bibliography for websites

How to write a bibliography for websites

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Go back a generation and you’ll find that websites were rarely used as a source for academic essays and papers. Crazy to think about, right? Instead, students relied almost entirely on good old-fashioned paper sources such as textbooks, books and journals.

Of course, now it’s difficult to imagine life without the Internet. And the rise of the smartphone means that we all literally have a world wide web of information at our fingertips, 24/7! This easy-to-access information is super useful for school and life. However, just as with traditional sources, any website you use while researching and writing must be properly referenced. Failure to do this is plagiarism, which, whether accidental or not, can carry strict consequences.

The good news is there’s clear guidance on how you should reference your website sources, depending on which style of citation you’re required to use. APA, MLA and Chicago are three common styles. If you’re unsure which one you should be using, ask your instructor for their preference.

What Information Do I Need?

When researching online, it’s essential that you note the websites you are using as you go—not after when you might forget. It can be very easy to disappear down the Internet rabbit hole and lose track of what information came from where! You could also bookmark important web pages to give yourself an easy online record of your digital sources.

Important note: the Internet contains a wide variety of different types of material that you may need to reference, from articles and blog posts to images and videos. Correctly citing a website will depend on the type of source that you wish to cite. For illustration purposes we’ve used the following article on a website:

• Author/s name: Janna Anderson and Lee Rainie
• Article title: The Future of Well-Being in a Tech-Saturated World
• Website title: Pew Research Center: Internet & Technology
• Publication date: 17 April 2018
• Access date: 9 May 2018
• Website publisher: Pew Research Center
• URL: http://www.pewinternet.org/2018/04/17/the-future-of-well-being-in-a-tech-saturated-world/

In-Text Citations

In-text citations may also be included in the body of your work to help the reader identify the section that relates to the full citation on your works cited page. These are also known as parenthetical citations, as they’re often enclosed (like this), and MLA refers to them as citations in prose. The format of your in-text citations will vary depending on the citation style you are using.

Let’s take a look at some examples of how to cite a website in MLA, APA and Chicago styles.

How to Cite a Website in APA Style

APA in text citation : (Anderson & Rainie, 2018)

Full citation:

Anderson, J., & Rainie, L. (2018). The future of well-being in a tech-saturated world. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/2018/04/17/the-future-of-well-being-in-a-tech-saturated-world/ .

How to Cite a Website in MLA Style

MLA in-text citation: (Anderson and Rainie)

Anderson, Janna, and Lee Rainie. “The Future of Well-Being in a Tech-Saturated World.” Pew Internet, 17 Apr. 2018, www.pewinternet.org/2018/04/17/ the-future-of-well-being-in-a-tech-saturated-world/.

How to Cite a Book in Chicago Style Format (footnote/bibliography style)

Janna Anderson and Lee Rainie, “The Future of Well-Being in a Tech-Saturated World,” Pew Internet , April 17, 2018, accessed May 9, 2018, http://www.pewinternet.org/2018/04/17/the-future-of-well-being-in-a-tech-saturated-world/.

Bibliography:

Anderson, Janna, and Lee Rainie. “The Future of Well-Being in a Tech-Saturated World.” Pew Internet , April 17, 2018. Accessed May 9, 2018. http://www.pewinternet.org/2018/04/17/the-future-of-well-being-in-a-tech-saturated-world/.

Don’t disappear down the Internet rabbit hole! Make a note of all the websites you use during your research and use the handy online tool at Cite This For Me to create quick and easy website citations.

Works-Cited-List Entries

How to cite an online work.

To create a basic works-cited-list entry for an online work, list the author, the title of the work, the title of the website as the title of the container, and the publication details. You may need to include other elements depending on the type of work (e.g., book, scholarly article, blog post) and how you accessed it (e.g., from a journal website, from a database). Below are sample entries for online works along with links to posts containing many other examples.

Article on a website

Deresiewicz, William. “The Death of the Artist—and the Birth of the Creative Entrepreneur.” The Atlantic , 28 Dec. 2014, theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/01/ the-death-of-the-artist-and-the-birth-of-thecreative-entrepreneur/383497/.

Book on a website

Poe, Edgar Allan. “The Masque of the Red Death.” The Complete Works of Edgar Allan Poe , edited by James A. Harrison, vol. 4, Thomas Y. Crowell, 1902, pp. 250-58. HathiTrust Digital Library , hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924079574368.

Journal Article in a Database

Goldman, Anne. “Questions of Transport: Reading Primo Levi Reading Dante.” The Georgia Review , vol. 64, no. 1, spring 2010, pp. 69-88. JSTOR , www.jstor.org/stable/41403188.

More Examples

Digital Sources

Government Publications

Journal Articles

Reference Works

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How to Add a Website to a Bibliography

Last Updated: March 19, 2024 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Diane Stubbs and by wikiHow staff writer, Jennifer Mueller, JD . Diane Stubbs is a Secondary English Teacher with over 22 years of experience teaching all high school grade levels and AP courses. She specializes in secondary education, classroom management, and educational technology. Diane earned a Bachelor of Arts in English from the University of Delaware and a Master of Education from Wesley College. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 170,308 times.

As much information as is available on the internet, you may want to use a website as a source for a research paper. When you do, you have to include an entry in your list of references at the end of your paper. Most of the information contained in that entry will be the same regardless of what citation style you use. However, the format varies depending on whether you're writing a Works Cited entry in Modern Language Association (MLA) style, a Reference List entry in American Psychological Association (APA) style, or a Bibliography entry in Chicago style.

Quick Steps

• List the author’s full name, starting with their last name first.
• Type the site title in italics, followed by the affiliated organization in regular font.
• Include the date that the website was created or last updated.
• Close your bibliography by adding the URL for the website.

• Individual author example: Lovegood, Luna.
• Institutional author example: Wizarding World Publications.

• Example: Lovegood, Luna. The Daily Cauldron , Wizarding World Publications,

• Example: Lovegood, Luna. The Daily Cauldron , Wizarding World Publications, 18 May 2019,

• Example: Lovegood, Luna. The Daily Cauldron , Wizarding World Publications, 18 May 2019, www.thedailycauldron.org.

MLA Works Cited Format – Website

LastName, First Name. Title of Website , Affiliated Organization, Day Month Year, URL.

• For example, you might write "The Daily Cauldron provides muggles with insight into happenings in the wizarding world."

• Example: Lovegood. L.

• Example: Lovegood. L. (2017).

• Example: Lovegood. L. (2017). Voldemort's influence among teachers and students at Hogwarts.

• Example: Lovegood. L. (2017). Voldemort's influence among teachers and students at Hogwarts. Retrieved from http://www.thedailycauldron.org/V_influence_Hogwarts

APA Reference List Format – Webpage

LastName, A. (Year). Title of webpage in sentence case. Retrieved from URL.

