement.

One of the best problem solving techniques is brainstorming a number of different solutions and involving affected parties in this process.

3. Evaluate the options

Each option will have pros and cons, and it’s important you list all of these, as well as how each solution could impact key stakeholders. Once you’ve narrowed down your options to three or four, it’s often a good idea to go to other employees for feedback just in case you’ve missed something. You should also work out how each option ties in with the broader goals of the business.

There may be a way to merge two options together in order to satisfy more people.

4. Select an option

Only now should you choose which solution you’re going to go with. What you decide should be whatever solves the problem most effectively while also taking the interests of everyone involved into account. There may be a way to merge two options together in order to satisfy more people.

5. Create an implementation plan

At this point you might be thinking it’s time to sit back and relax – problem solved, right? There are actually two more steps involved if you want your problem solving method to be truly effective. The first is to create an implementation plan. After all, if you don’t carry out your solution effectively, you’re not really solving the problem at all.

Create an implementation plan on how you will put your solution into practice. One problem solving technique that many use here is to introduce a testing and feedback phase just to make sure the option you’ve selected really is the most viable. You’ll also want to include any changes to your solution that may occur in your implementation plan, as well as how you’ll monitor compliance and success.

6. Communicate your solution

There’s one last step to consider as part of the problem solving methodology, and that’s communicating your solution . Without this crucial part of the process, how is anyone going to know what you’ve decided? Make sure you communicate your decision to all the people who might be impacted by it. Not everyone is going to be 100 per cent happy with it, so when you communicate you must give them context. Explain exactly why you’ve made that decision and how the pros mean it’s better than any of the other options you came up with.

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The 5 Steps of Problem Solving

5-steps-of-problem-solving-humor-that-works-3

Problem solving is a critical skill for success in business – in fact it’s often what you are hired and paid to do. This article explains the five problem solving steps and provides strategies on how to execute each one.

Defining Problem Solving

Before we talk about the stages of problem solving, it’s important to have a definition of what it is. Let’s look at the two roots of problem solving — problems and solutions.

Problem – a state of desire for reaching a definite goal from a present condition [1] Solution – the management of a problem in a way that successfully meets the goals set for treating it

[1] Problem solving on Wikipedia

One important call-out is the importance of having a goal. As defined above, the solution may not completely solve problem, but it does meet the goals you establish for treating it–you may not be able to completely resolve the problem (end world hunger), but you can have a goal to help it (reduce the number of starving children by 10%).

The Five Steps of Problem Solving

With that understanding of problem solving, let’s talk about the steps that can get you there. The five problem solving steps are shown in the chart below:

However this chart as is a little misleading. Not all problems follow these steps linearly, especially for very challenging problems. Instead, you’ll likely move back and forth between the steps as you continue to work on the problem, as shown below:

Let’s explore of these steps in more detail, understanding what it is and the inputs and outputs of each phase.

1. Define the Problem

aka What are you trying to solve? In addition to getting clear on what the problem is, defining the problem also establishes a goal for what you want to achieve.

Input: something is wrong or something could be improved. Output: a clear definition of the opportunity and a goal for fixing it.

2. Brainstorm Ideas

aka What are some ways to solve the problem? The goal is to create a list of possible solutions to choose from. The harder the problem, the more solutions you may need.

Input: a goal; research of the problem and possible solutions; imagination. Output: pick-list of possible solutions that would achieve the stated goal.

3. Decide on a Solution

aka What are you going to do? The ideal solution is effective (it will meet the goal), efficient (is affordable), and has the fewest side effects (limited consequences from implementation).

Input: pick-list of possible solutions; decision-making criteria. Output: decision of what solution you will implement.

4. Implement the Solution

aka What are you doing? The implementation of a solution requires planning and execution. It’s often iterative, where the focus should be on short implementation cycles with testing and feedback, not trying to get it “perfect” the first time.

Input: decision; planning; hard work. Output: resolution to the problem.

5. Review the Results

aka What did you do? To know you successfully solved the problem, it’s important to review what worked, what didn’t and what impact the solution had. It also helps you improve long-term problem solving skills and keeps you from re-inventing the wheel.

Input: resolutions; results of the implementation. Output: insights; case-studies; bullets on your resume.

Improving Problem Solving Skills

Once you understand the five steps of problem solving, you can build your skill level in each one. Often we’re naturally good at a couple of the phases and not as naturally good at others. Some people are great at generating ideas but struggle implementing them. Other people have great execution skills but can’t make decisions on which solutions to use. Knowing the different problem solving steps allows you to work on your weak areas, or team-up with someone who’s strengths complement yours.

Want to improve your problem solving skills? Want to perfect the art of problem solving? Check out our training programs or try these 20 problem solving activities to improve creativity .

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22 thoughts on “The 5 Steps of Problem Solving”

very helpful and informative training

Thank you for the information

YOU ARE AFOOL

I’m writing my 7th edition of Effective Security Management. I would like to use your circular graphic illustration in a new chapter on problem solving. You’re welcome to phone me at — with attribution.

Sure thing, shoot us an email at [email protected] .

i love your presentation. It’s very clear. I think I would use it in teaching my class problem solving procedures. Thank you

It is well defined steps, thank you.

these step can you email them to me so I can print them out these steps are very helpful

I like the content of this article, it is really helpful. I would like to know much on how PAID process (i.e. Problem statement, Analyze the problem, Identify likely causes, and Define the actual causes) works in Problem Solving.

very useful information on problem solving process.Thank you for the update.

Pingback: Let’s Look at Work Is Working with the Environment | #EnviroSociety

It makes sense that a business would want to have an effective problem solving strategy. Things could get bad if they can’t find solutions! I think one of the most important things about problem solving is communication.

Well in our school teacher teach us –

1) problem ldentification 2) structuring the problem 3) looking for possible solutions 4) lmplementation 5) monitoring or seeking feedback 6) decision making

Pleace write about it …

I teach Professional communication (Speech) and I find the 5 steps to problem solving as described here the best method. Your teacher actually uses 4 steps. The Feedback and decision making are follow up to the actual implementation and solving of the problem.

i know the steps of doing some guideline for problem solving

steps are very useful to solve my problem

The steps given are very effective. Thank you for the wonderful presentation of the cycle/steps/procedure and their connections.

I like the steps for problem solving

It is very useful for solving difficult problem i would reccomend it to a friend

this is very interesting because once u have learned you will always differentiate the right from the wrong.

I like the contents of the problem solving steps. informative.

Humor Persona - Template B2B

I make an effort to appreciate the humor of everyday life....

This question helps us further the advancement of humor research to make it more equitable.

Humor Persona - Main B2C

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Psychology – Chapter 8 – Thinking

Review questions : Solutions of Questions on Page Number : 167

Q1 :Explain the nature of thinking. Answer : Thinking is the basis of all cognitive activities and processes, which are unique to humans. It involves manipulation and analysis of information received from the environment. It is the higher mental process through which things are manipulated and the required information is analysed. For example, while playing a video game the mind thinks of strategies or techniques to win it. Thus, thinking is organised and goal-directed. It is an internal mental process that is inferred through overt behaviour.

Q2 :What is a concept? Explain the role of concept in the thinking process. Answer : A concept is a mental representation of a category and refers to a class of objects, ideas or events that share common properties. It plays an important role in the thinking process as concept formation helps in organising knowledge so that it can be accessed with less time and effort.

Q3 : Identify obstacles that one may encounter in problem solving. Answer : The obstacles that one may encounter in problem solving are as follows: (i) Mental Set It is a tendency of a person to solve problems by following the previously tried mental operations based upon prior success. It can create a mental rigidity and hinder problem solving since the problem solver does not think of new rules and ideas. It is also related to functional fixedness, whereby people fail to solve a problem because they get fixed or stuck on the usual function of things. (ii) Lack of Motivation Motivation is a very important condition to solve problems. Sometimes people give up easily while encountering a problem or when they have had met a failure previously. Thus, they become de-motivated and are unable to solve problems.

Q4 : How does reasoning help in solving problems? Answer : Reasoning helps in problem solving as it is the process of gathering and analysing information to arrive at conclusions. Thus, reasoning helps to arrive at conclusions through certain information. This can be achieved through the following ways: (i) Deductive reasoning: It begins with an assumption that is believed to be true and the conclusion is based on that assumption. Thus, it is reasoning from general to particular. (ii) Inductive reasoning: It is based on specific facts and observations. It involves the drawing of a general conclusion based on a particular observation.

Q5 : Are judgment and decision-making interrelated processes? Explain. Answer : Judgement and decision-making are interrelated processes. In judgment the conclusions are drawn from opinions or events, based upon evidences. Decision-making requires choosing among the alternatives by evaluating the cost and benefit associated with each alternative. Thus, decision-making and judgment are both based upon conclusions that are arrived at by reasoning.

