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Application of the Internet

Published by Bonnie Maxwell Modified over 5 years ago

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Presentation on theme: "Application of the Internet"— Presentation transcript:

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Who controls the Internet?

Is the internet “making us stupid”, is cancel culture (or “callout culture”) good for society.

Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.

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What is the Internet?

The Internet is a vast network that connects computers all over the world. Through the Internet, people can share information and communicate from anywhere with an Internet connection.

Who invented the Internet?

The Internet consists of technologies developed by different individuals and organizations. Important figures include Robert W. Taylor, who led the development of the ARPANET (an early prototype of the Internet), and Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn , who developed the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) technologies.

How does the Internet work?

The Internet works through a series of networks that connect devices around the world through telephone lines. Users are provided access to the Internet by Internet service providers . The widespread use of mobile broadband and Wi-Fi in the 21st century has allowed this connection to be wireless.

Is the Internet dangerous?

The advent of the Internet has brought into existence new forms of exploitation, such as spam e-mail and malware , and harmful social behaviour, such as cyberbullying and doxxing. Many companies collect extensive information from users, which some deem a violation of privacy.

What is the Dark Web?

The Dark Web refers to a series of Web sites that require special decryption and configuration tools to access. It is most commonly used for purposes that require strict anonymity, including illegal sales (e.g., of weapons and drugs), political dissent in countries with heavy censorship , and whistleblowing .

While the Internet is theoretically decentralized and thus controlled by no single entity, many argue that tech companies such as Amazon , Facebook , and Google represent a small concentration of organizations that have unprecedented influence over the information and money on the Internet. In some countries, certain parts of the Internet are blocked via censorship .

Whether the Internet is "making us stupid" is widely debated. Some argue the Internet is reprogramming our brains for the worse, as seen by diminishing IQ scores, and that new technologies and platforms like the Internet are harming attention spams, the ability to concentrate, and perform simple tasks. Others argue that virtually all new technologies throughout history have been initially feared, that the Internet gives voice to diverse populations and equal access to information for the benefit of social advancement, and that changing how the brain works and how we access and process information is not necessarily bad. For more on the debate about whether the Internet is "making us stupid," visit ProCon.org .

Whether cancel culture is good for society is widely debated. Some argue it allows the public and marginalized people to seek accountability in their leaders, gives a voice to disenfranchised or less powerful people, and is simply a new form of boycott. Others see cancel culture as a dangerous form of bullying, a suppression of free speech, and a form of intolerance that harms democratic societies by excluding and ostracizing anyone with contrary views. For more on the cancel culture debate, visit ProCon.org .

Recent News

Internet , a system architecture that has revolutionized mass communication , mass media , and commerce by allowing various computer networks around the world to interconnect. Sometimes referred to as a “network of networks,” the Internet emerged in the United States in the 1970s but did not become visible to the general public until the early 1990s. By 2020, approximately 4.5 billion people, or more than half of the world’s population, were estimated to have access to the Internet. And that number is growing, largely due to the prevalence of “smart” technology and the " Internet of Things ," where computer-like devices connect with the Internet or interact via wireless networks . These “things” include smartphones , appliances, thermostats, lighting systems, irrigation systems, security cameras. vehicles, even cities.

The Internet provides a capability so powerful and general that it can be used for almost any purpose that depends on information, and it is accessible by every individual who connects to one of its constituent networks. It supports human communication via social media , electronic mail (e-mail), “chat rooms,” newsgroups, and audio and video transmission and allows people to work collaboratively at many different locations. It supports access to digital information by many applications, including the World Wide Web . The Internet has proved to be a spawning ground for a large and growing number of “e-businesses” (including subsidiaries of traditional “brick-and-mortar” companies) that carry out most of their sales and services over the Internet. ( See electronic commerce .)

Origin and development

The first computer networks were dedicated special-purpose systems such as SABRE (an airline reservation system) and AUTODIN I (a defense command-and-control system), both designed and implemented in the late 1950s and early 1960s. By the early 1960s computer manufacturers had begun to use semiconductor technology in commercial products, and both conventional batch-processing and time-sharing systems were in place in many large, technologically advanced companies. Time-sharing systems allowed a computer’s resources to be shared in rapid succession with multiple users, cycling through the queue of users so quickly that the computer appeared dedicated to each user’s tasks despite the existence of many others accessing the system “simultaneously.” This led to the notion of sharing computer resources (called host computers or simply hosts) over an entire network. Host-to-host interactions were envisioned , along with access to specialized resources (such as supercomputers and mass storage systems) and interactive access by remote users to the computational powers of time-sharing systems located elsewhere. These ideas were first realized in ARPANET , which established the first host-to-host network connection on October 29, 1969. It was created by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the U.S. Department of Defense . ARPANET was one of the first general-purpose computer networks. It connected time-sharing computers at government-supported research sites, principally universities in the United States , and it soon became a critical piece of infrastructure for the computer science research community in the United States. Tools and applications—such as the simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP, commonly referred to as e-mail), for sending short messages, and the file transfer protocol ( FTP ), for longer transmissions—quickly emerged. In order to achieve cost-effective interactive communications between computers, which typically communicate in short bursts of data, ARPANET employed the new technology of packet switching . Packet switching takes large messages (or chunks of computer data) and breaks them into smaller, manageable pieces (known as packets) that can travel independently over any available circuit to the target destination, where the pieces are reassembled. Thus, unlike traditional voice communications, packet switching does not require a single dedicated circuit between each pair of users.

Commercial packet networks were introduced in the 1970s, but these were designed principally to provide efficient access to remote computers by dedicated terminals. Briefly, they replaced long-distance modem connections by less-expensive “virtual” circuits over packet networks. In the United States, Telenet and Tymnet were two such packet networks. Neither supported host-to-host communications; in the 1970s this was still the province of the research networks, and it would remain so for many years.

DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency; formerly ARPA) supported initiatives for ground-based and satellite-based packet networks. The ground-based packet radio system provided mobile access to computing resources, while the packet satellite network connected the United States with several European countries and enabled connections with widely dispersed and remote regions. With the introduction of packet radio, connecting a mobile terminal to a computer network became feasible . However, time-sharing systems were then still too large, unwieldy, and costly to be mobile or even to exist outside a climate-controlled computing environment . A strong motivation thus existed to connect the packet radio network to ARPANET in order to allow mobile users with simple terminals to access the time-sharing systems for which they had authorization. Similarly, the packet satellite network was used by DARPA to link the United States with satellite terminals serving the United Kingdom, Norway, Germany, and Italy. These terminals, however, had to be connected to other networks in European countries in order to reach the end users. Thus arose the need to connect the packet satellite net, as well as the packet radio net, with other networks.

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The 15 Best Free Online Web Presentation Software Tools for 2024

Are you running a small business, and now you need to give a sales presentation? Maybe you're a student and your assignment is to create a slideshow.

Either way, you probably don't have much to spend on a web presentation software tool. At some point or another, most of us need to create a slideshow. 

If you need a tool to help you create web presentations, but you're on a limited budget, you may think you're out of luck. Fortunately, there are quite a few good free presentation tools for you to consider.

In this post, we'll share 15 free presentation tools. We'll describe each and point out key features. We'll also explain what to look for when choosing your online presentation software.

Finally, we'll share resources you can use with some online presentation software .  

What to Look for in Free Online Presentation Software

It's important to use a good web presentation tool when showcasing it. Many free online presentation tools have all the features you need. Create a top-notch web presentation with presentation websites for free .

Here are some things to look for when selecting online presentation software:

• Ease-of-use. You don't want to spend hours and hours learning how to use the web presentation tool. Good online presentation software should be easy to learn and have plenty of training resources available.
• Import/export features. Your presentation software tool should be compatible with popular file formats. Also, keep in mind that at some point you may want to export your presentation into another tool.
• Real-time collaboration . Teamwork has become increasingly important in today's professional environment. With the right web-based tool, you and a teammate can work together on a presentation project.
• Cloud access and storage. It used to be that when you were away from your computer, you couldn't work on your project until you came back. With a cloud-based tool, that's no longer a problem. Access your work anywhere there's an Internet connection.
• Audio/video capabilities. Multi-media has become the norm for slideshows. If you want your presentation to really stand out, consider adding an audio or video component.
• Good technical support. What are you going to do if something goes wrong while you're creating your presentation? Look for quality support resources such as third-party tutorials and a strong online help section

When choosing an online presentation software tool keep in mind your future needs. Consider starting with presentation websites for free. Then work with the premium version of the presentation software tool of your choice. 

Free Online Presentation Software Tools—Well-Known Tools (2024)

Looking for free presentation websites? Now you know what to expect from a free presentation software. We made a selection of free presentation websites for you.

Let's examine some of the most popular options. Look at the free versions of some of the most popular online presentation tools:

1. PowerPoint Online

Many people don't realize that there's a free version of PowerPoint available . This free presentation tool i s a great choice for students who need to make a presentation once and can't afford a Microsoft Office subscription.

Microsoft products are widely used. Because these online presentation tools are so popular, many people are familiar with the software layout and commands. That helps make PowerPoint Online easy to learn to use.  Plus, you can upgrade to the premium PowerPoint tool if you need more features.

The online presentation software, PowerPoint Online, includes many of the features of its premium counterpart. Format text, use animations, and include other graphic elements. Since it's web-based, there are also collaboration features and cloud storage.

There are some limitations of this free presentation tool . For example, you can't use PowerPoint Online unless you've got Internet access. Some views aren't available. You're limited to built-in themes, although you can import a presentation with a third-party theme. And you can only insert audio and video files through YouTube. There are other differences as well. 

PowerPoint provides many help documents and articles to its users. O nline presentation tools like this one includes online help in the form of the Tell Me tool. Plus, you can find lots of third-party articles and resources on PowerPoint, such as this Tuts+ tutorial:

2. Google Slides

Next up on our list of free presentation tools in Google Slides. Even though it's free online presentation , Google Slides' features rival those of premium presentation software tools. It's real-time collaboration tools make it ideal for times.

Google Slides is also a great option if you intend to publish your presentation online. Plus, even though Google Slides is a cloud-based tool, you can change the settings to use it while you're offline .

Considering using Google Slides? These articles explain how it compares to more expensive tools: 

Google's office suite is increasing in popularity. And you can upgrade to a premium version of the office suite if your needs grow.

This free online presentation is also easy to learn. Google has helpful online documentation within each office tool, including Google Slides.

Check out our tutorial on how to use Google Slides:

Make your Google Slides presentation stand out. Yse a professional template like the ones available on Envato Elements . For a peek at some of the best Google Slides presentation themes, look at:

3. Keynote  

Keynote is another one of the many free online presentation tools available. If you've purchased a Mac computer lately, it probably came with Apple's Keynotes software already loaded. It's also available to download for free for iOs devices from the iTunes App Store. PC users can now view or edit Keynote presentations online with the iCloud website.

If you've got a Mac, you'll probably find Keynote easy to use. It's well-integrated with the Mac platform, which makes it easy to add images and multimedia into your presentation. A recent upgrade added better collaboration features to Keynote. 

Coming from Apple, Keynote is well-documented. There's good technical support and other resources from both Apple and third parties. To learn more about this online presentation software , read this Tuts+ article:

Produce a professional slideshow quickly and easily through a third part template such as those available through Envato Elements . 

Here's a look at some popular Keynote presentation templates:

4. Prezi Basic

Prezi is a popular free online presentation tool known for its graphic interface. It has a non-linear approach to presentations.

The zooming tool is impressive in this online presentation software . Plus, there are tutorials and other aids to help you learn how to use it.

Its popularity is growing, which means there's also a growing number of third-party resources available.

Try Prezi for free by using either the basic version or by signing up for Prezi basic, or for a free trial of one of the other versions. 

5. SlideShare Scribd

SlideShare Scribd isn't a presentation authoring software tool, but rather a free presentation sharing software tool. If you need to get your slideshow in front of a large professional audience, then this online presentation software is worth knowing about.

Currently, there are millions of users on this best free presentation software , many of whom are business professionals.

This best free presentation software is easy to use and there's some help available within the tool. Since SlideShare is growing in popularity, there are also a growing number of third-party resources and tutorials. To learn more about SlideShare, study:

Canva is most know as an online graphic design tool. However, this software has presentation software. It allows users to create beautiful slides online with free custom presentation templates and a massive media library. It offers some of the best-looking templates around.

It has drag-and-drop functionality that makes it easy to add your own content and visual assets, or users can pick from an extensive library of free photos and graphics.

Best Free Online Software Presentation Tools—Other Tools

The free online presentation tools below may not be as famous as others listed above. But many have features similar to their well-known counterparts.

Many of these free interactive presentation tools are limited in features at the free level. Some free tools may display ads or require that your presentation include their logo or company name on it.

Let's take a closer look: 

1. Zoho Show  

Zoho Show is part of a popular office productivity suite. According to the website, the free version of this office suite is available for teams of up to 5 users. The free version also offers some nice extra features for teams such as secure file collaboration and in-app chat.

Zoho Office Suite offers quite a bit of support, with a knowledge base, articles, and more.  

2. FlowVella  

FlowVella (formerly Flowboard) was designed to work online with mobile devices. But there's also version available for the Mac. Easily incorporate multi-media and other online content into your presentation. The newest version also includes drag and drop. Presentations are also easily shared through URL links.

FlowVella is a strong presentation tool choice with company support and help. Currently, there aren't a lot of third-party resources. The free version limits you to four public flows (presentations). The presentation size is limited to ten slides. 