• Example: Lovegood, Luna.

• Example: Lovegood, Luna. "Descent into Darkness."

• Example: Lovegood, Luna. "Descent into Darkness." The Daily Cauldron .

• Example: Lovegood, Luna. "Descent into Darkness." The Daily Cauldron . Accessed June 23, 2018.

• Example: Lovegood, Luna. "Descent into Darkness." The Daily Cauldron . Accessed June 23, 2018. http://www.thedailycauldron.org/descent.

Chicago Bibliography Format – Website

LastName, FirstName. "Title of Specific Page, if Any." Name of Website . Month Day, Year. Accessed Month Day, Year. URL.

Expert Q&A

You might also like.

• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_works_cited_electronic_sources.html
• ↑ https://libguides.up.edu/mla/common/websites
• ↑ http://libanswers.snhu.edu/faq/8627
• ↑ https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/apa-referencing/7Webpages
• ↑ http://libanswers.snhu.edu/faq/48009
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/chicago_manual_17th_edition/cmos_formatting_and_style_guide/web_sources.html

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Cite a Website in MLA

Don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper, citing a website in mla, how to create an mla website citation:.

When citing a website, you’re often actually citing a specific page on a website. You’re not actually citing the entire website.

Here is the most common way to cite a page on a website:

• Start the citation with the name of the author who wrote the information on the page. If there isn’t an author listed, do not include this information in the citation. Start the citation with the title.
• The title of the individual page is placed in quotation marks, followed by a period.
• Next, place the name of the website in italics, followed by a comma.
• If the name of the publisher matches the name of the author or the name of the title, do not include the publisher’s information in the citation.
• The date the page or website was published comes next.
• End the citation with the URL or DOI. When including the URL, copy the URL directly from the address bar or link in your browser window.

Last name, First name of author. “Title of Web Page.” Title of Website , Publisher, Date published, URL.

Rothfeld, Lindsay. “Smarter Education: The Rise of Big Data in the Classroom.” Mashable, 3 Sept. 2014, mashable.com/2014/09/03/education-data-video/#hViqdPbFbgqH.

You can usually leave out http:// or https:// from URLs unless you want to hyperlink them. For DOIs, use http:// or https:// before the DOI: https://doi.org/xx.xxxx/xxx.xxxx.xxxx.

If you’re still confused and feeling the urge to type “How to cite a website MLA” into Google, try out our free generator at the top of this page. Our citation generator MLA site is easy to use!

Social media:

If the user’s handle and real name are similar, you may include the real name and leave out the handle as long as a URL is also included. If the user’s real name and handle are different, include the hand in brackets after the real name.

Gates, Melinda. “Today, Bill and I were deeply humbled to accept France’s Legion of Honour award on behalf of all our foundation’s partners and grantees.” Twitter, 21 Apr. 2017, twitter.com/melindagates/status/855535625713459200.

Sandler, Adam. “California Strong celebrity softball game this Sunday at Pepperdine. All proceeds go to the victims of the wildfires and shooting in Thousand Oaks.” Facebook, 11 Jan. 2019, www.facebook.com/Sandler/.

Mizuhara, Kiko [@I_am_kiko]. “@vivi_mag_official shot by my sis @ashley_yuka.” Instagram, 25 June 2020, www.instagram.com/p/CB27SYahBpo.

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MLA Works Cited: Electronic Sources (Web Publications)

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

The MLA Handbook highlights principles over prescriptive practices. Essentially, a writer will need to take note of primary elements in every source, such as author, title, etc. and then assort them in a general format. Thus, by using this methodology, a writer will be able to cite any source regardless of whether it’s included in this list.

However, this guide will highlight a few concerns when citing digital sources in MLA style.

Best Practices for Managing Online Sources

Because online information can change or disappear, it is always a good idea to keep personal copies of important electronic information whenever possible. Downloading or even printing key documents ensures you have a stable backup. You can also use the Bookmark function in your web browser in order to build an easy-to-access reference for all of your project's sources (though this will not help you if the information is changed or deleted).

It is also wise to keep a record of when you first consult with each online source. MLA uses the phrase, “Accessed” to denote which date you accessed the web page when available or necessary. It is not required to do so, but it is encouraged (especially when there is no copyright date listed on a website).

Important Note on the Use of URLs in MLA

Include a URL or web address to help readers locate your sources. Because web addresses are not static (i.e., they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the web (e.g., on multiple databases), MLA encourages the use of citing containers such as Youtube, JSTOR, Spotify, or Netflix in order to easily access and verify sources. However, MLA only requires the www. address, so eliminate all https:// when citing URLs.

Many scholarly journal articles found in databases include a DOI (digital object identifier). If a DOI is available, cite the DOI number instead of the URL.

Online newspapers and magazines sometimes include a “permalink,” which is a shortened, stable version of a URL. Look for a “share” or “cite this” button to see if a source includes a permalink. If you can find a permalink, use that instead of a URL.

Abbreviations Commonly Used with Electronic Sources

If page numbers are not available, use par. or pars. to denote paragraph numbers. Use these in place of the p. or pp. abbreviation. Par. would be used for a single paragraph, while pars. would be used for a span of two or more paragraphs.

Basic Style for Citations of Electronic Sources (Including Online Databases)

Here are some common features you should try to find before citing electronic sources in MLA style. Not every web page will provide all of the following information. However, collect as much of the following information as possible:

• Author and/or editor names (if available); last names first.
• "Article name in quotation marks."
• Title of the website, project, or book in italics.
• Any version numbers available, including editions (ed.), revisions, posting dates, volumes (vol.), or issue numbers (no.).
• Publisher information, including the publisher name and publishing date.
• Take note of any page numbers (p. or pp.) or paragraph numbers (par. or pars.).
• DOI (if available, precede it with "https://doi.org/"), otherwise a URL (without the https://) or permalink.
• Date you accessed the material (Date Accessed). While not required, saving this information it is highly recommended, especially when dealing with pages that change frequently or do not have a visible copyright date.

Use the following format:

Author. "Title." Title of container (self contained if book) , Other contributors (translators or editors), Version (edition), Number (vol. and/or no.), Publisher, Publication Date, Location (pages, paragraphs and/or URL, DOI or permalink). 2 nd container’s title , Other contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Publication date, Location, Date of Access (if applicable).

Citing an Entire Web Site

When citing an entire website, follow the same format as listed above, but include a compiler name if no single author is available.

Author, or compiler name (if available). Name of Site. Version number (if available), Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), date of resource creation (if available), DOI (preferred), otherwise include a URL or permalink. Date of access (if applicable).

