doctoral thesis rudiment

Transformations of drum rudiments in jazz performances

A significant part of the training of many performers on the drum set during the last 100 years has involved mastery of drum rudiments and military-style cadences. Consequently, many jazz drummers have built upon such training to develop an individual style that makes use of some of the techniques and rhythms found in these rudiments and drum cadences but which have often been changed or modified in ways that made these rudimental military - style drumming excerpts suitable for their own stylized musical expression.  Research Question: Is there evidence in the improvised drum solos of jazz drummers Philly Joe Jones and Steve Gadd to suggest that the rhythmic vocabulary, stickings and techniques they used had their origins in rudimental snare drum cadences, method books and published snare drum solos? If so, how has this content been adapted by each drummer in their musical context(s) to the purpose of communicating their individual approach on the drum set?  Method: To propose answers to this question, I have examined representative solos by each of the drummers in my sample and examined those solos for evidence of rudimental content derived from renowned method books, etudes and published solos. Having identified these rudiments (or rudiment-derived ideas) I have sought to identify the possible origins of the rudiments and their transformation to each drummer’s soloing vocabulary.  Representative Solos: To select representative solos, I auditioned many recordings by Jones and Gadd. I finally settled on Asiatic Raes, Jazz Me Blues and Joe’s Debut as performed by Philly Jo Jones; Crazy Army and The 11th Commandment as performed by Steve Gadd. These solos, (as I explain in my analysis), are usefully representative of the approaches adopted by the respective drummers and offer a useful window onto the issues this exegesis examines.

Copyright Date

Date of award, rights license, degree discipline, degree grantor, degree level, degree name, anzsrc type of activity code, victoria university of wellington item type, victoria university of wellington school, usage metrics.

• Music performance

• Submit Article
• Donate to Wikibin

Hybrid Drum Rudiments

This 32 page tutorial contains an explanation & definition of a Hybrid Rudiment plus a listing of 120 of the most popular Hybrid Rudiments. Each Hybrid Rudiment is written with the Sticking & the related Stroke Sequence.

Some Crucial Rudiments of a Doctoral Thesis

Alexander Mark

Writing a thesis at Doctoral level is compulsory to be completed by every student to be able to get the doctorate degree. In thesis writing , the scholars must keep in mind some basic points which include metaphorical hypothesis, literature review and research results. Doctoral thesis has many prerequisites and essentials that should be handled very cautiously. If a single requirement is missed by the researcher, the tempo of the entire thesis will be spoiled. Some elementary techniques to write a doctoral thesis are as follows:

• While writing a doctoral thesis, the students should only use the most relevant data and information.
• There mustn’t be any type of grammatical and contextual errors and mistakes.
• The doctoral professionals should try their level best to present only new and novel ideas and information in their work.
• Thesis should be systematically stepped forward from the statement of the problem to the final recommendations.
• Graphics, tables, figures, charts and other allegorical materials are the basic elements to be used in the thesis by the scholars.

Pattern of the Doctoral Thesis Writing:

Doctoral thesis must have an appropriate format and style. Doctoral students should be highly qualified to illustrate their acquaintance and understanding of the topic. A scholar while writing the thesis should be fully aware about internationally recognized pattern of thesis. In a doctoral thesis, the following headings must be included:

• Acknowledgements
• Executive Summary
• Table of contents
• List of figures, tables and symbols
• Introduction
• Literature review
• Methodology
• Bibliography
• Curriculum Vitae

What is the Importance of Thesis for PhD and Doctoral Level Degree?

At the final stage of Doctorate degree, every doctor has to submit a completed thesis either via soft copy or hard copy. Although it is expected from every student that he/she will do it perfectly to get the degree with distinction. However, the PhD level won’t be completed unless the doctor obtains the required passing marks in the written thesis. In order to complete a thesis, the students have to encounter the viva of a scrupulous board; their thoughts have to be indicated into a specific problem. Dissertation Writers UK can support the scholars to write their thesis papers aptly.

The Essentialities of a Doctoral Thesis:

At doctoral level, the scholars have to pronounce the methodology to be used to gather required data and information from the public. Furthermore, the whole preceding scholastic investigation is compiled in the literature review. In a thesis at doctoral level, the scholar is also projected to offer methodical data by opposing all kinds of assumptions and fake facts and figures.

It is expected that by keeping in mind all the above mentioned recommended guidelines, the PhD students can be able to write their theses appropriately and may communicate their ideas and opinions in an inspiring method. However, in case of any problem, they may contact and hire the services of PhD Dissertation Writing Service to achieve their academic goals with surefire success.

Written by Alexander Mark

Text to speech

How To Write A Dissertation Or Thesis

8 straightforward steps to craft an a-grade dissertation.

By: Derek Jansen (MBA) Expert Reviewed By: Dr Eunice Rautenbach | June 2020

Writing a dissertation or thesis is not a simple task. It takes time, energy and a lot of will power to get you across the finish line. It’s not easy – but it doesn’t necessarily need to be a painful process. If you understand the big-picture process of how to write a dissertation or thesis, your research journey will be a lot smoother.  

In this post, I’m going to outline the big-picture process of how to write a high-quality dissertation or thesis, without losing your mind along the way. If you’re just starting your research, this post is perfect for you. Alternatively, if you’ve already submitted your proposal, this article which covers how to structure a dissertation might be more helpful.

How To Write A Dissertation: 8 Steps

• Clearly understand what a dissertation (or thesis) is
• Find a unique and valuable research topic
• Craft a convincing research proposal
• Write up a strong introduction chapter
• Review the existing literature and compile a literature review
• Design a rigorous research strategy and undertake your own research
• Present the findings of your research
• Draw a conclusion and discuss the implications

Step 1: Understand exactly what a dissertation is

This probably sounds like a no-brainer, but all too often, students come to us for help with their research and the underlying issue is that they don’t fully understand what a dissertation (or thesis) actually is.

So, what is a dissertation?

At its simplest, a dissertation or thesis is a formal piece of research , reflecting the standard research process . But what is the standard research process, you ask? The research process involves 4 key steps:

• Ask a very specific, well-articulated question (s) (your research topic)
• See what other researchers have said about it (if they’ve already answered it)
• If they haven’t answered it adequately, undertake your own data collection and analysis in a scientifically rigorous fashion
• Answer your original question(s), based on your analysis findings

In short, the research process is simply about asking and answering questions in a systematic fashion . This probably sounds pretty obvious, but people often think they’ve done “research”, when in fact what they have done is:

• Started with a vague, poorly articulated question
• Not taken the time to see what research has already been done regarding the question
• Collected data and opinions that support their gut and undertaken a flimsy analysis
• Drawn a shaky conclusion, based on that analysis

If you want to see the perfect example of this in action, look out for the next Facebook post where someone claims they’ve done “research”… All too often, people consider reading a few blog posts to constitute research. Its no surprise then that what they end up with is an opinion piece, not research. Okay, okay – I’ll climb off my soapbox now.

The key takeaway here is that a dissertation (or thesis) is a formal piece of research, reflecting the research process. It’s not an opinion piece , nor a place to push your agenda or try to convince someone of your position. Writing a good dissertation involves asking a question and taking a systematic, rigorous approach to answering it.

If you understand this and are comfortable leaving your opinions or preconceived ideas at the door, you’re already off to a good start!

Step 2: Find a unique, valuable research topic

As we saw, the first step of the research process is to ask a specific, well-articulated question. In other words, you need to find a research topic that asks a specific question or set of questions (these are called research questions ). Sounds easy enough, right? All you’ve got to do is identify a question or two and you’ve got a winning research topic. Well, not quite…

A good dissertation or thesis topic has a few important attributes. Specifically, a solid research topic should be:

Let’s take a closer look at these:

Attribute #1: Clear

Your research topic needs to be crystal clear about what you’re planning to research, what you want to know, and within what context. There shouldn’t be any ambiguity or vagueness about what you’ll research.

Here’s an example of a clearly articulated research topic:

An analysis of consumer-based factors influencing organisational trust in British low-cost online equity brokerage firms.

As you can see in the example, its crystal clear what will be analysed (factors impacting organisational trust), amongst who (consumers) and in what context (British low-cost equity brokerage firms, based online).

Need a helping hand?

Attribute #2:   Unique

Your research should be asking a question(s) that hasn’t been asked before, or that hasn’t been asked in a specific context (for example, in a specific country or industry).

For example, sticking organisational trust topic above, it’s quite likely that organisational trust factors in the UK have been investigated before, but the context (online low-cost equity brokerages) could make this research unique. Therefore, the context makes this research original.

One caveat when using context as the basis for originality – you need to have a good reason to suspect that your findings in this context might be different from the existing research – otherwise, there’s no reason to warrant researching it.

Attribute #3: Important

Simply asking a unique or original question is not enough – the question needs to create value. In other words, successfully answering your research questions should provide some value to the field of research or the industry. You can’t research something just to satisfy your curiosity. It needs to make some form of contribution either to research or industry.

For example, researching the factors influencing consumer trust would create value by enabling businesses to tailor their operations and marketing to leverage factors that promote trust. In other words, it would have a clear benefit to industry.

So, how do you go about finding a unique and valuable research topic? We explain that in detail in this video post – How To Find A Research Topic . Yeah, we’ve got you covered 😊

Step 3: Write a convincing research proposal

Once you’ve pinned down a high-quality research topic, the next step is to convince your university to let you research it. No matter how awesome you think your topic is, it still needs to get the rubber stamp before you can move forward with your research. The research proposal is the tool you’ll use for this job.

So, what’s in a research proposal?

The main “job” of a research proposal is to convince your university, advisor or committee that your research topic is worthy of approval. But convince them of what? Well, this varies from university to university, but generally, they want to see that:

• You have a clearly articulated, unique and important topic (this might sound familiar…)
• You’ve done some initial reading of the existing literature relevant to your topic (i.e. a literature review)
• You have a provisional plan in terms of how you will collect data and analyse it (i.e. a methodology)

At the proposal stage, it’s (generally) not expected that you’ve extensively reviewed the existing literature , but you will need to show that you’ve done enough reading to identify a clear gap for original (unique) research. Similarly, they generally don’t expect that you have a rock-solid research methodology mapped out, but you should have an idea of whether you’ll be undertaking qualitative or quantitative analysis , and how you’ll collect your data (we’ll discuss this in more detail later).

Long story short – don’t stress about having every detail of your research meticulously thought out at the proposal stage – this will develop as you progress through your research. However, you do need to show that you’ve “done your homework” and that your research is worthy of approval .

So, how do you go about crafting a high-quality, convincing proposal? We cover that in detail in this video post – How To Write A Top-Class Research Proposal . We’ve also got a video walkthrough of two proposal examples here .

Step 4: Craft a strong introduction chapter

Once your proposal’s been approved, its time to get writing your actual dissertation or thesis! The good news is that if you put the time into crafting a high-quality proposal, you’ve already got a head start on your first three chapters – introduction, literature review and methodology – as you can use your proposal as the basis for these.

Handy sidenote – our free dissertation & thesis template is a great way to speed up your dissertation writing journey.

What’s the introduction chapter all about?

The purpose of the introduction chapter is to set the scene for your research (dare I say, to introduce it…) so that the reader understands what you’ll be researching and why it’s important. In other words, it covers the same ground as the research proposal in that it justifies your research topic.

What goes into the introduction chapter?

This can vary slightly between universities and degrees, but generally, the introduction chapter will include the following:

• A brief background to the study, explaining the overall area of research
• A problem statement , explaining what the problem is with the current state of research (in other words, where the knowledge gap exists)
• Your research questions – in other words, the specific questions your study will seek to answer (based on the knowledge gap)
• The significance of your study – in other words, why it’s important and how its findings will be useful in the world

As you can see, this all about explaining the “what” and the “why” of your research (as opposed to the “how”). So, your introduction chapter is basically the salesman of your study, “selling” your research to the first-time reader and (hopefully) getting them interested to read more.

How do I write the introduction chapter, you ask? We cover that in detail in this post .

Step 5: Undertake an in-depth literature review

As I mentioned earlier, you’ll need to do some initial review of the literature in Steps 2 and 3 to find your research gap and craft a convincing research proposal – but that’s just scratching the surface. Once you reach the literature review stage of your dissertation or thesis, you need to dig a lot deeper into the existing research and write up a comprehensive literature review chapter.