3. LibreOffice Impress  

Impress is part of LibreOffice (based on OpenOffice), which is free and open source software. There's no premium version available for this free online presentation tool . This might not be a problem for you because Impress compares favorably to many pricier alternatives.

When LibreOffice 5.3 was released in 2017, LibreOffice also made LibreOffice online available. To use it you'll need to install it on your own server.

As might be expected for open source software, LibreOffice has a sizeable community. This means that there are several third-party resources and tutorials available for this free online presentation tool . 

A promising new best free presentation software tool is Ludus. It's designed with creativity and the web in mind. So, you can easily integrate content from other web services like YouTube, Vimeo, DropBox, GIPHY, and more. It's also got some nice design tools including the ability to upload fonts, blend colors, use overlays, and more.

Because Ludus is so new, there aren't a lot of third-party resources, such as articles and tutorials. But the main site includes helpful videos that illustrate how to use some of the main features that should help new users get up to speed.

You can get a free trial of any of their versions. With the free trial version of the Solo level, one user can create unlimited presentations for free with access to all the features. When the trial ends, you'll need to decide if you want to buy one of the premium versions.

5. PowToon  

Next up on our list of best free presentation software is PowToon. PowToon gives you the option to create an animated video instead of a more static, slide-based presentation. Even at the free, basic level you get access to some nice features. Free users get up to 100 MB of storage and can create a video of up to three minutes. With the free version, your video will have the PowToon branding.

The PowToon site includes help articles and tutorials to help you learn to use this tool quickly. Plus, there are plenty of third-party tutorials available.

6. Speaker Deck

Speaker Deck is a free tool owned by GitHub. While it's not a presentation authoring tool, upload your presentations as a PDF file and it'll convert them to slideshow format. You can then share your presentation through the Speaker Deck site or embed it into another website.

The Visme website includes many resources such as tutorials and a helpful knowledge base.

This free interactive presentation tool  is a multi-faceted online presentation software. Not only can you create presentations, but you can also make infographics, charts, and social graphics. Add video or audio or animate an object in your presentation to make it more interesting. With the free version of Visme, create up to five projects and you also get 100 MB of storage. You can download your project as a .jpg file.

8. WPS Presentation  

WPS Presentation is part of a free office suite that also includes Writer and Spreadsheets. If you choose this option, you'll find it to be very comparable to more popular office productivity software such as MS Office. Even with the free version you get 1G of cloud-based storages. You can also use it on up to three devices (one desktop device and two mobile devices). 

This free interactive presentation tool  includes a searchable online help, a useful blog, and other helpful resources.

9. Genially  

This online presentation software specializes in letting you create interactive content. It also features many animation effects. You use Genially to create online presentations, create infographics, and other interactive projects. 

Most people should find this software easy to learn. The website includes a frequently updated blog with some helpful tips. I was also able to find some third-party tutorials for this presentation software tool.

10. Haiku Deck

Haiku Deck is an easy-to-use presentation software that focuses on simplicity and clarity. It offers a range of stylish templates and high-quality images that you can use in your presentations. The tool also provides various font and filter options to help you customize your slides.

The free version of Haiku Deck only gives you certain features and limits the number of presentations you can create.

Emaze is an online presentation tool that enables you to create impressive presentations with its wide range of templates, 3D effects, and video backgrounds.

It also allows you to easily share your presentations online and view them on any device. The free version comes with limited storage and access to a select number of templates.

12. SlideDog

SlideDog lets you combine different types of media into a seamless multimedia presentation. You can mix PowerPoint presentations, PDF files, Prezi presentations, movie clips, web pages, and more to create an interactive viewing experience for your audience.

The free version comes with SlideDog branding and does not include some advanced features like interactive elements.

13. Animaker

Animaker is a do-it-yourself video animation software. While it's primarily used for creating animated videos, it can also be used to make animated presentations. It offers a variety of features, including a wide range of characters, props, and backgrounds, as well as the ability to add voiceovers and special effects.

14. Microsoft Sway

Sway is a digital storytelling app from Microsoft that's perfect for creating presentations, newsletters, personal stories, and more. It has a simple interface that allows you to add various types of content.

It automatically takes care of the design aspect, creating a polished, cohesive look for your presentation.

15. Slidebean

Slidebean offers a unique approach to presentation creation by focusing on design. You input your content, and Slidebean automatically formats it into a visually appealing presentation.

This can be a great option for those who want to create professional-looking presentations but may not have a lot of design skills or time. Slidebean also offers collaboration features, allowing multiple people to work on a presentation together.

5 Quick Tips for Making Great Online Web Presentations in 2024

We'll help you create the best possible online web presentation. Here are five quick tips that you can use in your free interactive presentation tools :

1. Simplicity Is Key

Free interactive presentation tools have many advanced features, allowing you to personalize your slides. A header text plus no more than four bullet points and graphics is more than enough to create a powerful presentation. 

2. Timing Is Everything

If you create a presentation that's too short, your audience will feel like you didn't put enough effort into the presentation.

If you create a presentation that's too long, you run the risk of confusing and boring your audience. Aim to create no more than 17 slides and have each slide take no longer than four minutes. 

3. Use Graphics

To make your presentation more engaging and connect with your audience, include graphics on some slides.Make sure to include graphics that are relevant to the subject of the slide that you're on and that helps you illustrate your point.

4. Speak in a Clear and Expressive Voice

How you speak during your presentation will make or break the presentation.

Speak in a clear, strong, and expressive voice. This type of voice will capture the attention of your audience and make the entire presentation much more appealing to watch.

5. Ask Your Audience to Take Part

Presenting online has many advantages. One advantage is being able to send messages during the presentation without disturbing the speaker.

This opens up a great opportunity for you to encourage questions and comments. This will help engage your audience but also help them learn the material you are trying to present more effectively. 

Premium Templates Help You Create Powerful Online Presentations in 2024

If you're new to making slideshows and on a budget, focus on design. As a business owner or student, a professional-looking presentation helps create a good impression.

You can find templates for many online presentation tools at a much lower cost than hiring a professional designer. 

Get a professional template for your PowerPoint, Google Slides, and Keynote presentations on Envato Elements . All for a low monthly payment.

The unlimited downloads that Elements offers lets you download anything in the Envato library. Not only can you access all these presentation templates, but you get access to photos, videos, fonts, and many other resources that could be helpful to you.

The presentation templates that Elements offers include a variety of features:

• modern and engaging designs
• completely customizable slides
• gallery and portfolio slides
• free fonts and icons 

Take advantage of this offer on Envato Elements today!

Have a look at some of the best-selling PowerPoint presentation templates below:

Top 5 Trending Presentation Templates (From Envato Elements - For 2024)

Envato Elements gives you a huge library of business presentation templates to choose from. 

I've gathered five top-selling presentation templates from Envato Elements for PowerPoint, Keynote, and Google Slides. This should help you find the perfect one!

1.  Permanent Keynote Template

This eye-catching Keynote features 32 masters and two slide sizes. It'll allow you to choose the flexibility to choose a layout that'll work for you.

Find matching charts, diagrams, and tables in this template that'll make your presentation stand out. If you're looking for a versatile template that works well for a wide variety of presentations, then this is the template for you.

2.  Nextar - Multipurpose PowerPoint Template

This sleek, modern PowerPoint template is perfect for creative agencies, tech startups, and any finance-related presentation. All the elements are fully editable and can easily be customized. 

Here's what to expect in this presentation template:

• 30 unique slides
• 12 PPTX files
• 3 premade colors theme
• widescreen & standard
• easy to change colors 

3.  Expert PowerPoint Template

The Expert template will make you look like an expert. This presentation template offers a whopping 620 unique slides, 100 color themes, and 24 templates.

The design of the template is very versatile making this a go-to template for any of your presentation needs. Don't be afraid to use this template for more than one presentation!

4.  iEdu - Education Google Slides Template

The iEDU template gives you a contemporary and minimal design that'll engage your audience. All the content on the design is well structured and flows nicely. 

Here are a few of this template's main features:

• 30+ total slides
• free web fonts
• vector icons
• 100% fully editable
• aspect ratio 16:9

Don't miss out on this high-quality presentation template !

5.  Tech Corp - Modern Google Slides Template

This multipurpose presentation is ideal for many cases. These include internal meetings, investor pitch decks, weekly meetings, and much more. Every object in this Google Slides template is editable. So, customize the presentation to your specific needs. 

Here are a few notable features of this presentation

• 30 unique slides in HD r
• optimized and fully compatible PPTX 
• professional company profile slides
• business reports slides

Discover More Presentation Templates for 2024

The templates outlined in this article are some of the best available. But this is only a small selection of the presentation templates that you can find on Envato Elements.

With the unlimited subscription on Envato Elements, you get to use all kinds of presentation templates .

Didn't find the perfect template for your presentation in this article? We have lots of high-quality templates for presentations:

Learn More About Making Stunning Presentations

Online web presentation tools come with a variety of features that can help you in creating a professional presentation.

Learn more great tips and tricks when it comes to free online interactive presentation tools. Check out our articles below: 

Extra Resource: Free Presentation eBook Download ( PDF )

Download our new eBook on Making Great Presentations . It'll help you with the complete presentation process. Learn how to write your presentation, design it like a pro, and prepare it to present powerfully.

Get Started on Your Next Online Presentation

Don't let a limited budget keep you from creating the presentations you need. You're just learned about what to look for in an online presentation software tool.

We've also shared 15 free online presentation software packages. One of them is bound to be right for you. 

Choose from the professional templates we shared for these online presentation makers. You can use them to make your presentation look great and leave a good impression.

Good luck with your presentation!

Editorial Note: This tutorial was originally published in December of 2017. It's been comprehensively revised to include new information—with special assistance from Daniel Strongin .

• Preferences

Internet Applications - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Internet Applications