Editor, author, or compiler name (if available). Name of Site . Version number, Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), date of resource creation (if available), URL, DOI or permalink. Date of access (if applicable).

The Purdue OWL Family of Sites . The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and Purdue U, 2008, owl.english.purdue.edu/owl. Accessed 23 Apr. 2008.

Felluga, Dino. Guide to Literary and Critical Theory . Purdue U, 28 Nov. 2003, www.cla.purdue.edu/english/theory/. Accessed 10 May 2006.

Course or Department Websites

Give the instructor name. Then list the title of the course (or the school catalog designation for the course) in italics. Give appropriate department and school names as well, following the course title.

Felluga, Dino. Survey of the Literature of England . Purdue U, Aug. 2006, web.ics.purdue.edu/~felluga/241/241/Home.html. Accessed 31 May 2007.

English Department . Purdue U, 20 Apr. 2009, www.cla.purdue.edu/english/. Accessed 31 May 2015.

A Page on a Web Site

For an individual page on a Web site, list the author or alias if known, followed by an indication of the specific page or article being referenced. Usually, the title of the page or article appears in a header at the top of the page. Follow this with the information covered above for entire Web sites. If the publisher is the same as the website name, only list it once.

Lundman, Susan. “How to Make Vegetarian Chili.”  eHow , www.ehow.com/how_10727_make-vegetarian-chili.html. Accessed 6 July 2015.

“ Athlete's Foot - Topic Overview. ”   WebMD , 25 Sept. 2014, www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/tc/athletes-foot-topic-overview.

Citations for e-books closely resemble those for physical books. Simply indicate that the book in question is an e-book by putting the term "e-book" in the "version" slot of the MLA template (i.e., after the author, the title of the source, the title of the container, and the names of any other contributors).

Silva, Paul J.  How to Write a Lot: A Practical Guide to Productive Academic Writing. E-book, American Psychological Association, 2007.

If the e-book is formatted for a specific reader device or service, you can indicate this by treating this information the same way you would treat a physical book's edition number. Often, this will mean replacing "e-book" with "[App/Service] ed."

Machiavelli, Niccolo.  The Prince , translated by W. K. Marriott, Kindle ed., Library of Alexandria, 2018.

Note:  The MLA considers the term "e-book" to refer to publications formatted specifically for reading with an e-book reader device (e.g., a Kindle) or a corresponding web application. These e-books will not have URLs or DOIs. If you are citing book content from an ordinary webpage with a URL, use the "A Page on a Web Site" format above.

An Image (Including a Painting, Sculpture, or Photograph)

Provide the artist's name, the work of art italicized, the date of creation, the institution and city where the work is housed. Follow this initial entry with the name of the Website in italics, and the date of access.

Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles IV . 1800. Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid. Museo Nacional del Prado , www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/art-work/the-family-of-carlos-iv/f47898fc-aa1c-48f6-a779-71759e417e74. Accessed 22 May 2006.

Klee, Paul. Twittering Machine . 1922. Museum of Modern Art, New York. The Artchive , www.artchive.com/artchive/K/klee/twittering_machine.jpg.html. Accessed May 2006.

If the work cited is available on the web only, then provide the name of the artist, the title of the work, and then follow the citation format for a website. If the work is posted via a username, use that username for the author.

Adams, Clifton R. “People Relax Beside a Swimming Pool at a Country Estate Near Phoenix, Arizona, 1928.” Found, National Geographic Creative, 2 June 2016, natgeofound.tumblr.com/.

An Article in a Web Magazine

Provide the author name, article name in quotation marks, title of the web magazine in italics, publisher name, publication date, URL, and the date of access.

Bernstein, Mark. “ 10 Tips on Writing the Living Web. ”   A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites , 16 Aug. 2002, alistapart.com/article/writeliving. Accessed 4 May 2009.

An Article in an Online Scholarly Journal

For all online scholarly journals, provide the author(s) name(s), the name of the article in quotation marks, the title of the publication in italics, all volume and issue numbers, and the year of publication. Include a DOI if available, otherwise provide a URL or permalink to help readers locate the source.

Article in an Online-only Scholarly Journal

MLA requires a page range for articles that appear in Scholarly Journals. If the journal you are citing appears exclusively in an online format (i.e. there is no corresponding print publication) that does not make use of page numbers, indicate the URL or other location information.

Dolby, Nadine. “Research in Youth Culture and Policy: Current Conditions and Future Directions.” Social Work and Society: The International Online-Only Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, 2008, www.socwork.net/sws/article/view/60/362. Accessed 20 May 2009.

Article in an Online Scholarly Journal That Also Appears in Print

Cite articles in online scholarly journals that also appear in print as you would a scholarly journal in print, including the page range of the article . Provide the URL and the date of access.

Wheelis, Mark. “ Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention. ”   Emerging Infectious Diseases , vol. 6, no. 6, 2000, pp. 595-600, wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/6/6/00-0607_article. Accessed 8 Feb. 2009.

An Article from an Online Database (or Other Electronic Subscription Service)

Cite online databases (e.g. LexisNexis, ProQuest, JSTOR, ScienceDirect) and other subscription services as containers. Thus, provide the title of the database italicized before the DOI or URL. If a DOI is not provided, use the URL instead. Provide the date of access if you wish.

Alonso, Alvaro, and Julio A. Camargo. “ Toxicity of Nitrite to Three Species of Freshwater Invertebrates. ”   Environmental Toxicology, vol. 21, no. 1, 3 Feb. 2006, pp. 90-94. Wiley Online Library , https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20155. Accessed 26 May 2009.

Langhamer, Claire. “Love and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century England.” Historical Journal, vol. 50, no. 1, 2007, pp. 173-96. ProQuest , https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X06005966. Accessed 27 May 2009.

E-mail (including E-mail Interviews)

Give the author of the message, followed by the subject line in quotation marks. State to whom the message was sent with the phrase, “Received by” and the recipient’s name. Include the date the message was sent. Use standard capitalization.

Kunka, Andrew. “ Re: Modernist Literature. ”  Received by John Watts, 15 Nov. 2000.

Neyhart, David. “ Re: Online Tutoring. ” Received by Joe Barbato, 1 Dec. 2016.

A Listserv, Discussion Group, or Blog Posting

Cite web postings as you would a standard web entry. Provide the author of the work, the title of the posting in quotation marks, the web site name in italics, the publisher, and the posting date. Follow with the date of access. Include screen names as author names when author name is not known. If both names are known, place the author’s name in brackets.

Author or compiler name (if available). “Posting Title.” Name of Site , Version number (if available), Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), URL. Date of access.

Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez]. “Re: Best Strategy: Fenced Pastures vs. Max Number of Rooms?” BoardGameGeek , 29 Sept. 2008, boardgamegeek.com/thread/343929/best-strategy-fenced-pastures-vs-max-number-rooms. Accessed 5 Apr. 2009.