What’s the literature review all about?

There are two main stages in the literature review process:

Literature Review Step 1: Reading up

The first stage is for you to deep dive into the existing literature (journal articles, textbook chapters, industry reports, etc) to gain an in-depth understanding of the current state of research regarding your topic. While you don’t need to read every single article, you do need to ensure that you cover all literature that is related to your core research questions, and create a comprehensive catalogue of that literature , which you’ll use in the next step.

Reading and digesting all the relevant literature is a time consuming and intellectually demanding process. Many students underestimate just how much work goes into this step, so make sure that you allocate a good amount of time for this when planning out your research. Thankfully, there are ways to fast track the process – be sure to check out this article covering how to read journal articles quickly .

Literature Review Step 2: Writing up

Once you’ve worked through the literature and digested it all, you’ll need to write up your literature review chapter. Many students make the mistake of thinking that the literature review chapter is simply a summary of what other researchers have said. While this is partly true, a literature review is much more than just a summary. To pull off a good literature review chapter, you’ll need to achieve at least 3 things:

• You need to synthesise the existing research , not just summarise it. In other words, you need to show how different pieces of theory fit together, what’s agreed on by researchers, what’s not.
• You need to highlight a research gap that your research is going to fill. In other words, you’ve got to outline the problem so that your research topic can provide a solution.
• You need to use the existing research to inform your methodology and approach to your own research design. For example, you might use questions or Likert scales from previous studies in your your own survey design .

As you can see, a good literature review is more than just a summary of the published research. It’s the foundation on which your own research is built, so it deserves a lot of love and attention. Take the time to craft a comprehensive literature review with a suitable structure .

But, how do I actually write the literature review chapter, you ask? We cover that in detail in this video post .

Step 6: Carry out your own research

Once you’ve completed your literature review and have a sound understanding of the existing research, its time to develop your own research (finally!). You’ll design this research specifically so that you can find the answers to your unique research question.

There are two steps here – designing your research strategy and executing on it:

1 – Design your research strategy

The first step is to design your research strategy and craft a methodology chapter . I won’t get into the technicalities of the methodology chapter here, but in simple terms, this chapter is about explaining the “how” of your research. If you recall, the introduction and literature review chapters discussed the “what” and the “why”, so it makes sense that the next point to cover is the “how” –that’s what the methodology chapter is all about.

In this section, you’ll need to make firm decisions about your research design. This includes things like:

• Your research philosophy (e.g. positivism or interpretivism )
• Your overall methodology (e.g. qualitative , quantitative or mixed methods)
• Your data collection strategy (e.g. interviews , focus groups, surveys)
• Your data analysis strategy (e.g. content analysis , correlation analysis, regression)

If these words have got your head spinning, don’t worry! We’ll explain these in plain language in other posts. It’s not essential that you understand the intricacies of research design (yet!). The key takeaway here is that you’ll need to make decisions about how you’ll design your own research, and you’ll need to describe (and justify) your decisions in your methodology chapter.

2 – Execute: Collect and analyse your data

Once you’ve worked out your research design, you’ll put it into action and start collecting your data. This might mean undertaking interviews, hosting an online survey or any other data collection method. Data collection can take quite a bit of time (especially if you host in-person interviews), so be sure to factor sufficient time into your project plan for this. Oftentimes, things don’t go 100% to plan (for example, you don’t get as many survey responses as you hoped for), so bake a little extra time into your budget here.

Once you’ve collected your data, you’ll need to do some data preparation before you can sink your teeth into the analysis. For example:

• If you carry out interviews or focus groups, you’ll need to transcribe your audio data to text (i.e. a Word document).
• If you collect quantitative survey data, you’ll need to clean up your data and get it into the right format for whichever analysis software you use (for example, SPSS, R or STATA).

Once you’ve completed your data prep, you’ll undertake your analysis, using the techniques that you described in your methodology. Depending on what you find in your analysis, you might also do some additional forms of analysis that you hadn’t planned for. For example, you might see something in the data that raises new questions or that requires clarification with further analysis.

The type(s) of analysis that you’ll use depend entirely on the nature of your research and your research questions. For example:

• If your research if exploratory in nature, you’ll often use qualitative analysis techniques .
• If your research is confirmatory in nature, you’ll often use quantitative analysis techniques
• If your research involves a mix of both, you might use a mixed methods approach

Again, if these words have got your head spinning, don’t worry! We’ll explain these concepts and techniques in other posts. The key takeaway is simply that there’s no “one size fits all” for research design and methodology – it all depends on your topic, your research questions and your data. So, don’t be surprised if your study colleagues take a completely different approach to yours.

Step 7: Present your findings

Once you’ve completed your analysis, it’s time to present your findings (finally!). In a dissertation or thesis, you’ll typically present your findings in two chapters – the results chapter and the discussion chapter .

What’s the difference between the results chapter and the discussion chapter?

While these two chapters are similar, the results chapter generally just presents the processed data neatly and clearly without interpretation, while the discussion chapter explains the story the data are telling  – in other words, it provides your interpretation of the results.

For example, if you were researching the factors that influence consumer trust, you might have used a quantitative approach to identify the relationship between potential factors (e.g. perceived integrity and competence of the organisation) and consumer trust. In this case:

• Your results chapter would just present the results of the statistical tests. For example, correlation results or differences between groups. In other words, the processed numbers.
• Your discussion chapter would explain what the numbers mean in relation to your research question(s). For example, Factor 1 has a weak relationship with consumer trust, while Factor 2 has a strong relationship.

Depending on the university and degree, these two chapters (results and discussion) are sometimes merged into one , so be sure to check with your institution what their preference is. Regardless of the chapter structure, this section is about presenting the findings of your research in a clear, easy to understand fashion.

Importantly, your discussion here needs to link back to your research questions (which you outlined in the introduction or literature review chapter). In other words, it needs to answer the key questions you asked (or at least attempt to answer them).

For example, if we look at the sample research topic:

In this case, the discussion section would clearly outline which factors seem to have a noteworthy influence on organisational trust. By doing so, they are answering the overarching question and fulfilling the purpose of the research .

For more information about the results chapter , check out this post for qualitative studies and this post for quantitative studies .

Step 8: The Final Step Draw a conclusion and discuss the implications

Last but not least, you’ll need to wrap up your research with the conclusion chapter . In this chapter, you’ll bring your research full circle by highlighting the key findings of your study and explaining what the implications of these findings are.

What exactly are key findings? The key findings are those findings which directly relate to your original research questions and overall research objectives (which you discussed in your introduction chapter). The implications, on the other hand, explain what your findings mean for industry, or for research in your area.

Sticking with the consumer trust topic example, the conclusion might look something like this:

Key findings

This study set out to identify which factors influence consumer-based trust in British low-cost online equity brokerage firms. The results suggest that the following factors have a large impact on consumer trust:

While the following factors have a very limited impact on consumer trust:

Notably, within the 25-30 age groups, Factors E had a noticeably larger impact, which may be explained by…

Implications

The findings having noteworthy implications for British low-cost online equity brokers. Specifically:

The large impact of Factors X and Y implies that brokers need to consider….

The limited impact of Factor E implies that brokers need to…

As you can see, the conclusion chapter is basically explaining the “what” (what your study found) and the “so what?” (what the findings mean for the industry or research). This brings the study full circle and closes off the document.

Let’s recap – how to write a dissertation or thesis

You’re still with me? Impressive! I know that this post was a long one, but hopefully you’ve learnt a thing or two about how to write a dissertation or thesis, and are now better equipped to start your own research.

To recap, the 8 steps to writing a quality dissertation (or thesis) are as follows:

• Understand what a dissertation (or thesis) is – a research project that follows the research process.
• Find a unique (original) and important research topic
• Craft a convincing dissertation or thesis research proposal
• Write a clear, compelling introduction chapter
• Undertake a thorough review of the existing research and write up a literature review
• Undertake your own research
• Present and interpret your findings

Once you’ve wrapped up the core chapters, all that’s typically left is the abstract , reference list and appendices. As always, be sure to check with your university if they have any additional requirements in terms of structure or content.  

Psst... there’s more!

This post was based on one of our popular Research Bootcamps . If you're working on a research project, you'll definitely want to check this out ...

20 Comments

thankfull >>>this is very useful

Thank you, it was really helpful

unquestionably, this amazing simplified way of teaching. Really , I couldn’t find in the literature words that fully explicit my great thanks to you. However, I could only say thanks a-lot.

Great to hear that – thanks for the feedback. Good luck writing your dissertation/thesis.

This is the most comprehensive explanation of how to write a dissertation. Many thanks for sharing it free of charge.

Very rich presentation. Thank you

Thanks Derek Jansen|GRADCOACH, I find it very useful guide to arrange my activities and proceed to research!

Thank you so much for such a marvelous teaching .I am so convinced that am going to write a comprehensive and a distinct masters dissertation

It is an amazing comprehensive explanation

This was straightforward. Thank you!

I can say that your explanations are simple and enlightening – understanding what you have done here is easy for me. Could you write more about the different types of research methods specific to the three methodologies: quan, qual and MM. I look forward to interacting with this website more in the future.

Thanks for the feedback and suggestions 🙂

Hello, your write ups is quite educative. However, l have challenges in going about my research questions which is below; *Building the enablers of organisational growth through effective governance and purposeful leadership.*

Very educating.

Just listening to the name of the dissertation makes the student nervous. As writing a top-quality dissertation is a difficult task as it is a lengthy topic, requires a lot of research and understanding and is usually around 10,000 to 15000 words. Sometimes due to studies, unbalanced workload or lack of research and writing skill students look for dissertation submission from professional writers.

Thank you 💕😊 very much. I was confused but your comprehensive explanation has cleared my doubts of ever presenting a good thesis. Thank you.

thank you so much, that was so useful

Hi. Where is the excel spread sheet ark?

could you please help me look at your thesis paper to enable me to do the portion that has to do with the specification

my topic is “the impact of domestic revenue mobilization.

Submit a Comment Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

• Print Friendly

• 40 Essential Rudiments
• Rudimental Learning Sequence
• Hybrid Rudiments
• Rudimental Solos
• 4-2-1 Grids
• Drumline Warmups
• The Tap Pyramid
• Notes and Rests
• Sixteenth Note Sticking Patterns
• Snare Drum Anatomy
• Stick Anatomy
• Care and Maintenance
• Historical Documents
• Marching Health and Wellness Toolkit
• YouTube Channel Videos
• Noteable Links
• My Humble Recommendations

Drummin' Around

Preserving the art of the rudimental percussionist

Hybrid rudiments are the combining of two or more rudiments to create a new rudiment or rudiment pattern. This is not always the case as there are instances of hybrids containing only one rudiment, but have become universally recognized and adopted as a common rudiment pattern. Since there are an infinite number of combinations and stickings, there is no official list of hybrid rudiments, and new hybrids are no doubt created almost daily. Even the names can vary for the same hybrid. There are currently 500+ more widely accepted hybrid rudiments.

Before embarking on these hybrids, a solid foundation in the 40 International Drum Rudiments should be mastered first. Hybrid rudiments can be challenging and great fun, as well as aid in the ongoing development of any rudimental drummer. I will periodically add links to a sampling of the growing number of hybrid rudiments. Each sheet contains 5 hybrid rudiments arranged from least to most difficult. While these are not arranged from sheet to sheet in any particular order (except by difficulty within each self-contained sheet), some hybrids on latter sheets build on hybrids introduced in previous sheets, so I recommend viewing them in order. I’ve selected most based on how fun they are to play so have fun with these and drum on!

