research paper reference generator

Scribbr Referencing Generator

Accurate Harvard, APA, MLA, and Chicago references, verified by experts, trusted by millions.

Reference sources in seconds with Autocite

Look up your source by its title, URL, ISBN, or DOI, and let Scribbr do the rest! The reference generator will automatically find all the necessary information to generate a perfect reference, including the author(s), publication date, and publisher.

Perfectly formatted references every time

Inaccurate references can cost you points on your assignments, so our seasoned referencing experts have invested countless hours in perfecting Scribbr’s reference generator algorithms. We’re proud to be recommended by teachers and universities across the UK.

Enjoy a referencing generator without flashy ads

Staying focused is already difficult enough, so unlike other reference generators, Scribbr won’t slow you down with flashing banner ads and video pop-ups. That’s a promise!

Citation Generator features you'll love

Look up your source by its title, URL, ISBN, or DOI, and let Scribbr find and fill in all the relevant information automatically.

Harvard, APA, MLA, Chicago

Generate flawless references according to the official Harvard , APA , MLA, or Chicago style rules. More referencing styles will be available soon!

Export to Word

When your reference list is complete, export it to Word. We’ll apply the official formatting guidelines automatically.

Lists and folders

Create separate reference lists for each of your assignments to stay organized. You can also group related lists into folders.

Export to Bib(La)TeX

Are you using a LaTex editor like Overleaf? If so, you can easily export your references in Bib(La)TeX format with a single click.

Custom fonts

Change the typeface used for your reference list to match the rest of your document. Options include Times New Roman, Arial, and Calibri.

Industry-standard technology

Scribbr’s Referencing Generator is built using the same citation software (CSL) as Mendeley and Zotero, but with an added layer for improved accuracy.

Annotations

Describe or evaluate your sources in annotations, and Scribbr will generate a perfectly formatted annotated bibliography.

Referencing guides

Scribbr’s popular guides and videos will help you understand everything related to finding, evaluating, and referencing sources.

Secure backup

Your work is saved automatically after every change and stored securely in your Scribbr account.

• Introduction
• Finding sources

Evaluating sources

• Integrating sources

Referencing sources

Tools and resources, a quick guide to working with sources.

Working with sources is an important skill that you’ll need throughout your academic career.

It includes knowing how to find relevant sources, assessing their authority and credibility, and understanding how to integrate sources into your work with proper referencing.

This quick guide will help you get started!

Finding relevant sources

Sources commonly used in academic writing include academic journals, scholarly books, websites, newspapers, and encyclopedias. There are three main places to look for such sources:

• Research databases: Databases can be general or subject-specific. To get started, check out this list of databases by academic discipline . Another good starting point is Google Scholar .
• Your institution’s library: Use your library’s database to narrow down your search using keywords to find relevant articles, books, and newspapers matching your topic.
• Other online resources: Consult popular online sources like websites, blogs, or Wikipedia to find background information. Be sure to carefully evaluate the credibility of those online sources.

When using academic databases or search engines, you can use Boolean operators to refine your results.

Generate Harvard, APA, MLA, and Chicago style references in seconds

Get started

In academic writing, your sources should be credible, up to date, and relevant to your research topic. Useful approaches to evaluating sources include the CRAAP test and lateral reading.

CRAAP is an abbreviation that reminds you of a set of questions to ask yourself when evaluating information.

• Currency: Does the source reflect recent research?
• Relevance: Is the source related to your research topic?
• Authority: Is it a respected publication? Is the author an expert in their field?
• Accuracy: Does the source support its arguments and conclusions with evidence?
• Purpose: What is the author’s intention?

Lateral reading

Lateral reading means comparing your source to other sources. This allows you to:

• Verify evidence
• Contextualize information
• Find potential weaknesses

If a source is using methods or drawing conclusions that are incompatible with other research in its field, it may not be reliable.

Integrating sources into your work

Once you have found information that you want to include in your paper, signal phrases can help you to introduce it. Here are a few examples:

Following the signal phrase, you can choose to quote, paraphrase or summarize the source.

• Quoting : This means including the exact words of another source in your paper. The quoted text must be enclosed in quotation marks or (for longer quotes) presented as a block quote . Quote a source when the meaning is difficult to convey in different words or when you want to analyze the language itself.
• Paraphrasing: This means putting another person’s ideas into your own words. It allows you to integrate sources more smoothly into your text, maintaining a consistent voice. It also shows that you have understood the meaning of the source.
• Summarizing : This means giving an overview of the essential points of a source. Summaries should be much shorter than the original text. You should describe the key points in your own words and not quote from the original text.

Whenever you quote, paraphrase, or summarize a source, you must include a citation crediting the original author.

Referencing your sources is important because it:

• Allows you to avoid plagiarism
• Establishes the credentials of your sources
• Backs up your arguments with evidence
• Allows your reader to verify the legitimacy of your conclusions

The most common citation styles in the UK are APA, MLA, Harvard, Vancouver, MHRA, and Oscola. Each citation style has specific rules for formatting citations.

Scribbr’s free Reference Generator can generate perfect references and in-text citations in both APA and MLA styles. More citation styles will be available soon!

Scribbr and partners offer tons of tools and resources to make working with sources easier and faster. Take a look at our top picks:

• Reference Generator: Automatically generate Harvard and APA references .
• Plagiarism Checker : Detect plagiarism in your paper using the most accurate Turnitin-powered plagiarism software available to students.
• Proofreading services : Have a human editor improve your writing.
• Knowledge Base : Explore hundreds of articles, bite-sized videos, time-saving templates, and handy checklists that guide you through the process of research, writing, and citation.

Petal Citation Generator | Petal

Citation generator.

Petal Citation Generator

Simple, accurate, powerful.

10,000+ styles covering disciplines from natural sciences, mathematics and medicine to psychology, sociology, and law.

10,000+ styles

Petal Citation Generator automatically creates citations for sources in over 10,000 styles, such as Harvard, MLA, APA, IEEE, AMA, Chicago, ACS, Vancouver.

Trusted by researchers and scholars around the world.