Begin with the user's Twitter handle in place of the author’s name. Next, place the tweet in its entirety in quotations, inserting a period after the tweet within the quotations. Include the date and time of posting, using the reader's time zone; separate the date and time with a comma and end with a period. Include the date accessed if you deem necessary.

@tombrokaw. “ SC demonstrated why all the debates are the engines of this campaign. ”   Twitter, 22 Jan. 2012, 3:06 a.m., twitter.com/tombrokaw/status/160996868971704320.

@PurdueWLab. “ Spring break is around the corner, and all our locations will be open next week. ”   Twitter , 5 Mar. 2012, 12:58 p.m., twitter.com/PurdueWLab/status/176728308736737282.

A YouTube Video

Video and audio sources need to be documented using the same basic guidelines for citing print sources in MLA style. Include as much descriptive information as necessary to help readers understand the type and nature of the source you are citing. If the author’s name is the same as the uploader, only cite the author once. If the author is different from the uploader, cite the author’s name before the title.

McGonigal, Jane. “Gaming and Productivity.” YouTube , uploaded by Big Think, 3 July 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=mkdzy9bWW3E.

“8 Hot Dog Gadgets put to the Test.” YouTube, uploaded by Crazy Russian Hacker, 6 June 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=WBlpjSEtELs.

A Comment on a Website or Article

List the username as the author. Use the phrase, Comment on, before the title. Use quotation marks around the article title. Name the publisher, date, time (listed on near the comment), and the URL.

Not Omniscient Enough. Comment on “ Flight Attendant Tells Passenger to ‘Shut Up’ After Argument Over Pasta. ”  ABC News, 9 Jun 2016, 4:00 p.m., abcnews.go.com/US/flight-attendant-tells-passenger-shut-argument-pasta/story?id=39704050.

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How to Cite a Website and Online/Electronic Resources

The pages outlines examples of how to cite websites and media sources using the Harvard Referencing method .

What are electronic sources?

An electronic source is any information source in digital format. The library subscribes to many electronic information resources in order to provide access for students. Electronic sources can include: full-text journals, newspapers, company information, e-books, dictionaries, encyclopaedias, economic data, digital images, industry profiles, market research, etc. 

Should I include extra information when I cite electronic sources?

Referencing electronic or online sources can be confusing—it's difficult to know which information to include or where to find it. As a rule, provide as much information as possible concerning authorship, location and availability.

Electronic or online sources require much of the same information as print sources (author, year of publication, title, publisher). However, in some cases extra information may be required:

• the page, paragraph or section number—what you cite will depend on the information available as many electronic or online sources don’t have pages.
• identify the format of the source accessed, for example, E-book, podcast etc.
• provide an accurate access date for online sources, that is, identify when a source was viewed or downloaded.
• provide the location of an online source, for example, a database or web address.

In-text citations

Cite the name of the author/ organisation responsible for the site and the date created or last revised (use the most recent date):

(Department of Social Services 2020)

According to the Department of Social Services (2020) ...

List of References

Include information in the following order:

• author (the person or organisation responsible for the site
• year (date created or revised)
• site name (in italics)
• name of sponsor of site (if available) 
• accessed day month year (the date you viewed the site)
• URL or Internet address (between pointed brackets). If possible, ensure that the URL is included without a line-break.

Department of Social Services 2020, Department of social services website , Australian government, accessed 20 February 2020, <https: //www .dss.gov.au/>.

Specific pages or documents within a website

Information should include author/authoring body name(s) and the date created or last revised:

(Li 2004) or:

(World Health Organisation 2013) 

• author (the person or organisation responsible for the site)
• year (date created or last updated)
• page title (in italics)
• name of sponsor of site (if available)
• accessed day month year (the day you viewed the site)
• URL or Internet address (pointed brackets). 

One author:

Li, L 2014,  Chinese scroll painting H533 , Australian Museum, accessed 20 February 2016, <https: // australianmuseum.net.au/chinese-scroll-painting-h533>.

Organisation as author:

World Health Organisation 2013, Financial crisis and global health , The United Nations, accessed 1 August 2013, <http: //www .who.int/topics/financial_crisis/en/>.

Webpages with no author or date

If the author's name is unknown, cite the website/page title and date:

( Land for sale on moon 2007)  

Land for sale on moon   2007, accessed 19 June 2007, <http: // www . moonlandrealestate.com>.

If there is not date on the page, use the abbreviation n.d. (no date):

(ArtsNSW n.d.)

List if References

ArtsNSW n.d.,  New South Wales Premier’s Literary Awards , NSW Department of the Arts, Sport and Recreation, accessed 19 June 2007, <http: // www . arts.nsw.gov.au/awards/ LiteraryAwards/litawards.htm>.

Kim, M n.d.,  Chinese New Year pictures and propaganda posters , Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences, accessed 12 April 2016, <https: // collection.maas.museum/set/6274>.

Media articles (print)

If there is no author, list the name of the newspaper, the date, year and page number:

( The Independent 2013, p. 36)

If there is an author, cite as you would for a journal article:

(Donaghy 1994, p. 3)

Articles can also be mentioned in the running text:

University rankings were examined in a Sydney Morning Herald report by Williamson (1998, p. 21), where it was evident that ...

• year of publication
• article title (between single quotation marks)
• publication title (in italics with maximum capitalisation)
• date of article (day, month)
• page number

Williamson, S 1998, ‘UNSW gains top ranking from quality team’, Sydney Morning Herald , 30 February, p.21. 

Donaghy, B 1994, ‘National meeting set to review tertiary admissions’, Campus News ,  3-9 March, p. 3.

An unattributed newspaper article:

If there is no named author, list the article title first:

• Article title, between single quotation marks,
• Publication title (in italics with maximum capitalisation)
• Date published (date, month, year)
• Page number (if available)

‘Baby tapir wins hearts at zoo’, The Independent , 9 August 2013, p. 36

Online media articles

A news article from an electronic database:

If the article has a named author:

(Pianin 2001)

• author (if available)
• newspaper title (in italics)
• date of article (day, month, page number—if given—and any additional information available)
• accessed day month year (the date you accessed the items)
• from name of database
• item number (if given).

Pianin, E 2001, 'As coal's fortunes climb, mountains tremble in W.Va; energy policy is transforming lives', The Washington Post,  25 February, p. A03, accessed March 2001 from Electric Library Australasia.

A news article without a named author:

No named author:

( New York Daily Times 1830)  

The article can also be discussed in the body of the paragraph:

An account of the popularity of the baby tapir in The Independent (2013) stated that ...

If there is no named author, list the article title first.