Introduction to three-tier architectures. the presentation layer ... any state information (shopping carts, user login-information) need to be ... – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• Chapter 7, Section 7.17.5
• Internet Concepts
• Web data formats
• HTML, XML, DTDs
• Introduction to three-tier architectures
• The presentation layer
• HTML forms HTTP Get and POST, URL encoding Javascript Stylesheets XSLT
• The middle tier
• CGI, application servers, Servlets, JavaServerPages, passing arguments, maintaining state (cookies)
• Uniform naming schema to identify resources on the Internet
• A resource can be anything
• picture.jpg
• Example URIs
• http//www.cs.wisc.edu/dbbook/index.htmlmailto webmaster_at_bookstore.com
• http//www.cs.wisc.edu/dbbook/index.html
• URI has three parts
• Naming schema (http)
• Name of the host computer (www.cs.wisc.edu)
• Name of the resource (dbbook/index.html)
• URLs are a subset of URIs
• What is a communication protocol?
• Set of standards that defines the structure of message exchange
• Examples TCP, IP, HTTP
• What happens if you click on www.cs.wisc.edu/dbbo ok/index.html?
• Client (web browser) sends HTTP request to server
• Server receives request and replies
• Client receives reply makes new requests
• Client to Server
• GET /index.html HTTP/1.1
• User-agent Mozilla/4.0
• Accept text/html, image/gif, image/jpeg
• Server replies
• HTTP/1.1 200 OK
• Date Mon, 04 Mar 2002 120000 GMT
• Server Apache/1.3.0 (Linux)
• Last-Modified Mon, 01 Mar 2002 092324 GMT
• Content-Length 1024
• Content-Type text/html
• ltHTMLgt ltHEADgtlt/HEADgt
• lth1gtBarns and Nobble Internet Bookstorelt/h1gt
• Our inventory
• lth3gtSciencelt/h3gt
• ltbgtThe Character of Physical Lawlt/bgt
• HTTP Requests
• Request line GET /index.html HTTP/1.1
• GET Http method field (possible values are GET and POST, more later)
• /index.html URI field
• HTTP/1.1 HTTP version field
• Type of client User-agent Mozilla/4.0
• What types of files will the client accept Accept text/html, image/gif, image/jpeg
• HTTP Responses
• Status line HTTP/1.1 200 OK
• HTTP version HTTP/1.1
• Status code 200
• Server message OK
• Common status code/server message combinations
• 200 OK Request succeeded
• 400 Bad Request Request could not be fulfilled by the server
• 404 Not Found Requested object does not exist on the server
• 505 HTTP Version not Supported
• Date when the object was created Last-Modified Mon, 01 Mar 2002 092324 GMT
• Number of bytes being sent Content-Length 1024
• What type is the object being sent Content-Type text/html
• Other information such as the server type, server time, etc.
• HTTP is stateless
• No sessions
• Every message is completely self-contained
• No previous interaction is remembered by the protocol
• Tradeoff between ease of implementation and ease of application development Other functionality has to be built on top
• Implications for applications
• Any state information (shopping carts, user login-information) need to be encoded in every HTTP request and response!
• Popular methods on how to maintain state
• Cookies (later this lecture)
• Dynamically generate unique URLs at the server level (later this lecture)
• The presentation language for the Internet
• A self-describing, hierarchal data model
• Standardizing schemas for Xml
• XSLT (not covered in the book)
• ltHEADgtlt/HEADgt
• ltLIgtAuthor Richard Feynmanlt/LIgt
• ltLIgtPublished 1980lt/LIgt
• ltLIgtHardcoverlt/LIgt
• lth3gtFictionlt/h3gt
• ltbgtWaiting for the Mahatmalt/bgt
• ltLIgtAuthor R.K. Narayanlt/LIgt
• ltLIgtPublished 1981lt/LIgt
• ltbgtThe English Teacherlt/bgt
• ltLIgtPaperbacklt/LIgt
• HTML is a markup language
• Commands are tags
• Start tag and end tag
• ltHTMLgt lt/HTMLgt
• ltULgt lt/ULgt
• Many editors automatically generate HTML directly from your document (e.g., Microsoft Word has an Save as html facility)
• ltULgt unordered list
• ltLIgt list entry
• lth1gt largest heading
• lth2gt second-level heading, lth3gt, lth4gt analogous
• ltBgtTitlelt/Bgt Bold
• lt?xml version"1.0" encoding"UTF-8" standalone"yes"?gt
• ltBOOKLISTgt
• ltBOOK genre"Science" format"Hardcover"gt
• ltFIRSTNAMEgtRichardlt/FIRSTNAMEgtltLASTNAM EgtFeynmanlt/LASTNAMEgt
• lt/AUTHORgt
• ltTITLEgtThe Character of Physical Lawlt/TITLEgt
• ltPUBLISHEDgt1980lt/PUBLISHEDgt
• ltBOOK genre"Fiction"gt
• ltFIRSTNAMEgtR.K.lt/FIRSTNAMEgtltLASTNAMEgtN arayanlt/LASTNAMEgt
• ltTITLEgtWaiting for the Mahatmalt/TITLEgt
• ltPUBLISHEDgt1981lt/PUBLISHEDgt
• A way of communicating information
• Notes or meta-data that describe your data or language
• Limitless ability to define new languages or data sets
• You can include your data and a description of what the data represents
• This is useful for defining your own language or protocol
• Example Chemical Markup Language
• ltmoleculegt
• ltweightgt234.5lt/weightgt
• ltSpectragtlt/Spectragt
• ltFiguresgtlt/Figuresgt
• lt/moleculegt
• XML design goals
• XML should be compatible with SGML
• It should be easy to write XML processors
• The design should be formal and precise
• XML Confluence of SGML and HTML
• Xml looks like HTML
• Xml is a hierarchy of user-defined tags called elements with attributes and data
• Data is described by elements, elements are described by attributes
• ltBOOK genre"Science" format"Hardcover"gtlt/BOOKgt
• Xml is case and space sensitive
• Element opening and closing tag names must be identical
• Opening tags lt element name gt
• Closing tags lt/ element name gt
• Empty Elements have no data and no closing tag
• They begin with a lt and end with a /gt
• Attributes provide additional information for element tags.
• There can be zero or more attributes in every element each one has the the form
• attribute_nameattribute_value
• There is no space between the name and the
• Attribute values must be surrounded by or characters
• Multiple attributes are separated by white space (one or more spaces or tabs).
• Xml data is any information between an opening and closing tag
• Xml data must not contain the lt or gt characters
• Commentslt!- comment -gt
• Xml tags can be nested in a tree hierarchy
• Xml documents can have only one root tag
• Between an opening and closing tag you can insert
• 2. More Elements
• 3. A combination of data and elements
• lttag2gtMore Textlt/tag2gt
• A DTD is a schema for Xml data
• Xml protocols and languages can be standardized with DTD files
• A DTD says what elements and attributes are required or optional
• Defines the formal structure of the language
• lt?xml version'1.0'?gt
• lt!ELEMENT Basket (Cherry, (Apple Orange)) gt
• lt!ELEMENT Cherry EMPTYgt
• lt!ATTLIST Cherry flavor CDATA REQUIREDgt
• lt!ELEMENT Apple EMPTYgt
• lt!ATTLIST Apple color CDATA REQUIREDgt
• lt!ELEMENT Orange EMPTYgt
• lt!ATTLIST Orange location Floridagt
• -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------
• !ELEMENT declares an element name, and what children elements it should have
• Content types
• Other elements
• PCDATA (parsed character data)
• EMPTY (no content)
• ANY (no checking inside this structure)
• A regular expression
• A regular expression has the following structure
• exp1, exp2, exp3, , expk A list of regular expressions
• exp An optional expression with zero or more occurrences
• exp An optional expression with one or more occurrences
• exp1 exp2 expk A disjunction of expressions
• lt!ATTLIST Orange location CDATA REQUIRED
• color orangegt
• !ATTLIST defines a list of attributes for an element
• Attributes can be of different types, can be required or not required, and they can have default values.
• lt!ELEMENT Basket (Cherry)gt
• More and more standardized DTDs will be developed
• Chemical Markup Language
• Allows light-weight exchange of data with the same semantics
• Sophisticated query languages for XML are available
• HTML forms HTTP Get and POST, URL encoding Javascript Stylesheets. XSLT
• Three separate types of functionality
• Data management
• Application logic
• Presentation
• The system architecture determines whether these three components reside on a single system (tier) or are distributed across several tiers
• All functionality combined into a single tier, usually on a mainframe
• User access through dumb terminals
• Easy maintenance and administration
• Disadvantages
• Today, users expect graphical user interfaces.
• Centralized computation of all of them is too much for a central system
• Work division Thin client
• Client implements only the graphical user interface
• Server implements business logic and data management
• Work division Thick client
• Client implements both the graphical user interface and the business logic
• Server implements data management
• Disadvantages of thick clients
• No central place to update the business logic
• Security issues Server needs to trust clients
• Access control and authentication needs to be managed at the server
• Clients need to leave server database in consistent state
• One possibility Encapsulate all database access into stored procedures
• Does not scale to more than several 100s of clients
• Large data transfer between server and client
• More than one server creates a problem x clients, y servers xy connections
• Presentation tier
• Primary interface to the user
• Needs to adapt to different display devices (PC, PDA, cell phone, voice access?)
• Middle tier
• Implements business logic (implements complex actions, maintains state between different steps of a workflow)
• Accesses different data management systems
• Data management tier
• One or more standard database management systems
• Build a system for making airline reservations
• What is done in the different tiers?
• Database System
• Airline info, available seats, customer info, etc.
• Application Server
• Logic to make reservations, cancel reservations, add new airlines, etc.
• Client Program
• Log in different users, display forms and human-readable output
• Build a system using which students can enroll in courses
• Student info, course info, instructor info, course availability, pre-requisites, etc.
• Logic to add a course, drop a course, create a new course, etc.
• Log in different users (students, staff, faculty), display forms and human-readable output
• Heterogeneous systems
• Tiers can be independently maintained, modified, and replaced
• Thin clients
• Only presentation layer at clients (web browsers)
• Integrated data access
• Several database systems can be handled transparently at the middle tier
• Central management of connections
• Scalability
• Replication at middle tier permits scalability of business logic
• Software development
• Code for business logic is centralized
• Interaction between tiers through well-defined APIs Can reuse standard components at each tier

PowerShow.com is a leading presentation sharing website. It has millions of presentations already uploaded and available with 1,000s more being uploaded by its users every day. Whatever your area of interest, here you’ll be able to find and view presentations you’ll love and possibly download. And, best of all, it is completely free and easy to use.

You might even have a presentation you’d like to share with others. If so, just upload it to PowerShow.com. We’ll convert it to an HTML5 slideshow that includes all the media types you’ve already added: audio, video, music, pictures, animations and transition effects. Then you can share it with your target audience as well as PowerShow.com’s millions of monthly visitors. And, again, it’s all free.

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15 Best Presentation Software for 2024 (Full Comparison Guide)

Written by: Orana Velarde

In this comparison guide, we’ll analyze each of these tools and many more to understand what the difference is between them so you can  choose the best presentation maker for your business.

So, if you want to stand out from run-of-the-mill PowerPoint presentations and have a reliable presentation software that will help you collaborate with team members and design stunning slide decks in a fraction of the time, you’ll need this guide. 

Let’s get started.

Table of Contents

• Google Slides
• Microsoft PowerPoint
• Beautiful.ai
• Microsoft Sway

What are Presentation Tools

Presentation tools are software applications that enable users to visually present ideas or share knowledge. These presentations are delivered in a slide-show format using a combination of text, images and other graphic elements.

Presentation software is frequently used to pitch an idea to investors , present proposals to clients , introduce new products or services to customers, train staff on new policies or ideas , or teach your students new or complex concepts.

Best Presentation Software: A Visual Comparison

When choosing the right presentation programs for your projects, there are some things to consider:

• Does the price point fit your budget?
• Is it easy to use?
• Who is the program geared at: businesses, educators, bloggers or social media managers?
• Does it have lots of templates to choose from? Are they good quality and helpful?
• Is the built-in graphic asset library extensive and varied?
• Can you embed content, add videos or GIFs?
• Can you add audio to your presentations?
• Can elements be animated?
• Is it desktop or cloud-based ?
• Can you use it to create presentations on any of your devices?
• Can finished presentations be viewed offline?
• Can you have team accounts or business accounts for easy collaboration inside your company?
• Does it include a Brand Kit? Is it easy to use?
• Can the finished presentation be shared online straight from the presentation software?
• Can your presentations be uploaded to the cloud privately with password protection?
• Does the presentation software include analytics to see how your projects perform on social media?
• Can you use the finished presentation as a lead generator straight from the software?

We'll take a look at all these aspects in the following list of best presentation software so you can make your own well-informed decision.

Last updated on May 30, 2024.

Visme is a powerful presentation software and all-in-one content authoring tool. It has a user-friendly interface and an extensive set of tools that make it easy for both beginners and experienced professionals to design and deliver impactful presentations.

Presentations made with Visme go beyond the standard slide deck to incorporate interactive elements and easy, full-featured offline sharing.

Making professional presentation slides with Visme is easy and straightforward. Create slides from scratch using content blocks and the extensive slide libraries categorized by style. Browse the presentation template library to find pre-designed slide decks which you can easily customize to fit your needs.

That's not all that Visme can do, though.

You can also use Visme to create other visual content, such as digital documents, animated infographics, interactive reports and whiteboards. There are tons of customizable templates that come built-in with the app.

You can also use Visme to create other visual content, such as infographics, reports and interactive charts. There are tons of customizable templates that come built-in with the software.

Visme can be used for free to test it out for as long as you want. With a free account, you can create up to three projects.

To access all of Visme's capabilities, you can upgrade to one of the paid plans .

• Starter: $12.25/month paid annually
• Pro: $24.75/month paid annually
• Visme for Teams: Custom – learn more here

If you're a nonprofit organization, you may qualify for a discount. Visme also offers separate Education plans for students and teachers.

Ease of Use

Visme is incredibly easy to use. Switching from slide to slide is a breeze, and you can even save a slide to your content block or slide library to reuse later.

The editor comes with a handy sidebar that lets you browse media, graphics and data tools and drag and drop relevant elements onto your slides. You can also use the /shortcut feature to open a search bar and quickly find what you need.

The dynamic fields feature ensures you don’t miss out on any critical information. With single click, you can easily update content throughout your presentation.

Who Is It For

Visme is perfect for small and large businesses, enterprises, marketing teams, project managers, educators, content creators and so much more. The resources and tools available in Visme reach far beyond the ability to create presentations.

• Social media teams can create content for their company’s social channels.
• Sales agents can create branded and personalized proposals in minutes.
• Professionals can build visual CVs to find the next ideal job.
• Project managers can conduct team meetings with a collaborative whiteboard.

Template Options

The template options in Visme are extensive and varied in style. From minimalistic to photographic, there are many presentation styles to pick from.

Presentation Templates

Ecommerce Webinar Presentation

Buyer Presentation

PixelGo Marketing Plan Presentation

Product Training Interactive Presentation

Company Ethics Presentation

Work+Biz Pitch Deck - Presentation

Create your presentation View more templates

You can choose from dozens of fully designed presentations tailor-made for specific industries and topics or mix and match hundreds of slide layouts by choosing a presentation theme.

You can also start with a blank canvas, add new blank slides to existing presentation templates, and save custom slides to use later as your own templates.

Graphic Assets Library

When selecting the best tools for presentations, the visual capabilities and creative design elements should be a top consideration. Visme’s graphic library includes thousands of free icons, illustrations, stock photos, videos , 3D graphics , audio clips, charts and graphs to include in your presentations.

The best part is that every graphic asset that comes built-in with the Visme editor is fully customizable. Resize, rotate or change colors to fit your brand, content and theme.

AI-Powered Tools

Visme comes with a wide variety of useful AI-powered tools, making it one of the best presentation software.

Let's start with the AI presentation maker . This advanced tool is engineered to make your presentation creation process as quick and efficient as possible.

To create a presentation using this tool, you only need to provide a text prompt outlining your requirements. The tool will then generate the slides, complete with text, images, illustrations and any other content you specify.

After that, you can use Visme's presentation tools to personalize the AI-generated slides and add the final touches.

Next up is the AI writer . This user-friendly tool is your key to overcoming writer's block and crafting engaging copy for your presentation. It can help you create layouts, edit and proofread text, summarize the content and much more. Explain to the AI writer what you want to generate, and it will take care of the rest.

Visme offers several AI image editing tools , including erase and replace, background remover, unblur, and upscaler. These tools can be used to edit the image content or enhance its quality. For example, you can use the Image Upscaler to resize your image without sacrificing quality, ensuring your visuals always look high-quality.

And as always, you just need to provide the right text prompts. Feel free to tweak the prompts as many times as you want until you achieve the perfect outcome.

Videos and GIFs

It's easy to insert or embed videos and GIFs inside a Visme presentation. This is another that makes Visme a powerful video presentation software .

To insert a video, upload a video from your computer or cloud storage and place it on a slide of your choosing. Once you’ve uploaded it, it’ll be in your Media library for future use.

If you don’t have videos of your own, Visme has hundreds of stock videos to choose from in lots of categories. Browse them by clicking the / shortcut on your keyboard and opening the videos tab.