AI Writing Assistant

Our Citation Generator is also an AI writer. Petal AI can help you write and cite your paper using sources you specify. Upload references, specify key points to cover, and let the AI create a draft using data you provide.

Petal AI builds upon OpenAI’s GPT-3 language model to enable “context aware” workflows, so you can trust the AI to only draw information from source you provide.

Simple and accurate

No ads, no training required. Never get lost in the interface. Copy to clipboard, or export to Word or BibTeX.

Search directly for any published book or journal article. Supports DOI, PMID, ArXivID, ISBN, ISSN, and EAN lookup. Capture metadata from any URL.

Cloud syncing

Create citation lists that can be edited and re-used across multiple sessions.

Access your citations anywhere, anytime. All your changes are synced to the cloud, so you’ll never run into version control issues.

Cite journals

Cite websites

Stay organized with citation lists

Export to reference manager

Export to Word

Export to BibTeX

Collaborate and share

Your personal research assistant

Zotero is a free, easy-to-use tool to help you collect, organize, annotate, cite, and share research.

Available for Mac, Windows, Linux, and iOS

Just need to create a quick bibliography? Try ZoteroBib .

Meet Zotero.

Collect with a click..

Zotero automatically senses research as you browse the web. Need an article from JSTOR or a preprint from arXiv.org? A news story from the New York Times or a book from a library? Zotero has you covered, everywhere.

Organize your way.

Zotero helps you organize your research any way you want. You can sort items into collections and tag them with keywords. Or create saved searches that automatically fill with relevant materials as you work.

Cite in style.

Zotero instantly creates references and bibliographies for any text editor, and directly inside Word, LibreOffice, and Google Docs. With support for over 10,000 citation styles, you can format your work to match any style guide or publication.

Stay in sync.

Zotero can optionally synchronize your data across devices, keeping your files, notes, and bibliographic records seamlessly up to date. If you decide to sync, you can also always access your research from any web browser.

Collaborate freely.

Zotero lets you co-write a paper with a colleague, distribute course materials to students, or build a collaborative bibliography. You can share a Zotero library with as many people you like, at no cost.

Zotero is open source and developed by an independent, nonprofit organization that has no financial interest in your private information. With Zotero, you always stay in control of your own data.

Still not sure which program to use for your research? See why we think you should choose Zotero .

Ready to try Zotero?

Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Research and Citation Resources

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

If you are having trouble locating a specific resource please visit the  search page  or the  Site Map . The Citation Chart  provides a detailed overview of MLA Style, APA Style, and Chicago Manual of Style source documentation by category.

Conducting Research

These OWL resources will help you conduct research using primary source methods, such as interviews and observations, and secondary source methods, such as books, journals, and the Internet. This area also includes materials on evaluating research sources.

Using Research

These OWL resources will help you use the research you have conducted in your documents. This area includes material on quoting and paraphrasing your research sources, as well as material on how to avoid plagiarism.

APA Style (7th Edition)

These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the American Psychological Association (APA) citation and format style. This section contains resources on in-text citation and the References page, as well as APA sample papers, slide presentations, and the APA classroom poster.

These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the Modern Language Association (MLA) citation and format style. This section contains resources on in-text citation and the Works Cited page, as well as MLA sample papers, slide presentations, and the MLA classroom poster

Chicago Manual of Style

This section contains information on the Chicago Manual of Style method of document formatting and citation. These resources follow the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style, which was issued in 2017.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Style

These resources describe how to structure papers, cite sources, format references, and handle the complexities of tables and figures according to the latest Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) guidelines.

American Medical Association (AMA) Style

These resources provide guidance on how to cite sources using American Medical Association (AMA) Style, 10th Ed., including examples for print and electronic sources.

Research Overview

We live in an age overflowing with sources of information. With so many information sources at our fingertips, knowing where to start, sorting through it all and finding what we want can be overwhelming! This handout provides answers to the following research-related questions: Where do I begin? Where should I look for information? What types of sources are available?

Conducting Primary Research

Primary research involves collecting data about a given subject directly from the real world. This section includes information on what primary research is, how to get started, ethics involved with primary research and different types of research you can do. It includes details about interviews, surveys, observations, and analysis.

Evaluating Sources of Information

Evaluating sources of information is an important step in any research activity. This section provides information on evaluating bibliographic citations, aspects of evaluation, reading evaluation, print vs. online sources, and evaluating Internet sources.

Searching Online

This section covers finding information online. It includes information about search engines, Boolean operators, Web directories, and the invisible Web. It also includes an extensive, annotated links section.

Internet References

This page contains links and short descriptions of writing resources including dictionaries, style manuals, grammar handbooks, and editing resources. It also contains a list of online reference sites, indexes for writers, online libraries, books and e-texts, as well as links to newspapers, news services, journals, and online magazines.

Archival Research

This resource discusses conducting research in a variety of archives. It also discusses a number of considerations and best practices for conducting archival research.

This resources was developed in consultation with Purdue University Virginia Kelly Karnes Archives and Special Collections staff.

In-Cite AI Reference Generator

Automated in-text citation generator.

• Academic Writing: Generate accurate in-text citations for essays, research papers, theses, and dissertations.
• Professional Writing: Create in-text citations for reports, articles, white papers, and other professional documents.
• Content Creation: Ensure your online content is properly cited, enhancing its credibility and reliability.

New & Trending Tools

Lesson plan maker, ai notes generator, verbose text enhancer.

Study skills

Referencing sources properly in the style required by your lecturer is an essential part of university writing. Find the required style in your course outline, and see our library guides to the referencing styles

Referencing style guides

Other referencing styles.

• AGLC4 style
• Chicago B: Author-Date style
• Harvard style
• Harvard style (TAFE)
• IEEE Computer Society style

Citation management programs

• EndNote online
• Learn about referencing
• What are DOIs and why do I need them?

Learn about copyright

• The Library provides copyright support for students, researchers and staff.

Book a Librarian

For assistance with referencing and citations you can  Book a Librarian who can show you where to find information on your referencing style.