Q6 : Why is divergent thinking important in creative thinking process? Answer : Divergent thinking is important in creative thinking process because it generates a wide range of original ideas that form the basis of creative thinking. It also plays an active role in this process as it includes fluency, flexibility, originality and elaboration. Further, creative thinking refers to the originality and uniqueness of ideas and solutions that did not exist previously. Therefore, divergent thinking helps creative thinking to construct new and original ideas.

Q7 :What are the various barriers to creative thinking? Answer : The various barriers to creative thinking are: (i) Habitual – The tendency to be overpowered by habits according to a particular think acts as a barrier to creative thinking. It hinders the generation of thought from a fresh perspective. (ii) Perceptual – It prevents the formation of novel and original ideas. (iii) Motivationa – Lack of motivation acts as a barrier for any thought and action. (iv) Emotional – Emotions like fear of failure, rejection and negativism lead to negative assumptions and result in incapability to think differently. (v) Cultural – It refers to excessive adherence to traditions, expectations, conformity pressures and stereotypes. Cultural block arises due to the fear of being different, tendency to maintain status quo, social pressure, etc.

Q8 : Does thinking take place without language? Discuss. Answer : According to Benjamin Lee Whorf’s linguistic relativity hypothesis, the contents of thought are determined by language. Linguistic determinism suggests that the limits and possibilities of thoughts are also determined by language and linguistic categories. However, according to Jean Piaget, thought precedes and determines language. An example is the imitation of adults by young children that is a manifestation of thought without language. He opines that language is one of the vehicles of thinking and thought is necessary to understand language. A third view by Vyogotsky argues that thought is used without language in non-verbal thinking and language is used without thought when expressing pleasantries. The overlapping of thought and language leads to verbal thought and rational speech. Therefore, different views have been presented by different scholars, whereby some believe that thinking can take place without language and some believe that it cannot take place without language. However, it is important to note that thinking and language are interrelated processes.

Q9 : How is language acquired in human beings? Answer : Language is acquired among human beings in various following stages: Infants cry, make variety of sounds and learn to babble at six months. These patterns repeat and occur at nine months. Holophrases develop by the age of one year and two-word telegraphic speech occurs at 18-20 months. Behaviourists like B.F. Skinner are of the view that humans learn language by imitation, reinforcement and associating words with objects. Further, children produce sounds that are appropriate to the language of the care-giver and are reinforced leading to approximation of desired responses. The patterns of reinforcement lead to regional differences in pronunciation and phrasing. According to linguist Noam Chomsky, children throughout the world have a critical period for learning language and go through the same stages of language development. Chomsky emphasises on built-in readiness that is present in general among all children and helps in acquiring language without direct teaching.

Q10 : How can creative thinking be enhanced? Answer : Creative thinking can be enhanced by the following ways: (i) Becoming more aware and sensitive in order to notice and respond to the feelings, sights, sounds and textures around. (ii) Generating maximum amount of ideas or solutions to a given task, in order to increase the flow of thoughts and choosing the best out of them. (iii) Using Osborn’s ‘brainstorming’ technique to increase the flexibility of ideas. It involves the idea of thinking freely, without any limitations or pre-conceptions. (iv) Experience and practice leads to an independent thinking while making judgments. (v) Engaging in activities that require the use of imagination and original thinking. (vi) Getting a feedback on the proposed solutions and also thinking of solutions others may offer. (vii) Giving the ideas a chance to incubate. (viii) Drawing diagrams for easily understanding the solutions and visualising causes or consequences of all the solutions. (ix) Resisting the temptation of getting immediate rewards. (x) Being self-confident, positive and aware of all the defences concerned with the problem.

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Psychology – Chapter 9 – Motivation and Emotion

Ncert solutions for class 11 psychology – chapter 7 – human memory, ncert solutions for class 11 psychology – chapter 6 – learning.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship as Innovation and Problem Solving

September 28, 2019 by Sastry CBSE

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Entrepreneurship Chapter-4 Entrepreneurship as Innovation and Problem Solving

Textbook questions solved..

Question 1. Answer each of these questions in about 15 words: (i) Name any two institutions involved in Entrepreneurship Development Program. (ii) Who is a social entrepreneur? (iii) What are insurable risks? (iv) What are non-insurable risks? (v) What is economic barrier? (vi) Give an example of a social entrepreneur. Answer: (i) 1. National Institute for Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development (NIESBUD). 2.Indian Institute for Entrepreneurship. 3.National Institute for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (NIMSME). (ii) According to Martin and Osberg, “The Social Entrepreneur aims for value in the form of large-scale transformational benefit that accrues either to a significant segment of society or to society at large.” Moreover, “The social entrepreneur targets his/her programs at the underserved, neglected, or highly disadvantaged population that lacks the financial means or political clout to achieve the transformative benefit on its own.” (iii) These are the risks which are related to life and property against fire, theft, accidents, etc. They are covered and protected by insurance. (iv) These are the risks whose probability cannot be determined and which cannot be insured against. For example: Fluctuations in price and demand. These are further divided into two types (a) Internal Risks: Those risks which arise from the events taking place within the business enterprise. (b) Business risks: These are of a diverse nature and arise due to innumerable factors. These risks can be insurable or non-insurable. (v) The factors of production land, labour, capital, material, etc. contribute equally towards the development of entrepreneurship in any country. If all the factors are readily available to the entrepreneurs, then entrepreneurship is naturally promoted and developed. But if any of the factor of production are not available or not readily available or available in inadequate quality and quantity, they can become barriers to entrepreneurship. (vi) (a) Vinoba Bhave: He was the founder of the Bhudaan Andolan, which resulted in redistribution of more than 7,000,000 acres of land to aid India’s untouchables and landless. (b) Ela Bhatt: She founded Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) in 1972 is a trade union of poor, unorganised, self-employed women who work as vendors, hawkers and labourers.

Question 2. Answer each of these questions in about 50 words: (i) What is business incubation? (ii) Explain business intelligence. (iii) List two examples of incubation centres in India (iv) Write about any two innovations which led to entrepreneurial ventures. (v) Differentiate between social entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship. Answer: (i) Business incubation are programs designed to support the successful development of entrepreneurial ventures through an array of business support resources and services, developed and orchestrated by incubator management and offered both in the incubator and through its network of contacts. Business support resources and services comprises of providing physical space, capital, coaching, networking connections, etc. (ii) Business intelligence is the ability of an organization to collect, maintain, and organize data. (iii) NZTE, Technology NZ. (iv) (a) Potato Chips: Aim: George Crum, a chef at the Carey Moon Lake House was trying to make a plate of fried potato. Creation: One day, a customer repeatedly sent back the plate of potatoes for more frying and having thinner fried potatoes. In anger Crum sliced the potatoes insanely thin and fried them until they were hard as a rock. On serving it to the customer, the customer loved it and wanted more. This is how potato chips came into existence. (b) The Pacemaker: Aim: John Hopps, an electrical engineer was trying to use radio frequency heating to restore body temperature. Creation: During his experiment, he realized that if a heart stopped beating due to cooling, it could be made to beat again by artificial stimulation. This led to the creation of pacemaker. (v) Following is the difference between Entrepreneurship and Social Entrepreneurship: (a) The entrepreneur’s final objective is wealth creation but for the social entrepreneur, wealth creation is simply a means to an end. (b) The entrepreneur participates in entrepreneurial venture with the aim of earning profit. On the other hand, the social entrepreneur participates in profit seeking business ventures if only to use the profits generated to create valuable social programs for the whole community. (c) Entrepreneur has individual motive of self-development whereas social entrepreneur has the motive of societal development.

Question 3. Answer each of these questions in about 75 words: (i) What is cloud computing? (ii) How did KFC begin its operations? (iii) Explain the various external factors which lead to business risk? (iv) Enumerate three ways as to how incubators help start-ups get funding. Answer: (i) The origin of the term cloud computing appears to be derived from the practice of using drawings of stylized clouds to denote networks in diagrams of computing and communications systems. The word cloud is used as a metaphor for the internet, based on the standardized use of a cloud-like shape to denote a network. Cloud computing helps the firms to upload all its data on to a cloud and then it can be used it remotely wherever it is required. (ii) In 1930, Sanders was operating a service station in Corby, USA and he observed that travellers who stopped for gas were normally hungry and they wanted to eat something. Sanders saw and understood the problem. He knew how to cook, and so he cooked chicken recipe for the travellers. This spicy chicken receipe became super hit among travellers. This prompted him to start a restaurant which was beginning of the world famous fast food chain “KFC – Kentucky Fried Chicken”. (iii) The various external factors which may give rise to such risks are as follows: 1.Economic factors: These arise due to prevalent economic condition and changes in the prevailing market conditions. These can be of following types:

changes in demand
price fluctuations
changes in tastes and preferences of the consumers
changes in income, output or trade cycles
increased competition for the product
inflationary tendency in the economy
rising unemployment
fluctuations in world economy For example: Audio cassette player to CD player

2.Natural factors: These are the unforeseen natural calamities like earthquake, flood, famine, cyclone, lightening, etc. These may cause loss and damage to life and property. Entrepreneurs have very little or no control. For example, the land slide in Uttarakhand damaged the business and have adversely affected the whole economy of the State.