Edit your videos with the integrated timeline feature. Trim video clips and customize playback settings. Resize the video on your slide easily by dragging the corner. Or you can resize any video into another shape for more flexibility.

GIFs are available through the Giphy integration, which you’ll find in the Media tab. These are a great choice when you want to make a meme-based presentation.

Take note that all presentations that have videos or GIFs in the slides must be shared as a live link or downloaded as HTML5 or MP4. If you download it as a PDF or PPTX, all the interactive elements won’t play back.

Adding audio to a presentation is easy on Visme. Either along with a video or as the audio on its own. You can also record a voice over.

Another great option is accessing our Presenter Studio to record a video of yourself presenting your content. You can turn on your camera or record audio only before sending a link to your audience. This is a great way to present asynchronously or save your presentation for people to view again and again.

Embed Third-Party Content

There is more content that can be embedded into Visme presentations, like polls, quizzes , forms , online videos and any content that can be turned into code to insert in an iframe.

You can also take advantage of several integrations to embed even more engaging and interactive content into your slides.

Some of our integrations include SurveyMonkey, Hubspot, Giphy, and many more.

Animations and Transitions

With Visme, you can animate your content and create interactive experiences such as:

• Hover effects or clickable pop-ups, link your slides or content blocks to objects
• Pre-animated assets like characters, illustrations and gestures
• Custom animation and motion effects

Features inside Visme presentations can be animated, and we also have a number of seamless slide transitions that make your content pop, like "Enter from Side" or "Staggered Fade."

If you want to make your content even more dynamic, you can access our Custom Animation feature. This is perfect for creating video presentations or making your elements look like they're floating on your slide.

Visme also comes with a 3D Character Creator that helps you elevate your storytelling and connect with your audience. You can create and customize 3D animated characters to embody your brand or message.

Tweak everything, from gender and hairstyles to outfits and skin tone, until you achieve the perfect look. You also have the ability to choose their entry, waiting and exit poses.

Desktop or Cloud

Visme is an online cloud-based app that can be easily used on your computer. We also provide a desktop app that you can download and use outside of your regular browser for seamless content creation.

And if you need to create content on the go, you can easily edit existing projects right from your mobile device or tablet using the Visme iOS app .

Data Widgets

Visme offers a wide selection of data widgets that allow you to creatively visualize statistics and figures in the form of gauges, clocks, pictographs and icon arrays.

Data visualization in Visme goes beyond widgets. Add tables, graphs, and charts to your presentation slides and connect them to a live data source . Create a data stream from Google Sheets or Google Analytics into customized data visualizations.

Offline Viewing

Finished presentations can be viewed offline in four different formats.

The best option is to download it as an HTML5 file. That way it will maintain all the animations when opened on Google Chrome, even without internet. Downloading as an HTML 5 file is a premium feature. Presentations can also be downloaded as a collection of JPG or PNG images, as a PDF or as an editable PowerPoint file.

Create a stunning presentation in less time

• Hundreds of premade slides available
• Add animation and interactivity to your slides
• Choose from various presentation options

Sign up. It’s free.

Collaboration Possibilities

Visme has a premium teams plan that lets all team members customize and complete projects together. Leave comments with edits and feedback, edit projects simultaneously and easily share with other people on your team to move the project along.

Plus, Visme's workflow management features give the project admin complete control over your team's collaboration process. You can assign tasks, manage roles, set deadlines and more, all from a centralized platform. These features are useful for streamlining communication and reducing the time between briefing and final presentation design.

Branding Capabilities

Visme's brand design tool makes it easy to keep all of your content on-brand regardless of who's creating it. It works in three easy steps:

1. Upload all of your branding assets (colors, fonts, logo) to Visme with the Brand Wizard . Input your website URL and watch as our Brand Wizard automatically pulls in all of your branding.

2. Access a bundle of 30+ automatically branded templates that have your logo, fonts and colors already ready to go.

3. Easily access thousands of other templates and input your brand fonts and colors with just a click in Visme's editor.

Then boom! All of your content will always have the same branding, helping increase brand strength and recognition.

Share to Social Media

Once a presentation is finished, it can be shared to social media seamlessly right from the editor. It can also be downloaded.

Privacy and Password Protection

Presentations on Visme can be published privately with password protection so that only the people you want can access it. It is advisable to only use strong passwords for this purpose. There are a few free password managers that could help you do that and keep your account secure .

Visme’s analytics is what makes it stand out as the best tool for presentation. When a presentation is shared via a live link, it can be analyzed for views and sharing.

Access in-depth analytics that show you how much of your presentation is typically viewed, for how long and which slides seem to be the most popular.

Lead Generation

You can add a signup form to your presentations to collect leads that could potentially become clients. Simply head over to our  Advanced Settings tab before sharing your project and turn on  Requires Registration to collect emails from each person who views your content.

The best part of using Visme is that you get access to an interactive online form builder that's proven to generate 2X more conversions than traditional forms. You can choose your preferred form type and customize every aspect, including character appearance, color, background and animations to match your design and branding requirements.

Prezi offers a great alternative to the traditional presentation format that goes slide by slide. The creative idea behind Prezi is you can create an animated, non-sequential flow with topics and subtopics that are hidden until you zoom in.

While Prezi's interface can be slightly complicated to use, it's a good option for people who need to add a creative touch to their presentations.

Prezi is free for basic capabilities and limited templates.

For the paid plans, there are three tiers.

• Standard: $5/month
• Plus: $12/month
• Premium: $16/month
• Teams: Upon Request

There are separate plans available for students and teachers.

Prezi has a slight learning curve, but once you create a couple of presentations, you get the hang of it. However, it doesn't offer too much customizability inside the templates.

Businesses and educators who are in need of a different style of presentation. Prezi offers a “conversational style” of zooming and moving around between information. So, who Prezi is for really depends on who needs this sort of presentation style.

There are plenty of templates to choose from, and you can also start from scratch. The templates are different in color and style, but the idea of zooming into topics and subtopics is the same.

AI Presentation Assistant

Prezi has an AI assistant that automatically generates presentations for users.

The assets library has some icons and shapes available, the usual ones like arrows and buttons. Premium plans get access to over 80,000 icons and 500,000 images.

Videos can be uploaded or embedded from YouTube. Embedded videos are not viewable in offline mode. GIFs aren’t supported.

Voice over can be added in premium plans.

No other content can be embedded into Prezi presentations.

Prezi is all about animations between topics and subtopics. The presentations themselves are viewed as animations.

Prezi is a cloud app but can be accessed to view offline with premium plans.

Available to Create on Multiple Devices

Prezi presentations can only be created on a computer but can be viewed on all devices.

Prezi for teams is available upon demand and has a Slack integration.

Brand Kits are only available with Prezi's team plans, but each presentation can be customized to fit your brand with color customizations and some available fonts.

Prezi presentations can be shared to social media via a special share button at the top-right of the Prezi page. They can be shared to LinkedIn, Facebook and Twitter.

Prezi presentations can only be downloaded from the Prezi app. There are two options, as an EXE file for PC and a ZIP file for Mac. Presentations can then be viewed without internet connection or the need to connect to the Prezi app.

Presentations are public unless you have a paid account.

Analytics are available with premium accounts but it only applies to Prezi presentations you share via a link to someone.

There are no lead generation capabilities with Prezi.

3 Google Slides

Google Slides is the presentation software available via your Google account. Just like you can create documents and spreadsheets with Google Docs and Sheets, you can create presentations with Google Slides.

The setup is very similar to PowerPoint and is free to use for anyone with a google account. There is a business version called G Suite, which includes the same things with more storage and management capabilities.

Google Slides is free to use for anyone with a Google account. All features are available to everyone.

There are plans for business accounts so that teams can be created and information can be managed in a more organized way. Plans start at $6/user/month and go up to $18/user/month.

Compared to other examples of presentation software, Google Slides is very easy to use. The controls are very similar to Google Docs and Sheets.

Business professionals, educators and students who need fast and easy access to a presentation software that can get things done.

There is a general collection of templates, but there are not very many. Presentations can also be started from scratch.

The graphic assets are average and simple. The shapes are classic and generic. Photographs can be uploaded from your desktop, your Google Drive, a URL or searched online.

Videos can uploaded with a YouTube link or from Google Drive. GIFs can be added just like images.

Audio and Embed Third-Party Content

Anything from your Google Drive can be added in. Also there are some available “add-ons” that can be integrated for icons, stock photography and audio.

Elements inside each slide can be animated and so can the transition between the slides.

Google Slides is a cloud-based program.

Google Slides can be used fully on any device with their respective apps for Android and iPhone. Presentations can be edited and viewed on all devices.

Collaborating with other people is easy with Google Slides

There is no brand kit feature.

Presentations can be shared via email or link.

Google Slides can be viewed offline with a Chrome Extension and the use of Backup and Sync.

Presentations can be shared privately, but there are no password capabilities, only invitations.

Analytics and Lead Generation

These features are not available.

Read this article about Google Slides vs Visme to get a detailed overview of each tool and find the perfect presentation software for your needs.

Keynote is the native Apple presentation software — one of the original PowerPoint Alternatives. Anyone with an Apple ID can use the Keynote editor. It is the most similar to PowerPoint and also Google Slides.

Keynote is free for downloading and also accessing via the cloud with an apple ID.

If you know how to use PowerPoint or Google Slides, Keynote is a breeze. This feature makes it stand out as one of the best tools for presentation.

Keynote is good for businesses, educators and anyone who needs a practical presentation software.

The templates are limited but come in standard or wide sizes. Templates can also be found outside of Keynote and uploaded into the program.

There are plenty of classic symbols and icons available which are also customizable in terms of color and gradient. Images can only be added from your computer.

Videos are not embeddable in Keynote slides but that is sorted with a plug-in like LiveSlides. GIFs can be added as .gif images.

You can upload existing audio files in Keynote to play on specific slides. There's also an option to record your own voiceover to create a narrated presentation.

Including these is not available

Slides and objects can be animated in a number of ways, including path creation, scaling, bounce or jiggle effects, and more.

Keynote is available on both desktop and cloud.

You can create keynote presentations on any apple device and PC.

Keynote presentations can be downloaded as .pdf or as .pptx to view offline.

Keynote presentations can be collaborated on via a link or email with permission settings set to “can make changes”.

Brand Kit, Share to Social Media, Analytics and Lead Generation

None of these are available on Keynote.

Presentations are private until shared and there is no password protection capabilities.

5 Microsoft PowerPoint

This list wouldn't have been complete without the most popular presentation software in the world. Even though there are tons of more advanced presentation tools out there now, PowerPoint is still a favorite of many because of its familiarity, ease of use and availability.

The desktop-based PowerPoint program is part of Microsoft 365, which has different plans for businesses that start from $6/month and go up to $22/month. You can also buy an unbundled digital PowerPoint account for $159.99

PowerPoint Online is free on any device, including mobile.

Most, if not every, computer user knows how to work a PowerPoint. The traditional sidebar interface is easy to use simply because it's familiar. But for people who are using PowerPoint for the first time, there might be a slight learning curve.

Businesses, individuals, students, teachers and anyone who uses a Windows PC or device. PowerPoint is also a good fit for people who want to create simple, conventional presentations, and aren't looking for fancy new features or capabilities.

There are dozens of themes that come built-in with PowerPoint, and there are all customizable so you can play around with the styles.

You can browse stock images, icons, stickers and more by searching for relevant keywords in PowerPoint's graphic library.

Videos and GIFs can be uploaded from your computer. You can also embed videos from YouTube and other online sources. However, this feature is only available to Windows users.

You can upload audio files from your computer. You can also record audio directly inside PowerPoint and edit the settings for playback.

You can embed files created in other Microsoft Office applications, such as charts created in Excel, or any other programs that support Object Linking and Embedding (OLE.)

There are tons of animation and transition options available in PowerPoint, which can actually get confusing at times. However, if you know your way around these options, it gets easier to create a professional-looking slideshow.

There are both desktop and cloud versions of PowerPoint available.

You can download the PowerPoint mobile apps on both Android and iOS devices.

It's possible to share your presentation with specific people.

Brand kits are not available, but you can save custom themes.

Presentations cannot be shared to social media.

You can download your PowerPoint presentations in various formats, including PPTX and PDF. This makes it easy to access them on any device offline.

You can mark your presentations as read-only to prevent users from editing the file.

This feature is not available in PowerPoint.

Ludus is one of the best-looking presentation tools available online. The main attractions with Ludus are the clean black screen to edit on and the number of integrations that give importing capabilities for all sorts of content. From photography to .svg to code builds.

Ludus starts at $14.99/month for teams of 1-15 people. Teams that need more licenses are encouraged to contact for more pricing information. Ludus does offer a 30-day free trial.

Ludus is quite easy to use and includes lots of keyboard shortcuts. It is easy to learn how to use and pretty straightforward. It seems to be easier for designers than for non-designers to use.

This presentation software is geared more towards designers or business owners who have some design knowledge to totally be able to use the broad capabilities.

There are no templates to choose from. You have to start from scratch or use smart blocks that you can create to use over and over easily. Smart blocks are kept in their own library.

Ludus has minimal in-house graphic assets like simple shapes, but the integrations are epic. You can import .svg icons and edit them inside Ludus quite easily. Photos can also be imported via Unsplash, Instagram, Facebook or uploaded.

Videos and GIFs are easily imported via the integrations like YouTube, Vimeo, Giphy and more.

Audio can be embedded as an audio file from SoundCloud, Dropbox and other integrations.

You can pretty much embed anything into Ludus. The integrations are impressive and there are also iframe and HTML options.