Hybrid Rudiments – Sheet 1

• Hertas – pronounced her-ta, also her-sha and her-sa
• Grandmas – paradiddle variant with accents on the 2nd and 5th notes
• Choo-Choo – play correctly and you will hear the chugging of a train engine
• Alternated PataFlaFla – the name says it all
• Cheese – also known as “cheeselet” or “cheese flam accent,” any diddled flam is considered cheese

Hybrid Rudiments – Sheet 2

• One Handed Flam Drag – follows the Swiss Army Triplet sticking; also called “swiss drag”, “swiss flam drag”, “inverted flam drag”
• Grandpas – paradiddle variant with accents on the first and fifth notes; similar to Grandmas (you saw that coming didn’t you?)
• Chutuddas – a flam accent with the accent placed on the second note; also called “alternated flamacue” or alternating flamacue”
• Diddle Herta – a herta with the first note accented and the second note diddled; also called “four stroke diddle herta”
• Cheese Paradiddle – a paradiddle with cheese on the first note; also known as “cheeseadiddle” or “cheese-a-diddle”

Hybrid Rudiments – Sheet 3

• Cupcakes – a Flamacue Drag with accented flams on the first and second notes
• Opies – a five note pattern, sticked RLLRL or LRRLR, with a flam on the fifth note of each
• Parabuzzle – a Paradiddle with the fourth note buzzed/crushed
• Kramer – a Pataflafla with cheese on the fourth note
• Flyz – two Swiss Army Triplets, with the second note of each buzzed/crushed, followed by a Flam Tap

Hybrid Rudiments – Sheet 4

• Didda-let – a single accented stroke followed by a double stroke; a common variation reverses the order
• Dragateenth – a group of four 16th notes played as alternating strokes with the first note diddled (double stroke/drag)
• Side Flamadiddle – a four note grouping sticked RLLL or LRRR with a flam on the first note of each
• Four Note Swiss Army Triplet – a Swiss Army Triplet with an extra note on the same hand after the flam
• Cheese-Ka – a Four Note Swiss Army Triplet with an accent on the fourth note; also called “Aaron Swiss”

Hybrid Rudiments – Sheet 5

• Gallops – a Didda-let with a flam on the second note; when played properly this produces a “galloping” sound
• Puguda – a Didda-let followed by an accented note
• Shirley Murphy – a single stroke + double stroke + triple stroke; also called “1-2-3”, “Murphs”, “Murfs” or “Shirley Murphies”
• Pataflaka – a Cheese-Ka with an extra flam on the fourth note
• Side Cheeseadiddle – a Side Flamadiddle with cheese on the first flam of each

Hybrid Rudiments – Sheet 6 (a bit of fun with flams)

• Flama-Singles – a group of four single strokes with a flam on the first note
• Flam-a-Flam – a group of three single strokes with flams on the first and third notes
• Flamacue-Diddle – a Flam Paradiddle combined with a Flamacue by accenting the second note of each
• Flama Chuck – a Pataflafla with an extra flam on the third note
• Flaflam Drag – a Paradiddle with the first note flammed, the second note diddled and an accented flam on the fourth note

Hybrid Rudiments – Sheet 7

• Zigiddy Bops – an Alternating Single Stroke Three with an accented drag/double stroke on the first note of each
• Parafladdle – a Paradiddle with an accented flam on the third note; similar to a Choo Choo; also called a Tapafladdle
• Flama Chucka Diddle – a Flama Chuck played with Paradiddle sticking
• Fuzz Taps – a Flam Tap where the primary stroke of the flam is a buzz/crush
• Churruckitahs – a Flamacue-Diddle with Cheese on the first flam; also called Cheeseacue-Diddle, Cheese Flamacue Diddle

Hybrid Rudiments – Sheet 8

• Flam Drag-a-poo – Flama-Singles with drags/double strokes on the second and fourth notes
• Flammed 3-2-1 – a Reverse Shirley Murphy with a flam on the first note of each, sticked following the format 3-2-1
• Chatachichi – a Paradiddle with flams on the first, second and third notes followed by another flam on the same hand
• Flam Stutters – a group of three notes, sticked RLL or LRR, with Cheese on the first note
• Flam Five – a Five Stroke Roll with a flam on the first note; usually played with the Flam Accent sticking

Hybrid Rudiments – Sheet 9 (in this one, the first two build on one another, as do the last three)

• Eggbeaters – a triple stroke followed by a double stroke; played as quintuplets or in 5/8; also called “Fyvie Five”
• Chinese Fives – an Eggbeater with the first three notes played as 16th note triplets and the last two played as 16th notes
• Deviled Eggs – a triple stroke then two double strokes, with the first note accented; played as septuplets or in 7/8
• Slevens – Deviled Eggs with a flam on the first note; played as septuplets or in 7/8; also called “Flam Deviled Eggs”
• Flam Devils – Slevens with additional flams on the fourth and sixth notes; played as septuplets or in 7/8

Hybrid Rudiments – Sheet 10

• Inverted Paradiddle – a Paradiddle with the sticking pattern offset by one note; also called an “Inward Paradiddle”
• Reverse Paradiddle – a Paradiddle with the single and double strokes played in reverse order; also called “Single Mill”
• Upbeat Diddles – a Herta played with Inverted Paradiddle sticking
• Irish Five – a group of five notes sticked as either R L L L R or L R R R L with the first and last notes accented
• Plutnduh – three single strokes with an accented flam on the first note where the grace note is accented as well

Hybrid Rudiments – Sheet 11

• Fufives – a variation on the Irish Five where either the right of left hand leads; usually played as a triplet instead of a quintuplet
• Swiss Grinders – a Swiss Army Triplet followed by a Flam Accent
• Ghost Flams – an accented flam where the primary stroke is stopped just above the head; also called “Fake Flams”
• Inverted Cheese Flam Tap – an Inverted Flam Tap with Cheese on the first flam of each; aka “Cheese Inverts”
• Macs – an Inverted Cheese Flam Tap with an extra diddle/double stroke on the second note of each

Hybrid Rudiments – Sheet 12  (all about that Para-pa-diddle)

• Para-pa-diddle – a Paradiddle with an extra single stroke before the double stroke; usually played in 5/8 or as quintuplets
• Flammed Para-pa-diddle – a Para-pa-diddle with a flam on the first note of each; also called “Flam Parapadiddle”
• Flow Five – a Para-pa-diddle with a flam on the fourth note; usually played in 5/8 or as quintuplets
• Cheese Para-pa-diddle – a Para-pa-diddle with Cheese on the first note of each; played in 5/8 or as quintuplets
• Cheese Flow Five – a Flow Five with Cheese on the first note; can be played in 5/8 or as quintuplets

Hybrid Rudiments – Sheet 13

• Paradiddle-diddle-diddle – a Paradiddle-diddle with an extra double stroke/diddle; aka “Compound Paradiddle
• Octadiddle-tron – a Paradiddle-diddle-diddle played as octuplets
• Double Flammed Swiss Army Triplet – a Swiss Army Triplet with an extra flam on the third note
• Flam Invention 1 – a group of three notes sticked as either R L L or L R R with flams on the first and third notes
• Vladiment – a Double Flam Drag beginning with the third note of the pattern

Hybrid Rudiments – Sheet 14

• Buzzadiddle – a Paradiddle with buzzes, sometimes called crushes, on the first two notes
• Pattya Diddle – a Flam Paradiddle with an extra flam on the second note
• Rudy-Mental – a Paradiddle with an accented double stroke/drag on the first note and a grace note flam on the third note
• Tapadiddle – a Drag Paradiddle with a flam on the third note
• Three Stroke Ruff Paradiddle – a Paradiddle with a Three Stroke Ruff on the first note of each

Book Reports (a Progressive Development Guide)

Share this:

• Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)
• Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window)
• Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window)
• Click to share on Pocket (Opens in new window)
• Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)
• Click to print (Opens in new window)
• Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window)
• Click to share on X (Opens in new window)

8 responses to “ Hybrid Rudiments ”

[…] Hybrid Rudiments […]

Pages 6 – 9 of Hybrid rudiments are missing.

Could you please forward in PDF.

Many thanks.

Thanks for pointing that out. I’ve fixed the broken links and have also added a new sheet. Enjoy and Happy Drumming!

Leave a comment Cancel reply

This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed .

Peruse This

Pick your poison.

• Civil War (12)
• Educational (15)
• General (11)
• Health and Wellness (1)
• History (6)
• Hybrid Rudiments (9)
• Mobile Apps (3)
• Publications (7)
• Reviews (1)
• Rudiments (43)
• Uncategorized (1)
• Videos (42)
• Weekly Recap (1)

Drummin' Around Official YT Channel

$9.95 E-book at Amazon Print version coming soon!

$9.95 E-book at Amazon Print Version coming soon!

Top Posts & Pages

• Alpha St. Louis

• Already have a WordPress.com account? Log in now.
• Subscribe Subscribed
• Copy shortlink
• Report this content
• View post in Reader
• Manage subscriptions
• Collapse this bar

Drum Rudiments: Mastering the Essentials for Percussive Excellence

Table of Contents

Drum rudiments are the building blocks of percussion, playing a crucial role in the development of coordination, timing, and technique for drummers. Just as a solid foundation is essential for any structure, mastering these rudiments is key to becoming a proficient drummer. They consist of patterns and strokes that serve as the basic vocabulary used to create more complex rhythms and drum patterns.

Understanding and practicing drum rudiments allows you to enhance your musical expression and technical ability on the drum set. They are often employed in various musical genres, from marching percussion to rock, jazz, and classical. Whether you’re a beginner aiming to establish your groove or an advanced player looking to refine your skills, learning drum rudiments is an indispensable part of drumming education.

Key Takeaways

• Drum rudiments form the essential patterns and techniques for drummers.
• Regular practice of rudiments improves musicality and technical proficiency.
• Rudiments are applicable to multiple musical styles and complexity levels.

Basics of Drumming

Learning the rudiments of drumming opens the door to mastering complex rhythms and enhances your musical versatility. This foundational skill set serves as the building blocks for all drum patterns and techniques you will encounter in your percussion journey.

Understanding Percussion and Drum Rudiments

Drum rudiments are to drumming what scales are to melody; they are essential patterns that form the basis of drumming technique. Percussion music is built upon these rudiments, which consist of various sticking patterns used for creating rhythm. Your first challenge is to learn these patterns, as they are the alphabets of your drumming language.

The Role of Practice in Mastery

Constant practice is the key to growing your drumming skills. Engaging in regular practice sessions with a focus on rudiments strengthens muscle memory and ensures steady growth in your proficiency. Use a practice pad to begin with, sparing your ears while honing your technique.

Selecting the Right Equipment

Choosing the correct tools is essential for effective practice. Start with quality drum sticks, possibly from recognized brands like Vic Firth. Also, equip yourself with a snare drum or practice pad from reputable manufacturers like Pearl Drums or Remo to ensure you have a realistic and responsive surface to work on.

Setting the Foundation with Single Stroke Rudiments

Single stroke rudiments are fundamental to drumming. They consist of consecutive stick hits, alternating between your left and right hand. Begin with the single stroke roll, single stroke four, and single stroke seven:

• Single Stroke Roll : Alternate strokes (R L R L)
• Single Stroke Four : Four notes sequence (R L R L)
• Single Stroke Seven : Seven notes sequence (R L R L R L R)

Developing Control and Speed

Double strokes and variations are your next stepping stones. The goal is to develop control and speed without sacrificing precision. You start with double strokes (RR LL) and practice until they are as natural and even as your single strokes. Remember, your growth as a drummer is directly proportional to the effort you put into mastering these rudiments.

Keep your learning paced and focused, and you will see measurable improvement in your drumming capabilities.

Core Drum Rudiments

Drum rudiments are the fundamental patterns that every drummer must master to excel in playing percussion music. They’re the building blocks for your coordination and technique, crucial for developing fluidity and precision on the drum kit.

Double Stroke Open Roll

The Double Stroke Open Roll consists of a sequence of alternating double strokes (RRLLRRLL) that are played with an open ‘bouncing’ motion. This rudiment is a gateway to achieving smooth, sustained rolls and crucial for control at varying tempos.

Intro to Diddle Rudiments

Diddle rudiments begin with the Single Paradiddle (RLRR LRLL), blending singles and doubles. Your progression will include the Double Paradiddle (RLRLRR LRLRLL) and the Triple Paradiddle (RLRLRLRR LRLRLRLL), expanding your versatility in combination strokes.

Flam Rudiments Foundation

Flam patterns add dynamic texture. The Flam Tap (RlR lRl) alternates with accented notes preceded by a ‘grace’ note, while the Flam Accent (Rlrr Llrr) and the Flam Paradiddle (Rlrr lrLL) combine flams with other rudiments to develop complex sticking patterns.

Introducing Drag Rudiments

Drag rudiments incorporate grace notes, leading into the primary stroke. The Single Drag Tap (RllR lRll) and Double Drag Tap (Rllrr lRllrr) will help you master the controlled bounce, leading up to more challenging patterns like the Drag Paradiddle #1 and #2 .