'Amending the Constitution', New York Daily Times , 16 October 1851, p. 2, accessed 15 July 2007 from ProQuest Historical Newspapers database.

'Baby tapir wins hearts at zoo', The Independent , 9 August 2013, Accessed 25 January 2014, <http: // www . independent.ie/world-news/and-finally/baby-tapir-wins-hearts-at-zoo-30495570.html>.

An online news article:

Cite the author name and year:

(Coorey 2007)

Coorey, P 2007, ‘Costello hints at green safety net’, Sydney Morning Herald , 10 May, accessed 14 May 2012, <http: // www . smh.com.au/news/business/costello-hints-at-green-safety-net/2007/05/09/1178390393875.html>.

While a URL for the article should be included, if it is very long (more than two lines) or unfixed (from a search engine), only include the publication URL:

Holmes, L 2017, 'The woman making a living out of pretending to be Kylie Minogue', The Daily Telegraph , 23 April, accessed 22 May 2017, <http: // www . dailytelegraph.com.au>.

Media releases

Cite the author (the person responsible for the release) and date:

Prime Minister Howard (2007) announced plans for further welfare reform...

• author name or authoring organisation name
• title of release (in italics)
• accessed day month year
• URL (between pointed brackets) 

Office of the Prime Minister 2007, Welfare Payments Reform , media release, accessed 25 July 2007, <http: // www . pm.gov.au/media/Release/2007/Media_Release24432.cfm>.

How to cite broadcast materials and communications

Harvard referencing

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Examine the lives of texts.

We find out what books are made of and why.

As a field of inquiry, bibliography understands texts as artifacts – like books, manuscripts, fragments, tactile texts, image-based texts, digital texts, and more – that reflect the people and cultures that created, acquired, and exchanged them.

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Isn’t bibliography about lists of books?

Yes, and so much more ! There are several different approaches to bibliography: enumerative (lists!), descriptive , historical, analytical , and critical . The BSA values all of them. Our programs, and especially our journal, The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America ( PBSA ), focus mostly on historical, analytical, critical, and descriptive bibliography.

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The Bibliographical Society of America is an international, interdisciplinary scholarly organization that fosters the study of books and other textual artifacts in traditional and emerging formats. BSA pursues this mission by hosting public programs, funding scholarly research, conferring awards, issuing publications, and collaborating with related organizations. The Society is committed to adopting policies and procedures that support and promote equity and inclusion in all of our programs, and to providing equal access to our events and electronic resources to people with disabilities and other access needs.

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Fellowships foster cutting-edge research with grants of $3,000 and up.

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We are committed to the field of bibliography as a critical interpretive framework for understanding books and other textual artifacts and to bibliography’s enduring relevance to textual analysis.

We value the study of bibliography and the integration of bibliographical knowledge in a variety of academic, professional, and public settings.

We pursue collaborative, interdisciplinary relationships with cognate professional, scholarly, and bibliophilic organizations.

The Bibliographical Society of America seeks to build a community that embraces academic and non-academic constituencies, students, junior scholars, senior researchers, and all those interested in material texts. All are welcome as members of the Society, on its council, committees, and working groups, and as beneficiaries of or participants in its varied programs regardless of (in alphabetical order) ability, age, citizenship status, ethnicity, gender, gender expression and identity, income level, nationality, physical appearance, race, religion, sexual orientation, or technical experience.

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The BSA is a 501(c)(30 non-profit organization (Tax ID: 13-1632509). The Society is governed by a board (the “Council”) and committees oversee many aspects of BSA’s programs. Members can shape the organization’s direction and activities by getting involved in one or both.

In 2023, the Council developed a set of strategic pillars designed to guide leaders. Drawing on the Society’s mission and values, the strategic pillars orient the BSA toward programmatic initiatives that highlight the organization’s role as a connector, cultivator, and catalyst in the field of bibliography.

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To access unpublished works on file at Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, contact sanctuary archaeologist, Matthew Lawrence .

Casserley, T. (2002). Islamorada Shipwreck Project ( Queen of Nassau , former CGS Canada ). [Unpublished work on file with Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary]. Monitor National Marine Sanctuary, Newport News, VA.

Corbin, A., Corscadden, A., & Hall, A. (2007). Preliminary Site Report on the Shipwreck Tonawanda. [Unpublished work on file with Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary].The PAST Foundation.

Corscadden, A., Bossie, C., Ching, E., Harwood, R., Morgan, K., Schubert, K., Tucker, S., Foster, K., & Hall, A. (2010). Menemon Sandford Archaeological Project: 2008 . [Unpublished work on file with Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary]. The PAST Foundation.

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Hunter, J. W. & Schmidt, J. S. (2005). Archaeological Remote-Sensing and Ground-Truthing Survey for the Remains of the United States Navy Schooner Alligator. [Unpublished work on file with Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary]. U.S. Naval Historical Center, Underwater Archaeology Branch.

McClarnon, D. P., Smith, R., Shefi, D., & Broadwater, J. (2007). Archaeological and Biological Examination of the Rib Wreck (8MO1880) off Vaca Key, Monroe County, Florida . Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research, Division of Historical Resource, Florida Department of State. https://dos.myflorida.com/media/30889/rib_wreck_final_report.pdf

Peterson, M. (1955). The Last Cruise of H.M.S. "Loo". Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections , 131(2). https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/22929/SMC_131_Peterson_1955_2_1-55.pdf

Price, F. H., Smith, R. C., McClarnon, D., & Altmeier, B. (2009). Archaeological and Biological Examination of the Marker 39 Wreck (8MO1931) off Key Largo, Monroe County, Florida . Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research, Division of Historical Resource, Florida Department of State. https://dos.myflorida.com/media/30886/marker39_wreck_report.pdf

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Shefi, D., Smith, R. C., McClarnon, D. P., & Altmeier, B.S. (2009). Archaeological and Biological Examination of the Bronze Pin Wreck (8MO1879) off Grassy Key, Monroe County, Florida: an Interim Report . Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research, Division of Historical Resource, Florida Department of State. https://dos.myflorida.com/media/30888/bronze_pin_interim_report.pdf

Smith, R. C., Scott-Ireton, D., McKinnon, J., Beckwith, S., Altmeier, B., & MacLaughlin, L. (2006a). Archaeological and Biological Examination of "The Mystery Wreck" (8MO143) off Vaca Key, Monroe County, Florida . Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research, Division of Historical Resource, Florida Department of State. https://dos.myflorida.com/media/30887/mystery_wreck_final_report.pdf

Smith, R. C., Moates, J. T., Shefi, D. G., Adams, B. J., Altmeier, B. S., Newsom, L. A., & Reese, C.L. (2006b). Archaeological and Biological Examination of the Brick Wreck (8MO1881) off Vaca Key, Monroe County, Florida . Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research, Division of Historical Resource, Florida Department of State. https://dos.myflorida.com/media/30885/brick_wreck_final_report.pdf

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Abstract: Recent breakthroughs in large models have highlighted the critical significance of data scale, labels and modals. In this paper, we introduce MS MARCO Web Search, the first large-scale information-rich web dataset, featuring millions of real clicked query-document labels. This dataset closely mimics real-world web document and query distribution, provides rich information for various kinds of downstream tasks and encourages research in various areas, such as generic end-to-end neural indexer models, generic embedding models, and next generation information access system with large language models. MS MARCO Web Search offers a retrieval benchmark with three web retrieval challenge tasks that demand innovations in both machine learning and information retrieval system research domains. As the first dataset that meets large, real and rich data requirements, MS MARCO Web Search paves the way for future advancements in AI and system research. MS MARCO Web Search dataset is available at: this https URL .