The University of Newcastle acknowledges the traditional custodians of the lands within our footprint areas: Awabakal, Darkinjung, Biripai, Worimi, Wonnarua, and Eora Nations. We also pay respect to the wisdom of our Elders past and present.

Are you visiting our site from South Asia ? Head to our dedicated page with all the information you need to study at the University of Newcastle. Close

您是否在中国访问我们的网址？ 前往 专属页面 ，查询你在纽卡斯尔大学学习所需的所有信息。 Close

• Free Tools for Students
• MLA Citation Generator

Free MLA Citation Generator

Generate accurate citations in MLA format automatically, with MyBib!

😕 What is an MLA Citation Generator?

An MLA citation generator is a software tool designed to automatically create academic citations in the Modern Language Association (MLA) citation format. The generator will take information such as document titles, author, and URLs as in input, and output fully formatted citations that can be inserted into the Works Cited page of an MLA-compliant academic paper.

The citations on a Works Cited page show the external sources that were used to write the main body of the academic paper, either directly as references and quotes, or indirectly as ideas.

👩‍🎓 Who uses an MLA Citation Generator?

MLA style is most often used by middle school and high school students in preparation for transition to college and further education. Ironically, MLA style is not actually used all that often beyond middle and high school, with APA (American Psychological Association) style being the favored style at colleges across the country.

It is also important at this level to learn why it's critical to cite sources, not just how to cite them.

🙌 Why should I use a Citation Generator?

Writing citations manually is time consuming and error prone. Automating this process with a citation generator is easy, straightforward, and gives accurate results. It's also easier to keep citations organized and in the correct order.

The Works Cited page contributes to the overall grade of a paper, so it is important to produce accurately formatted citations that follow the guidelines in the official MLA Handbook .

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's MLA Citation Generator?

It's super easy to create MLA style citations with our MLA Citation Generator. Scroll back up to the generator at the top of the page and select the type of source you're citing. Books, journal articles, and webpages are all examples of the types of sources our generator can cite automatically. Then either search for the source, or enter the details manually in the citation form.

The generator will produce a formatted MLA citation that can be copied and pasted directly into your document, or saved to MyBib as part of your overall Works Cited page (which can be downloaded fully later!).

MyBib supports the following for MLA style:

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

Free IEEE Citation Generator

Powered by chegg.

• Select style:
• Archive material
• Chapter of an edited book
• Conference proceedings
• Dictionary entry
• Dissertation
• DVD, video, or film
• E-book or PDF
• Edited book
• Encyclopedia article
• Government publication
• Music or recording
• Online image or video
• Presentation
• Press release
• Religious text

What is it?

Looking for a tool to save you time with your academic essay citations and bibliography? Cite This For Me’s IEEE referencing generator lets you do just that. You can format references quickly, simply and smartly in the IEEE style recognised by your academic institution using our free web and mobile app.

Popular IEEE Citation Guides

• Chapter of a book
• Image online or video
• Presentation or lecture
• Video, film or DVD

What are IEEE citations?

IEEE referencing is a widely used system for attributing credit to authors whose findings, facts or theories have contributed to a new research paper.

The IEEE reference format is the standard referencing format set by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and is based on the widely used Chicago referencing style.

Where many styles have the author’s name shown within the text, IEEE uses a numbering system to make sure the paper is still easily readable. The number within the text correlates to a numbered reference at the end of the research paper to make it clear which source contributed to which section of the paper.

How to create IEEE citations

Each IEEE reference has a corresponding IEEE citation within the text. The in-text citation is shown as a number within square brackets and allows the reader to find the full reference in the numbered bibliography at the end of the text.

The full IEEE reference should include all the necessary information for the reader to be able to find the exact source of the information, theory or finding that contributed to the paper or essay.

When referencing in IEEE style, there are different formats for each source type – for example a book should be formatted differently to a website or academic journal in the reference list.

A lot to think about? You can use Cite This For Me’s IEEE reference generator to create your references with a click. Simply search for the book, journal or website you want to reference, set it to IEEE style and have the whole thing generated automatically for you.

IEEE format example

In-text example:

The sky is blue [1].

Bibliography example:

[1] S. Cottrell, The study skills handbook . Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.

Manage all your citations in one place

Create projects, add notes, cite directly from the browser and scan books’ barcodes with a mobile app.

Sign up to Cite This For Me – the ultimate citation management tool.

Research Voyage

Research Tips and Infromation

• Top 10 AI-Based Research Paper Abstract Generators

In today’s academic and professional arenas, the ability to succinctly and accurately summarize extensive research is paramount. Abstracts serve as the gateway to the wealth of knowledge contained within scholarly papers, providing readers with a snapshot of the research’s scope, methodology, and findings. Crafting an effective abstract is an art, one that requires precision and clarity, yet it remains a daunting task for many. This is where advanced AI-powered tools come into play, revolutionizing the abstract creation process.

An abstract generator is an AI-powered tool designed to create concise and coherent summaries of extensive texts, such as research papers, theses, and articles. Utilizing advanced algorithms, these generators analyze the main content, extract key points, and produce a summary that adheres to specific academic standards, such as the APA format. They are particularly useful for students, researchers, and professionals, providing a quick, efficient, and accurate way to generate abstracts that effectively communicate the essence of the original document.

Abstract generators harness the power of artificial intelligence to transform lengthy, complex texts into concise, coherent summaries. These tools not only save valuable time but also enhance the quality and consistency of abstracts, adhering to stringent academic standards such as the APA format. They cater to a diverse audience, including students, researchers, and professionals across various disciplines, making the abstract writing process more efficient and accessible.

From ensuring unbiased abstracts to providing customizable options, AI abstract generators are equipped with advanced features that simplify the summarization process. Whether you need an abstract for a research paper, thesis, or article, these tools offer a seamless solution, allowing you to focus on the core content of your work while they handle the summarization.

Explore the transformative capabilities of abstract generators from leading platforms. These innovative tools are designed to meet the rigorous demands of academic writing, providing an invaluable resource for anyone striving to create impactful and precise abstracts. Dive into the future of abstract creation and discover how these tools can elevate your academic and professional endeavours.