Roll Rudiments and Their Variations

Rolls are characterized by their seamless sound. The Multiple Bounce Roll (buzz roll) and the Five Stroke Roll (RRLLR LLRRL) through to the Seventeen Stroke Roll involve consecutive doubles or pressed strokes which need to be practiced to achieve evenness and clarity in their execution.

Triple Stroke Roll Techniques

Lastly, you have the Triple Stroke Roll (RRR LLL), which requires three rapid bounces per hand. Mastering this rudiment builds the endurance, control, and finesse needed for playing more complex patterns and maintaining consistent rolls during your drumming sessions.

Advanced Rudimental Techniques

To enhance your drumming technique, exploring advanced rudimental patterns offers a pathway to masterful control and creativity on the drum set. This pursuit requires dedication to practice and an understanding of how to integrate complex patterns into musical expressions.

Mastering Hybrid Rudiments

Hybrid rudiments combine elements of basic rudiments to form new, complex patterns, thereby expanding your rhythmic vocabulary. For instance, the Herta , a hybrid rudiment, is a drag-riddled pattern that involves alternating double and single strokes. Begin practicing slowly to ensure accuracy before increasing speed.

Exploring Ratamacue and Paradiddle Combinations

Understanding and executing the Ratamacue family— Single Ratamacue , Double Ratamacue , and Triple Ratamacue —enhances rhythmic dexterity. When combined with paradiddles, such as a Flam Paradiddle-Diddle , they offer dynamic possibilities within orchestral and solo performances, as well as in drum corps settings.

Combination Example:

• Single Ratamacue + Single Paradiddle
• Flam Paradiddle-Diddle + Double Ratamacue

Incorporating Rudiments into Drum Fills

Crafting compelling drum fills requires seamless integration of rudiments. Start with familiar patterns like single and double strokes, and then weave in flam and drag rudiments to add texture. Flam Rudiments and Drag Rudiments can elevate a simple drum fill to a captivating musical statement within a piece.

Drum Fill Integration:

• Basic Fill: Tom → Snare → Floor Tom
• Enhanced Fill: Flam on Tom → Drag on Snare → Flam Tap on Floor Tom

Techniques for Flam and Drag Enhancement

Flams and drags add a percussive flourish to your drumming. Precision is key to mastering Flam Rudiments like the Inverted Flam Tap and the Flam Paradiddle , as well as Drag Rudiments including the Flam Drag . Practice these with a metronome to build a consistent and crisp execution.

Technique Tips:

• Use a mirror to check your stick heights for flams.
• Begin drags with a double stroke at a lower dynamic before the primary note.

Rudiment Applications

Drum rudiments are fundamental patterns crucial for developing finesse and fluency on the drums. Your ability to creatively apply these patterns will enhance your drumming in various musical contexts.

Rudiments in Drumset Grooves

Incorporating rudiments into your drumset grooves adds complexity and texture. Practice single and double strokes within rock, funk, or jazz grooves to create dynamic music. Begin with a simple:

• Beat: Start with a straight 8th-note rock beat.
• Rudiment Addition: Insert a paradiddle on the snare to vary the rhythm.

Tip: Loop the basic groove, then gradually introduce the paradiddle, maintaining a steady tempo to enhance your coordination and timing.

Marching and Field Drumming

Within marching and drum corps, rudiments are essential for crisp, uniform group performance. The traditional:

• Double Stroke Roll : Necessary for rapid-fire passages in field drumming.
• Flam : Used for accented notes, adding power to the marching ensemble.

When practicing, aim for consistency in stick heights and clarity to match the precision of the drum corps.

Utilizing Rudiments in Orchestral Contexts

Orchestral percussionists use rudiments to articulate passages and achieve clarity. For example:

• Press Rolls create tension in a quiet passage.
• Ruffs are employed for dramatic effect before significant orchestral hits.

While practicing, focus on control, particularly at varying dynamics, to suit the nuanced requirements of orchestral music.

Soloing and Improvisation Techniques

Rudiments are building blocks for dynamic solos and improvisation. Develop:

• Creativity : Combine different rudiments to form unique solo patterns.
• Dynamics : Apply accents and ghost notes to emphasize musical phrases.

Practice soloing over a set chord progression to ingrain timing and to enhance your improvisational skills.

Enhancing Coordination and Timing

Good coordination and precise timing stem from mastering rudiments. Utilize a metronome to develop:

• Limb Independence : Practice rudiments with alternating limbs, over a consistent bass drum pattern.
• Syncopation : Embed rudiments within off-beat patterns to refine your sense of timing.

Regular, focused practice on a pad or drumset will embed these skills, ensuring greater competence in all performance areas.

Historical and Cultural Context

In exploring the extensive tapestry of drum rudiments, you’ll discover their profound historical significance and cultural permeation, from European origins to their codification in America and educational advancements.

The Evolution of Drum Rudiments

Drum rudiments, the fundamental patterns utilized by percussionists, have evolved primarily from military drumming traditions in Europe. Your understanding of rudiments may begin with the simple strokes and rolls found in the 16th century Swiss Basel drumming, but it significantly grew in complexity over time. This growth included the formalizing of the Standard 26 American Drum Rudiments post-Civil War, which derived from European traditions and were adapted in the United States to create a formal pedagogical structure for drummers.

Drum Rudiments Across Different Cultures

Rudiments have been shaped by a variety of cultural influences. For instance, in Vienna , percussionists developed a unique style that impacted the European drumming landscape. Similarly, in London , distinct playing techniques influenced the drum rudiments used in military and orchestral music. Your appreciation for drum rudiments should account for their multicultural origins, recognizing that while styles and techniques vary, these rudiments form a universal language across the percussion community.

Influential Organizations and Educators

Two key players in the perpetuation and education of drum rudiments include the Percussive Arts Society (PAS) and educators like Vic Firth and Jay Wanamaker . PAS has been instrumental in preserving and advancing percussion music. Vic Firth, a renowned percussionist, and educator, alongside Jay Wanamaker, a notable figure in the music industry, have contributed to the dissemination and standardization of drum rudiments through educational materials and by endorsing quality percussion instruments and accessories. Their efforts have played a pivotal role in promoting the systematic instruction of drum rudiments worldwide.

Learning Resources and Materials

To excel in playing drum rudiments, you’ll find a wealth of resources available to you. Whether you prefer books and DVDs or online lessons and video tutorials, the right materials can greatly enhance your learning experience and practice regimen.

Educational Books and DVDs

Books are a foundational resource for learning drum rudiments. They typically lay out rudiments in a clear, step-by-step manner, often accompanied by diagrams and practice tips. Look for titles like “Stick Control” for the Snare Drummer by George Lawrence Stone, which is widely regarded as an essential text for percussionists. DVDs also provide comprehensive tutorials , allowing you to see and hear the rudiments in action. Renowned drummers often release instructional DVDs which can be an invaluable addition to your practice routine.

Accessing Online Lessons and Articles

You have access to a plethora of online lessons and articles at your fingertips. Reputable websites offer structured lesson plans, with some providing a progressive learning experience from simple to complex rudiments. Most of these platforms require a subscription, but they often include valuable tools like metronomes and play-along tracks. For articles, sites like Drumming Review offer insights into the specifics of each rudiment and tips on how to incorporate them into your playing.

Video Tutorials and Demonstrations

Video tutorials on platforms like YouTube present a visual and auditory learning opportunity that’s as close as you can get to a live demonstration. You can find channels specifically dedicated to drumming, featuring slow-motion breakdowns, different camera angles, and explanations of techniques. This medium is particularly helpful if you’re a visual learner who benefits from seeing the strokes and hearing the rhythms in real-time. Essential to note is the slow, deliberate practice , advisable by seasoned instructors for developing fluency in rudiments.

By utilizing these learning resources, you can systematically improve your mastery of drum rudiments and expand your musical capabilities on the drum set.

Practice and Growth

To foster your growth as a drummer, consistent practice of drum rudiments is essential. These patterns are the building blocks of drumming proficiency, acting as the toolkit from which complex rhythms are crafted. View practice not just as repetition, but as an investment in your musical vocabulary.

Build a Solid Foundation

• Start Slow : Mastering the roll, paradiddle, flam, and drag with correct sticking will ground your technique.
• Metronome Use : Develop timing by practicing with a metronome at increasing speeds.

Increase Complexity Gradually

• Incremental Speed : Start at a comfortable pace, then incrementally increase the tempo, ensuring accuracy.
• Surface Variation : Practice the same rudiment on different surfaces (e.g., right hand on the floor tom, left on the snare) to refine your motor skills and coordination.

Incorporate Creativity

• Incorporating your personal touch into rudiments will make practice engaging and productive.
• If you find a new pattern or rhythm that resonates with you, integrate it into your routine.

Remember, each practice session builds upon the last, contributing to your overall growth. Through disciplined practice, you will not only develop control and speed but also expand your creative expression behind the drum kit. Stay relaxed, focused, and patient—proficiency doesn’t come overnight, but with persistence, you’ll reach new heights in your drumming journey.

Rudiment Categories and Classification

Drum rudiments are essential patterns used as a foundation for percussionists. These patterns are categorized by the Percussive Arts Society (PAS) into three main groups, totalizing 40 rudiments. You’ll encounter these as Roll Rudiments , Diddle Rudiments , and Flam Rudiments . Each category has its own unique characteristics and applications.

Roll Rudiments are typically played in a continuous, alternating sticking pattern that creates a sustained sound. They can be either single-stroked or double-stroked:

• Single Stroke Roll : A sequence of alternating single strokes (R-L-R-L).
• Double Stroke Roll : A sequence where each hand plays two notes (RR-LL).

Diddle Rudiments include the paradiddle, an alternating combination of single and double strokes that allows for hand transitions while maintaining rhythm.

• Paradiddle : A sticking pattern of RLRR or LRLL.

Flam Rudiments incorporate flams, which are grace notes preceding the primary stroke, adding texture and complexity.

• Flam Tap : Alternating strokes with a flam on the first note.

Before the PAS standardized the 40 rudiments, drummers referred to the Standard 26 American Drum Rudiments , which are a subset and still an integral part of the broader PAS list.

Understanding the classification of these rudiments will help you grasp the basic structures in drumming and lead to more advanced techniques. Remember, mastery of these patterns will significantly enhance your drumming vocabulary.

Select Products and Accessories

When delving into the world of drum rudiments, equipping yourself with quality products and accessories is essential. Vic Firth is synonymous with drumsticks and offers a range with varying weights and sizes to suit your play style. Select a pair that feels comfortable for executing precise rudimental patterns.

For practice pads, Remo has options that closely mimic the feel of a real drum, essential for honing your rudiment skills. A good practice pad can make a significant difference in your dynamic control and endurance.

Pearl Drums is recognized for its drum kits , which often become the canvas for your rudiments. The right kit can transform rudimental exercises into expressive beats.

Lastly, consider investing in educational materials. Vic Firth’s website presents useful applications for each rudiment alongside detailed lesson videos which can help guide your practice sessions.

• Learning Resources : Websites like Vic Firth offer free educational content ideal for mastering rudiments.
• Practice Pad : Remo’s practice pads are durable and offer a realistic stick rebound.
• Drumsticks : Pick Vic Firth drumsticks to match the style and feel you need.
• Drum Kit : Pearl’s range spans from beginner setups to professional configurations.

Remember, the right accessories can significantly impact your progression and ensure your practice is effective and enjoyable.

Frequently Asked Questions

In this section, we address common inquiries to get you on track with drum rudiments, which are the foundation for any drummer’s skill set.

What are the essential rudiments for beginner drummers to learn?

As a beginner, you should focus on the Single Stroke Roll, Double Stroke Roll, and Paradiddle. These are foundational patterns that form the basis for more complex drumming techniques.

How many drum rudiments exist, and what are they?

There are 40 official Percussive Arts Society (PAS) rudiments. These include 26 American drum rudiments that have historical significance and were then expanded to the current 40, which are standard for percussionists worldwide.

What is the best way to practice drum rudiments effectively?

Effective practice of drum rudiments involves slow, deliberate strokes combined with a metronome to ensure timing accuracy. Gradual increases in speed, while maintaining control and consistency, is key to mastering these patterns.