Internal elements can’t be animated but there are so many integrations that animations can be done in different ways.

Ludus is a cloud-based app. No need to download anything.

Presentations can only be edited on computers. Finished presentations can be viewed on all handheld devices that have access to the internet via a URL link.

Collaborations are possible with the team plans. This includes live collaboration, workspaces and more.

With collaborations, smart blocks and the Brandfetch integration, a brand kit can be organized quite easily. But it’s not an internal feature.

Finished presentations can be easily shared to social media straight from Ludus.

Ludus presentations can be downloaded as .pdf or .html to be viewed offline.

Pro Plans have password protection.

There are no analytics or lead generation capabilities available in Ludus.

Slides is the only presentation software that promotes itself as being “pixel perfect” as the editor includes a built-in grid to help with composition. Slides has a lower cost at the highest price tag which is good for smaller businesses.

Slides is free to use, but finished presentations will be public and available. 

The paid plans start at $5/month, and the Pro plan sits at $10/month and go up to $20/month for features like unlimited collaborators, privacy, shared media library and Google Analytics.

Slides is very easy to use, the editing board is minimal but all tools are at easy reach. No need to get confused with Slides. There are no templates so presentations are built from scratch.

Small business owners or startups. Individuals that know what they want and don’t need templates to help them along. Also for developers because it has HTML and CSS building capabilities.

Slides has a very limited template library with just a handful of different options to choose from.

The available shapes and icons are common and minimal. Photos have to be uploaded or imported from a URL.

Videos and GIFs are easy to add. Videos can be uploaded or linked and GIFs can be uploaded as .gif or .mp4 as video.

Including audio is not possible with Slides.

Anything with code can be added in an iframe.

All elements and features can be animated to fade in, fade out etc. Length of duration can be customized.

Slides is a cloud-based presentation software that can only be used online.

Slides can be used on the computer and handheld devices. To edit and to view.

Paid plans have very capable collaboration possibilities. Users can leave comments with feedback for the creator to review and make edits.

There is no set section for a brand kit but branded decks can be created and then cloned to use as a template.

Yes, quite easily.

You can also share presentations via URL, email or embeddable code.

A Slides presentations can be downloaded as a ZIP file with an .html file inside that can be viewed offline on any browser.

Privacy and Analytics

Possible with paid plans.

This is not possible on Slides.

8 Slidebean

Slidebean is an easy-to-use presentation software with interesting templates and customizable content blocks.

The highlight of this presentation software is that it uses artificial intelligence (AI) to help you put together the best possible slide layouts and configurations. They also have a team of experts that can both write and design your pitch deck for you if you don't want to take the DIY route.

The free plan has limited capabilities but it's enough to see how Slidebean works. To export your presentation, you'll need to upgrade.

There are three price levels from $8/month to $19/month to $149/month. The last one is the Founder's Edition plan, which includes help from the experts on your presentations.

If you choose to get their help on your presentation design, it starts at $29 per slide or $1,999 for the full project.

Slidebean is quite easy to use. You can choose between templates or start from scratch. Adding content is simple and to the point from a popup.

Editing can be done in outline or design mode. The editing is limited to how the content blocks are set up, but there are lots of choices. There's no free size changing or moving around.

Startups, small businesses and entrepreneurs.

There are plenty of template options. They are organized in sections and niche. The template collection has presentations by known brands like Snapchat and Buzzfeed.

There are plenty of icons and images to choose from. However, there are no shapes, but icons can be used as shapes.

GIFs can be added via the Giphy integration in a content block. Video can be added in the paid plans.

There are no audio capabilities.

The code snippet content block has lots of options so a lot of different kinds of third-party content can be added in.

Content blocks and their elements can be animated with a couple features.

Slidebean is an online program on the cloud.

It can be used to edit or view on any device.

Collaboration is possible in the paid plans.

This feature is available in the paid plans.

Sharing to Social Media

Slidebean presentations can be exported to download as both .pdf and .html files to view offline.

This feature is not available.

Analytics are available in the paid plans.

9 Zoho Show

Zoho Show is a presentation software that mimics Microsoft PowerPoint in the way it is set up, with a menu up top for all the actions. However, Zoho's version is much nicer and polished.

Zoho is a complete CRM for businesses and the company offers different types of apps for teams and office use — Zoho Show is only one of their programs.

Zoho show is completely free and without ads.

Zoho Show is pretty easy to use. The content blocks can be chosen as themes but they can also be moved around freely and resized. The presentation can be viewed in three ways, with a handy grid view to see all slides next to each other.

Businesses, entrepreneurs, educators and students. Anyone who needs to make a presentation.

There aren’t exactly templates, but there are themes. These do not come with images or lorem ipsum but are more like visual canvases that can be customized in terms of color, layout and more.

The shapes are pretty good, there are quite a bit to choose from. An added bonus is the possibility to draw shapes or scribble anything yourself with the trackpad.

Videos can be added via the YouTube integration and GIFs can be added as an image.

Audio can be added via Soundcloud with an embed code.

There are a number of sites that are supported via Embed codes but not that many. Zoho Show says that you can ask your needs to be added in the permitted list.

All elements and transitions can be animated.

Zoho Show is a cloud bases program and can be broadcast from anywhere and on any device. The live broadcast includes a chat window and the audience can download the presentation if they want to.

You can only create presentations on a computer.

Teams can easily use Zoho Show, even in the free version.

Custom branding is only available in the highest paid plan.

Sharing to social media is not possible unless downloaded as a PDF file and then uploaded to something like SlideShare.

Presentations can be downloaded as .pptx or .pdf files for offline viewing.

Yes, this is possible on all plans.

Analytics are possible on the paid plans.

10 Beautiful.ai

Beautiful.ai is a presentation software that helps you create great-looking slides with the help of Artificial Intelligence. This means that your presentation will look professional every single time, regardless of who designs it.

Beautiful.ai currently offers a Pro plan at $12/month and a Team plan at $40/month, both billed annually. They offer a 14-day free trial to test out their tool.

This is probably the best thing about Beautiful.ai — it's incredibly simple to use. All you need to do is add smart slides, plug in your content, and choose from different preset layouts.

Of course, that also means that you have limited customization options. But if you're looking for a simple solution and you don't trust your design skills, this may be a good option for you.

Beautiful.ai is a great tool for absolute beginners and non-designers who are looking for a no-nonsense presentation software.

For example, startups and entrepreneurs can use this software to create a nice-looking pitch deck or proposal quickly without any design help.

There are a handful of slide themes available, but they're mostly basic in terms of design. You can play around with the layouts inside each theme to put together a unique presentation.

The graphic assets library comes with a bunch of free stock photos and icons to choose from, but the options are pretty limited.

Videos and GIFs can be uploaded from your computer. You can also import videos from YouTube and Vimeo to embed in your slides.

Audio can be uploaded from your computer.

It's not possible to embed third-party content into Beautiful.ai presentations. However, you can add interactive links to your slides.

Each slide comes with a preset animation style that you're unable to customize. However, you can change the speed, timing and triggers for the animations. 

Beautiful.ai is a cloud-based application.

The software only works on your desktop computer.

You can invite people to collaborate on your presentation by either giving them "view" or "edit" access. Collaborators must have a Beautiful.ai account to view or edit the presentation.

While there's no brand kit feature available, you can customize a theme (colors and fonts) and save it to your library to use in future presentations.

There are several options to share your presentations. Send an email invite, share a public or private link, generate an embed code or share directly to social media.

You can export your presentations to PDF or PowerPoint to view offline.

There is no password protection, but you can use the Secure Viewing option to only share your presentation with other Beautiful.ai users via an email invite.

This feature is only available in the paid plans. You can access a number of viewing and usage statistics for your presentations.

This feature is not available in Beautiful.ai.

11 Genially

The main idea behind the Genially presentation software is interactivity.

This program is good not only for presentations and video presentations but also for other visual graphics. It’s great for adding a modern, interactive feel to your presentations.

There is a free plan in Genially, which gives you unlimited creations but limited resources. The paid plans are as follow, paid yearly:

• Pro: $7.49 / month
• Master: $20.82 / month
• Team: $79.15 / month

Genially is easy to use if you are accustomed to programs with lots of choices. There is a lot that can be done with the features in Genially.

Any change can be applied to all slides with a single click of the button in the menu. When editing, there is a "design view" and a "layers view."

Professionals and educators of any field who can benefit from interactive presentations.

There are plenty of template options. Some are free and some are only available via the premium plans. Presentation templates are also available as "video presentations."

The graphic assets in Genially are quite varied; there is plenty to choose from. Images can be uploaded or found on the Pixabay integration.

Videos can be added via a YouTube link and GIFs can be imported with the Giphy integration.

Audio can be uploaded from your computer, added via SoundCloud and a couple of other integrations, or recorded directly in Genially.

Third-party content can be added to your presentations with Genially integrations. For example, you can add an interactive map via Google Maps.

All elements can be animated, as can the transitions between slides. Animation effects are quite extensive. There is a similar tab called “interactivity,” which are pop-ups and hyperlinks supplied with lots of button choices.

Genially is a cloud-based presentation program.

This program is only available to edit on computers but can be viewed on any device.

It seems that a professional plan allows 5 team members, but the pricing plan shows that all plans have collaborative capabilities. Collaborators can be added in the dashboard where  all creations are stored.

Brand kits are available in the premium plans. It is an internal feature with easy access.

Finished presentations can be shared to social media.

Finished presentations can be downloaded as a set of .jpg images, as a .pdf or as an .html5 file which will keep all animations.

Premium plans have these features.

This is not available in Genially.

Canva is not only a presentation software but also a full editing program for all visual needs. Presentation creation is only one of the possibilities with Canva. It has become a favorite with bloggers and home-based businesses.

The free version of Canva is pretty extensive. The only restrictions are the use of premium resources that can be either bought separately or through the Canva Pro plan. Canva Pro is charged at $12.99/month or $119.99/year.

Canva Teams is $14.99/month + $14.99/month for every team member after the 5th.

Canva is easy to use as all elements are easy to find and are mostly customizable. Presentations are viewed scrolling; there is no master view and you can’t change something on all slides at once.

Bloggers, small home-based businesses and startups

There are lots of customizable template options, and each slide inside the templates can be used individually.

There are plenty of options in the graphic assets library, including shapes, icons, photos, frames and stickers. Some are free, while others are paid.

Videos and GIFs can be uploaded to Canva.

You can add music to your presentations using the available options inside Canva.

Canva offers dozens of integrations and media embed options, including YouTube, Google Maps, Vimeo, Pinterest, Tumblr, Twitter and more.

There are several animation options that apply to entire slides inside Canva. You can also add animated stickers to your slides.

Canva is a cloud-based app. Presentations can be seen on any device.

Canva is available as an iPhone app and an android app for editing capabilities.

Presentations can be shared for editing with team members.

Canva Pro has a brand kit feature.

Presentations can be shared on Twitter and Facebook.

Presentations can be downloaded as a group of .png or .jpg images or as a .pdf. You can also download it as an MP4 video for offline viewing.

All designs on Canva are private unless they are made public or shared via a link. There is no password-protected sharing though.

These features are not available in Canva.

While Canva offers a wide range of features for various visual design needs, you can explore better alternatives to find solutions that may better fit your requirements. If you want to explore other options, read our article about 12 excellent Canva alternatives .

13  FlowVella

FlowVella is a downloadable presentation software that can be used offline. The main attraction of FlowVella is the Kiosk Mode, in which you can create interactive presentations like the ones used in museums or information counters at malls or hotels.

FlowVella is free to try out. You can use it free forever but the options are limited and the finished presentations has a watermark. P aid plans are as follows:

• Premium : $10/month or $60/year
• Pro : $20/month or $200/year
• Enterprise : Upon request

FlowVella is pretty easy to use, and the controls are straightforward and uncomplicated.

This presentation software is for professionals and educators that need to be able to create presentations offline. Also for those who can take advantage of the Kiosk Mode.

The template options are quite varied and well designed.

The graphic assets library is very limited. Photographs and images need to be uploaded from your computer.

Videos can be uploaded or found via YouTube, iCloud and Dropbox integrations when online. GIFs can be added as images.

Audio can be uploaded from your computer, or added via iCloud or Dropbox.

You can add PDF files.

Only the transitions are animated minimally.

This is a desktop-based application. It must be downloaded.

There are iPad and device apps available for editing on those devices as well.

Paid premium plans can work with teams.

Brand kits are not available.

Presentations can be shared on Facebook and Twitter.

Since this is a desktop application, offline viewing is not a complication.

These features are available in the paid plans. Analytics can be viewed once the presentation has been published online.

This feature is not available on FlowVella.

14  Haiku Deck

Haiku Deck is a presentation software that is straightforward with a simple interface that makes quick and practical presentations. Presentations can be created on the computer and on mobile devices.

Haiku Deck can be tried for free with one available presentation. The Public plan is USD 7.99 a month, Pro plans are USD 9.99 a month billed annually and USD 19.99 billed monthly, and Premium plans are USD 29.99 a month.

Haiku Deck is quite easy to use and menus are easy to follow. There are word size limiters and specific text placement choices for each slide. Charts are simple to create and can be customized. The editor can be connected via cloud to all devices. The new addition, Zuru, is an Artificial Intelligence system that creates creative presentations from simple PowerPoint files or outlines.

The Haiku Deck presentation software is geared mostly toward educators and classrooms. Businesses and bloggers can also use it for practical purposes.

Templates on Haiku Deck are more like an inspiring collection of photographs for a specific niche with some suggestions on where to place the text and what charts to include.