Here’s a curated selection of 10 top-tier AI abstract generators poised to elevate your research game:

How It Works:

Key features:, make an abstract for your paper in 4 steps:, advanced fields:, idea generation and structuring, academic language refinement, feedback and revision suggestions, ideal users of abstract generator services, guidelines for using abstract generator.

• StudyCorgi: Best AI Abstract Generator - Online & Free

The Best APA Abstract Generator from PhDResearchProposal.org

Essaygpt: how to create an abstract for free, ai abstract generator from paraphrasing-tool.com, abstrazer: automatic abstract generation simplified, writecream’s ai scientific paper abstract generator: revolutionizing research abstracts effortlessly.

Experience the future of effortless scientific paper abstract creation with WriteCream’s groundbreaking AI Scientific Paper Abstract Generator. This versatile tool leverages artificial intelligence (AI) technology to automatically generate concise and informative abstracts for scientific research papers. Whether one is a scientist, a science scholar, or a researcher, WriteCream’s AI Abstract Generator simplifies the path from idea to impactful abstract formation.

• Access the Tool : Users can visit the WriteCream website and navigate to the abstract paper Generator page.
• Enter Details : Important details about the scientific paper, key features, and any special offers or benefits to highlight in the abstract are included.
• Select Tone and Style : Users choose the tone and style of the abstract paper from available options. The generator adjusts the content to reflect the chosen tone, whether formal, informal, amusing, or professional.
• Copy & Paste : After selecting the tone, users click “Generate” once they have entered the required information and decided on the tone. The final sample can be copied, pasted, or downloaded.
• One-Click Generation : Users can generate a well-crafted abstract with just a single click, saving time and effort in manual summarization.
• Customization : Some AI Abstract Generators allow users to customize the length and level of detail in the generated abstract to meet their specific needs.
• Accuracy : Striving for high accuracy in representing the main ideas and findings of the research paper.
• Consistency : Ensuring that the abstract’s style and terminology are consistent with the content of the paper.
• Multilingual Support : Depending on the tool, it may support various languages and translation options, making it versatile for international researchers.
• Revision and Editing : Users can often review and edit the generated abstract to fine-tune it according to their preferences.

WriteCream’s Scientific Paper Abstract Generator is a powerful tool that simplifies the process of creating clear and concise abstracts for research papers, benefiting content editors aiming to provide informative and well-structured content. To learn more, users can visit the WriteCream website and create an account today.

URL: https://www.writecream.com/ai-scientific-paper-abstract-generator/

HiPDF AI Abstract Generator: Streamlined Abstract Generation for Every Researcher

Revolutionize the way you create abstracts with HiPDF’s AI Abstract Generator. Powered by advanced AI technology, this tool effortlessly summarizes your paper content and generates an abstract complete with keywords and key points. Experience a seamless abstract generation process with HiPDF’s user-friendly interface.

• Effortless Summarization : Automatically summarize your PDF papers with ease, saving valuable time and effort in abstract creation.
• User-Friendly Interface : Whether summarizing entire documents or crafting concise abstracts, HiPDF’s AI Abstract Generator simplifies the process for every researcher.
• International Certifications : As a member of the PDF Association, HiPDF ensures international authoritative certifications, including ISO/IEC 27001 and SSI SECURE, guaranteeing privacy and file security.
• Privacy Assurance : All files uploaded to HiPDF are permanently deleted within 60 minutes after processing, ensuring user privacy and data security.
• Upload Your PDF : Simply upload your PDF document to the AI Abstract Generator, supporting various document types like articles and research papers.
• AI Summarizes Your PDF : After uploading, the AI abstract generator automatically creates a brief summary with keywords and key sentences.
• Effortless Revision : If you’re unsatisfied with the generated abstract, prompt the AI to revise and create a better one for your paper using the Chat with PDF feature.

Experience the power of AI-driven abstract generation with HiPDF’s AI Abstract Generator. Start streamlining your research workflow today.

URL: https://www.hipdf.com/ai-abstract-generator

Abstract Creation Using 4Author Online Service

4Author’s online service revolutionizes the process of abstract creation, allowing researchers to focus on the main text of their manuscript without worrying about the structure and standards of the abstract. This tool ensures adherence to various style requirements and eliminates common mistakes in abstract writing.

• APA Style (APA Style Abstract)
• MLA Style (MLA Style Abstract)
• American Academy of Science requirements (AAS Abstract)
• GOST (All-Union State Standard) Standard (GOST Abstract)
• Emerald Publishing Office requirements (requirements of the scientific journal “Business Inform”)
• Languages : Abstracts can be created in English, Russian, and Ukrainian.
• Input Language and Title : Provide the language and title of your work.
• Authors’ Information : Include the surnames and initials of the authors and co-authors.
• Relevance : Summarize the importance of the investigated problem.
• Statement of the Problem : Describe the problem the article addresses.
• Solutions : Outline specific steps aimed at solving the given problem.
• Results : Present the results achieved during the study or a generalization of the full text.
• Conclusions : Describe the prospects of implementing the results in practice.
• Keywords : Provide words and phrases for search engine optimization.
• Word Count and Preview : The average word count of the abstract is displayed at the bottom of the form. Users can preview and save the brief description in their personal account. If necessary, abstracts can be edited and other tools available to registered users can be utilized.

Educational Use : The service is suitable for educational institutions, making it possible to compose abstracts for graduation papers, term papers, or any other manuscript requiring an abstract, regardless of the subject.

4Author’s online service simplifies the abstract creation process, ensuring compliance with various standards and enhancing the efficiency of researchers. To learn more and start creating abstracts effortlessly, visit 4Author’s online service .

URL: https://www.4author.com/en/annotation/

ASSIGNZEN: Free Abstract Generator

Struggling with crafting the perfect abstract? ASSIGNZEN has got you covered with its powerful, free abstract generator. Designed to assist you in creating plagiarism-free papers tailored to your instructions, this tool makes the abstract-writing process straightforward and efficient.