Can you provide a comprehensive chart of drum rudiments?

While a comprehensive chart cannot be provided in this text, reputable online drumming resources and percussion organizations often provide detailed charts for all 40 PAS rudiments, specifying hand patterns and strokes.

Where can I find a free resource to learn drum rudiments?

Free resources are available through various drumming websites and platforms. The Percussive Arts Society website is a reliable source that offers educational material, including rudiments for drummers at all levels.

How does mastering rudiments enhance a drummer’s skills?

Mastering drum rudiments sharpens your precision, dynamics, and coordination, which translates into more expressive and rhythmic playing across different styles of music. Rudiments are essentially the vocabulary of drumming, allowing for creative expression around the kit.

Related Articles

How to Clean Electronic Drums: A Step-by-Step Guide to Keeping Your Kit Spotless

Acoustic vs Electronic Drums: Choosing the Right Set for You

History of Electronic Drum Sets: Evolution and Impact

Our top picks, just started shopping for a drums learn more, related posts.

Beginners Drum Beats: Mastering the Basics in No Time

What Are Drum Heads Made Of: Materials and Manufacturing Insights

How to Clean a Drum Set: A Step-by-Step Maintenance Guide

Writing a Postgraduate or Doctoral Thesis: A Step-by-Step Approach

• First Online: 01 October 2023

Cite this chapter

• Usha Y. Nayak 4 ,
• Praveen Hoogar 5 ,
• Srinivas Mutalik 4 &
• N. Udupa 6  

1246 Accesses

1 Citations

A key characteristic looked after by postgraduate or doctoral students is how they communicate and defend their knowledge. Many candidates believe that there is insufficient instruction on constructing strong arguments. The thesis writing procedure must be meticulously followed to achieve outstanding results. It should be well organized, simple to read, and provide detailed explanations of the core research concepts. Each section in a thesis should be carefully written to make sure that it transitions logically from one to the next in a smooth way and is free of any unclear, cluttered, or redundant elements that make it difficult for the reader to understand what is being tried to convey. In this regard, students must acquire the information and skills to successfully create a strong and effective thesis. A step-by-step description of the thesis/dissertation writing process is provided in this chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save.

• Get 10 units per month
• Download Article/Chapter or eBook
• 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
• Cancel anytime
• Available as PDF
• Read on any device
• Instant download
• Own it forever
• Available as EPUB and PDF
• Durable hardcover edition
• Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
• Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

The Process of Scientific Writing: Developing a Research Question, Conducting a Literature Review, and Creating an Outline

Persistent Myths About Dissertation Writing and One Proven Way of Breaking Free of Their Spell

Research Writing: Tips and Common Errors

Carter S, Guerin C, Aitchison C (2020) Doctoral writing: practices, processes and pleasures. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1808-9

Book   Google Scholar  

Odena O, Burgess H (2017) How doctoral students and graduates describe facilitating experiences and strategies for their thesis writing learning process: a qualitative approach. Stud High Educ 42:572–590. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2015.1063598

Article   Google Scholar  

Stefan R (2022) How to write a good PhD thesis and survive the viva, pp 1–33. http://people.kmi.open.ac.uk/stefan/thesis-writing.pdf

Google Scholar  

Barrett D, Rodriguez A, Smith J (2021) Producing a successful PhD thesis. Evid Based Nurs 24:1–2. https://doi.org/10.1136/ebnurs-2020-103376

Article   PubMed   Google Scholar  

Murray R, Newton M (2009) Writing retreat as structured intervention: margin or mainstream? High Educ Res Dev 28:541–553. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360903154126

Thompson P (2012) Thesis and dissertation writing. In: Paltridge B, Starfield S (eds) The handbook of english for specific purposes. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Hoboken, NJ, pp 283–299. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118339855.ch15

Chapter   Google Scholar  

Faryadi Q (2018) PhD thesis writing process: a systematic approach—how to write your introduction. Creat Educ 09:2534–2545. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2018.915192

Faryadi Q (2019) PhD thesis writing process: a systematic approach—how to write your methodology, results and conclusion. Creat Educ 10:766–783. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2019.104057

Fisher CM, Colin M, Buglear J (2010) Researching and writing a dissertation: an essential guide for business students, 3rd edn. Financial Times/Prentice Hall, Harlow, pp 133–164

Ahmad HR (2016) How to write a doctoral thesis. Pak J Med Sci 32:270–273. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.322.10181

Article   CAS   PubMed   PubMed Central   Google Scholar  

Gosling P, Noordam LD (2011) Mastering your PhD, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 12–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15847-6

Cunningham SJ (2004) How to write a thesis. J Orthod 31:144–148. https://doi.org/10.1179/146531204225020445

Article   CAS   PubMed   Google Scholar  

Azadeh F, Vaez R (2013) The accuracy of references in PhD theses: a case study. Health Info Libr J 30:232–240. https://doi.org/10.1111/hir.12026

Williams RB (2011) Citation systems in the biosciences: a history, classification and descriptive terminology. J Doc 67:995–1014. https://doi.org/10.1108/00220411111183564

Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Kashfi K, Ghasemi A (2020) The principles of biomedical scientific writing: citation. Int J Endocrinol Metab 18:e102622. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijem.102622

Article   PubMed   PubMed Central   Google Scholar  

Yaseen NY, Salman HD (2013) Writing scientific thesis/dissertation in biology field: knowledge in reference style writing. Iraqi J Cancer Med Genet 6:5–12

Gorraiz J, Melero-Fuentes D, Gumpenberger C, Valderrama-Zurián J-C (2016) Availability of digital object identifiers (DOIs) in web of science and scopus. J Informet 10:98–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2015.11.008

Khedmatgozar HR, Alipour-Hafezi M, Hanafizadeh P (2015) Digital identifier systems: comparative evaluation. Iran J Inf Process Manag 30:529–552

Kaur S, Dhindsa KS (2017) Comparative study of citation and reference management tools: mendeley, zotero and read cube. In: Sheikh R, Mishra DKJS (eds) Proceeding of 2016 International conference on ICT in business industry & government (ICTBIG). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Piscataway, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTBIG.2016.7892715

Kratochvíl J (2017) Comparison of the accuracy of bibliographical references generated for medical citation styles by endnote, mendeley, refworks and zotero. J Acad Librariansh 43:57–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2016.09.001

Zhang Y (2012) Comparison of select reference management tools. Med Ref Serv Q 31:45–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/02763869.2012.641841

Hupe M (2019) EndNote X9. J Electron Resour Med Libr 16:117–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/15424065.2019.1691963

Download references

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India

Usha Y. Nayak & Srinivas Mutalik

Centre for Bio Cultural Studies, Directorate of Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India

Praveen Hoogar

Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to N. Udupa .

Editor information

Editors and affiliations.

Retired Senior Expert Pharmacologist at the Office of Cardiology, Hematology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA

Gowraganahalli Jagadeesh

Professor & Director, Research Training and Publications, The Office of Research and Development, Periyar Maniammai Institute of Science & Technology (Deemed to be University), Vallam, Tamil Nadu, India

Pitchai Balakumar

Division Cardiology & Nephrology, Office of Cardiology, Hematology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA

Fortunato Senatore

Ethics declarations

No conflict of interest exists.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Nayak, U.Y., Hoogar, P., Mutalik, S., Udupa, N. (2023). Writing a Postgraduate or Doctoral Thesis: A Step-by-Step Approach. In: Jagadeesh, G., Balakumar, P., Senatore, F. (eds) The Quintessence of Basic and Clinical Research and Scientific Publishing. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1284-1_48

Download citation

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1284-1_48

Published : 01 October 2023

Publisher Name : Springer, Singapore

Print ISBN : 978-981-99-1283-4

Online ISBN : 978-981-99-1284-1

eBook Packages : Biomedical and Life Sciences Biomedical and Life Sciences (R0)

Share this chapter

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

• Publish with us

Policies and ethics

• Find a journal
• Track your research

Have a language expert improve your writing

Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.

• Knowledge Base
• Starting the research process
• How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates

How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates

Published on October 12, 2022 by Shona McCombes and Tegan George. Revised on September 5, 2024.

A research proposal describes what you will investigate, why it’s important, and how you will conduct your research.

The format of a research proposal varies between fields, but most proposals will contain at least these elements:

Introduction

Literature review.

• Research design

Reference list

While the sections may vary, the overall objective is always the same. A research proposal serves as a blueprint and guide for your research plan, helping you get organized and feel confident in the path forward you choose to take.

Table of contents

Research proposal purpose, research proposal examples, research design and methods, contribution to knowledge, research schedule, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about research proposals.

Academics often have to write research proposals to get funding for their projects. As a student, you might have to write a research proposal as part of a grad school application , or prior to starting your thesis or dissertation .

In addition to helping you figure out what your research can look like, a proposal can also serve to demonstrate why your project is worth pursuing to a funder, educational institution, or supervisor.

Research proposal length

The length of a research proposal can vary quite a bit. A bachelor’s or master’s thesis proposal can be just a few pages, while proposals for PhD dissertations or research funding are usually much longer and more detailed. Your supervisor can help you determine the best length for your work.

One trick to get started is to think of your proposal’s structure as a shorter version of your thesis or dissertation , only without the results , conclusion and discussion sections.

Download our research proposal template

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We’ve included a few for you below.

• Example research proposal #1: “A Conceptual Framework for Scheduling Constraint Management”
• Example research proposal #2: “Medical Students as Mediators of Change in Tobacco Use”

Like your dissertation or thesis, the proposal will usually have a title page that includes:

• The proposed title of your project
• Your supervisor’s name
• Your institution and department

The first part of your proposal is the initial pitch for your project. Make sure it succinctly explains what you want to do and why.

Your introduction should:

• Introduce your topic
• Give necessary background and context
• Outline your  problem statement  and research questions

To guide your introduction , include information about:

• Who could have an interest in the topic (e.g., scientists, policymakers)
• How much is already known about the topic
• What is missing from this current knowledge
• What new insights your research will contribute
• Why you believe this research is worth doing

As you get started, it’s important to demonstrate that you’re familiar with the most important research on your topic. A strong literature review  shows your reader that your project has a solid foundation in existing knowledge or theory. It also shows that you’re not simply repeating what other people have already done or said, but rather using existing research as a jumping-off point for your own.

In this section, share exactly how your project will contribute to ongoing conversations in the field by:

• Comparing and contrasting the main theories, methods, and debates
• Examining the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches
• Explaining how will you build on, challenge, or synthesize prior scholarship

Following the literature review, restate your main  objectives . This brings the focus back to your own project. Next, your research design or methodology section will describe your overall approach, and the practical steps you will take to answer your research questions.

To finish your proposal on a strong note, explore the potential implications of your research for your field. Emphasize again what you aim to contribute and why it matters.

For example, your results might have implications for:

• Improving best practices
• Informing policymaking decisions
• Strengthening a theory or model
• Challenging popular or scientific beliefs
• Creating a basis for future research

Last but not least, your research proposal must include correct citations for every source you have used, compiled in a reference list . To create citations quickly and easily, you can use our free APA citation generator .

Some institutions or funders require a detailed timeline of the project, asking you to forecast what you will do at each stage and how long it may take. While not always required, be sure to check the requirements of your project.

Here’s an example schedule to help you get started. You can also download a template at the button below.

Download our research schedule template

If you are applying for research funding, chances are you will have to include a detailed budget. This shows your estimates of how much each part of your project will cost.

Make sure to check what type of costs the funding body will agree to cover. For each item, include:

• Cost : exactly how much money do you need?
• Justification : why is this cost necessary to complete the research?
• Source : how did you calculate the amount?

To determine your budget, think about:

• Travel costs : do you need to go somewhere to collect your data? How will you get there, and how much time will you need? What will you do there (e.g., interviews, archival research)?
• Materials : do you need access to any tools or technologies?
• Help : do you need to hire any research assistants for the project? What will they do, and how much will you pay them?

If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

Methodology

• Sampling methods
• Simple random sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Likert scales
• Reproducibility

 Statistics

• Null hypothesis
• Statistical power
• Probability distribution
• Effect size
• Poisson distribution

Research bias

• Optimism bias
• Cognitive bias
• Implicit bias
• Hawthorne effect
• Anchoring bias
• Explicit bias

Once you’ve decided on your research objectives , you need to explain them in your paper, at the end of your problem statement .