3.Political factors: These are due to political changes in a country like

fall or change in the Government,
communal violence
hostilities with the neighbouring countries.
changes in Government policies and regulations

4.Change in taste and preference: Tastes change with the change of time and factors. For example: Earlier home made food was preferred and fast food was considered as luxury. In the present scenario, there has been an increase for the liking towards fast food. (iv)Incubators help the companies/firms to secure capital in the following ways:

Helps in connecting companies with angel investors (high-net-worth individual investors).
Working with companies to perfect venture capital presentations and connecting them to venture capitalists.
Helping and guiding companies in applying for loans.
Helping and guiding companies in accessing government agency.

Question 4.Answer each of these questions in about 150 words: (i) Explain the various internal factors which lead to business risk? (ii) Explain in detail the personal barriers. (iii) Explain. (a) Smart, (b) Explain Information Collection as new business forms. Answer: (i) Every business organization contains various risk elements while doing the business. Business risks implies uncertainty in profits or danger of loss and the events that could pose a risk due to some unforseen events in fugure, which causes business to fail. The Business risk is classified into different 5 main types:

Strategic Risk: They are the risks associated with the operations of that particular industry. These kind of risks arise from
Business Environment: Buyers and sellers interacting to buy and sell goods and services, changes in supply and demand, competitive structures and introduction of new technologies.
Transaction: Assets relocation of mergers and acquisitions, spin-offs, alliances and joint ventures.
Investor Relations: Strategy for communicating with individuals who have inverted in the business.

2. Financial Risk: These are the risks associated with the financial structure and transactions of the particular industry. 3. Operational Risk: These are the risks associated with the operational and administrative procedures of the particular industry. 4. Compliance Risk (Legal Risk): These are risks associated with the need to comply with the rules and regulations of the government. 5. Other Risks: There would be different risks like natural disaster(floods) and others depend upon the nature and scale of the industry.

(ii) Following are the personal barriers to entrepreneurship: 1. Perceptual: Perceptual barriers that can adversely affect the progress of an entrepreneur and the enterprise. Lack of proper knowledge, lack of clear vision, misunderstanding of a situation, etc. can result in a faulty decisions. These features leave the entrepreneur with limited options and stubbornness in the decisions. 2. Motivational: Regular motivation is an essential for keeping the same tempo in the enterprise. Lack of motivation becomes a strong barrier to entrepreneurship. Many entrepreneurs start with enthusiasm, but when they face some difficulties in the execution of their plans, they lose motivation. (iii) (a) Smart Mobility: Those devices which are mobile help in the growth of business. Smart mobility is changing the way people interact. Smart devices have become a part of our lives. It includes Mobiles, smart phones, I-pads, I-phones, etc. In the last quarter of 2010, sales of smart phones overtook the sale of Personal Computers for the first time.

By 2014, more smart devices could be used to access the internet than traditional computers.
More mobile world is creating new players and new opportunities for a variety of industries.
Smart mobility will enable firms to profit more quickly from new technology.

(b) Need of customer detail: In order to attract a customer, the entrepreneurs have to know the customer in detail so that they can know about those customers who are loyal to their product and the company. , Understanding taste and preference of customers: Information collected about the customers related to age, regularity of customer to the shop, preference of purchase, etc. enable the firm to understand the taste and preference of the customer so that customer services can be improved in a better way. Competition: Firms are now competing on analytics to differentiate themselves. The growing number of methods of data collection, growing number of data collecting firms, ways of analysis are generating immense quantities of information.

Question 5. Answer each of these questions in about 250 words: (i) Enumerate the characteristics of social entrepreneurs. (ii) Explain in detail three new forms of business which is created because of technological changes. (iii) Explain ‘barriers to entrepreneurship’. Answer: (i) Social entrepreneurs have following characteristics: 1. Social Catalysts: Social entrepreneurs are the visionaries who create fundamental, social changes by reforming social systems and creating sustainable improvements. Their efforts and actions have the potential to bring global improvements in the various fields like education, health care, economic development, the environment, the arts, etc. 2. Socially aware: Social improvement, is the ultimate goal of the social entrepreneurs. The success of their efforts is measured by their social changes and impact on various social groups of the society. 3. Opportunity-seeking: Social entrepreneurs view every obstacle as an opportunity. They develop their business on the same grounds. 4. Innovative: Social entrepreneurs are creative, willing to think differently and ready to apply ideas to new situations. They see failures as learning opportunities. 5. Resourceful: Social entrepreneurs’ visions are not limited by the resources which they acquire or have but they actively expand their resource pool through positive collaboration with others. 6. Accountable: Social entrepreneurs are accountable to their beneficiaries like customers, investors, etc. and they often take measures to keep themselves on the right track by asking themselves,—Am I creating value for the people I am serving? Do I understand their needs? (ii) (A) Business intelligence: Sales data during an off season discount produces large amounts of information. This can be use for developing new opportunities. Implementing an effective strategy for the new opportunity for gaining competitive edge and having long-term stability. The importance of business intelligence is as follows: (a) Strategy: Business intelligence is used to make better strategic decisions. (b) Data: Business intelligence, enables organizations to gather quantifiable data on each area of the organization. (c) Analysis: Business intelligence, enables organizations to analyse data in a way that yields information they can act on. (d) Efficiency: It helps firms to enhance decision-making, improve performance and mitigate risk. (B) Smart Mobility: Those devices which are mobile help in the growth of business. Smart mobility is changing the way people interact. Smart devices have become a part of our lives. It includes mobiles, smart phones, I-pads, I-phones, etc.

In the last quarter of 2010, sales of smart phones overtook the sale of Personal computers for the first time.

(iii) (a) Environmental Barriers to Entrepreneurship Following are the environmental barriers: 1. Economic: The factors of production land, labour, capital, material, etc. contribute equally towards the development of entrepreneurship in any country. If all the factors are readily available to the entrepreneurs, then entrepreneurship is naturally promoted and developed. But if any of the factor of production are not available or not readily available or available in inadequate quality and quantity, they can 2. Social: Sociological factors such as religion, caste structure, age groups, standard of living, mobility of labour, cultural heritage, respect for senior citizens, values, etc. have a deep impact on business. In India, attitudes have changed with respect to food and clothing, due to changes in educational pattern, rise in standard of living, increase in literacy rate among men and women, employment of women in factories and offices, etc. Due to it there is growth of food processing and garment manufacturing units. 3. Cultural: Every society has its own culture, cultural values, customs, beliefs and norms. If the culture of a society is encouraging creativity and risk-taking, entrepreneurship gets encouragement leading to development. 4. Political: Political factor provides the legal framework for the functioning of the enterprises in the economy. Political environment poses challenge in front of entrepreneurs. Political environment is affected by political parties, stability of the government, government’s interference in business world, taxation and subsidies policies, etc. (b) Personal barriers. Following are the personal barriers to entrepreneurship: 1. Perceptual: Perceptual barriers that can adversely affect the progress of an entrepreneur and the enterprise. Lack of proper knowledge, lack of clear vision, misunderstanding of a situation, etc. can result in a faulty decisions. These features leave the entrepreneur with limited options and stubbornness in the decisions. 2. Motivational: Regular motivation is an essential for keeping the same tempo in the enterprise. Lack of motivation becomes a strong barrier to entrepreneurship. Many entrepreneurs start with enthusiasm, but when they face some difficulties in the execution of their plans, they lose motivation.

Question 6. Higher Order Thinking Skills Application based exercise: Explain the success story of Lijjat Papad. Answer: Lijjat Papad

Started with a loan of Rs 80, the cooperative now has annual sales exceeding ? 301 crore.
Lijjat was the brain child of seven Gujarati women from Bombay (now Mumbai).
The women lived in Lohana Niwas, a group of five buildings in Girgaum. They wanted to start a venture to create a sustainable livelihood using the only skill they had i.e. cooking.
The women borrowed Rs 80/- from Chhaganlal Karamsi Parekh, a member of the Servants of India Society and a social worker.
They took over papad making venture which was running in loss owned by Laxmidas Bhai, and bought the necessary ingredients and the basic infrastructure required to manufacture papads.
On March 15, 1959, they gathered on the terrace of their building and started with the production of 4 packets of papads. They started selling the papads to a known merchant in Bhuleshwar.
Initially, the women were making two different qualities of papads, in order to sell the inferior one at a cheaper rate.
Chaganbapa advised them to make a standard papad and asked them never to compromise on quality.
Lijjat expanded as a cooperative system. Initially, even younger girls could join, but later eighteen was fixed as the minimum age of entry.
Within three months there were about 25 women making papads.
Soon the women bought some equipment for the business, like utensils, cupboards, stoves, etc. In the first year, the organization’s annual sales were ? 6196/-. The broken papads were distributed among neighbours.
During the first year, the women had to stop production for four months during the rainy season as the rains would prevent the drying of the papads. The next year, they solved the problem by buying a cot and a stove. The papads were kept on the cot and the stove below the cot so that the process of drying could take place in spite of the rains. By the second year of its formation, 100 to 150 women had joined the group, and by the end of the third year it had more than 300 members. The members were called as Ben/Sister.
They have accountants in every branch and every centre has to maintain daily accounts.
Profit (or loss, if any) is shared among all the members of that branch. They have a committee of 21, that decides how the profits are to be distributed.
Each branch calculates its profit and divides it equally among all its members.
Mumbai has 12,000 members, the rest of Maharashtra has 22,000, and Gujarat has between 5,000 to 7,000 members. Exports alone account for ? 10 crores.