• Choose between a simple and an advanced option: Start by selecting the mode that best suits your needs.
• Paste the text or add the details: Input your paper’s content or key details into the generator.
• Click “Generate”: Let the AI work its magic to produce a concise and informative abstract.
• Check and copy the result: Review the generated abstract and copy it for use.

For those opting for the advanced option, ASSIGNZEN allows you to provide specific details to enhance the accuracy and relevance of the abstract:

• Explain the research context and background.
• Word count: 40-500 words.
• Describe the problem and aim of your study.
• Outline your research methods.
• List your research findings.
• Add your conclusion and discuss the significance of your findings.

Using these detailed prompts ensures that the generated abstract accurately reflects the core components of your research, providing a clear and comprehensive summary.

Explore ASSIGNZEN’s free abstract generator and streamline your research writing process here.

URL: https://assignzen.com/free-writing-tools/abstract-generator/

Yeschat: Abstract Generator – AI-Powered Abstract Creation

Yeschat’s Abstract Generator is an AI-powered tool designed to assist university and college students in crafting high-quality essay abstracts across various subjects and educational levels. The core purpose of this tool is to streamline the abstract writing process, making it more efficient and effective by providing structured guidance, generating ideas, and refining academic language. This assistance is crucial for students aiming to produce compelling and concise summaries of their extensive essays or research papers. For example, a student working on a complex thesis about climate change impacts on coastal ecosystems can use Abstract Generator to distill their research into a succinct abstract that highlights key findings, methodology, and the significance of their work. This tool adapts to different learning styles and academic disciplines, ensuring broad applicability and support for a wide range of academic writing tasks.

Main Functions of Abstract Generator

• Generating a thesis statement and outlining key points for an abstract on the socio-economic effects of urbanization.
• A student is struggling to condense their urban studies essay into an abstract. Abstract Generator suggests a concise thesis statement and helps organize their thoughts into a structured abstract format.
• Enhancing the language of an abstract for a paper on quantum computing to ensure clarity and precision.
• A postgraduate student needs to refine the language of their abstract to meet the publication standards of a leading academic journal. Abstract Generator assists by suggesting academic phrases and terminology specific to their field of study.
• Providing constructive feedback on a draft abstract for a literature review on postcolonial theory.
• A student has drafted an abstract for their literature review but is unsure about its quality. Abstract Generator reviews the draft, offering feedback and specific suggestions for improvement to enhance readability and impact.
• University and College Students: Students at various educational levels, especially those engaged in writing essays, research papers, and theses across different disciplines. They benefit from Abstract Generator’s support in crafting precise and compelling abstracts that effectively summarize their work.
• Academic Researchers: Early-career researchers and graduate students who are new to publishing in academic journals. Abstract Generator can help them articulate the significance of their research findings clearly and concisely, making their work more accessible to a broader academic audience.
• Non-Native English Speakers: Students and researchers for whom English is a second language may find it challenging to express complex ideas in academic English. Abstract Generator aids in enhancing their abstracts’ clarity and academic tone, thereby improving their chances of publication or academic success.
• Visit yeschat.ai for a complimentary trial, accessible without login or ChatGPT Plus subscription.
• Select the academic subject or research area for which you need to generate an essay abstract.
• Provide specific details about your essay, including thesis, research methods, findings, and conclusions.
• Use the ‘Generate Abstract’ feature to create a concise and academically rigorous abstract based on your input.
• Carefully review the generated abstract, making necessary edits to ensure it accurately reflects your work and meets academic standards.

By leveraging Yeschat’s Abstract Generator, students and researchers can save time, reduce errors, and enhance the overall quality of their academic abstracts, making their work more impactful and accessible. For more information, visit here:

URL: https://www.yeschat.ai/gpts-2OToXaRBW2-Abstract-Generator

StudyCorgi: Best AI Abstract Generator – Online & Free

How to Use Our Abstract Generator Online:

• Paste your text into the empty field.
• Fill in all 5 advanced fields if necessary.
• Press “Generate.”

Why Use Our AI Abstract Generator?

StudyCorgi’s AI Abstract Generator is one of the best study tools you can find online. Here are its most notable advantages:

• 100% Free: Use it at no cost!
• Intuitive Design: It has an excellent user-friendly interface.
• Readily Available: You don’t have to create an account or download anything to use our generator.
• No Limits: You can generate an unlimited number of abstracts.
• Various Uses: Our app can work with any academic subject and topic.

An AI bot will generate an abstract for you, making it easier and quicker to create compelling summaries for your academic work. Experience the efficiency and convenience of StudyCorgi’s Abstract Generator today. For more information, visit StudyCorgi Abstract Generator.

URL : https://studycorgi.com/free-writing-tools/ai-abstract-generator/

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Antioxidants

Often used as a marketing buzzword, learn about the role of antioxidants beyond the hype, and some of the research on health and disease prevention.

Jump to: – What are antioxidants? – Health benefits of antioxidants: what’s the buzz? – Studies of antioxidant supplements and disease prevention – Antioxidants in food – Bottom line on antioxidants and disease prevention

What are antioxidants?

The body’s trillion or so cells face formidable threats, from lack of food to infection with a virus. Another constant threat comes from chemicals called free radicals. In very high levels, they are capable of damaging cells and genetic material. The body generates free radicals as the inevitable byproducts of turning food into energy. Free radicals are also formed after exercising or exposure to cigarette smoke, air pollution, and sunlight. [1]

Free radicals come in many shapes, sizes, and chemical configurations. What they all share is a voracious appetite for electrons, stealing them from any nearby substances that will yield them. This electron theft can radically alter the “loser’s” structure or function. Free radical damage can change the instructions coded in a strand of DNA. It can make a circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL, sometimes called bad cholesterol) molecule more likely to get trapped in an artery wall. Or it can alter a cell’s membrane, changing the flow of what enters the cell and what leaves it. An excessive chronic amount of free radicals in the body causes a condition called oxidative stress, which may damage cells and lead to chronic diseases. [2]

We aren’t defenseless against free radicals. The body, long used to this relentless attack, makes many molecules that quench free radicals as surely as water douses fire. We also extract free-radical fighters from food. These defenders are labeled “antioxidants.” They work by generously giving electrons to free radicals without turning into electron-scavenging substances themselves. They are also involved in mechanisms that repair DNA and maintain the health of cells.