Keep your research objectives clear and concise, and use appropriate verbs to accurately convey the work that you will carry out for each one.

I will compare …

A research aim is a broad statement indicating the general purpose of your research project. It should appear in your introduction at the end of your problem statement , before your research objectives.

Research objectives are more specific than your research aim. They indicate the specific ways you’ll address the overarching aim.

A PhD, which is short for philosophiae doctor (doctor of philosophy in Latin), is the highest university degree that can be obtained. In a PhD, students spend 3–5 years writing a dissertation , which aims to make a significant, original contribution to current knowledge.

A PhD is intended to prepare students for a career as a researcher, whether that be in academia, the public sector, or the private sector.

A master’s is a 1- or 2-year graduate degree that can prepare you for a variety of careers.

All master’s involve graduate-level coursework. Some are research-intensive and intend to prepare students for further study in a PhD; these usually require their students to write a master’s thesis . Others focus on professional training for a specific career.

Critical thinking refers to the ability to evaluate information and to be aware of biases or assumptions, including your own.

Like information literacy , it involves evaluating arguments, identifying and solving problems in an objective and systematic way, and clearly communicating your ideas.

The best way to remember the difference between a research plan and a research proposal is that they have fundamentally different audiences. A research plan helps you, the researcher, organize your thoughts. On the other hand, a dissertation proposal or research proposal aims to convince others (e.g., a supervisor, a funding body, or a dissertation committee) that your research topic is relevant and worthy of being conducted.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

McCombes, S. & George, T. (2024, September 05). How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates. Scribbr. Retrieved September 9, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/research-process/research-proposal/

Is this article helpful?

Shona McCombes

Other students also liked, how to write a problem statement | guide & examples, writing strong research questions | criteria & examples, how to write a literature review | guide, examples, & templates, what is your plagiarism score.

Open Access Theses and Dissertations

Thursday, April 18, 8:20am (EDT): Searching is temporarily offline. We apologize for the inconvenience and are working to bring searching back up as quickly as possible.

Advanced research and scholarship. Theses and dissertations, free to find, free to use.

Advanced search options

Browse by author name (“Author name starts with…”).

Find ETDs with:

Written in any language English Portuguese French German Spanish Swedish Lithuanian Dutch Italian Chinese Finnish Greek Published in any country US or Canada Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile China Colombia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Italy Japan Latvia Lithuania Malaysia Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Peru Portugal Russia Singapore South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand UK US Earliest date Latest date

Sorted by Relevance Author University Date

Only ETDs with Creative Commons licenses

Results per page: 30 60 100

October 3, 2022. OATD is dealing with a number of misbehaved crawlers and robots, and is currently taking some steps to minimize their impact on the system. This may require you to click through some security screen. Our apologies for any inconvenience.

Recent Additions

See all of this week’s new additions.

About OATD.org

OATD.org aims to be the best possible resource for finding open access graduate theses and dissertations published around the world. Metadata (information about the theses) comes from over 1100 colleges, universities, and research institutions . OATD currently indexes 7,225,126 theses and dissertations.

About OATD (our FAQ) .

Visual OATD.org

We’re happy to present several data visualizations to give an overall sense of the OATD.org collection by county of publication, language, and field of study.

You may also want to consult these sites to search for other theses:

• Google Scholar
• NDLTD , the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations. NDLTD provides information and a search engine for electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs), whether they are open access or not.
• Proquest Theses and Dissertations (PQDT), a database of dissertations and theses, whether they were published electronically or in print, and mostly available for purchase. Access to PQDT may be limited; consult your local library for access information.

Electronic theses & dissertations (ETDs)

Electronic dissertations and masters’ theses have been deposited in the Libra scholarly repository at the University of Virginia since 2012. Libra makes UVA scholarship available to the world and provides safe and secure storage for the scholarly output of the UVA community. Submitting your work to Libra is a graduation requirement for all graduate students whose programs have required theses and for PhD students. LibraETD is can be used by all students, undergraduate  or graduate, whose programs have optional theses or capstones.

Before you upload your thesis or dissertation, be sure you have reviewed:

Copyright Essentials for Scholarly Work  (including Graduate Students)

The ETD Submission Checklist

Older dissertation formats

All dissertations submitted to the UVA Library in CD format were deposited into Libra in early 2014. Access to these items is UVA-only, replicating the accessibility level of the originally deposited CDs.

If you are the author of one of these dissertations and would like to change the access level to be world-wide open access, please  contact us .

Paper copies

We no longer accept paper copies for the Library shelves.  Many frequently requested dissertations from the UVA collection have been added to Libra through a generous grant from Jefferson Trust. If you are the author of one of these dissertations now in Libra and would like to change the access level to be world-wide open access, please  contact us .

If your dissertation was published in paper previously and you would like it to be added to Libra, please  contact us .

Many UVA dissertations were deposited in ProQuest until 2012, and some students continue to take the option to deposit to this commercial vendor of databases and other information products. ProQuest’s  Dissertations and Theses Full Text  database contains many dissertations published in the U.S. and is used by scholars worldwide whose institutions opt to provide paid access to the database. ProQuest also sells full-text copies of dissertations directly to the public, though it is worth noting they do not share revenue from those sales with authors. NOTE: To access "online" ETD's in Proquest, you must be affiliated with an institution that subscribes to the ProQuest database.

ProQuest charges fees for submission, and they have particular formatting and copyright requirements.  Please see their  submission instructions  for details. UVA does not require thesis or dissertation deposit to ProQuest, nor does UVA have an institutional agreement with ProQuest for such deposit. Students who opt to deposit with ProQuest do so as individuals contracting with this vendor.

Libra Contents

• Libra: Search and submit
• About Libra
• About LibraETD
• About LibraData
• About LibraOpen
• Copyright essentials

Main navigation

Shutkin awarded 2023-2024 fulbright-hays doctoral dissertation research abroad grant.

Tal Shutkin , a doctoral candidate in the  Department of Geography at The Ohio State University, has been awarded the prestigious  Fulbright-Hays Doctoral Dissertation Research Abroad (DDRA) Fellowship by the U.S. Department of Education, International and Foreign Language Education (IFLE) office. Shutkin will conduct research for his dissertation for seven months in Peru examining “Glacier Change and Social Hydrology of the Cordillera Huaytapallana.”

The Andes of Peru host the world’s greatest concentration of glaciers existing in the tropics, which have evolved with the tropical climate over many millennia. Today, in the era of anthropogenic climate warming, these glaciers are rapidly disappearing, triggering social-environmental change across the region. Shutkin’s dissertation research evaluates the changes in Peru’s Cordillera Huaytapallana, a glacierized range near Huancayo, the capital city of the department of Junin.

Shutkin asks three complementary questions. One, how have the glaciers of the Cordillera Huaytapallana evolved since the Little Ice Age (~500 years BP) and what impact has this had on water availability? Two, what are the cascading glacio-hydrological impacts of contemporary glacier loss in watersheds with varying physical characteristics including remaining glacier ice volume, hypsometry, and aspect? Three, how do the social-environmental systems differ between these watersheds and to what extent do these differences impact experiences of and contributions to environmental change? 

A physical geography PhD candidate, Shutkin is fascinated by the interplay of climate, water, and landscape in social-environmental systems. He will pursue this dissertation research using geomorphological, hydrological, and social scientific field methods, as well as statistical and numerical modeling, thereby contributing to a transdisciplinary assessment of the region’s evolving geography.

Shutkin earned his Bachelor of Science in environment and natural resources in 2019 and his Master of Arts in geography in 2022, both from The Ohio State University. His research focuses on the high tropical Andean environment, where communities situated in close proximity to glaciers rely on the mountains to provide water. He uses field-based and glacier modeling approaches to understand how past climate change drove glacier advances which carved out the tropical Andean landscape and how modern climate change is driving ice loss and altering seasonal water availability. His faculty advisor is  Bryan Mark .

The DDRA grant supports doctoral candidates to engage in full-time dissertation research abroad in modern foreign languages and area studies across the world. Nationwide across all disciplines approximately 90 Doctoral Dissertation Research Abroad Fellowships were awarded this year.

The Office of International Affairs administers the  Fulbright-Hays program for Ohio State , and grant competitions are held annually. Doctoral candidates interested in applying for the award must contact Fulbright-Hays program director,  Joanna Kukielka-Blaser .

• QUICK LINKS
• How to enroll
• Career services

KWB 2024 Dissertation of the Year

By Research Center Admin

Addressing the Call for DOY Nominations

We are excited to extend an invitation to all Dissertation Chairs, Committee Members, and other CDS Faculty to nominate students who have successfully defended their dissertations for the Dissertation of the Year Award. The purpose of this award program is to recognize excellence in dissertation work among our doctoral students. Eligible for this annual award are students from the University of Phoenix College of Doctoral Studies who have successfully passed their dissertation defense with only minor revisions. One award will be given per doctoral program, including a Doctor of Education, Doctor of Business Administration or Doctor of Management, and Doctor of Health Administration.

The awardees will be invited to present their research at the annual Knowledge Without Boundaries (KWB) Summit, where they will also receive recognition. Additionally, each awardee will receive a certificate commemorating their hard work. Please note that students who have successfully defended their dissertations between July 1, 2023, and July 31, 2024, may be nominated. Faculty are invited to nominate their doctoral students. Students may also nominate themselves with an endorsement letter from one of their committee members. Each student can be nominated only once.

The application process

Click on the Submit button to access the form and complete the nomination. Note that the nominated dissertation and the faculty endorsement letter should be uploaded via the form. Please log in with the University of Phoenix student or faculty, not staff, credentials to be able to access the form. 

Please use your faculty or student email to access or contact [email protected]

Deadline for Submission Nominatons

July 31, 2024  

For questions about nominating students for the 2024 KWB Summit, please feel free to reach out to Dr. Mansureh Kebritchi at [email protected]

Nominations will remain open until July  31, 2024. All nominations will be reviewed in August. Winners will be informed via email of the date and time of their reserved ceremony spot in the conference to be recognized.

Thesis and dissertation filing guidelines

Students who have enrolled in dissertation or thesis credits will prepare a manuscript to publish through ProQuest/UMI Dissertation Publishing. You own and retain the copyright to your manuscript. The Graduate School collects the manuscript via electronic submissions only. All manuscripts are made available through ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database (PQDT), in ProQuest/UMI’s Dissertation Abstracts International, and through the University’s institutional repository, ScholarWorks.

Getting started with campus resources:

• Office of Human Research Protection
• Campus computer Help Desk @One : (775) 682-5000
• ProQuest Help Line: (877) 408-5027 (8 a.m. - 5 p.m. ET, or 5 a.m. - 2 p.m. PT)
• For specific questions, call the Graduate School Graduation staff at (775) 784-6869

Jump to a section

• Important dates and milestones for graduating students
• Electronic manuscript submission
• Checklist to complete your electronic submission
• Instructions for completing thesis/dissertation committee approval page
• Formatting your dissertation or thesis
• Templates, samples and forms for filing

1. Important dates and milestones for graduating students

• Contact your advisor to discuss department considerations and potential dates for your defense.
• Contact the Graduate School to ensure your progression paperwork has been approved.
• View important dates and purchase a graduation application through MyNevada for your graduation semester.
• Doctoral students must submit their dissertation title for the commencement program.
• Schedule defense date with the entire advisory committee in accordance with graduation deadlines.
• Submit all forms and final manuscripts to the Graduate School by established deadlines.

2. Electronic Manuscript submission

ProQuest electronic submission site

Set up an account with ProQuest and wait for a password sent via email. ProQuest offers email and phone support,   1-877-408-5027 , frequently asked questions, etc. Visit the site early to familiarize yourself with the submission process.