MORE QUESTIONS SOLVED

I. Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Marks]

Question 1.What are the distinguishing marks of an entrepreneur? Answer: Creativity and innovation are the distinguishing marks of the entrepreneur.

Question 2.How was Ink-Jet Printer created? Answer: A Canon engineer accidently rested his hot iron on his pen, ink was ejected from the pens point a few moments later. This principle led to the creation of the inkjet printer for the world.

Question 3.What is Social Entrepreneurship? Answer: According to J. Gregory Dees, Social entrepreneurship is which combines the passion of a social mission with an image of business-like discipline, innovation, and determination.

Question 4.Who is a Social Entrepreneur in the words of Martin & Osberg? Answer: According to Martin and Osberg, “The Social Entrepreneur aims for value in the form of large-scale transformational benefit that accrues either to a significant segment of society or to society at large.” Moreover, the social entrepreneur targets his/her programs at the underserved, neglected, or highly disadvantaged population that lacks the financial means or political clout to achieve the transformative benefit on its own.”

Question 5. Who is referred as the father of Green Revolution? Answer: Father of Green Revolution in India is M.S. Swaminathan and in the world is Norman Borlang.

Question 6. How the social entrepreneurs improve their standard of living? Answer: Social entrepreneur can assess a social problem and find a solution to remove poverty among the masses and thus improve their standard of living.

Question 7. Define Risk. Answer: Risk is the chance of loss and refers to the possibility of some adverse occurrence.

Question 8. What are external risks? Answer: External risks are the risks that arise due to the events occurring outside the firm or the business venture. These are beyond the control of entrepreneurs as they cannot be forecasted. Probability occurrence cannot be determined.

Question 9. What do you mean by Business Intelligence? Answer: Business intelligence is the ability of an organization to collect, maintain, and organize data.

Question 10. Explain Business Intelligence using example. Answer: Sales data during an off season discount produces large amounts of information. This can be used for developing new opportunities. Implementing an effective strategy for the new opportunity for gaining competitive edge and having long-term stability.

Question 11. What do you mean by Smart Mobility?- Answer: Those devices which are mobile help in the growth of business. Smart mobility is changing the way the people interact. Smart devices have become a part of our lives. It includes mobiles, smart phones, I-pads, I-phones, etc.

Question 12. Cloud-based services is expected to grow sophisticatedly in the future. Give one example in support. Answer: By 2016, Gartner-a consultancy firm, expects all Forbes’ Global 2000 companies to use public cloud services, transforming much of the current IT hardware, software and database markets into infinitely flexible utilities.

Question 13. What is the future of cloud computing? Answer: Over time, cloud-based services is expected to grow sophisticatedly and is expected to evolve into full-scale business processes as a service. It enables the firms to reduce cost, increase efficiency and will enable the firms to reduce risk.

Question 14. What are the distinguishing marks of an entrepreneur? Answer: Creativity and innovation are the distinguishing marks of the entrepreneur.

Question 15. What do you understand by business risk? Answer: Business risk means the possibility of some favourable occurrence.

Question 16. How B.O. Wheeler has defined the term Business Risk? Answer: According to B.O. Wheeler, “Risk is the chance of loss. It is the possibility of some adverse occurrence”.

Question 17. ‘Fluctuations in price and demand’. Name the type of risk involved into it. Answer: The type of risk is non-insurable risk.

Question 18. What do you understand by social media? Answer: Social media refers to an interaction among people in which they create, share, and/or exchange information and ideas between various people around the world and through networks.

Question 19. Give an example of economic barrier to entrepreneurship. Answer: If a prospective entrepreneur does not have access to capital for setting up his her new enterprise. He or she will feel discouraged to proceed further.

Question 20. How does systematic study of barriers helps an entrepreneur? Answer: Systematic study of barriers will lead to a proper understanding of the fields areas in which they occur.

Question 21. Write some qualities an entrepreneur must have to become a successful entrepreneur. Answer: Innovativeness, creativity and potential for hard work are some qualities an entrepreneur must have to become a successful entrepreneur.

Question 22. For an entrepreneur, what is the main motivating factor which urges them to continue in their entrepreneurial pursuit? Answer: For an entrepreneur, the main motivating factor which urges them to continue in their entrepreneurial pursuit is challenge.

Question 23. Which qualities enables the entrepreneurs to enjoy challenge? Answer: When the entrepreneurs are more intelligent, persistent and competent they enjoy a challenge.

Question 24. To be a successful entrepreneur, one has to have which quality? Answer: To be a successful entrepreneur, one has to be a problem solver.

Question 25. Who is an entrepreneur? Answer: Any person who undertakes risks, enjoys challenge and habitually creates and innovates to build something of recognised value around perceived opportunities can be referred as entrepreneur.

Question 26. Why are entrepreneurs called problem solvers? Answer: Entrepreneurs take efforts to solve problems faced by the people due to which they are referred as problem solvers. When one problem is solved a new commodity is created i.e. a new value is created.

II. Short Answer Type Questions [2/3 Marks]

Question 1.Mention the features of problem solvers. Answer: Problem solvers:

take risks,
often create value by solving a problem faced by customer or market.
able to create a profitable enterprise.
the more or larger problems are solved by them, the more profit they generate.

Question 2. Describe the beginning of world famous fast food chain KFC. Or How did KFC begin its operations? Answer: In 1930, Sanders was operating a service station in Corby, USA and he observed that travellers who stopped for gas were normally hungry and they wanted to eat something. Sanders saw and understood the problem. He knew how to cook, and so he cooked chicken recipe for the travellers. This spicy chicken receipe became super hit among travellers. This prompted him to start a restaurant which was beginning of the world famous fast food chain “KFC – Kentucky Fried Chicken”.

Question 3. Give examples of problem solution. Answer: Following are the examples of problem solution:

Bigger boats were used for carrying more fishes.
Installation of freezers on the big boats for storing the fishes.
Installation of fish tanks for providing fresh fish in the market.
To improve taste of the fresh fish in the tank shark were kept along with the fishes.

Question 4. Describe one example explaining solving problems to meet the needs and wants of people. Or “Most entrepreneurial ventures have survived when they solve problems of people, understanding their needs and accordingly changing the product to their needs.” Give an example in the support of this statement. Answer: Dr. John Harvey Kellogg was superintendent of a famous hospital and health spa in Battle Creek, Michigan. His hospital stressed healthful living and kept its patients on a diet that eliminated caffeine, meat, alcohol and tobacco. One day, after cooking some wheat, the men were called away. When men returned, the wheat had become stale. They decided to force the tempered grain through the rollers anyway. But surprisingly, each wheat berry was flattened and came out as a thin flake. On baking the flakes and were realized that they have made a new invention i.e. a delicious cereal. Keith Kellogg, brother of Dr. Kellogg eventually opened his own cereal business which became the famous brand Kellogg’s Corn Flakes.

Question 5. Write in brief about creativity is a continuous activity for the entrepreneur. Answer: As creativity is a continuous activity for the entrepreneurs they keep on disturbing markets and keeps on challenging large established businesses. Entrepreneurs always see new ways of doing things with little concern creativity in the entrepreneur is a mixture of ability to innovate, to take the idea and make it work in practice. Once the project is accomplished, the entrepreneur look for new venture.

Question 6. How were Microwave Ovens created? Describe. Answer: Percy Spencer, an engineer was conducting a radar-related research project with a new vacuum tube. During his research he realized that the candy bar in his pocket began to melt during his experiments. On putting pop corn into the machine, the pop-corns are started to pop. This led to the creation of commonly used household item Microwave Oven.

Question 7. What is the difference between Entrepreneurship and Social Entrepreneurship? Answer: Following is the difference between Entrepreneurship and Social Entrepreneurship:

The entrepreneur’s final objective is wealth creation but for the social entrepreneur, wealth creation is simply a means to an end.
The entrepreneur participates in entrepreneurial venture with the aim of earning profit. On the other hand, the social entrepreneur participates in profit seeking business ventures if only to use the profits generated to create valuable social programs for the whole community.
Entrepreneur has individual motive of self-development where as social entrepreneur has the motive of societal development.

Question 8. What are the similarities between Entrepreneurship and Social Entrepreneurship? Answer: Following are the similarities between Entrepreneurship and Social Entrepreneurship:

Creation: Both, entrepreneur and the social entrepreneur believe in creation of something new.
Profit: Both aim for earning profit from the venture.
Development: Both work for development of the society though with different motives.