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• Enforcement Guidance Under OSHA's Recordkeeping Regulation When First Aid, Active Release Techniques (ART), and Exercise/Stretching Are Used to Treat Musculoskeletal Injuries and Illnesses
• Standard Number: 1904 1904.4(a) 1904.7 1904.7(b)(1) 1904.7(b)(2) 1904.7(b)(3) 1904.7(b)(4) 1904.7(b)(5) 1904.7(b)(5)(ii) 1904.7(b)(5)(iii) 1904.8 1904.9 1904.10 1904.11 1904.46 1910.151(a)

OSHA requirements are set by statute, standards and regulations. Our interpretation letters explain these requirements and how they apply to particular circumstances, but they cannot create additional employer obligations. This letter constitutes OSHA's interpretation of the requirements discussed. Note that our enforcement guidance may be affected by changes to OSHA rules. Also, from time to time we update our guidance in response to new information. To keep apprised of such developments, you can consult OSHA's website at https://www.osha.gov .

May 2, 2024

This memorandum provides guidance to help determine whether musculoskeletal injuries and illnesses are recordable under OSHA's injury and illness recordkeeping regulation at 29 CFR 1904 when the only treatment given is first aid, Active Release Techniques (ART), and/or exercises and stretching.

OSHA's recordkeeping regulation at 29 CFR 1904.4(a) provides that employers required to keep injury and illness records must record each case that meets the regulation's definition of "injury or illness," is work-related, is a new case and not a continuation of an old case and meets one or more of the general recording criteria in section 1904.7 or the additional criteria for specific cases found in sections 1904.8 through 1904.11. A case is recordable only if it meets all of these requirements.

Under section 1904.7, a work-related injury or illness meets the general recording criteria if it results in any of the following: death, days away from work, restricted work or transfer to another job, medical treatment beyond first aid, or loss of consciousness. 1 In addition, a case that involves a significant injury or illness diagnosed by a physician or other licensed health care professional meets the general recording criteria even if it does not result in death, days away from work, restricted work or job transfer, medical treatment beyond first aid, or loss of consciousness.

When determining whether musculoskeletal injuries and illnesses are recordable, Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs) should inquire as to whether the injury or illness meet any of the above criterion using the information provided in 29 CFR 1904.7(b)(1)-(5) as guidance. It is important to remember that each criterion operates independently of the others. For example, if an employee's work-related injury is being treated via first aid, but results in a work restriction, the injury will be recordable, even though the only treatment provided is first aid. 2

The below discussion offers further advice to help CSHOs determine whether musculoskeletal injuries and illnesses are recordable under OSHA's recordkeeping regulation at 29 CFR 1904 under three specific types of treatment scenarios: first aid, Active Release Technique, and/or exercises and stretching.

Cases of work-related musculoskeletal injuries and illnesses are generally not recordable if the only treatment given is first aid. First aid is defined in 29 CFR 1904.7(b)(5)(ii) as:

• Using a nonprescription medication at nonprescription strength (for medications available in both prescription and non-prescription form, a recommendation by a physician or other licensed health care professional to use a non-prescription medication at prescription strength is considered medical treatment for recordkeeping purposes).
• Administering tetanus immunizations (other immunizations, such as hepatitis B vaccine or rabies vaccine, are considered medical treatment).
• Cleaning, flushing or soaking wounds on the surface of the skin.
• Using wound coverings, such as bandages, Band-Aids®, gauze pads, etc.; or using butterfly bandages or Steri-Strips® (other wound closing devices, such as sutures, staples, etc. are considered medical treatment).
• Using hot or cold therapy.
• Using any non-rigid means of support, such as elastic bandages, wraps, non-rigid back belts, etc. (devices with rigid stays or other systems designed to immobilize parts of the body are considered medical treatment for recordkeeping purposes).
• Using temporary immobilization devices while transporting an accident victim (e.g., splints, slings, neck collars, back boards, etc.).
• Drilling of a fingernail or toenail to relieve pressure or draining fluid from a blister.
• Using eye patches.
• Removing foreign bodies from the eye using only irrigation or a cotton swab.
• Removing splinters or foreign material from areas other than the eye by irrigation, tweezers, cotton swabs or other simple means.
• Using finger guards.
• Using massages (physical therapy or chiropractic treatment are considered medical treatment for recordkeeping purposes); and
• Drinking fluids for relief of heat stress.

Section 1904.7(b)(5)(iii) provides that the above is a comprehensive list of first aid treatments. Any treatment not included on this list is considered medical treatment beyond first aid for OSHA recordkeeping purposes. Work-related injuries and illnesses that result in medical treatment beyond first aid meet the general recording criteria. As importantly, OSHA's definition of first aid for recordkeeping purposes differs from the usual definition of first aid by health care providers (see: Best Practices for Non-Healthcare Employers with Onsite Healthcare Services). Employers' representatives and clinical staff are often unaware of the important difference.

Note : OSHA considers the above treatments to be first aid regardless of the professional status of the person providing the treatment. Consequently, even when the treatments are provided by a physician or other licensed healthcare professional, they are still considered first aid for purposes of Part 1904.

The application of first aid, as detailed in 29 CFR 1904.7(b)(5)(ii), to treat a work-related musculoskeletal injury or illness is considered first aid for purposes of OSHA recordkeeping regardless of the number of times the treatment is applied. For example, if a work-related injury or illness is treated only with multiple doses of a nonprescription medication (e.g., ibuprofen or acetaminophen) at nonprescription strength, and the employee continues to work a full day and perform all routine job functions, the injury or illness is not recordable. In general, if an injured or ill employee is given first aid treatment, such as hot or cold therapy, massage, or some other treatment on the first aid list, that treatment should not be considered medical treatment for OSHA recordkeeping purposes, even when such treatment is provided over a long period of time or involves multiple applications.