3. Checklist to complete your electronic submission

• Master's  Notice of Completion and Doctoral Notice of Completion Form  - This form includes all committee signatures AND the Graduate Program Director’s signature.
• Master's Final Review Approval and Doctoral Final Review Approval   Form - This form serves as the final approval from your advisor. The Graduate School will accept the dissertation/thesis after the date listed on the form. The approval date on the form indicates the student’s submission can be accepted.
• Committee Approval Page   - Use the online Word document template (NO SIGNATURES and no page number). This page will be merged into your manuscript to acknowledge committee members.
• Filing for Copyright Registration   (optional) - Students have the opportunity to register a copyright of their graduate work with the U.S. Copyright Office. It is strictly optional, and there is a $75.00 fee associated with the service, which is paid online with student submission.
• Processing fee  - $85 thesis / $95 dissertation.  Log into your Student Center in MyNEVADA . Under the Finances section, click on the link “Purchase Miscellaneous Items.” Select the applicable processing fee to pay (Dissertation or Thesis) and complete the transaction. You will receive a receipt that generates overnight.  Please keep this item as proof of payment for your records. Our office will automatically check for payment posted.
• NSF Survey of Earned Doctorates  – For  doctoral students only.

4. Instructions for completing thesis/dissertation committee approval page

• The Committee Approval Page (see forms links at bottom of page ): This interactive template has established borders.
• Use the accompanying template on page two of this handout to complete the Committee Approval form. Check spelling carefully and make sure that case (upper-case/capital and lower-case letters) and font style (regular or bold) follow the template. Spacing between lines will depend on how long your thesis/dissertation title is and how many committee members you have.
• Type the words as they appear on the template, i.e., on the first line “We recommend that the thesis/dissertation”, followed by the second line “prepared under our supervision by.”
• At brackets [1] enter your full name in ALL CAPITAL LETTERS and BOLD-FACED.
• Type the word “entitled” all in lowercase letters.
• At brackets [2] enter the complete title of your thesis/dissertation. The title should be in both CAPITAL and lower-case letters and must be Bold-Faced. If the title is long, use two or more lines, breaking the lines at appropriate words in the title. Do not hyphenate between lines.
• Type the words “be accepted in partial fulfillment of the,” and then, on the next line, “requirements for the degree of.”
• At brackets [3] enter the name of the degree being awarded, e.g., for Ph.D. enter “Doctor of Philosophy,” for Ed.D. enter “Doctor of Education”. The degree should be in all CAPITAL LETTERS and Bold-Faced. DO NOT enter the name of the graduate program, such as anthropology or economics.
• At brackets [4] type the full name of your thesis/dissertation advisor followed by his/her degree, followed by the word “Advisor”. For example, “Sonia A. Skakich, Ph.D., Advisor”. Use both capital and lowercase letters.
• Enter the subsequent committee members and type the full names of the rest of your committee members followed by their degrees and their roles in the committee (Committee Member or Graduate School Rep.) under each one. Use one line for each member. The Graduate School Representative should be the last committee member listed. Use both capital and lowercase letters.
• The last entry is reserved for the Dean of the Graduate School (which is already entered on the form).
• At brackets [5] enter the month and year of official graduation. The month must be May, August, or December. Enter the appropriate four-digit designation of the year (e.g., 2018).

5. Formatting your dissertation or thesis

The Graduate School requires standardized formatting for the dissertation and thesis documents. Students will follow a style guide (APA, MLA, etc.) to prepare their document; however, the document must comply with University formatting requirements listed below.

Margins and spacing

• Left margin: 1.5” from the left edge of the page.
• Right margin: 1.0” from the right edge of the page.
• Top margin: 1.0” from the top edge of the page.
• Bottom margin: 1.25” from the bottom edge of the page.
• All text should be double-spaced with the exception of captions, footnotes, long quotations, bibliographic entries of more than one line, and materials in tables and appendices.

Recommended fonts

Fonts should be easy to read. Times New Roman, Arial, or a similarly clear font is preferred; type size must be 10, 11, or 12 points. Script and italic typefaces are not acceptable except where absolutely necessary i.e. in Latin designations of species, etc.

In preparing your dissertation or thesis for electronic submission, you must embed all fonts. In Microsoft Word 2013, this is done by accessing the FILE menu; selecting OPTIONS, select SAVE. From the SAVE menu check the box labeled, ”Embed fonts in the file.” If the file size is a concern, check the box next to “Do NOT embed common system fonts."

Large tables, charts, etc., may be reduced to conform to page size, but the print must remain clear enough to be readable. You can also attach a PDF for electronic submissions.

Page numbering

Every page, with the exception of the title page, the copyright page, and the committee approval page is numbered in the upper right-hand corner, one-half inch from the top of the page and one inch from the right edge of the page. Do not underline or place a period after the number. Do not use a running header.

• The prefatory materials (abstract, acknowledgments, table of contents, etc.) are numbered in lower case Roman numerals (i, ii, iii, iv…). Insert a section break after the Roman numerals to create different page numbering styles.
• The first page of the main text and all subsequent pages are continuously numbered in Arabic numerals beginning with one until the final page number (1, 2, 3, 4…)
• Do NOT number appendices or pages of additional material with numbers such as 4a or A-1.

Tables and appendices

Tables and appendices are part of the document and must conform to the same margin and page numbering requirements.

Format and sequence of pages

Assemble pages in the following order:

• Title page *no page number* (create according to the example provided)
• Copyright Notice *no page number* (optional - see example)
• Committee Approval Page *no page number* (use the online template available on our   forms page – NO SIGNATURES on this page)
• Abstract (begins lowercase Roman numerals i, ii, iii…)
• Dedication (optional)
• Acknowledgments (optional)
• Table of Contents
• List of Tables
• List of Figures
• Body of Manuscript (begins Arabic numbering 1, 2, 3…)
• Back Matter (appendices, notes, bibliography, etc.)
• Do not number the title page
• Center each line of type
• Use BOLD text type for the manuscript title
• The date listed is the month and year in which you will graduate. The only acceptable months are May, August, and December (graduation cycles).

Copyright page

No page number on this page. Although not required, we strongly recommend you insert a copyright notice in your manuscript following the title page. Essential components of the copyright notice include the copyright symbol, full legal name of the author, and year of first publication. Follow the format of the sample provided below.

Committee approval page

• No page number on this page
• Use the electronic PDF template provided below. This page will list the advisory committee members and graduate dean but will NOT include committee signatures.   Combine the PDF into your manuscript to form a single PDF file.  To do this in Adobe Pro, select "Organize pages," "Insert," and "From file."   
• A window will open and you can drag your separate PDF files into this window to combine them into a single file.
• Choose the PDF documents in order of page sequencing (title page, committee page, main manuscript) and then combine files into a single PDF.

(Lower case Roman numeral “i” page number)

Abstracts are required for all theses and dissertations. ProQuest no longer has a word limit on the abstract, “as this constrains your ability to describe your research in a section that is accessible to search engines, and therefore would constrain potential exposure of your work.” ProQuest does publish print indices that include citations and abstracts of all dissertations and theses published by ProQuest/UMI. These print indices require word limits of 350 words for doctoral dissertations and 150 words for master’s theses (only text will be included in the abstract). You may wish to limit the length of your abstract if this concerns you. The abstracts as you submit them will NOT be altered in your published manuscript.

Processing note

Each copy of your thesis or dissertation will be checked for margins, clarity of copy, and pagination. The Graduate School will run the manuscript through the Turn It In plagiarism tool.

Electronically submitted theses/dissertations are available in electronic format only; no hard copies will be produced. Students are responsible for binding any copies for personal use or for distribution to their advisor, department, or committee members.

Dissertation & Thesis Processing Fee

Mandatory processing fees are required for all theses ($85.00) and all dissertations ($95.00). Log into your Student Center in MyNEVADA. Under the Finances section, click on the link “Purchase Miscellaneous Items.” Select the applicable processing fee to pay (Dissertation or Thesis) and complete the transaction. You will receive a receipt that generates overnight.  Please keep this item as proof of payment for your records. Our office will automatically check for payment posted.

Using copyrighted materials

You must certify in ProQuest that any copyrighted material used in your work, beyond brief excerpts, is with the written permission of the copyright owner. Attach copies of permission letters to the agreement form.

Copyright registration (optional)

Students have the opportunity to register a copyright on their graduate work with the U.S. Copyright Office. It is strictly optional, and there is a $75.00 fee associated with the service. Students submitting electronically pay online. Paying for the claim to copyright is a voluntary action, which allows a court of law to award monetary damages if the copyright is infringed. You may file a Registration of Copyright yourself by sending a properly completed application form, a nonrefundable filing fee of $45.00 and a nonreturnable copy of your thesis or dissertation to the United States Copyright Office. Application materials and instructions are available from:

Register of Copyrights Copyright Office Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 20559-6000 Information is also available at the Copyright Office’s website:   lcweb.loc.gov/copyright

ScholarWorks repository

ScholarWorks - the University's institutional repository - assists in collecting, preserving, and distributing the university's intellectual output accessible to end-users on local and global levels with few if any barriers. The repository will provide long-term access to the items deposited and can accept works from all the University faculty/staff/students. A wide variety of items including Articles, Datasets, Presentations, Technical Reports, Thesis and Dissertations, Posters, Conference Papers, etc. in all file formats can be deposited into the repository. The repository supports creative commons licensing and open-access publishing without any cost.

The discovery services and search engine optimizations ensure that major search engines easily discover the uploaded content. This increases the visibility, citations, and overall impact of the research. All items deposited in the repository receive a persistent URL that can be used for citations. Various statistics are collected with the built-in statistics module and Google Analytics modules. Information on monthly/yearly views, number of downloads, demographic information, etc. is available for each deposited item upon request.

All the ETDs uploaded into ProQuest are automatically deposited into the University's ScholarWorks repository. The embargo period set in ProQuest during deposit is carried over to the ScholarWorks repository. Any changes to the embargo period after deposit can be made by contacting ProQuest at 1-800-521-0600 as well as the ScholarWorks administrator at [email protected] .

Scholarworks FAQ

Do I need to upload my ETD into the ScholarWorks repository?

• No, ProQuest will automatically upload the ETD into ScholarWorks on approval from the Graduate School.

Can I extend the embargo period on my Thesis/Dissertation after uploading it to ProQuest?

• Yes, to change or extend the embargo period of your ETD you need to contact ProQuest at 1-800-521-0600 and the ScholarWorks administrator at [email protected] .

Can I make my ETD open access in the ScholarWorks repository?

• Yes, ScholarWorks supports open access with creative commons licensing. It is available as a free service to all the faculty/staff/students.

Alternative formatting for thesis or dissertation

These guidelines apply to those theses or dissertations which consist of a number of papers either previously published or being published concurrently with the submission of the thesis or dissertation. Acceptance and publication of the articles are not criteria for this alternative. Each of the papers should constitute a separate chapter of the overall work. Preceding the papers should be an introductory section. This section may be one or more chapters but should include:

• an overall introduction to the thesis/dissertation,
• a review of the appropriate literature, and
• a description of the methodology used in the study.

The student’s advisory committee should determine the format and specific content of this introductory section.

The number of individual papers constituting chapters of the thesis/dissertation is determined by the student’s advisory committee. These chapters may be formatted in the same style required by the journals to which they are to be submitted. However, the margins must conform to those of the overall thesis, i.e. left margin = 1.5"; right margin = 1"; top margin = 1"; bottom margin = 1.25". In addition, each page must be numbered consistent with the rest of the thesis/dissertation, that is, the first page of text is numbered 1 with each subsequent page numbered consecutively until the end, to include all appendices, indexes, etc.

Following the chapters consisting of individual papers, there must follow a summary, conclusions and recommendations section. This section may be formatted as one or more chapters.

Work reported in the articles should represent a major contribution by the student that is the review of the literature, the conceptual framework and/or research design for the reported work. The statistical analyses, summaries, conclusions, and recommendations should represent the student’s own work.

For publication purposes, other researchers may be named as additional authors. This would be especially appropriate when publication is dependent upon extensive revision of the initial manuscript submitted and the faculty involved assumes responsibility for the revisions, or when the student is using an existing database.

When a student chooses this option, the articles will be submitted to the journals agreed upon by the concerned academic unit. Responsibility for follow-up, revisions, etc., should be identified in a written document and agreed upon by the student and faculty member(s) involved.

6. Templates, samples and forms

Please be sure to read the above instructions before proceeding with documents.