Question 9.Why is there a growing need for Social Entrepreneurs? Answer: There is a growing need for Social Entrepreneurs because of following reasons:

Social problems: In the current economic crisis, financial pressures are becoming a reason for the increase of intensity of social problems such as poverty and unemployment.
Financial repercussions: According to J. Gregory Dees, social entrepreneurship is essential to reduce the financial consequences among vulnerable.
Creativity and Innovation: With pay-cuts and job losses a common phenomenon all over the world, the need of the present is new ideas, innovations, creative solutions and fresh perspectives. These new ideas, etc. have potential to deal with the changing market demands, emerging economies and a new world, economic order.

Question 10. Social entrepreneurs keep on asking themselves,—Am I creating value for the people I am serving? Do I understand their needs? Why did they do so? Answer: Social entrepreneurs do so:

to know how they are actually making an impact.
to reply to investors who want to know whether their contributions are indeed stimulating social improvements as was promised.

Question 11. What are the views of J. Gregory Dees on Social entrepreneurs as social catalysts? Answer: According to J. Gregory Dees, though (Social entrepreneurs) they may act locally, their actions have the potential to stimulate global improvements in their chosen arenas, whether that is education, health care, economic development, the environment, the arts, or any other social field.

Question 12. Mention the functions performed by SEWA. Answer: Following functions are performed by SEWA:

Initially, SEWA provided the required capital to the co-operatives.
The members of the co-operatives share their skills and expertise, develop new tools, designs and techniques.
Members are engaged in joint marketing efforts.
SEWA is helping women to get regular employment, easy access to credit, childcare, healthcare facilities.

Question 13. Describe the various types of Risk Taking. Answer: Risk are of following types:

Insurable Risks: These are related to life and property against fire, theft, accidents etc.
Non-insurable: These are the risks whose probability cannot be determined and which cannot be insured against. For example: Fluctuations in price and demand. These are further divided into two types: (a) Internal Risks: Those risks which arise from the events taking place within the business enterprise. (b) Business risks: These are of a diverse nature and arise due to innumerable factors. These risks can be insurable or non-insurable.
Dynamic risks: Risks which are caused by changes in the economy are known as ‘dynamic risks’. These are generally less predictable because they do not appear frequently.

Question 14. Describe the types of risks on the basis of place of origin. Answer: On the basis of place of origin the risks are of two types:

Internal Risks: These risks arise from the events taking place within the firm during the ordinary course of a business. These can be forecasted. Their probability of occurrence can be determined. These are controllable.
Business Risks : These risks are of varied nature and may arise due to innumerable factors. These can either be insurable or non-insurable. The probability of an insurable risk can be determined. These risks can be forecasted.

Question 15. Give one example describing the role of technology in making the complex process easier. Answer: In Kenya, mobile phones are used to collect data and report on disease-specific issues from more than 175 health centres serving over 1 million people. This has reduced the cost of the country’s health information system by nearly 25%. The data is being obtained and collected very fast i.e. from four weeks to one week.

Question 16. Describe the role of Information Collection in the present business scenario? Or Explain Information Collection as new business forms. Answer: Need of customer detail: In order to attract a customer, the entrepreneurs have to know the customer in detail so that they can know about those customers who are loyal to their product and the company. Understanding taste and preference of customers: Information collected about the customers related to age, regularity of customer to the shop, preference of purchase etc. enable the firm to understand the taste and preference of the customer so that customer services can be improved in a better way. Competition: Firms are now competing on analytics to differentiate themselves. The growing number of methods of data collection, growing number of data collecting firms, ways of analysis are generating immense quantities of information.

Question 7. What are the findings and suggestions of the IDC? Answer: IDC, a market research firm, suggests that:

the amount of digital information created each year will increase to 35 trillion gigabytes by 2020.
this will require 44 times more data storage than in 2009,
telemetric applications, similar to GPS (global positioning systems), will allow organizations to send, receive and store information via telecommunications devices while controlling remote objects,
telemetric applications are now being used in medical informatics, healthcare and other fields.

Question 18. Describe the importance of business intelligence. Answer: The importance of business intelligence is as follows:

Strategy: Business intelligence is used to make better strategic decisions.
Data: Business intelligence, enables organizations to gather quantifiable data on each area of the organization.
Analysis: Business intelligence, enables organizations to analyse data in a way that yields information they can act on.
Efficiency: It helps firms to enhance decision-making, improve performance and mitigate risk.

Question 19. Smart mobility is changing the way people interact. Support the statement. Answer:

In the last quarter of 2010, sales of smart phones overtook the sale of Personal Computers for the first time.
By 2014, more smart devices could be used to access the internet than traditional computers. More mobile world is creating new players and new opportunities for a variety of industries.
Smart mobility will enable firms to profit more quickly from new technology.

Question 20. Explain the meaning of cloud computing. Answer: The origin of the term cloud computing appears to be derived from the practice of using drawings of stylized clouds to denote networks in diagrams of computing and communications systems. The word cloud is used as a metaphor for the internet, based on the standardized use of a cloud-like shape to denote a network. Cloud computing helps the firms to upload all its data on to a cloud and then it can be used it remotely wherever it is required.

Question 21. Describe the power of social media for the entrepreneurial ventures. Answer: The power of social media for the entrepreneurial ventures can be understood as under:

Needs and wants: Through the new possibilities for social listening, businesses are able to better understand the needs and wants of the customers.
Changes: More change are expected as the generation that has grown up with new technologies and instant information gratification joins the workforce after completing their desired educational attainment.
New form of businesses: Creation of new forms of business enterprises is expected in the near future which is going to change the way business ethics and the procedures.

Question 22. What is business incubation? Explain. Answer: Business incubation are programs designed to support the successful development of entrepreneurial ventures through an array of business support resources and services, developed and orchestrated by incubator management and offered both in the incubator and through its network of contacts. Business support resources and services comprises of providing physical space, capital, coaching, networking connections, etc.

Question 23. How do incubators help start-ups get funding? Or Enumerate three ways as to how incubators help start-ups get funding. Answer: Incubators help the companies/firms-to secure capital in following ways:

Question 24. Enlist some sector specific schemes run by the government for the growth and development of Entrepreneurship in India. Answer: Various sector specific schemes of the government are as follows:

Schemes implemented through KVIC (Khadi and Village Industries Commission)
Schemes implemented through Coir Board
Schemes for priority sector 4.Animal Husbandry Schemes
Dairy Development Schemes 6.Fisheries Development Schemes
Agriculture Development Schemes 8.Tea Board Schemes
Tourism Industry Schemes 10.Scientific and Engineering Research Schemes

Question 25. Name the factors giving rise to internal risk. Answer: The various factors giving rise to internal risk:

Human Factors: Due to involvement of human beings.
Technological Factors: Due to unforeseen changes in the techniques of production.
Physical Factors.

Question 26. Write down the features of insurable risk. Answer:

Insurable risks are those which can be covered through different types of insurance policies.
The probability of an insurable risk can be determined, means can be forecasted.
It is related to life and property against fire, theft, riots, etc.

Question 27. Write down the features of internal risk. Answer:

Internal risks are those risks which arise from the events taking place within the business enterprise.
Such risks arise during the ordinary course of a business.
These risks can be forecasted and the probability of their occurrence can be determined.
They can be controlled by the entrepreneur to an appreciable extent.

Question 28. What is the outcome of human factor risk? Answer: They may result from:

strikes and lock-outs by trade unions;
negligence and dishonesty of an employee;
accidents or deaths in the industry;
incompetence of the manager or other important people in the organization.

Question 29. What is the outcome of natural factor risk? Answer: They may result from:

Events like earthquake, flood, famine, cyclone, lightening, tornado, etc.
Such events may cause loss of life and property to the firm or they may spoil its goods.

Question 30. What is the outcome of political factor risk? Answer: They may result from:

Political changes in a country like fall or change in the Government, communal violence or riots in the country, civil war as well as hostilities with the neighbouring countries.
Changes in government policies and regulations may also affect the profitability and position of an enterprise.

Question 31. “The Gujarat earthquake caused irreparable damage not only to the business enterprises, but also adversely affected the whole economy of the State”. Name the risk factor involved in it. Answer: Risk is due to natural factor.

Question 32. “Emerging markets will create plenty of opportunities related to smart technology”. How? Explain with the help of an example. Answer: Emerging markets will create plenty of opportunities related to smart technology, by interconnecting with the world by providing more powerful devices and applications, at the same time introducing more cost-effective technology and meeting the demand of the consumers. In Kenya, for example, mobile phones are being used to collect data and report on disease-specific issues from more than 175 health centres serving over 1 million people. This technology has reduced the cost of the country’s health information system by 25% and cut the time needed to report the information from four weeks to one week.

Question 33. Name five government schemes implemented by the Government for entrepreneurs. Do you agree? How? Answer: Yes, a conducive and stable political environment that encourages and rewards personal endeavour and hard work and favourable political policies can help and support the growth of entrepreneurial ventures in a country.