There are hundreds, probably thousands, of different substances that can act as antioxidants. The most familiar ones are vitamin C , vitamin E , beta-carotene , and other related carotenoids, along with the minerals selenium and manganese. They’re joined by glutathione, coenzyme Q10, lipoic acid, flavonoids, phenols, polyphenols, phytoestrogens, and many more.  Most are naturally occurring, and their presence in food is likely to prevent oxidation or to serve as a natural defense against the local environment.

But using the term “antioxidant” to refer to substances is misleading. It is really a chemical property, namely, the ability to act as an electron donor. Some substances that act as antioxidants in one situation may be pro-oxidants—electron grabbers—in a different situation. Another big misconception is that antioxidants are interchangeable. They aren’t. Each one has unique chemical behaviors and biological properties. They almost certainly evolved as parts of elaborate networks, with each different substance (or family of substances) playing slightly different roles. This means that no single substance can do the work of the whole crowd.

Health benefits of antioxidants: what’s the buzz?

Antioxidants came to public attention in the 1990s, when scientists began to understand that free radical damage was involved in the early stages of artery-clogging atherosclerosis. It was also linked to cancer , vision loss, and a host of other chronic conditions. Some studies showed that people with low intakes of antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables were at greater risk for developing these chronic conditions than were people who ate plenty of those foods. Clinical trials began testing the impact of single substances in supplement form, especially beta-carotene and vitamin E, as weapons against chronic diseases.

Even before the results of these trials were in, the media and the supplement and food industries began to hype the benefits of “antioxidants.” Frozen berries, green tea, and other foods labeled as being rich in antioxidants began popping up in stores. Supplement makers touted the disease-fighting properties of all sorts of antioxidants.

The research results were mixed, but most did not find the hoped-for benefits. Most research teams reported that vitamin E and other antioxidant supplements didn’t protect against heart disease or cancer. [3] One study even showed that taking beta-carotene supplements actually increased the chances of developing lung cancer in smokers. On the other hand, some trials reported benefits; for example, after 18 years of follow-up, the Physicians’ Health Study found that taking beta-carotene supplements was associated with a modest reduction in the rate of cognitive decline. [4]

These mostly disappointing results haven’t stopped food companies and supplement sellers from banking on antioxidants. Antioxidants are still added to breakfast cereals, sports bars, energy drinks, and other processed foods , and they are promoted as additives that can prevent heart disease, cancer, cataracts, memory loss, and other conditions.

Often the claims have stretched and distorted the data: While it’s true that the package of antioxidants, minerals , fiber , and other substances found naturally in fruits , vegetables , and whole grains helps prevent a variety of chronic diseases , it is unlikely that high doses of antioxidant supplements can accomplish the same feat.

Antioxidant foods hyped to super-status

Antioxidant supplements and disease prevention: little supportive evidence.

Randomized placebo-controlled trials, which can provide the strongest evidence, offer little support that taking vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, or other single antioxidants provides substantial protection against heart disease, cancer, or other chronic conditions. The results of the largest trials have been mostly negative.

Vitamin E, beta-carotene, and other antioxidants in supplement form aren’t the silver bullet against heart disease and stroke that researchers were hoping for.  A modest effect of vitamin E has been found in some studies but more research is needed.

• In the Women’s Health Study, 39,876 initially healthy women took 600 IU of natural source vitamin E or a placebo every other day for 10 years. At the study’s end, the rates of major cardiovascular events and cancer were no lower among those taking vitamin E than those taking the placebo. However, the trial did observe a significant 24% reduction in total cardiovascular mortality. Although this was not a primary endpoint for the trial, it nevertheless represents an important outcome. [6]
• Earlier large vitamin E trials, conducted among individuals with previously diagnosed coronary disease or at high risk for it, generally showed no benefit. In the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) trial, the rates of major cardiovascular events were essentially the same in the vitamin E (21.5%) and placebo (20.6%) groups, although participants taking vitamin E had higher risks of heart failure and hospitalization for heart failure. [7] In the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto Miocardico (GISSI) trial, the results were mixed but mostly showed no preventive effects after more than three years of treatment with vitamin E among 11,000 heart attack survivors. [8] However, some studies suggest potential benefits among certain subgroups. A recent trial of vitamin E in Israel, for example, showed a marked reduction in coronary heart disease among people with type 2 diabetes who have a common genetic predisposition for greater oxidative stress. [9]
• Beta-carotene, meanwhile, did not provide any protection against heart disease or stroke, as demonstrated by the Physicians’ Health Study. [10]
• What about combinations? In the Supplementation en Vitamines et Mineraux Antioxydants (SU.VI.MAX) study, 13,017 French men and women took a single daily capsule that contained 120 mg vitamin C, 30 mg vitamin E, 6 mg beta-carotene, 100 mcg selenium, and 20 mg zinc, or a placebo, for seven and a half years. The vitamins had no effect on overall rates of cardiovascular disease. [11]
• In the Women’s Antioxidant Cardiovascular Study, vitamin E, vitamin C, and beta-carotene had similar effects as a placebo on myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary revascularization, and cardiovascular death, although there was a modest and significant benefit for vitamin E among women with existing cardiovascular disease. [12]

A 2014 study from the Journal of Respiratory Research found that different isoforms of vitamin E (called tocopherols) had opposing effects on lung function. [13] The study analyzed data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) cohort and measured serum levels of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol in 4,526 adults. Lung function was tested using spirometric parameters: higher parameters are indicative of increased lung function, while lower parameters are indicative of decreased lung function. The study found that higher serum levels of alpha-tocopherol were associated with higher spirometric parameters and that high serum levels of gamma-tocopherol were associated with lower spirometric parameters. Though the study was observational in nature, it confirmed the mechanistic pathway of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol in mice studies. [14]

When it comes to cancer prevention, the picture remains inconclusive for antioxidant supplements. Few trials have gone on long enough to provide an adequate test for cancer.