As noted above, each of the general recording criterion in 29 CFR 1904.7 operates independently. If the application of first aid to a work-related musculoskeletal injury or illness keeps the employee from performing one or more routine functions of the job, or from working the full workday the employee would otherwise have been scheduled to work, then the employee's work has been restricted and the case is recordable. For example, if an employee sustains a work-related injury and a physician or other licensed health care professional recommends that the employee interrupts their work activities to rest every half hour; use ice for 15 minutes every hour; elevate the injured body part as much as possible; or work as tolerated, then that employee would have worked a partial shift, and the case is recordable. Note that the employer does not have to record restricted work activity if imposed only for the day on which the injury or the illness occurred.

Potential Issues with the Application of First Aid

Apart from OSHA's recordkeeping context, first aid is generally understood to mean the initial care of an injury or illness. Per the common clinical meaning, "first aid" generally does not involve multiple encounters with the same patient presenting the same concerns, unless there has been resolution, and a new event has occurred. 3 It generally precedes definitive assessment of the need for medical care by someone who accepts that responsibility. In some cases, the need to repeatedly apply first aid treatments should alert the first aid provider to the possibility that an underlying condition may require further medical treatment beyond first aid.

In assessing an employer's compliance with OSHA's recordkeeping requirements, CSHOs should be aware that the repeated application of treatments included on the Part 1904 first aid list might be an indication that further necessary medical care is not being provided to an injured or ill employee. In such a case, the employer might be using repeated applications of first aid as a way to avoid the application of "medical treatment beyond first aid." In other words, the improper application of first aid to an injured or ill employee might be a means to avoid the recording of a work-related case on the OSHA recordkeeping forms. If a CSHO notices that first aid treatments are being repeatedly applied to the same worker who is presenting to the first aid provider with the same concerns, the CSHO should investigate further, e.g., using the questions included near the end of this memorandum.

Distinct from any potential recordkeeping requirements, repeated applications of first aid might indicate a violation of the medical services and first aid standard at 29 CFR 1910.151(a). This standard requires that employers make medical personnel readily available for advice and consultation. Where appropriate, employers must consult with the available medical personnel about an employee's illness or injury or make such consultation available to the employee directly. Repeated applications of first aid to the same employee presenting the same concerns can notify an employer that they need to consult with available medical personnel to determine whether further medical treatment is needed or make such consultation available to the employee directly. An employer's failure to take these steps may be grounds for a citation under 29 CFR 1910.151(a).

Active Release Techniques (ART)

ART is a patented movement-based massage technique that targets soft tissues such as muscles, tendons, ligaments, fascia, and nerves and is practiced by licensed healthcare professionals (usually a physical therapist or a chiropractor). The practitioners that perform ART receive a certification from Active Release Technologies, LLC., and a special designation is required for practitioners that perform ART in the workplace. As part of their certification, these practitioners agree to only perform ART in the workplace and no other forms of therapy, such as chiropractic manipulation, physical therapy, or other clinical assessments. During an ART treatment, the patient actively moves the affected structure while the practitioner applies pressure or maintains contact on the injured area. Some of the common conditions treated with ART include shoulder impingement, tennis elbow, carpel tunnel, shin splints, and neck and back pain.

In 2006, OSHA concluded that ART is "massage" for purposes of OSHA recordkeeping. Since massage therapy is included on the list of first aid treatments in section 1904.7(b)(5)(ii), if the only treatment an injured worker receives is ART, the employer is not required to record the injury. OSHA considers ART to be first aid regardless of the professional status of the person providing the treatment . 4

It is not always easy to determine whether the only treatment an injured worker received was ART. The CSHO should interview an injured worker to learn more about the type and extent of treatment they received. For example, an injury would be recordable if the application of ART exceeds what is considered "massage" (e.g., the practitioner applies ART in a way that results in manipulation of the skeleton). However, in some cases, the injured employee may not be able to provide detailed information about the type of treatment they received. Accordingly, since licensed practitioners, whether chiropractors, physical therapists, or others, are all obligated to maintain records concerning patient condition and treatments provided, the CSHO should also request access to review those records. Similarly, licensed practitioners who are also ART-certified may not make recommendations on work-restrictions according to their ART certification and agreement. Making such recommendations means they are not practicing ART.

Note : The use of ART to treat a work-related injury or illness is recordable if the application results in job transfer, restricted work activity, or days away from work. Restriction of any activity that occurs at least once per week makes something recordable. The CSHO should verify and document whether work modifications were recommended by a physician or other licensed health care professional (PLHCP). Such modifications may be in the PLCHP's records and/or may have been communicated to the employer independently.

Exercise and Stretching

The use of exercise or stretching (i.e., therapeutic exercise) is not included on the list of first aid treatments in section 1904.7(b)(5)(ii). Such therapeutic exercise is considered medical treatment when it is designed and administered to treat a particular work-related injury or illness as part of a treatment plan and ends once the objectives of the treatment has been met. Accordingly, if an employee exhibits symptoms of a work-related injury or illness, the recommendation to conduct exercise/stretching, either at work or at home, to treat a work-related injury or illness makes the case recordable regardless of the professional status of the person making the recommendation .

Exercise and stretching that are generally part of safe work practices commonly recommended for anyone engaged in certain tasks or working with certain equipment are not recordable as medical treatment. In order for exercise/stretching to be recordable, there must first be a work-related injury or illness to an employee. Exercise or stretching conducted for purely precautionary purposes is not considered medical treatment.

For example, if, as part of an employee wellness program, a Certified Athletic Trainer (ATC) recommends daily pre-shift exercise to employees who do not exhibit signs or symptoms of an abnormal condition, there is no case to record. In order for an exercise or stretching program to be considered medical treatment beyond first aid, there must first be a work-related injury or illness.

Additionally, if an employee has an injury or illness that is not work-related, (e.g., the employee is experiencing muscle pain solely from home improvement work), the administration of exercise does not make the case recordable either. This case is not recordable even if an ATC recommends that the employee participate in an exercise program at work to treat the non-work-related injury. However, if an ATC recommends that an employee participate in an employee wellness exercise program to treat a work-related injury or illness, then the treatment for that employee involves medical treatment beyond first aid and is a recordable case. Again, for a case to be recordable, a work-related injury or illness must exist.

Keep in mind that an exercise or stretching program to treat a work-related injury or illness does not need to be conducted at work for the case to be recordable. If the employer provides an employee with a home exercise program (e.g., written instructions on sets/reps and resistance) or stretching program to treat a work-related injury or illness, the exercise or stretching program constitutes medical treatment and the case is recordable.