Question 34. What do you understand by dynamic risk? Give one example. Answer: Dynamic risk occurs due to changes in the economy like changes in demand for the product inflationary tendency in the economy, rising unemployment and fluctuations in the world economy and this type of risk are generally less predictable because they do not appear at regular intervals. For instance,

Due to market fluctuations, a well-known product of a firm may either lose its demand or may occupy a larger market share.
Black and White TV to Flat screen, high definition TV.

III. Short Answer Type Questions [4 Marks]

Question 1. “Invention is the mother of necessity.” How does an entrepreneur proves this statement? Give some example. Answer: Following are the examples:

Question 2. “Creativity is a continuous activity for the entrepreneur”. Explain. Answer: As creativity is a continuous activity for the entrepreneurs they keep on disturbing markets and keeps on challenging large established businesses. Entrepreneurs always see new ways of doing things with little concern. Creativity in the entrepreneur is a mixture of ability to innovate, to take the idea and make it work in practice. Once the project is accomplished, the entrepreneur look for new venture.

Question 3. What are the different forms of social media used frequently by the people and how these tools are helpful? Answer: Here are the different forms of social media platforms today; Google, Facebook, Twitter, smart phones, tablets and e-readers, —MySpace, Orkut, Hi5, Linkedln 3.— technologies that originated in the consumer space, are now reshaping the way companies communicate and collaborate with employees, partners and customers. There is an increasing trend towards using social media tools that allow marketers to search, track, and analyze conversation on the web about their brand or about topics of interest. This can be useful in campaign tracking, allowing the user to measure return on investment competitor-auditing, and general public engagement. These changes will definitely lead to the creation of new forms of business enterprises which will surely change the way business will be conducted in the future scenario.

Question 4. State any four ways adopted by incubators to help resident companies securing capital. Flow? Answer: Incubators help resident companies secure capital in a number of ways:

Connecting companies with angel investors (high-net-worth individual investors).
Assisting companies in applying for loans.
Assisting companies in accessing government agency (example NZTE, Technology NZ) business assistance grant programmes.

Question 5. Name five government schemes implemented by the Government for entrepreneurs. Answer: Various government sehemes have been implemented for entrepreneurs by the government.

Schemes implemented by the Ministry of MSME (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises).
SIDBI (Small Industries Development Bank of India) Micro Finance Programme.
Memorandum of Understanding (MOUs) with foreign countries.
MSME National Award Scheme.
NSIC Schemes (National Small Industries Corporation).

Question 6. Write down the main objectives of various Government Schemes for entrepreneurs. Answer: The main objectives/functions of the various Government schemes:

To provide financial assistance (long-term, medium term and short-term) to all forms of organization like sole tradership, partnership firms and joint stock company.
To provide financial assistance enterprises engaged in service sector.
To provide administrative and technical assistance for the promotion and expansion of the enterprise.

Question 7. Briefly discuss the personal barriers to entrepreneurship. Answer: The personal barriers to entrepreneurship can be classified into two types:

Motivational: Once the venture starts functioning, the obstacles faced in the initial stages can make the entrepreneurs to lose their commitment and consequently their level of motivation dips. The entrepreneurs who lack toughness and perseverance often quit.
Perceptional: Certain perception barriers can hamper the progress of the entrepreneur. Lack of a clear vision and misunderstanding can result in faulty perception. If the entrepreneur demands everything to be clear and well-defined in order to develop a perception, it will lead to disappointment. As entrepreneur’s world is basically disorderly and ambiguous, the people who excessively depend on order will find it a barrier to entrepreneurship.

Question 8. Cite any three ways in which political environment can work against the interest of entrepreneurs? Answer: The political environment can work against the interest of entrepreneurs in the following ways:

A political environment that is characterised by instability and insecurity will discourage entrepreneurs.
Political policies can retard the growth of entrepreneurial ventures in a country.
Excessive interference in the form of controls, delays etc. from the government can discourage prospective entrepreneurs.

Question 9. How does environment play an important role for entrepreneurship? Answer: In an entrepreneurial process, environment plays a vital role because all the opportunities exist in the environment and the entrepreneur is a part of it. A conducive environment throws up more entrepreneurs than an inhibiting environment.

Question 10. How can the economic environment create negative influence for an entrepreneur? Answer: The economic environment can create barriers for an entrepreneur because of the following reasons:

The capital for setting up the new venture is not accessible for the entrepreneur.
Non-availability of labour at reasonable cost.
If the labour market is unreliable and is fraught with indiscipline and selfishness, it will also become a barrier for entrepreneurship.
Shortfall in the availability of raw materials is the desired quality and quantity.
Inadequate infrastructure to transport the raw material to the factory.
Non-availability of easy access to the market for the finished goods.

Question 11. How can the economic environment create positive influence for an entrepreneur? Answer: The factors which are responsible for economic development such as land, labour, capital, material, market, etc. are equally responsible for the development of entrepreneurship. Thus, an environment, where all these factors are available to the entrepreneurs, will naturally support and promote entrepreneurship.

Question 12. How can the cultural factors create positive influence for an entrepreneur? Answer: Every society has its own cultural values, beliefs and norms. If the culture of a society is conducive to creativity, risk-taking and adventurous spirit, in such a cultural milieu entrepreneurship will get encouragement. For example: An entrepreneur will have to keep in mind the cultural reference of the region that he/she is going to cater to, this wall enable him/her to get a quicker acceptance in that region.

Question 13. How can the cultural factors create positive influence for an entrepreneur? Answer: Political: It provides the legal framework within which business is to function. The viability of business depends upon the ability with which it can meet the challenges arising out of the political environment. This environment is influenced by political organisations, stability, government’s intervention in business, constitutional provisions etc. For example: War tension between two countries can also stop the trade between these countries.

Question 14. Give one example each of environmental factors. Answer:

Social factor: Readymade garments, fast food, vending machines for tea and eatables are the result of social factors.
Political factor: War tension between two countries can also stop the trade between the two countries.
Economic factor: Unavailability of cash deters an entrepreneur from starting a new venture.
Cultural factor: Selling of more vegetarian food in the region comprising of vegetarians in majority.

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship as Innovation and Problem Solving SAQ Q15

Question 16. Give three examples of how some innovations became successful ventures in the past. Answer: Following are the examples:

Penicillin: Aim: Sir Alexander Fleming, was trying to make “wonder drug” that could cure diseases. However, it wasn’t until Fleming threw away his experiments that he found what he was looking for. Creation: Fleming found that a contaminated and discarded Petri dish, contained a mold that was dissolving all the bacteria around it. When he grew the mold by itself, he learned that it contained a powerful antibiotic, penicillin.
Potato Chips: Aim: George Crum, a chef at the Carey Moon Lake House was trying to make a plate of fried potato. Creation: One day, a customer repeatedly sent back the plate of potatoes for more frying and having thinner fried potatoes. In anger Crum sliced the potatoes insanely thin and fried them until they were hard as a rock. On serving it to the customer, the customer loved it and wanted more. This is how potato chips came into existence.
The Pacemaker: Aim : John Hopps, an electrical engineer was trying to use radio frequency heating to restore body temperature. Creation: During his experiment, he realized that if a heart stopped beating due to cooling, it could be made to beat again by artificial stimulation. This led to the creation of pacemaker.

Question 17. How can the social factors create positive influence for an entrepreneur? Answer: Social factors such as caste structure, mobility of labour, customer needs, cultural heritage, respect for senior citizens, values, etc. might have a far reaching impact on business. In India, attitudes have changed with respect to food and clothing as a result of industrialisation, employment of women in factories and offices, and the increased level of education. This has resulted in the growth of food processing and garment manufacturing units thus the emergence and growth of a new class of entrepreneurs. For example: Readymade shirts, instant food, vending machines for tea and eatables.

Question 18.Do you think there are cultural barriers (Negative influence) to entrepreneurship in our society? Discuss with examples. Answer: Yes, I agree that there are cultural barriers to entrepreneurship in our society. Every society has developed its own cultural values, if the culture of a society is conducive for creativity, risk-taking and adventurous spirit, in such a cultural milieu entrepreneurship will thrive. At the same time, if the cultural values are bound by conventionalism, status- quo, rituals and strong cultural taboos, they may curb entrepreneurial spirit. For Example:

In the past, some societies in India discouraged people from going abroad believing that crossing the sea was a cultural taboo.
Certain fields of work were considered unsuitable for people of a particular culture.
In rural areas, negative attitude and discrimination towards women may curb their spirit.
In India lack of interest and no support of in-laws and husband can be a big barrier to married women entrepreneurs.

Question 9. Describe the beginning of world famous fast food chain KFC. Answer: Harland David Sanders was born September 9, 1890 in Indiana, USA. He was a businessman owning a petrol service station in Kentucky. In 1930, Sanders was operating a service station in Corby, USA and he observed that many travellers stopped at his service station wanting refreshments and food. Sanders saw and understood the problem. He knew how to cook and considered this as a business opportunity and decided to offer chicken recipe to these customers. The Colonel enjoyed making his customers happy – he was passionate about entertaining them with excellent food and superb service. This spicy chicken recipe became super hit among travellers. This prompted him to start a restaurant which was beginning of the world famous fast food chain “KFC—Kentucky Fried Chicken”.