• In the long-term Physicians’ Health Study, cancer rates were similar among men taking beta-carotene and among those taking a placebo. [10] Other trials have also largely shown no effect, including HOPE. [7]
• The SU.VI.MAX randomized placebo-controlled trial showed a reduction in cancer risk and all-cause mortality among men taking an antioxidant cocktail (low doses of vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, selenium, and zinc) but no apparent effect in women, possibly because men tended to have low blood levels of beta-carotene and other vitamins at the beginning of the study. [11]
• A randomized trial of selenium in people with skin cancer demonstrated significant reductions in cancer and cancer mortality at various sites, including colon, lung, and prostate. [15]  The effects were strongest among those with low selenium levels at baseline.
• A six-year trial, the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS), found that a combination of vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, and zinc offered some protection against the development of advanced age-related macular degeneration, but not cataracts, in people who were at high risk of the disease. [16,17]
• Lutein, a naturally occurring carotenoid found in green, leafy vegetables such as spinach and kale, may protect vision. However, relatively short trials of lutein supplementation for age-related macular degeneration have yielded conflicting findings. [18,19] A follow-up trial to the AREDS, the AREDS2, examined lutein/zeaxanthin supplementation on late age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in men and women for up to five years. [20] It found a favorable but not significant effect of the supplements on AMD.
• A Cochrane review of 19 randomized controlled trials compared antioxidant vitamin/mineral supplements (multivitamin, vitamin E, lutein, zeaxanthin, zinc) with placebo or no intervention in people with AMD. [21] The participants were generally well-nourished. The study found that people taking the vitamins were less likely to progress to late-stage AMD and vision loss. However, the study authors noted that taking lutein and zeaxanthin alone or vitamin E alone did not have a beneficial effect on these eye conditions.
• The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) Eye Endpoints Study, which followed 11,267 men for a mean of five years, did not find that vitamin E and selenium supplements, in combination or alone, protected from age-related cataracts. [22]
• The Physicians’ Health Study II, a randomized trial giving 50 mg beta-carotene supplements or a placebo to 5,956 men older than 65 years, found that longer-term supplementation for at least 15 years provided cognitive benefits. [4]
• The Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease by Vitamin E and Selenium (PREADViSE) trial followed more than 3,700 men ages 60 and older for six years. It did not find that antioxidant supplements of vitamin E or selenium, alone or in combination, protected against dementia compared with a placebo. [23]
• A meta-analysis of 68 antioxidant supplement trials found that taking beta-carotene and vitamin A and E supplements increased the risk of dying. [24] Although healthy participants were included in 21 of the trials, most of the studies included people who already had some type of serious illness. It was also difficult to compare interventions because the types of supplements, the dosages taken, and the length of time they were taken varied widely.
• The same authors conducted another systematic review of 78 randomized clinical trials on antioxidant supplements including beta-carotene, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium (alone or in combination). [25]   Again, the majority of trials included people with various established diseases. The study found that both people who were healthy and those with diseases taking beta-carotene and vitamin E supplements had a higher rate of death. The duration of the studies varied widely from one month to 12 years, with varying dosages.

If antioxidants were harmless, it wouldn’t much matter if you took them “just in case.” A few studies, though, have raised the possibility that taking antioxidant supplements, either single agents or combinations, could interfere with health.

• The first inkling came in a large trial of beta-carotene conducted among men in Finland who were heavy smokers, and therefore at high risk for developing lung cancer. The trial was stopped early when researchers saw a significant increase in lung cancer among those taking the supplement compared to those taking the placebo. [26]
• In another trial among heavy smokers and people exposed to asbestos, beta-carotene was combined with vitamin A. Again, an increase in lung cancer was seen in the supplement group. [27] Not all trials of beta-carotene show this harmful effect, however. In the Physicians’ Health Study, which included few active smokers, no increase in lung cancer or any other adverse affect was seen even after 18 years of follow-up. [10]
• In the SU.VI.MAX trial, rates of skin cancer were higher in women who were assigned to take vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, selenium, and zinc. [28]
• Vitamin E supplements were found to significantly increase the risk of prostate cancer by 17% in healthy men compared with those who took a placebo. These results came from the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) that followed 35,533 men for up to 12 years. [29]

High-dose antioxidant supplements can also interfere with medicines. Vitamin E supplements can have a blood-thinning effect and increase the risk of bleeding in people who are already taking blood-thinning medicines. Some studies have suggested that taking antioxidant supplements during cancer treatment might interfere with the effectiveness of the treatment. Inform your doctor if starting supplements of any kind. [1]

Antioxidants in food

One possible reason why many studies on antioxidant supplements do not show a health benefit is because antioxidants tend to work best in combination with other nutrients, plant chemicals, and even other antioxidants.

For example, a cup of fresh strawberries contains about 80 mg of vitamin C, a nutrient classified as having high antioxidant activity. But a supplement containing 500 mg of vitamin C (667% of the RDA) does not contain the plant chemicals (polyphenols) naturally found in strawberries like proanthocyanins and flavonoids, which also possess antioxidant activity and may team up with vitamin C to fight disease.  Polyphenols also have many other chemical properties besides their ability to serve as antioxidants.  There is a question if a nutrient with antioxidant activity can cause the opposite effect with pro-oxidant activity if too much is taken. This is why using an antioxidant supplement with a single isolated substance may not be an effective strategy for everyone.