The available graphic assets library in Haiku Deck are millions of photographs, numerous font choices and charts and graphs.

YouTube videos can be embedded easily in a Haiku Deck. GIFs cannot be added to Haiku Decks but a finished presentation can be turned into a video or into a GIF.

Narrations and voice overs are easily recorded on a presentation in Haiku Deck.

Only videos can be embedded.

Features can't be animated in Haiku Deck

Desktop or Cloud / Available to Create on Multiple Devices

Haiku Deck is a cloud-based app that is available for editing and viewing on your laptop and also as an app on phones and tablets.

Haiku decks can be downloaded as .pptx files for offline viewing.

Presentations can be easily shared to social media from the editor.

Haiku Deck offers team possibilities upon request.

There is no brand kit, but you can add your logo to the finished product.

Pro and Premium plans have private and password-protected capabilities.

Premium plans have analytics for who has viewed your presentations.

Emails cannot be captured with Haiku Deck but slides and presentations can be sent with invitations to your existing email contacts.

15  Microsoft Sway

Microsoft has its own alternative to PowerPoint — Sway.

This online presentation software is completely different from PowerPoint and introduces a new concept of building "Sways" instead of "presentations."

Sway is free to use for anyone who has a Microsoft account.

It's super easy to use Sway and kind of fun too. It has a non-traditional storyline editor, which lets you add "blocks" of content that the software configures into layouts.

Sway is mostly for people who don't want to spend too much time designing a complex presentation. For example, students and nonprofit organizations.

There are several templates for different purposes, such as photo slideshows, sales trainings and even personal portfolios.

You can upload your own media or search from various sources inside Sway, including Flickr and Bing Images. There are no shapes and icons included.

You can upload videos from your device or embed from YouTube.

You can add audio to Sway by uploading or dragging and dropping the audio file onto your storyline from your computer.

You can embed images, videos, maps and other content from tons of websites, including Google Maps, Soundcloud, Twitter, Facebook and more.

Sway automatically adds animations to your slides. You cannot change or customize them; you can only increase or decrease the level of animation added to your Sway.

Sway is an online, cloud-based software.

Sway works on any device with an internet browser.

You can invite people to view or edit your Sway presentation.

Sway presentations can be shared directly to Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter.

You can download your Sway as a Word or PDF file to view offline.

There is no password protection available, but you can choose to share your Sway with specific people, anyone with a link or only people in your organization who have a link.

You can view reader statistics for your Sway if you have a Microsoft Office 365 subscription.

This feature is not available in Microsoft Sway.

Presentation Software FAQs

Still have questions? We've compiled answers to some of the most frequently asked questions about the best presentation tools available.

Q. Which Is the Best Software for Making Presentations?

There are many presentation tools out there but Visme stands out as a top pick and a creative presentation app with a full suite of advanced features tailored to the needs of individual users and businesses. Visme offers real-time collaboration, interactive and animated elements, hyper-customization options, robust data visualization tools and a brand wizard to maintain brand consistency across your presentations.

Q. What Is Better Than PowerPoint?

Visme is often considered a top presentation software and offers several advantages as a PowerPoint alternative software. Its intuitive interface and extensive template library make creating visually stunning presentations seamless, even for beginners. Visme's collaboration features are superior, allowing teams to work seamlessly. On top of that, Visme is packed with advanced interactive and animated elements to keep your audience hooked.

Q. Is PowerPoint or Prezi Better?

PowerPoint and Prezi each have strengths and are suited for different presentation styles. PowerPoint is easy to use, has a clear structure, and is widely available, making it suitable for traditional slide decks and formal presentations. On the other hand, Prezi excels at non-linear, visually engaging presentations with its zooming and panning features, making it ideal for creative or storytelling presentations. The best choice depends on your content, audience and desired presentation style.

Q. What Is the Best App to Do a Presentation On?

Visme offers a powerful presentation app that allows you to create, edit and present your slides from anywhere. Its mobile app is designed for on-the-go editing and presenting, ensuring you always have your presentation at your fingertips.

Q. Is Canva Better Than PowerPoint?

Canva and PowerPoint are tailored to suit the diverse preferences and requirements of different users.

Generally, Canva is known for its drag-and-drop interface, extensive library of design-focused templates and emphasis on visual appeal. It is an excellent choice for those who value aesthetics and want to create content quickly. On the other hand, PowerPoint offers more traditional features and is super flexible. It is often preferred due to its integration and compatibility with other Microsoft Office tools.

Q. What Is Replacing PowerPoint?

Visme is quickly gaining popularity as a PowerPoint replacement and a free presentation software with a user-friendly interface, tons of customization options, and powerful tools that make creating presentations a breeze. With a plethora of templates, interactive elements, and powerful data visualization tools, Visme empowers you to create presentations that truly captivate your audience and leave a lasting impression

Don't just take our word for it. Hear what Kendra Bradley, Graphic Content Developer at WOW!, has to say about Visme:

“Previously we were using PowerPoint, which is fine, but the interactivity you can get with Visme is so much more robust that we’ve all steered away from PowerPoint.”

“PowerPoint templates are plain and boring, and we want to create more fun and engaging content. Visme has multiple slide templates to choose from, which makes this so much easier.”

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• Network infrastructure

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

• Linda Rosencrance
• George Lawton
• Chuck Moozakis, Editor at Large

What is User Datagram Protocol (UDP)?

User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a communications protocol primarily used to establish low-latency and loss-tolerating connections between applications on the internet.

UDP speeds up transmissions because it enables data transfer before the receiving party provides an agreement. As a result, UDP is beneficial in time-sensitive communications, such as voice over IP (VoIP), domain name system ( DNS ) lookup, and video or audio playback.

UDP is an alternative to TCP . Both UDP and TCP run on top of IP and are sometimes referred to as UDP/IP or TCP/IP. But there are important distinctions between the two. For example, UDP enables process-to-process communication, while TCP supports host-to-host communication.

TCP sends individual packets and is a reliable transport medium. UDP sends messages, called datagrams , and is considered a best-effort mode of communications. This means UDP doesn't guarantee data delivery or offer any special features to retransmit lost or corrupted messages.

UDP provides two services not provided by the IP layer:

• Port numbers . Help distinguish different user requests.
• Checksum. An optional capability that verifies if data arrived intact.

UDP features

UDP's attributes make it beneficial for use with applications that can tolerate lost data. Features of UDP include the following:

• Packets can be dropped and received in a different order than they were transmitted, which is suitable for real-time applications where latency might be a concern.
• Transaction-based protocols, such as DNS or Network Time Protocol , can use UDP for communication.
• UDP is useful in locations with a large number of clients where real-time error correction isn't necessary, such as gaming, voice or video conferencing, and media streaming.

UDP header composition

UDP uses headers when packaging message data to transfer over network connections. UDP headers contain a set of parameters -- called fields -- defined by the technical specifications of the protocol.

The UDP header has four fields, each of which is 2 bytes. They are the following:

• Source port number. The number of the sender.
• Destination port number. The number of the port to which the datagram is addressed.
• Length. The length in bytes of the UDP header and any encapsulated data.
• Checksum. Used in error checking -- IPv6 requires checksums, but they're optional in IPv4 .

How UDP works

UDP uses IP to get a datagram from one computer to another. UDP gathers data in a UDP packet and adds its own header information to the packet. This data consists of the source and destination ports on which to communicate, the packet length and a checksum. After UDP packets encapsulate in an IP packet, it sends packets off to their destinations.

Unlike TCP, UDP doesn't guarantee the packets will get to the right destinations. This means UDP doesn't connect to the receiving computer directly, which TCP does. Instead, it sends the data out and relies on the devices in between the sending and receiving computers to move the data where it needs to go.

Most applications wait for any replies they expect to receive as a result of packets sent with UDP. If an application doesn't receive a reply within a certain time frame, the application either sends the packet again or stops trying.

UDP uses a simple transmission model that doesn't include handshake dialogues to provide reliability, ordering or data integrity. Consequently, UDP has an unreliable service. Packets might arrive out of order, appear to have duplicates or disappear without warning.

Although this transmission method doesn't guarantee the data will reach its destination, it does have low overhead and is popular for services that don't have to work the first time.

UDP applications

Applications of UDP include the following:

• Lossless data transmission.
• Gaming, voice and video.
• Services that don't need fixed packet transmission.
• Multicasting and routing update protocols.
• Fast applications.

Lossless data transmission

Applications that require lossless data transmission can make use of UDP. For example, an application that is configured to manage the process of retransmitting lost packets and correctly arrange received packets might use UDP. This approach can help to improve the data transfer rate of large files compared to TCP.

In the Open Systems Interconnection communication model, UDP is in Layer 4, the transport layer. UDP works in conjunction with higher-level protocols to help manage data transmission services, including Trivial File Transfer Protocol, Real Time Streaming Protocol and Simple Network Management Protocol.

Gaming, voice and video

UDP is an ideal protocol for network applications in which perceived latency is critical, such as in gaming, voice and video communications. These examples can suffer some data loss without adversely affecting perceived quality. In some cases, however, forward error correction techniques are used in addition to UDP to improve audio and video quality, despite some loss.

Services that don't need fixed packet transmission

UDP can also be used in applications that depend on the reliable exchange of information but should have their own methods to answer packets. These services are advantageous because they're not bound to fixed patterns to guarantee the completeness and correctness of the data packets sent. Users can decide how and when to respond to incorrect or unsorted information.

Multicasting and routing update protocols

Multicasting can use UDP because it supports packet switching. In addition, some routing update protocols, such as Routing Information Protocol , can also use UDP.

Fast applications

UDP can be used in applications where speed -- rather than reliability -- is critical. For example, it might be prudent to use UDP in an application that sends data from a fast acquisition where it's OK to lose some data points.

TCP vs. UDP

TCP and UDP are part of the TCP/IP protocol suite, which includes a number of protocols that carry out network communications.

TCP has emerged as the dominant protocol used for the bulk of internet connectivity due to its ability to break large data sets into individual packets, check for and resend lost packets, and reassemble packets in the correct sequence. But these additional services come at a cost in terms of additional data overhead and latency.

In contrast, UDP is considered a connectionless protocol because it doesn't require the establishment of a virtual circuit before any data transfer occurs. The communication protocol only sends the packets, which means it has much lower bandwidth overhead and latency. With UDP, packets might take different paths between sender and receiver. As a result, some packets might be lost or received out of order.

UDP characteristics include the following:

• Connectionless.
• Used for VoIP, video streaming, gaming and live broadcasts.
• Faster and requires fewer resources.
• Packets don't necessarily arrive in order.
• Allows missing packets, which is useful for real-time communications, but the sender doesn't receive an acknowledgement of whether a packet has been received.
• Better suited for applications that need fast, efficient transmission, such as games.

TCP characteristics include the following:

• Connection-oriented .
• The most widely used protocol on the internet.
• Guarantees that no packets go missing and all sent data arrives to the intended recipient.
• Sends packets in order so they can be stitched back together easily.
• Slower and requires more resources.
• Has a bigger header than UDP.
• Best suited for apps that need high reliability, and transmission time is relatively less critical.

Editor's note: This definition was reformatted to improve the reader experience.

Continue Reading About User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

• What to know about UDP vulnerabilities and security
• Common network protocols and their functions explained

Related Terms

Dig deeper on network infrastructure.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

12 common network protocols and their functions explained

Examine a captured packet using Wireshark

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What is cloud computing?

With cloud computing, organizations essentially buy a range of services offered by cloud service providers (CSPs). The CSP’s servers host all the client’s applications. Organizations can enhance their computing power more quickly and cheaply via the cloud than by purchasing, installing, and maintaining their own servers.

The cloud-computing model is helping organizations to scale new digital solutions with greater speed and agility—and to create value more quickly. Developers use cloud services to build and run custom applications and to maintain infrastructure and networks for companies of virtually all sizes—especially large global ones. CSPs offer services, such as analytics, to handle and manipulate vast amounts of data. Time to market accelerates, speeding innovation to deliver better products and services across the world.

What are examples of cloud computing’s uses?

Get to know and directly engage with senior mckinsey experts on cloud computing.

Brant Carson is a senior partner in McKinsey’s Vancouver office; Chandra Gnanasambandam and Anand Swaminathan are senior partners in the Bay Area office; William Forrest is a senior partner in the Chicago office; Leandro Santos is a senior partner in the Atlanta office; Kate Smaje is a senior partner in the London office.

Cloud computing came on the scene well before the global pandemic hit, in 2020, but the ensuing digital dash  helped demonstrate its power and utility. Here are some examples of how businesses and other organizations employ the cloud:

• A fast-casual restaurant chain’s online orders multiplied exponentially during the 2020 pandemic lockdowns, climbing to 400,000 a day, from 50,000. One pleasant surprise? The company’s online-ordering system could handle the volume—because it had already migrated to the cloud . Thanks to this success, the organization’s leadership decided to accelerate its five-year migration plan to less than one year.
• A biotech company harnessed cloud computing to deliver the first clinical batch of a COVID-19 vaccine candidate for Phase I trials in just 42 days—thanks in part to breakthrough innovations using scalable cloud data storage and computing  to facilitate processes ensuring the drug’s safety and efficacy.
• Banks use the cloud for several aspects of customer-service management. They automate transaction calls using voice recognition algorithms and cognitive agents (AI-based online self-service assistants directing customers to helpful information or to a human representative when necessary). In fraud and debt analytics, cloud solutions enhance the predictive power of traditional early-warning systems. To reduce churn, they encourage customer loyalty through holistic retention programs managed entirely in the cloud.
• Automakers are also along for the cloud ride . One company uses a common cloud platform that serves 124 plants, 500 warehouses, and 1,500 suppliers to consolidate real-time data from machines and systems and to track logistics and offer insights on shop floor processes. Use of the cloud could shave 30 percent off factory costs by 2025—and spark innovation at the same time.