Question 20. Give the list of Institutions inv olved in Entrepreneurship Development Program (EDP). Answer: Institutions involved in Entrepreneurship Development Program (EDP):

National Institute for Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development (NIESBUD).
Indian Institute for Entrepreneurship.
National Institute for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (NIMSME).
National Small Industries Corporation (NSIC).
Rural Entrepreneurship Development Institute (REDI).
Training and Development Centre (TDC).
Centre for Entrepreneurship Development (CEI).
Small Industries Service Institutions (SISI).
Small Industries Development Organisation (SIDO).
Entrepreneurship Development Institution of India (EDII).
National Alliances of Young Entrepreneur (NAYE).

Question 21. List the various government schemes that have been implemented for entrepreneurs. Answer: Following are the various schemes/programs started by the government for the:

Memorandum of Understanding (MoUs) with foreign countries.
SIDBI Schemes.
Tax Holiday Scheme.
Composite Loan Scheme.
Industrial Estate Scheme.
Factoring Services.
Small Industry Cluster Development Programme.
National Equity Fund Scheme.

Question 22. Describe the role of technology and social media in creating new forms of business. Answer: The role can be described under the following headings:

Digital Revolution: The digital revolution has changed the working system and the working procedure. World is now more interconnected and the technology is now going for 100% interconnectivity worldwide.
Consumer Choices: Consumers’ taste and preference have undergone tremendous changes. Consumers now demand more powerful devices and applications. Business world on the other hand prefer more cost-effective technology to face the complex challenges of the business world.
Consequences: Satisfying the demands of consumers and the firms will lead to an explosive growth in data and analytics, intense competition and realignment of many industries.
Opportunities: New and emerging markets are going to create plenty of opportunities related to smart technology, and they will not be limited to for-profit enterprises.

IV.Long Answer Type Questions [6 Marks]

Question 1. How can the economic environment create barriers for an entrepreneur? Answer: Economic Environment: All entrepreneur need some important prerequisites to start an enterprise, they are capital, labour, raw material and market. If all these factors of production are easily available to an entrepreneur in an environment, then it will give a natural support to him and easily he can promote entrepreneurship and contribute to economic growth of the country. But, if any of these or all of these factors are either not available or any of them are of inadequate quality or less in quantity, they can become barriers to entrepreneurship. For instance,

If a prospective entrepreneur does not have access to capital for setting up his/her new enterprise, he or she will feel discouraged to proceed further.
If capital is available but at an exorbitant rate of interest, it will also discourage entrepreneurship. In olden days it was only due to greedy money-lenders that many people were not able to start their own business.
Another problem is the availability of labour. However, if the labour is not productive, it will in itself become a barrier.
If labour of high productivity is not available at reasonable cost, it will inhibit entrepreneurial activities.
In the labour market, if labour climate is unreliable and is fraught with indiscipline and selfishness then definitely it can discourage entrepreneurs.
Cut-throat competition in the market.
Lack of availability of raw materials in desired quantity and quality and availability of raw-materials at high prices.
Problem of infrastructure to transport raw-materials to the factory.
Inaccessible market for the finished goods can become a serious barrier to entrepreneurship.

Question 2.How can an entrepreneur overcome the hurdles that he comes across during the course of entrepreneurship? Answer: In the entrepreneurial process the environment plays a vital role because all the opportunities exist in the environment and the entrepreneur is a part of it. A conducive environment throws up more entrepreneurs than an inhibiting environment. An environment where all these factors are available to the entrepreneurs will naturally support and promote entrepreneurship.

Self-esteem is a very important motive for personality development in the path of an entrepreneur.
All successful entrepreneurs are highly motivated and their drive to achieve becomes their engine of accomplishment.
Adequate quality or quantity all of these factors access to capital for setting up his/ her new enterprise.
Availability of cheap labour of high productivity promotes entrepreneurship. Labour includes skilled, unskilled and technical workforce.
Availability of raw materials in desired quantity and quality, infrastructure to transport them to the factories and an easily accessible market for the finished goods are some pre-requisites for economic development.
Every society has developed its own cultural value. If the culture of a society is conducive for creativity, risk-taking and adventurous spirit, in such a cultural milieu entrepreneurship will thrive.
A conducive political environment that encourages and rewards personal endeavour and hard work and that does not penalize the entrepreneur.
Toughness and perseverance are certain emotional qualities that are required to boost the level of motivation.
Sustained motivation is an important asset for an entrepreneur.
Some political policies can help the growth of entrepreneurial ventures in a country.
Counselling and support services.
Government procurement programs for small businesses.
Restrictions on imports and exports.
In some societies it can be seen even now that businessmen do not command a high social status. Rather, business is considered a profession of lower hierarchy. All these above mentioned factors are interlinked and support entrepreneurship. An entrepreneur must understand and analyse social, cultural, economic technological, continuous change in demand of people, so that he can easily overcome the hurdles during the course of entrepreneurship.

Question 3. Give two examples of barriers arising out of social environment. Answer: Social Environment:

People are to a great extent bound by the norms, practices of the society in which they live. As a result, the society influences the thought pattern and mind-set of its members. As a matter of fact, the rules of social behaviour are learnt at a very early age.
If the social norms expect the people to value discipline and conformity over adventure, creativity and independence, it is likely to thwart entrepreneurial spirit. Similarly, if a society puts premium on safety and security in matters of securing a livelihood, such a value can become a strong social barrier to entrepreneurship.
In some societies it can be seen even now that business people do not command a high social status rather, business is considered a profession of lower hierarchy. They are considered inferior to office-goers, engineers, doctors etc. Such a social response to entrepreneurs can be a big hurdle in developing and nurturing entrepreneurs.
An excessively protective attitude to children in their formative years, and discouragement to mobility can all thwart creativity, innovative spirit and a sense of adventure, the values that are essential for entrepreneurship.
Self-esteem is a very important motive for personality development and a society that denies access to it will be placing hurdles in the path of an entrepreneur.

Question 4. In a given society some people are unable to avail entrepreneurial start in spite of many facilities and incentives. Explain the personal factors which prevent them. Answer: Motivational:

Certain shortcomings in the motivational aspect act as barriers to entrepreneurship.
Many entrepreneurs after starting a new venture faces obstacles in the initial stages, they tend to lose their commitment and consequently their level of motivation dips.
Lack of tolerance, toughness and perseverance often quit.
Lack of sustained motivation. Perceptional: There are certain perception barriers that can hamper the progress of an entrepreneur.
Lack of a clear vision and misunderstanding a situation can result in faulty perception.
All entrepreneurial venture involves some amount of risk taking, however not analysing perception of the risk and the strategy to manage could hamper the growth of an entrepreneur.
If the entrepreneur demands everything to be clear and well-defined in order to develop a perception, it will lead to disappointment.
An entrepreneur’s world is basically disorderly and ambiguous, and the entrepreneur should learn to cope with inevitable uncertainties that crop up.
People who excessively depend on order will find it a barrier to entrepreneurship. They should have a high level of intolerance for ambiguity and chaos because they are breakers of status-quo.

Question 5. Describe the environmental barriers to entrepreneurship. Answer: Following are the Environmental Barriers: (1)Economic (2) Social (3) Cultural (4) Political

Economic: The factors of production land, labour, capital, material, etc. contribute equally towards the development of entrepreneurship in any country. If all the factors are readily available to the entrepreneurs, then entrepreneurship is naturally promoted and developed. But if any of the factor of production are not available or not readily available or available in inadequate quality and quantity, they can become barriers to entrepreneurship.
Social: Sociological factors such as religion, caste structure, age groups, standard of living, mobility of labour, cultural heritage, respect for senior citizens, values, etc. have a deep impact on business. In India, attitudes have changed with respect to food and clothing, due to changes in educational pattern, rise in standard of living, increase in literacy rate among men and women, employment of women in factories and offices, etc. Due to it there is growth of food processing and garment manufacturing units.
Cultural: Every society has its own culture, cultural values, customs, beliefs and norms. If the culture of a society is encouraging creativity and risk-taking, entrepreneurship gets encouragement leading to development.
Political: Political factor provides the legal framework for the functioning of the enterprises in the economy. Political environment poses challenge in front of entrepreneurs. Political environment is affected by political parties, stability of the government, government’s interference in business world, taxation and subsidies policies etc.