Differences in the amount and type of antioxidants in foods versus those in supplements might also influence their effects. For example, there are eight chemical forms of vitamin E present in foods. However, vitamin E supplements typically only include one form, alpha-tocopherol. [1]

Epidemiological prospective studies show that higher intakes of antioxidant-rich fruits, vegetables, and legumes are associated with a lower risk of chronic oxidative stress-related diseases like cardiovascular diseases , cancer, and deaths from all causes. [30-33] A plant-based diet is believed to protect against chronic oxidative stress-related diseases.  [2] It is not clear if this protective effect is due to the antioxidants, other substances in the foods, or a combination of both. The following are nutrients with antioxidant activity and the foods in which they are found:

• Vitamin C : Broccoli, Brussels sprouts , cantaloupe, cauliflower, grapefruit, leafy greens (turnip, mustard, beet, collards), honeydew, kale , kiwi, lemon, orange, papaya, snow peas, strawberries, sweet potato , tomatoes, and bell peppers (all colors)
• Vitamin E : Almonds , avocado, Swiss chard, leafy greens (beet, mustard, turnip), peanuts, red peppers, spinach (boiled), and sunflower seeds
• Carotenoids including beta-carotene and lycopene: Apricots, asparagus, beets, broccoli, cantaloupe, carrots, bell peppers, kale , mangos, turnip and collard greens, oranges, peaches, pink grapefruit, pumpkin, winter squash , spinach, sweet potato , tangerines, tomatoes, and watermelon
• Selenium: Brazil nuts, fish, shellfish, beef, poultry, barley, brown rice
• Zinc : Beef, poultry, oysters, shrimp, sesame seeds, pumpkin seeds, chickpeas , lentils , cashews, fortified cereals
• Phenolic compounds: Quercetin ( apples , red wine, onions), catechins ( tea , cocoa , berries), resveratrol ( red and white wine , grapes, peanuts, berries), coumaric acid (spices, berries), anthocyanins (blueberries, strawberries)

Bottom line on antioxidants and disease prevention

Excessive free radicals contribute to chronic diseases including cancer, heart disease, cognitive decline, and vision loss. This doesn’t automatically mean that substances with antioxidant properties will fix the problem, especially if they are taken out of their natural context. The studies so far are inconclusive but generally don’t provide strong evidence that antioxidant supplements have a substantial impact on disease. Keep in mind that most of the trials conducted have had fundamental limitations due to their relatively short duration and inclusion of people with existing disease. At the same time, abundant evidence suggests that eating whole in fruits , vegetables , and whole grains —all rich in networks of naturally occurring antioxidants and their helper molecules—provides protection against many scourges of aging.

• National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH). Antioxidants: In Depth. https://nccih.nih.gov/health/antioxidants/introduction.htm Accessed 7/1/19.
• Carlsen MH, Halvorsen BL, Holte K, Bøhn SK, Dragland S, Sampson L, Willey C, Senoo H, Umezono Y, Sanada C, Barikmo I. The total antioxidant content of more than 3100 foods, beverages, spices, herbs and supplements used worldwide. Nutrition journal . 2010 Dec;9(1):3.
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• USDA Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) of Selected Foods, Release 2 (2010).  http://www.orac-info-portal.de/download/ORAC_R2.pdf Accessed 7/1/2019.
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• Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE, Stampfer M, Rosner B, Cook NR, Belanger C, LaMotte F, Gaziano JM, Ridker PM, Willett W. Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. New England Journal of Medicine . 1996 May 2;334(18):1145-9.
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• Marchese ME, Kumar R, Colangelo LA, Avila PC, Jacobs DR, Gross M, Sood A, Liu K, Cook-Mills JM. The vitamin E isoforms α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol have opposite associations with spirometric parameters: the CARDIA study. Respiratory research . 2014 Dec;15(1):31.
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• Duffield-Lillico AJ, Reid ME, Turnbull BW, Combs GF, Slate EH, Fischbach LA, Marshall JR, Clark LC. Baseline characteristics and the effect of selenium supplementation on cancer incidence in a randomized clinical trial: a summary report of the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers . 2002 Jul 1;11(7):630-9.
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• Chew EY, Clemons TE, SanGiovanni JP, Danis RP, Ferris FL, Elman MJ, Antoszyk AN, Ruby AJ, Orth D, Bressler SB, Fish GE. Secondary analyses of the effects of lutein/zeaxanthin on age-related macular degeneration progression: AREDS2 report No. 3. JAMA ophthalmology . 2014 Feb 1;132(2):142-9.
• Evans JR, Lawrenson JG. Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age‐related macular degeneration. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 2017(7).
• Christen WG, Glynn RJ, Gaziano JM, Darke AK, Crowley JJ, Goodman PJ, Lippman SM, Lad TE, Bearden JD, Goodman GE, Minasian LM. Age-related cataract in men in the selenium and vitamin e cancer prevention trial eye endpoints study: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA ophthalmology . 2015 Jan 1;133(1):17-24.
• Kryscio RJ, Abner EL, Caban-Holt A, Lovell M, Goodman P, Darke AK, Yee M, Crowley J, Schmitt FA. Association of antioxidant supplement use and dementia in the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease by vitamin E and selenium trial (PREADViSE). JAMA neurology . 2017 May 1;74(5):567-73.
• Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C. Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA . 2007 Feb 28;297(8):842-57.
• Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C. Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases. Cochrane database of systematic reviews . 2012(3).
• Albanes D, Heinonen OP, Taylor PR, Virtamo J, Edwards BK, Rautalahti M, Hartman AM, Palmgren J, Freedman LS, Haapakoski J, Barrett MJ. α-Tocopherol and β-carotene supplements and lung cancer incidence in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study: effects of base-line characteristics and study compliance. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute . 1996 Nov 6;88(21):1560-70.
• Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, Balmes J, Cullen MR, Glass A, Keogh JP, Meyskens Jr FL, Valanis B, Williams Jr JH, Barnhart S. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. New England journal of medicine . 1996 May 2;334(18):1150-5.
• Hercberg S, Ezzedine K, Guinot C, Preziosi P, Galan P, Bertrais S, Estaquio C, Briançon S, Favier A, Latreille J, Malvy D. Antioxidant supplementation increases the risk of skin cancers in women but not in men. The Journal of nutrition . 2007 Sep 1;137(9):2098-105.
• Klein EA, Thompson IM, Tangen CM, Crowley JJ, Lucia MS, Goodman PJ, Minasian LM, Ford LG, Parnes HL, Gaziano JM, Karp DD. Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). JAMA . 2011 Oct 12;306(14):1549-56.
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