That’s not to mention experiences we all take for granted: using apps on a smartphone, streaming shows and movies, participating in videoconferences. All of these things can happen in the cloud.

Learn more about our Cloud by McKinsey , Digital McKinsey , and Technology, Media, & Telecommunications  practices.

How has cloud computing evolved?

Going back a few years, legacy infrastructure dominated IT-hosting budgets. Enterprises planned to move a mere 45 percent of their IT-hosting expenditures to the cloud by 2021. Enter COVID-19, and 65 percent of the decision makers surveyed by McKinsey increased their cloud budgets . An additional 55 percent ended up moving more workloads than initially planned. Having witnessed the cloud’s benefits firsthand, 40 percent of companies expect to pick up the pace of implementation.

The cloud revolution has actually been going on for years—more than 20, if you think the takeoff point was the founding of Salesforce, widely seen as the first software as a service (SaaS) company. Today, the next generation of cloud, including capabilities such as serverless computing, makes it easier for software developers to tweak software functions independently, accelerating the pace of release, and to do so more efficiently. Businesses can therefore serve customers and launch products in a more agile fashion. And the cloud continues to evolve.

Introducing McKinsey Explainers : Direct answers to complex questions

Cost savings are commonly seen as the primary reason for moving to the cloud but managing those costs requires a different and more dynamic approach focused on OpEx rather than CapEx. Financial-operations (or FinOps) capabilities  can indeed enable the continuous management and optimization of cloud costs . But CSPs have developed their offerings so that the cloud’s greatest value opportunity is primarily through business innovation and optimization. In 2020, the top-three CSPs reached $100 billion  in combined revenues—a minor share of the global $2.4 trillion market for enterprise IT services—leaving huge value to be captured. To go beyond merely realizing cost savings, companies must activate three symbiotic rings of cloud value creation : strategy and management, business domain adoption, and foundational capabilities.

What’s the main reason to move to the cloud?

The pandemic demonstrated that the digital transformation can no longer be delayed—and can happen much more quickly than previously imagined. Nothing is more critical to a corporate digital transformation than becoming a cloud-first business. The benefits are faster time to market, simplified innovation and scalability, and reduced risk when effectively managed. The cloud lets companies provide customers with novel digital experiences—in days, not months—and delivers analytics absent on legacy platforms. But to transition to a cloud-first operating model, organizations must make a collective effort that starts at the top. Here are three actions CEOs can take to increase the value their companies get from cloud computing :

• Establish a sustainable funding model.
• Develop a new business technology operating model.
• Set up policies to attract and retain the right engineering talent.

How much value will the cloud create?

Fortune 500 companies adopting the cloud could realize more than $1 trillion in value  by 2030, and not from IT cost reductions alone, according to McKinsey’s analysis of 700 use cases.

For example, the cloud speeds up design, build, and ramp-up, shortening time to market when companies have strong DevOps (the combination of development and operations) processes in place; groups of software developers customize and deploy software for operations that support the business. The cloud’s global infrastructure lets companies scale products almost instantly to reach new customers, geographies, and channels. Finally, digital-first companies use the cloud to adopt emerging technologies and innovate aggressively, using digital capabilities as a competitive differentiator to launch and build businesses .

If companies pursue the cloud’s vast potential in the right ways, they will realize huge value. Companies across diverse industries have implemented the public cloud and seen promising results. The successful ones defined a value-oriented strategy across IT and the business, acquired hands-on experience operating in the cloud, adopted a technology-first approach, and developed a cloud-literate workforce.

Learn more about our Cloud by McKinsey and Digital McKinsey practices.

What is the cloud cost/procurement model?

Some cloud services, such as server space, are leased. Leasing requires much less capital up front than buying, offers greater flexibility to switch and expand the use of services, cuts the basic cost of buying hardware and software upfront, and reduces the difficulties of upkeep and ownership. Organizations pay only for the infrastructure and computing services that meet their evolving needs. But an outsourcing model  is more apt than other analogies: the computing business issues of cloud customers are addressed by third-party providers that deliver innovative computing services on demand to a wide variety of customers, adapt those services to fit specific needs, and work to constantly improve the offering.

What are cloud risks?

The cloud offers huge cost savings and potential for innovation. However, when companies migrate to the cloud, the simple lift-and-shift approach doesn’t reduce costs, so companies must remediate their existing applications to take advantage of cloud services.

For instance, a major financial-services organization  wanted to move more than 50 percent of its applications to the public cloud within five years. Its goals were to improve resiliency, time to market, and productivity. But not all its business units needed to transition at the same pace. The IT leadership therefore defined varying adoption archetypes to meet each unit’s technical, risk, and operating-model needs.

Legacy cybersecurity architectures and operating models can also pose problems when companies shift to the cloud. The resulting problems, however, involve misconfigurations rather than inherent cloud security vulnerabilities. One powerful solution? Securing cloud workloads for speed and agility : automated security architectures and processes enable workloads to be processed at a much faster tempo.

What kind of cloud talent is needed?

The talent demands of the cloud differ from those of legacy IT. While cloud computing can improve the productivity of your technology, it requires specialized and sometimes hard-to-find talent—including full-stack developers, data engineers, cloud-security engineers, identity- and access-management specialists, and cloud engineers. The cloud talent model  should thus be revisited as you move forward.

Six practical actions can help your organization build the cloud talent you need :

• Find engineering talent with broad experience and skills.
• Balance talent maturity levels and the composition of teams.
• Build an extensive and mandatory upskilling program focused on need.
• Build an engineering culture that optimizes the developer experience.
• Consider using partners to accelerate development and assign your best cloud leaders as owners.
• Retain top talent by focusing on what motivates them.

How do different industries use the cloud?

Different industries are expected to see dramatically different benefits from the cloud. High-tech, retail, and healthcare organizations occupy the top end of the value capture continuum. Electronics and semiconductors, consumer-packaged-goods, and media companies make up the middle. Materials, chemicals, and infrastructure organizations cluster at the lower end.

Nevertheless, myriad use cases provide opportunities to unlock value across industries , as the following examples show:

• a retailer enhancing omnichannel  fulfillment, using AI to optimize inventory across channels and to provide a seamless customer experience
• a healthcare organization implementing remote heath monitoring to conduct virtual trials and improve adherence
• a high-tech company using chatbots to provide premier-level support combining phone, email, and chat
• an oil and gas company employing automated forecasting to automate supply-and-demand modeling and reduce the need for manual analysis
• a financial-services organization implementing customer call optimization using real-time voice recognition algorithms to direct customers in distress to experienced representatives for retention offers
• a financial-services provider moving applications in customer-facing business domains to the public cloud to penetrate promising markets more quickly and at minimal cost
• a health insurance carrier accelerating the capture of billions of dollars in new revenues by moving systems to the cloud to interact with providers through easier onboarding

The cloud is evolving  to meet the industry-specific needs of companies. From 2021 to 2024, public-cloud spending on vertical applications (such as warehouse management in retailing and enterprise risk management in banking) is expected to grow by more than 40 percent annually. Spending on horizontal workloads (such as customer relationship management) is expected to grow by 25 percent. Healthcare and manufacturing organizations, for instance, plan to spend around twice as much on vertical applications as on horizontal ones.

Learn more about our Cloud by McKinsey , Digital McKinsey , Financial Services , Healthcare Systems & Services , Retail , and Technology, Media, & Telecommunications  practices.

What are the biggest cloud myths?

Views on cloud computing can be clouded by misconceptions. Here are seven common myths about the cloud —all of which can be debunked:

• The cloud’s value lies primarily in reducing costs.
• Cloud computing costs more than in-house computing.
• On-premises data centers are more secure than the cloud.
• Applications run more slowly in the cloud.
• The cloud eliminates the need for infrastructure.
• The best way to move to the cloud is to focus on applications or data centers.
• You must lift and shift applications as-is or totally refactor them.

How large must my organization be to benefit from the cloud?

Here’s one more huge misconception: the cloud is just for big multinational companies. In fact, cloud can help make small local companies become multinational. A company’s benefits from implementing the cloud are not constrained by its size. In fact, the cloud shifts barrier to entry skill rather than scale, making it possible for a company of any size to compete if it has people with the right skills. With cloud, highly skilled small companies can take on established competitors. To realize the cloud’s immense potential value fully, organizations must take a thoughtful approach, with IT and the businesses working together.

For more in-depth exploration of these topics, see McKinsey’s Cloud Insights collection. Learn more about Cloud by McKinsey —and check out cloud-related job opportunities if you’re interested in working at McKinsey.

Articles referenced include:

• “ Six practical actions for building the cloud talent you need ,” January 19, 2022, Brant Carson , Dorian Gärtner , Keerthi Iyengar, Anand Swaminathan , and Wayne Vest
• “ Cloud-migration opportunity: Business value grows, but missteps abound ,” October 12, 2021, Tara Balakrishnan, Chandra Gnanasambandam , Leandro Santos , and Bhargs Srivathsan
• “ Cloud’s trillion-dollar prize is up for grabs ,” February 26, 2021, Will Forrest , Mark Gu, James Kaplan , Michael Liebow, Raghav Sharma, Kate Smaje , and Steve Van Kuiken
• “ Unlocking value: Four lessons in cloud sourcing and consumption ,” November 2, 2020, Abhi Bhatnagar , Will Forrest , Naufal Khan , and Abdallah Salami
• “ Three actions CEOs can take to get value from cloud computing ,” July 21, 2020, Chhavi Arora , Tanguy Catlin , Will Forrest , James Kaplan , and Lars Vinter

Want to know more about cloud computing?

Related articles.

Cloud’s trillion-dollar prize is up for grabs

The cloud transformation engine

Cloud cost-optimization simulator

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Programs 2024 TechSprint: Generative AI in Housing Finance

Register to Livestream FHFA’s Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Housing Finance TechSprint

Register here  to livestream Opening Day and Demo Day of FHFA’s Generative AI in Housing Finance TechSprint.

• Opening Day, beginning at 10:30 am EST on Monday, July 22, will feature remarks from FHFA leadership and keynote speakers.
• Demo Day, beginning at 9:00 am EST on Thursday, July 25, will feature remarks from FHFA leadership and keynote speakers and presentation​s from the TechSprint teams.

About th​e FHFA Generative AI in Housing Finance TechSprint

The FHFA Generative AI in Housing Finance TechSprint will be an in-person, team-based problem-solving event hosted by the Federal Housing Finance Agency’s (FHFA) Office of Financial Technology (OFT). The TechSprint will bring together technology, regulatory, housing, and consumer finance experts to identify use cases and associated control measures to support the responsible use of generative AI in housing finance.​

Partici​pants are organized into TechSprint teams and work over a three-day period to solve for problem statements centered around the question:

“How might the responsible use of generative AI promote a transparent, fair, equitable, and inclusive housing finance system, while fostering sustainable homeownership and rental opportunities?”

The TechSprint culminates in a Demo Day where each team will present its ideas to an independent panel of judges drawn from subject matter experts in government, industry, nonprofits, and academia.

The Generative AI in Housing Finance TechSprint will be held at FHFA’s Constitution Center headquarters in Washington, DC, and will run from July 22 to July 25, 2024. The application period to participate in-person at the TechSprint was open from March 20 through May 24, 2024.

FHFA Generative AI in Housing Finance TechSprint: Problem Statements

Umbrella Stateme​​nt​

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) has captured the imagination and interest of a diverse set of stakeholders, including industry, government, and consumers. For the housing finance system, the transformative potential of generative AI extends beyond technological advancement. Generative AI presents an opportunity to promote a housing finance system that is transparent, fair, equitable, and inclusive and fosters sustainable homeownership. Realizing this potential, however, is contingent on a commitment to responsible innovation and ensuring that the development and use of generative AI is supported by ethical considerations and safety and soundness.

FHFA’s Generative AI in Housing Finance TechSprint challenges participants to address the question,  “How might the responsible use of generative AI promote a transparent, fair, equitable, and inclusive housing finance system while fostering sustainable homeownership and rental opportunities?”​

TechSprint participants will demonstrate:

• A key  use case  for generative AI in one of the four areas of focus provided below; and
• Recommended  control measures , incorporating​ careful consideration of the associated risks.

Focused Statements ​

The four areas of focus are as follows:

• Consumer Experience:  How might generative AI be used to further educate and empower prospective homebuyers in evaluating, comparing, and obtaining a mortgage loan and in sustaining their homeownership over time?
• Assessing Creditworthiness:  How might generative AI be used to improve the evaluation of homebuyer credit, as well as the fairness of the credit decisions related to mortgage loans, particularly for homebuyers from underserved communities?
• Operations:  How might generative AI be used to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of operational processes within the housing finance system, from origination to servicing and secondary market activities?
• Risk Management and Compliance:  How might generative AI be used to enhance the effectiveness of risk management and compliance processes within the housing finance system?