Also keep in mind that the number of times an employee with a work-related injury or illness is seen for care by a physician or other licensed health care professional does not determine whether an employee's case is recordable. Similarly, neither the duration nor intensity of the care determines recordability, nor does the number of follow-up visits to receive care. Recordability depends on the type of treatment rather than the number of times such treatment is administered.

The following actions and questions will help the CSHO determine whether exercises and/or stretches administered for a musculoskeletal injury or illness constitutes medical treatment resulting in a recordable case.

Review of Medical Records

• Determine whether the same name and body part appears on the first aid log more than once in a four-week period.
• Determine the nature of the injury, progression of symptoms, and what treatment was recommended.
• Determine if the log reports that employees were referred to outside care (e.g., urgent care, physician appointment, ER visit, ambulance called).
• Determine whether exercise was recommended for an injured employee or employees.

Questions for Employers

• When was the exercise/stretching program implemented at the establishment?
• What does the exercise/stretching program entail/consist of?
• How does the employer inform employees about the exercise/stretching program at the establishment?
• If so, document what the changes were.
• If so, what were the changes?
• Does (s)he ever recommend work restrictions?
• Do these have a start or end date?
• Are they specific, focused on specific jobs or tasks?
• Are these recommendations made to the first-line supervisor or higher levels of management?
• Are they tracked in a written system, like an electronic log or hand-written notes?
• Does the ART practitioner maintain a separate clinical log beyond the ART system where such restrictions are maintained?

Questions for ART Practitioner

• Are you currently licensed as a clinician in the State of ------?
• If yes, in what profession (e.g., nurse, advanced practice nurse, chiropractor, physician, massage therapist, physician assistant)?
• Are you currently certified as an ART practitioner? CSHOs can determine whether an ART practitioner has an active ART certification or whether the certification has expired [by searching the internet or contacting DTSEM.]
• Do you ever recommend restrictions from specific elements of the job?

Note : If there was a change in the course of stretching exercises or the injured employee was restricted from performing one or more of their routine job functions or recommended a job transfer to specifically address the employee's injury or illness, the case is considered an OSHA recordable. Therefore, the CSHO should verify whether the employer recorded the case on their OSHA 300 or equivalent form as appropriate.

Questions for Employees

• How long had the symptoms lasted before you sought care at the clinic?
• What body part did they occur in?
• Please describe your symptoms.
• How long did your symptoms last (generally and after treatment)?
• Did your symptoms go away after treatment?
• Did your symptoms improve when you were off work?
• What medications, if any, were given?
• What treatment or first aid did you receive?
• How many times?
• How frequently/far apart were those visits? Was the advice after the first visit the same or different?
• If yes, how long did that take?
• Was there a delay of more than a day in sending you out for care?
• If you declined it, why?
• If so, how?
• What did that person say or do?
• Did you feel that there would be a negative consequence at your job if you saw an outside medical provider?
• Who made this recommendation?
• How often are you supposed to do these exercises/stretches?
• How much time do you/did you spend doing these exercises/stretches daily?
• Have you been instructed as to when you can stop doing these exercises/stretches?
• Are these exercises/stretches different than exercises/stretches recommended for all employees you do/were trained to do daily for work (such as at the start of work)?
• If yes, how are they different?
• Do you know of anyone who has gone to the first aid station/clinic/medical office more than once for the same problem? Did that person seek outside medical care?

Note : If stretching exercises were modified or changed to specifically address an employee's injury or illness, the case is likely an OSHA recordable. Therefore, the CSHO should verify whether the employer recorded the case on their OSHA 300 log or equivalent form.

If you have any questions regarding this policy, please contact [the Directorate of Technical Support and Emergency Management's Office of Statistical Analysis at (202) 693-2300].

1 The starting point in evaluating recordability is determining whether the case meets the regulation's definition of "injury or illness." Section 1904.46 defines "injury or illness" as an "abnormal condition or disorder." An abnormal condition need not include objective signs, such as results from laboratory tests or medical evaluations, to be considered an injury or illness. Simple subjective signs, such as an employee statement that they feel pain or other symptoms such as muscle soreness, would be conclusive in determining that an abnormal condition exists. See, OSHA's January 25, 2010 , letter of interpretation to Eric Blankenheim. Also, note that pain and/or other MSD symptoms, of and by themselves, may indicate an injury or illness. In this regard, MSD cases are no different than other types of injury or illness. Symptoms such as pain are one of the primary ways that injuries and illnesses manifest themselves. If an employee reports pain or other symptoms affecting the muscles, nerves, tendons, etc., the incident must be evaluated for work-relatedness, and, if determined by the employer to be work-related, must be evaluated against the other recording criteria to determine its recordability.

2 Section 1904.4(a) provides that injuries and illnesses are recordable only if they are work-related, new, and meet one or more of the Part 1904 recording criteria.

3 There are exceptions to this rule, of course, such as where a worker might need a fresh bandage.

4 See OSHA Letters of Interpretation dated July 24, 2006 and May 23, 2019 .

[Corrected for public webpage 5/9/2024]

Biomaterials Science

Gases and gas-releasing materials for the treatment of chronic diabetic wounds.

* Corresponding authors

a Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China E-mail: [email protected]

b Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China E-mail: [email protected]

c Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China E-mail: [email protected]

Chronic non-healing wounds are a common consequence of skin ulceration in diabetic patients, with severe cases such as diabetic foot even leading to amputations. The interplay between pathological factors like hypoxia–ischemia, chronic inflammation, bacterial infection, impaired angiogenesis, and accumulation of advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs), resulting from the dysregulation of the immune microenvironment caused by hyperglycemia, establishes an unending cycle that hampers wound healing. However, there remains a dearth of sufficient and effective approaches to break this vicious cycle within the complex immune microenvironment. Consequently, numerous scholars have directed their research efforts towards addressing chronic diabetic wound repair. In recent years, gases including Oxygen (O 2 ), Nitric oxide (NO), Hydrogen (H 2 ), Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), Ozone (O 3 ), Carbon monoxide (CO) and Nitrous oxide (N 2 O), along with gas-releasing materials associated with them have emerged as promising therapeutic solutions due to their ability to regulate angiogenesis, intracellular oxygenation levels, exhibit antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects while effectively minimizing drug residue-induced damage and circumventing drug resistance issues. In this review, we discuss the latest advances in the mechanisms of action and treatment of these gases and related gas-releasing materials in diabetic wound repair. We hope that this review can provide different ideas for the future design and application of gas therapy for chronic diabetic wounds.

• This article is part of the themed collection: Biomaterials Science Recent Review Articles, 2024

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S. Ye, N. Jin, N. Liu, F. Cheng, L. Hu, G. Zhang, Q. Li and J. Jing, Biomater. Sci. , 2024, Advance Article , DOI: 10.1039/D4BM00351A

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