Question 6. Describe the main characteristics of social entrepreneurs. Answer: Social entrepreneurs have following characteristics:

Social Catalysts: Social entrepreneurs are the visionaries who create fundamental, social changes by reforming social systems and creating sustainable improvements. Their efforts and actions have the potential to bring global improvements in various fields like education, healthcare, economic development, the environment, the arts etc.
Socially aware: Social improvement, is the ultimate goal of the social entrepreneurs. The success of their efforts is measured by their social changes and impact on various social groups of the society.
Opportunity-seeking: Social entrepreneurs view every obstacle as an opportunity. They develop their business on the same grounds.
Innovative: Social entrepreneurs are creative, willing to think differently and ready to apply ideas to new situations. They see failures as learning opportunities.
Resourceful: Social entrepreneurs’ visions are not limited by the resources which they acquire or have but they actively expand their resource pool through positive collaboration with others.
Accountable: Social entrepreneurs are accountable to their beneficiaries like customers, investors, etc. and they often take measures to keep themselves on the right track by asking themselves—Am I creating value for the people I am serving? Do I understand their needs?

Question 7. Mention some names and their contributions as social entrepreneurs of India. Answer:

Vinoba Bhave: He was the founder of the Bhudaan Andolan, which resulted in redistribution of more than 7,000,000 acres of land to aid India’s untouchables and landless.
Ela Bhatt: She founded Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) in 1972 is a trade union of poor, unorganised, self-employed women who work as vendors, hawkers and labourers.
Dr. Varghese Kurien: He is the founder of the AMUL Dairy Project.
Bunker Roy: He is the founder of Barefoot College, which promotes rural development using new and innovative education programs.
Nand Kishore Chaudhary: He is the founder of Jaipur rugs, which promotes rural development through capacity building in rural area.
Harish Hande: He is the founder of Selco India, a solar electric light company in 1995, which emerged as India’s leading solar technology firm.

Question 8. Describe the various internal factors giving rise to internal risk. Answer: The various internal factors giving rise to such risks are:

Human factors: These are mainly due to human behaviour and various related aspects. Like strikes lock-outs by trade unions; negligence, dishonesty of an employee; accidents, deaths, failure of suppliers to supply raw materials, default in payment, etc.
Technological factors: These are unforeseen changes in the techniques of production or distribution and may result in technological obsolescence. For example: The packaging industry has increased the shelf-life of various products like chips, milk, etc. so small producers of these products are affected.
Physical factors: These factors result in loss or damage to the property of the firm. These may be due to failure of machinery and equipment used in business; fire, theft, damages in transportation, etc. They also include losses to the firm arising from.

Question 9. Explain the various external factors which give rise to external risks. Answer: The various external factors which may give rise to such risks are as follows:

Economic factors: These arise due to prevalent economic condition and changes in the prevailing market conditions. These can be of the following types: (a) changes in demand (b) price fluctuations (c) changes in tastes and preferences of the consumers Cd) changes in income, output or trade cycles (e) increased competition for the product (f) inflationary tendency in the economy (g) rising unemployment (h) fluctuations in world economy For example: Audio cassette player to CD player.
Natural factors: These are the unforeseen natural calamities like earthquake, flood, famine, cyclone, lightening, etc. These may cause loss and damage to life and property. Entrepreneurs have very little or no control. For example, the land slide in Uttarakhand damaged the business and have adversely affected the whole economy of the state.
Political factors: These are due to political changes in a country like: (a) fall or change in the Government (b) communal violence (c) civil war (d) hostilities with the neighbouring countries (e) changes in Government policies and regulations.
Change in taste and preference : Tastes change with the change of time and factors. For example: Earlier home made food was preferred and fast food was considered as luxury. In the present scenario, there has been an increase for the liking towards fast food.

Question 10. Explain the cloud computing. Answer: The origin of the term ‘cloud’ computing appears to be derived from the practice of using drawings of stylized clouds to denote networks in diagrams of computing and communications systems. The word cloud is used as a metaphor for the internet, based on the standardized use of a cloud-like shape to denote a network. Cloud computing helps the firms to upload all its data on to a cloud and then it can be used it remotely wherever it is required. By 2016, Gartner—a consultancy firm, expects all Forbes’ Global 2000 companies to use public cloud services, transforming much of the current IT hardware, software and database markets into infinitely flexible utilities.

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CBSE Class 11
The several steps of this cycle are as follows : Step by step solution for a problem (Software Life Cycle) 1. Problem Definition/Specification: A computer program is basically a machine language solution to a real-life problem. Because programs are generally made to solve the pragmatic problems of the outside world.
Chapter 4 Class 11
In this chapter, you will learn about the basic concepts and techniques of problem solving using computers. You will learn how to: Define a problem and its specifications 📝. Analyze a problem and identify its inputs, outputs and processing steps 🔎. Design an algorithm to solve a problem using various methods such as pseudocode, flowcharts ...
Steps for Problem Solving
This continues till all the errors are removed from the program. Analyzing the Problem:Involvesidentifying the problem,inputsthe program should accept and the desiredoutputof the program.Developing an Algorithm:Thesolution to the problem represented in natural languageis called Algorithm. For a given problem, more than one algorithm is possible ...
PDF Introduction to Problem Solving
are used for solving various day-to-day problems and thus problem solving is an essential skill that a computer science student should know. It is pertinent to mention that computers themselves cannot solve a problem. Precise step-by-step instructions should be given by us to solve the problem. Thus, the success of a computer in solving a ...
Introduction to Problem Solving Class 11 Notes
Steps for problem solving. There are 4 basic steps involved in problem solving. Analyze the problem. Developing an algorithm. Coding. Testing and debugging. Analyze the problem. Analyzing the problem is basically understanding a problem very clearly before finding its solution. Analyzing a problem involves.
Introduction to Problem Solving Class 11 Notes
Problem fixing starts with the accurate identification of the issue and concludes with a fully functional programme or software application. Program Solving Steps are -. 1. Analysing the problem. 2. Developing an Algorithm. 3. Coding.
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NCERT solutions for Class 11 Computer Science chapter 4
Using NCERT Class 11 Computer Science solutions Introduction to Problem Solving exercise by students is an easy way to prepare for the exams, as they involve solutions arranged chapter-wise and also page-wise. The questions involved in NCERT Solutions are essential questions that can be asked in the final exam.
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Finding a suitable solution for issues can be accomplished by following the basic four-step problem-solving process and methodology outlined below. Step. Characteristics. 1. Define the problem. Differentiate fact from opinion. Specify underlying causes. Consult each faction involved for information. State the problem specifically.
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The problem-solving agent performs precisely by defining problems and several solutions. So we can say that problem solving is a part of artificial intelligence that encompasses a number of techniques such as a tree, B-tree, heuristic algorithms to solve a problem. We can also say that a problem-solving agent is a result-driven agent and always ...
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NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Psychology
Answer : The various barriers to creative thinking are: (i) Habitual - The tendency to be overpowered by habits according to a particular think acts as a barrier to creative thinking. It hinders the generation of thought from a fresh perspective. (ii) Perceptual - It prevents the formation of novel and original ideas.
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Introduction to Problem Solving Class 11 Notes | CBSE Computer Science

What is Problem Solving?

Steps for problem solving

What is Algorithm?

Why do we need Algorithm?

Representation of Algorithm

Flow Chart Examples

Pseudo Code Example

Flow of Control

Algorithm, Pseudocode, Flowchart with Selection ( Using if ) Examples

Algorithm, Pseudocode, Flowchart with Repetition ( Loop ) Examples

Decomposition

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Introduction to Problem Solving

Steps for Problem Solving

What is the purpose of Algorithm?

Why do we need an Algorithm?

Characteristics of a good algorithm

While writing an algorithm, it is required to clearly identify the following:

Representation of Algorithms

Flowchart — Visual Representation of Algorithms

Flow Chart Syntax

How to draw flowchart

Flow of Control

Verifying Algorithms

Comparison of Algorithm

Decomposition

Computer Science Class 11 Notes

Computer Science Class 11 MCQ

NCERT solutions for Class 11 Computer Science chapter 4 - Introduction to Problem Solving [Latest edition]

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NCERT solutions for Class 11 Computer Science Chapter 4 Introduction to Problem Solving Exercise [Pages 83 - 85]

NCERT solutions for Class 11 Computer Science chapter 4 - Introduction to Problem Solving

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What is Problem Solving? (Steps, Techniques, Examples)

What Is Problem Solving?

Problem-Solving Steps

Defining the Problem

Generating Solutions

Evaluating and Selecting Solutions

Implementing and Monitoring the Solution

Problem-Solving Techniques

Brainstorming

Root Cause Analysis

SWOT Analysis

Mind Mapping

Examples of Problem Solving in Various Contexts

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THE STAGES OF PROBLEM SOLVING

1st PUC Computer Science Question Bank Chapter 5 Problem Solving Methodology

Karnataka 1st PUC Computer Science Question Bank Chapter 5 Problem Solving Methodology

1st PUC Computer Science Problem Solving Methodology Two/Three Marks Questions and Answers

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6 Steps of Decision-making Process

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Problem solving techniques: Steps and methods

What constitutes effective problem solving?

1. Define the problem

2. List all the possible solutions

3. Evaluate the options

4. Select an option

5. Create an implementation plan

6. Communicate your solution

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The 5 Steps of Problem Solving

Defining Problem Solving

The Five Steps of Problem Solving

1. Define the Problem

2. Brainstorm Ideas

3. Decide on a Solution

4. Implement the Solution