Have additional questions about the 2024 TechSprint?  Please contact OFT at  [email protected] . To learn more about OFT, please visit  the OFT home page . And to learn more about FHFA’s inaugural TechSprint held in 2023, please visit the  Velocity TechSprint webpage .​​

Page Last Updated: May 28​​, 2024​​​​​

Internet Applications

Dec 19, 2019

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Internet Applications. Chapter 7, Sections 7.6—7.8. Overview. Internet Concepts Web data formats HTML, XML, DTDs Introduction to three-tier architectures The presentation layer HTML forms; HTTP Get and POST, URL encoding; Javascript; Stylesheets. The middle tier

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Internet Applications Chapter 7, Sections 7.6—7.8

Overview • Internet Concepts • Web data formats • HTML, XML, DTDs • Introduction to three-tier architectures • The presentation layer • HTML forms; HTTP Get and POST, URL encoding; Javascript; Stylesheets. • The middle tier • CGI, application servers, Servlets, JavaServerPages, passing arguments, maintaining state (cookies) • Primary interface to the user

Overview of the Presentation Tier • Recall: Functionality of the presentation tier • Primary interface to the user • Needs to adapt to different display devices (PC, PDA, cell phone, voice access?) • Simple functionality, such as field validity checking • We will cover: • HTML Forms: How to pass data to the middle tier • JavaScript: Simple functionality at the presentation tier • Style sheets: Separating data from formatting

HTML Forms • Common way to communicate data from client to middle tier • General format of a form: • <FORM ACTION=“page.jsp” METHOD=“GET” NAME=“LoginForm”>…</FORM> • Components of an HTML FORM tag: • ACTION: Specifies URI that handles the content • METHOD: Specifies HTTP GET or POST method • NAME: Name of the form; can be used in client-side scripts to refer to the form

Inside HTML Forms • INPUT tag • Attributes: • TYPE: text (text input field), password (text input field where input is, reset (resets all input fields) • NAME: symbolic name, used to identify field value at the middle tier • VALUE: default value • Example: <INPUT TYPE=“text” Name=“title”> • Example form: <form method="POST" action="TableOfContents.jsp"> <input type="text" name="userid"> <input type="password" name="password"> <input type="submit" value="Login“ name="submit"> <input type=“reset” value=“Clear”> </form>

Passing Arguments Two methods: GET and POST • GET • Form contents go into the submitted URI • Structure:action?name1=value1&name2=value2&name3=value3 • Action: name of the URI specified in the form • (name,value)-pairs come from INPUT fields in the form; empty fields have empty values (“name=“) • Example from previous password form:TableOfContents.jsp?userid=john&password=johnpw • Note that the page named action needs to be a program, script, or page that will process the user input

HTTP GET: Encoding Form Fields • Form fields can contain general ASCII characters that cannot appear in an URI • A special encoding convention converts such field values into “URI-compatible” characters: • Convert all “special” characters to %xyz, were xyz is the ASCII code of the character. Special characters include &, =, +, %, etc. • Convert all spaces to the “+” character • Glue (name,value)-pairs from the form INPUT tags together with “&” to form the URI

HTML Forms: A Complete Example <form method="POST" action="TableOfContents.jsp"> <table align = "center" border="0" width="300"> <tr> <td>Userid</td> <td><input type="text" name="userid" size="20"></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Password</td> <td><input type="password" name="password" size="20"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align = "center"><input type="submit" value="Login“ name="submit"></td> </tr> </table> </form>

JavaScript • Goal: Add functionality to the presentation tier. • Sample applications: • Detect browser type and load browser-specific page • Form validation: Validate form input fields • Browser control: Open new windows, close existing windows (example: pop-up ads) • Usually embedded directly inside the HTML with the <SCRIPT> … </SCRIPT> tag. • <SCRIPT> tag has several attributes: • LANGUAGE: specifies language of the script (such as javascript) • SRC: external file with script code • Example:<SCRIPT LANGUAGE=“JavaScript” SRC=“validate.js></SCRIPT>

JavaScript (Contd.) • If <SCRIPT> tag does not have a SRC attribute, then the JavaScript is directly in the HTML file. • Example:<SCRIPT LANGUAGE=“JavaScript”><!-- alert(“Welcome to our bookstore”)//--></SCRIPT> • Two different commenting styles • <!-- comment for HTML, since the following JavaScript code should be ignored by the HTML processor • // comment for JavaScript in order to end the HTML comment

JavaScript (Contd.) • JavaScript is a complete scripting language • Variables • Assignments (=, +=, …) • Comparison operators (<,>,…), boolean operators (&&, ||, !) • Statements • if (condition) {statements;} else {statements;} • for loops, do-while loops, and while-loops • Functions with return values • Create functions using the function keyword • f(arg1, …, argk) {statements;}

HTML Form: <form method="POST“ action="TableOfContents.jsp"> <input type="text" name="userid"> <input type="password" name="password"> <input type="submit" value="Login“ name="submit"> <input type=“reset” value=“Clear”> </form> Associated JavaScript: <script language="javascript"> function testLoginEmpty() { loginForm = document.LoginForm if ((loginForm.userid.value == "") || (loginForm.password.value == "")) { alert('Please enter values for userid and password.'); return false; } else return true; } </script> JavaScript: A Complete Example

Stylesheets • Idea: Separate display from contents, and adapt display to different presentation formats • Two aspects: • Document transformations to decide what parts of the document to display in what order • Document rending to decide how each part of the document is displayed • Why use stylesheets? • Reuse of the same document for different displays • Tailor display to user’s preferences • Reuse of the same document in different contexts • Two stylesheet languages • Cascading style sheets (CSS): For HTML documents • Extensible stylesheet language (XSL): For XML documents

CSS: Cascading Style Sheets • Defines how to display HTML documents • Many HTML documents can refer to the same CSS • Can change format of a website by changing a single style sheet • Example:<LINK REL=“style sheet” TYPE=“text/css” HREF=“books.css”/> Each line consists of three parts: selector {property: value} • Selector: Tag whose format is defined • Property: Tag’s attribute whose value is set • Value: value of the attribute

CSS: Cascading Style Sheets Example style sheet: body {background-color: yellow} h1 {font-size: 36pt} h3 {color: blue} p {margin-left: 50px; color: red} The first line has the same effect as: <body background-color=“yellow>

Lecture Overview • Internet Concepts • Web data formats • HTML, XML, DTDs • Introduction to three-tier architectures • The presentation layer • HTML forms; HTTP Get and POST, URL encoding; Javascript; Stylesheets. • The middle tier • CGI, application servers, Servlets, JavaServerPages, passing arguments, maintaining state (cookies)

Overview of the Middle Tier • Recall: Functionality of the middle tier • Encodes business logic • Connects to database system(s) • Accepts form input from the presentation tier • Generates output for the presentation tier • We will cover • CGI: Protocol for passing arguments to programs running at the middle tier • Application servers: Runtime environment at the middle tier • Servlets: Java programs at the middle tier • JavaServerPages: Java scripts at the middle tier • Maintaining state: How to maintain state at the middle tier. Main focus: Cookies.

CGI: Common Gateway Interface • Goal: Transmit arguments from HTML forms to application programs running at the middle tier • Details of the actual CGI protocol unimportant  libraries implement high-level interfaces • Disadvantages: • The application program is invoked in a new process at every invocation (remedy: FastCGI) • No resource sharing between application programs (e.g., database connections) • Remedy: Application servers

CGI: Example • HTML form: <form action=“findbooks.cgi” method=POST> Type an author name: <input type=“text” name=“authorName”> <input type=“submit” value=“Send it”> <input type=“reset” value=“Clear form”> </form> • Perl code: use CGI; $dataIn=new CGI; $dataIn->header(); $authorName=$dataIn->param(‘authorName’); print(“<HTML><TITLE>Argument passing test</TITLE>”); print(“The author name is “ + $authorName); print(“</HTML>”); exit;

Application Servers • Idea: Avoid the overhead of CGI • Main pool of threads of processes • Manage connections • Enable access to heterogeneous data sources • Other functionality such as APIs for session management

Application Server: Process Structure Process Structure HTTP Web Browser Web Server C++ Application JavaBeans JDBC Application Server DBMS 1 ODBC DBMS 2 Pool of Servlets

Servlets • Java Servlets: Java code that runs on the middle tier • Platform independent; compiled classes in a servlet container • Complete Java API available, including JDBC • Implement the servlet interface; special convention on reading input from user request and outputting data generated • Handle requests from HTML forms and maintain states • request object: reads data from HTML forms • response object: specifies HTTP response status and headers • out object: used to compose content sent back to user Example (template showing structure of a full-fledged servlet): import java.io.*; import java.servlet.*; import java.servlet.http.*; public class ServetTemplate extends HttpServlet { public void doGet(HTTPServletRequest request, HTTPServletResponse response)throws ServletExpection, IOException { PrintWriter out=response.getWriter(); out.println(“Hello World”); } }

Servlets (Contd.) • Life of a servlet? • Webserver forwards request to servlet container • Container creates servlet instance (calls init() method; deallocation time: calls destroy() method) • Container calls service() method • service() calls doGet() for HTTP GET or doPost() for HTTP POST • Usually, don’t override service(), but override doGet() and doPost()

Servlets: A Complete Example // Extracting user name and password from a form public class ReadUserName extends HttpServlet { public void doGet( HttpServletRequest request, HttpSevletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { reponse.setContentType(“text/html”); PrintWriter out=response.getWriter(); out.println(“<HTML><BODY>\n <UL> \n” + “<LI>” + request.getParameter(“userid”) + “\n” + “<LI>” + request.getParameter(“password”) + “\n” + “<UL>\n<BODY></HTML>”); } public void doPost( HttpServletRequest request, HttpSevletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { doGet(request,response); } }

Java Server Pages • Servlets • Generate HTML by writing it to the “PrintWriter” object • Code first, webpage second • Suited for complex applications • JavaServerPages • Written in HTML, Servlet-like code embedded in the HTML • Webpage first, code second • They are usually compiled into a Servlet • Suited for small applications

JavaServerPages: Example <html> <head><title>Welcome to B&N</title></head> <body> <h1>Welcome back!</h1><% String name=“NewUser”; if (request.getParameter(“username”) != null) { name=request.getParameter(“username”); } %> You are logged on as user <%=name%> <p> </body> </html>

Maintaining State HTTP is stateless. • Advantages • Easy to use: don’t need anything • Great for static-information applications • Requires no extra memory space • Disadvantages • No record of previous requests means • No shopping baskets • No user logins • No custom or dynamic content • Security is more difficult to implement

Application State • Server-side state • Information is stored in a database, or in the application layer’s local memory • Client-side state • Information is stored on the client’s computer in the form of a cookie • Hidden state • Information is hidden within dynamically created web pages

Server-Side State • Many types of Server side state: • 1. Store information in a database • Data will be safe in the database • BUT: requires a database access to query or update the information • 2. Use application layer’s local memory • Can map the user’s IP address to some state • BUT: this information is volatile and takes up lots of server main memory 5 million IPs = 20 MB

Server-Side State • Should use Server-side state maintenance for information that needs to persist • Old customer orders • “Click trails” of a user’s movement through a site • Permanent choices a user makes

Client-side State: Cookies • Storing text on the client which will be passed to the application with every HTTP request. • Can be disabled by the client. • Are wrongfully perceived as "dangerous", and therefore will scare away potential site visitors if asked to enable cookies1 • Are a collection of (Name, Value) pairs 1http://www.webdevelopersjournal.com/columns/stateful.html

Client State: Cookies • Advantages • Easy to use in Java Servlets / JSP • Provide a simple way to persist non-essential data on the client even when the browser has closed • Disadvantages • Limit of 4 kilobytes of information • Users can (and often will) disable them • Should use cookies to store interactive state • The current user’s login information • The current shopping basket • Any non-permanent choices the user has made

Creating and Accessing a Cookie • Creating a cookie Cookie myCookie = new Cookie(“username", “jeffd"); response.addCookie(userCookie); ----------------------------------------------------- Cookie[] cookies = request.getCookies(); String theUser; for(int i=0; i<cookies.length; i++) { Cookie cookie = cookies[i]; if(cookie.getName().equals(“username”)) theUser = cookie.getValue(); } // at this point theUser == “username” • Cookies need to be accessed BEFORE you set your response header: response.setContentType("text/html"); PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();

Cookie Features • Cookies can have • A duration (expire right away or persist even after the browser has closed) • Filters for which domains/directory paths the cookie is sent to • See the Java Servlet API and Servlet Tutorials for more information

Hidden State • Often users will disable cookies • You can “hide” data in two places: • Hidden fields within a form • Using the path information • Requires no “storage” of information because the state information is passed inside of each web page

Hidden State: Hidden Fields • Declare hidden fields within a form: • <input type=‘hidden’ name=‘user’ value=‘username’/> • Users will not see this information (unless they view the HTML source) • If used prolifically, it’s a killer for performance since EVERY page must be contained within a form.

Hidden State: Path Information • Path information is stored in the URL request: http://server.com/index.htm?user=jeffd • Can separate ‘fields’ with an & character: index.htm?user=jeffd&preference=pepsi • There are mechanisms to parse this field in Java. Check out the javax.servlet.http.HttpUtils parserQueryString() method.

Multiple state methods • Typically all methods of state maintenance are used: • User logs in and this information is stored in a cookie • User issues a query which is stored in the path information • User places an item in a shopping basket cookie • User purchases items and credit-card information is stored/retrieved from a database • User leaves a click-stream which is kept in a log on the web server (which can later be analyzed)

Summary We covered: • Internet Concepts (URIs, HTTP) • Web data formats • HTML, XML, DTDs • Three-tier architectures • The presentation layer • HTML forms; HTTP Get and POST, URL encoding; Javascript; Stylesheets. XSLT • The middle tier • CGI, application servers, Servlets, JavaServerPages, passing arguments, maintaining state (cookies)

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