Forms for filing a master's thesis   Forms for filing a doctoral dissertation

Thesis filing templates and samples

• Committee Approval page for 3-member committee (TEMPLATE)
• Committee Approval page for 3-member committee with co-advisor (TEMPLATE)
• Committee Approval page for 4-member committee (TEMPLATE)
• Committee Approval page for 4-member committee with co-advisor (TEMPLATE)

Sample pages

• Thesis Title page (SAMPLE)
• Thesis Copyright page (SAMPLE)
• Thesis Committee approval page (SAMPLE)

Dissertation filing templates, samples and Survey of Earned Doctorates

• Committee Approval page  for 5-member committee (TEMPLATE)
• Committee Approval page  for  5-member committee with co-advisor (TEMPLATE)
• Committee Approval page  for 6-member committee (TEMPLATE)
• Committee Approval page  for 6 -member committee with co-advisor (TEMPLATE)
• Dissertation Title page (SAMPLE)
• Dissertation Copyright page (SAMPLE)
• Dissertation Committee approval page (SAMPLE)

Survey of Earned Doctorates

• Survey of Earned Doctorates  - The Survey of Earned Doctorates (SED) is an annual census conducted since 1957 of all individuals receiving a research doctorate from an accredited U.S. institution in a given academic year. The SED is sponsored by the National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES) within the National Science Foundation (NSF) and by three other federal agencies: the National Institutes of Health, Department of Education, and National Endowment for the Humanities. The SED collects information on the doctoral recipient's educational history, demographic characteristics, and postgraduation plans. Results are used to assess characteristics of the doctoral population and trends in doctoral education and degrees. Read more about the purpose and methods of the SED .

• Ninja Drummist YouTube Video Channel
• Ninja Drummist FaceBook Fan Page
• Ninja Drummist on Twitter

Ninja Drummist - Official web site of session drummer and teacher Lewis Partridge. Free Drum Lessons, Drum Rudiments and Other Educational Resources.

The official web site of session drummer and teacher Lewis Partridge.

• Free Video Drum Lessons and Tuition
• Private Drum Lessons and Tuition (Luton, Dunstable, Houghton Regis, Bedford and Bedfordshire)
• Webcam Drum Lessons
• Educational Drumming Resources
• Instructional Drum Videos
• My Drum Videos
• Recommended Drumming Videos
• Instructional Drum Books
• Recommended Drum Books
• The Drum Rudiment Encyclopedia
• Beginner's Guide to Drum Rudiments
• Drum Roll Guide
• PAS Rudiments
• Hybrid Rudiments
• Other Rudiments
• Hand Technique Exercises
• Foot Technique Exercises
• About Lewis Partridge
• My Up Coming Gigs and Concert Information
• My Bands and Artists
• My Drum Equipment
• My Drumming Heroes and Influences
• My Drum Practice Log

The Drum Rudiment Encyclopedia , Dictionary, Glossary and A to Z

This Drum Rudiment Encyclopedia contains over 500 Rudiments including Standard Rudiments, Hybrid Rudiments and Others.

It is a constant work in progress. I am gradually working through all the rudiments I know and hope this will eventually become a free online guide to every known rudimental pattern ever!

In order to help you in learning and perfecting these rudiments, I have included easy to read examples, performance tips, free PDF sheet music and video tutorials.

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

• Alternated Cheese Pataflafla
• Alternated Cheese-Ka
• Alternated Pataflafla
• Alternated Pataflaka
• Alternated Pattyacue
• Alternated Swiss Tap Drag
• Alternating Flyz
• Alternating Four Note Swiss Army Triplet
• Alternating Hertas
• Alternating Hertas (with Same Hand Accents)
• Alternating Hertas (with Upbeat Accents)
• Alternating One Handed Tap Drag
• Alternating Pattys
• Alternating Single Stroke Five
• Alternating Single Stroke Five (with Upbeat Accents)
• Alternating Single Stroke Four
• Alternating Single Stroke Nine
• Alternating Single Stroke Seven
• Alternating Single Stroke Six
• Alternating Single Stroke Three
• Alternating Swiss Army Triplet
• Alternating Swiss Flam Drag
• Backward-Eggbeaters
• Beater Paradiddle
• Berger Lesson 25
• Book Report
• Book Report (variations)
• Book Report (with Extra Credit)
• Brille Stroke
• Buguda Chickens
• Buzzadiddle
• Chatachichi
• Cheese 3-2-1
• Cheese Accent
• Cheese Back Flip
• Cheese Berger
• Cheese Chain
• Cheese Chatachichi
• Cheese Chutichuhs
• Cheese Chutra-Cheese
• Cheese Doctoral Thesis
• Cheese Double Paradiddle
• Cheese Double Paradiddle-diddle
• Cheese Double Parafladdle-diddle
• Cheese Dragateenth
• Cheese Drags
• Cheese Five Chatachichi
• Cheese Five Stroke Paradiddle
• Cheese Flama Chuck
• Cheese Flama Chucka Diddle
• Cheese Flama-Diddly
• Cheese Flamacue Swiss
• Cheese Flamalet
• Cheese Flammed Zigiddy Bops
• Cheese Fubars
• Cheese Inverted Threes
• Cheese Para-pa-diddle
• Cheese Paradiddle
• Cheese Paradiddle-diddle
• Cheese Paradiddle-diddle-a
• Cheese Paradiddle-diddle-diddle
• Cheese Paradiddle-Flafla
• Cheese Parafladdle-diddle-diddle
• Cheese Pataflafla
• Cheese Quickity Klotz
• Cheese Quickity Klotz (kicked up a notch)
• Cheese Ripits
• Cheese Roll
• Cheese Shirley Murphy
• Cheese Swiss Double Paradiddle
• Cheese Swiss Triple Paradiddle
• Cheese Triple Paradiddle
• Cheese Triplet Pataflafla
• Cheese Zigiddy Bops
• Cheese-Single
• Cheesea Flamacue-Diddle
• Cheeseacue Drag
• Cheeseacue Five
• Cheeseafladdle
• Cheeseasingle
• Cheesed Deviled Eggs
• Cheesy Pancakes
• Chewbacca-Diddle
• Chinese Fives
• Chuck Cheese
• Chumbly Bumkinsteen
• Churruckitahs
• Chut-Cheese
• Chutra-Cheese
• Crazy Harry
• Delayed Double Paradiddle
• Delayed Dragadiddle
• Delayed Paradiddle
• Delayed Paradiddle-diddle
• Delayed Triple Paradiddle
• Deviled Eggs
• Diddle Egg Five
• Diddle Herta
• Diddle-Flafla
• Displaced Flamacue
• Displaced Flamacue (with Diddle on Three)
• Displaced Flamacue (with Diddles on One and Three)
• Doctor Rion
• Doctoral Thesis
• Double Accented Single Flam Drag
• Double Drag Tap
• Double Dragadiddle
• Double Flam Drag
• Double Flam Drag Diddle
• Double Flam Drag Diddle-diddle
• Double Flam Drag Triple Paradiddle
• Double Flam-Flam Paradiddle
• Double Flamacue
• Double Flammed Mill
• Double Flammed Swiss Army Triplet
• Double Para Flamadiddle
• Double Para Swiss Flam Drags
• Double Paradiddle
• Double Paradiddle Flamacue
• Double Paradiddle Flamacue (with Flam on Five)
• Double Paradiddle-diddle
• Double Paradiddle-diddle Nine Stroke Roll
• Double Parafladdle-diddle
• Double Ratamacue
• Double Ratamaflam
• Double Stroke Roll
• Drag Double Paradiddle
• Drag Paradiddle 1
• Drag Paradiddle 2
• Drag Paradiddle-diddle
• Drag Triple Paradiddle
• Dragateenth
• Eight Stroke Roll
• Eleven Stroke Roll
• Elmer Fudd-diddle
• Fifteen Stroke Roll
• Five Stroke Diddle Herta
• Five Stroke Dragadiddle
• Five Stroke Flamtas
• Five Stroke Herta
• Five Stroke Paradiddle
• Five Stroke Paradiddle Herta
• Five Stroke Paradiddle Rudy-Mental
• Five Stroke Roll
• Five Stroke Ruff
• Flaflam Drag
• Flam Accent
• Flam Accent 2
• Flam Accent Drag
• Flam Accent Roll
• Flam Beaters
• Flam Change Ups
• Flam Cheese Paradiddle
• Flam Devils
• Flam Double Paradiddle
• Flam Double Paradiddle-diddle
• Flam Double Paradiddle-diddle Nine Stroke Roll
• Flam Double Parafladdle-diddle
• Flam Drag Chatachichi
• Flam Drag Chutichuhs
• Flam Drag Double Paradiddle
• Flam Drag Double Paradiddle-diddle
• Flam Drag Double Parafladdle-diddle
• Flam Drag Five Stroke Paradiddle
• Flam Drag Flafla
• Flam Drag Flamadiddle
• Flam Drag Flamafladdle
• Flam Drag Paradiddle
• Flam Drag Paradiddle-diddle
• Flam Drag Parafladdle
• Flam Drag Pataflafla-diddle
• Flam Drag Quickity Klotz
• Flam Drag Single
• Flam Drag Triple Paradiddle
• Flam Drag-a-poo
• Flam Dragadiddle-diddle
• Flam Eight Stroke Roll
• Flam Eleven Stroke Roll
• Flam Eleven Triple Paradiddle
• Flam Fifteen Stroke Roll
• Flam Five Double Drag Diddle
• Flam Five Double Paradiddle
• Flam Five Double Paradiddle-diddle
• Flam Five Double Parafladdle-diddle
• Flam Five Drag Diddle
• Flam Five Drag Diddle-diddle
• Flam Five Drag Paradiddle
• Flam Five Flafla
• Flam Five Paradiddle
• Flam Five Paradiddle-diddle
• Flam Five Patty
• Flam Five Quickity Klotz
• Flam Five Single
• Flam Five Superdiddle
• Flam Five Tapafladdle
• Flam Five Triple Paradiddle
• Flam Flamalet
• Flam Four Stroke Roll
• Flam Fourteen Stroke Roll
• Flam Hertas
• Flam Invention 1
• Flam Jiggers
• Flam Mill Drag
• Flam Muppets
• Flam Nine Double Paradiddle
• Flam Nine Double Paradiddle-diddle
• Flam Nine Stroke Roll
• Flam Nine Triple Paradiddle
• Flam Paradiddle
• Flam Paradiddle (variations)
• Flam Paradiddle Five
• Flam Paradiddle-diddle
• Flam Paradiddle-diddle-a
• Flam Paradiddle-diddle-diddle
• Flam Parafladdle-diddle
• Flam Parafladdle-diddle-diddle
• Flam Puguda
• Flam Seven Double Paradiddle
• Flam Seven Double Paradiddle-diddle
• Flam Seven Stroke Roll
• Flam Seven Triple Paradiddle
• Flam Seven-Ups
• Flam Seventeen Stroke Roll
• Flam Six Stroke Roll
• Flam Sixteen Stroke Roll
• Flam Stutters
• Flam Tap Double Paradiddle
• Flam Tap Paradiddle
• Flam Tap Paradiddle-diddle
• Flam Tap Triple Paradiddle
• Flam Ten Stroke Roll
• Flam Thirteen Stroke Roll
• Flam Thirteen Triple Paradiddle
• Flam Triple Paradiddle
• Flam Triple Stroke Roll
• Flam Twelve Stroke Roll
• Flam Upbeat Diddles
• Flam Upbeat Five
• Flam-a-Flam
• Flam-Flam Flamadiddle
• Flam-Flam Tap
• Flam-Four Flams
• Flam-Single
• Flam-Single (with Cheese on One)
• Flam-Single (with Cheese on Three)
• Flama Chuck
• Flama Chucka Diddle
• Flama Diddle Diddle
• Flama Flamacue-Diddle
• Flama Flive-a-Tap
• Flama Swiss Army Triplet
• Flama-Diddly
• Flama-Flama-Flam Flam
• Flama-Flama-Flam Tap
• Flama-Singles
• Flama-Tap-Flafla
• Flamacue a cue
• Flamacue a Diddle
• Flamacue a Flafla
• Flamacue Drag
• Flamacue Five
• Flamacue Swiss
• Flamacue-Diddle
• Flamadiddle Flam-Flam
• Flamasingle
• Flamill Drags
• Flammed 3-2-1
• Flammed Alternated Swiss Tap Drag
• Flammed Alternating Single Stroke Four
• Flammed Alternating Single Stroke Nine
• Flammed Alternating Single Stroke Seven
• Flammed Alternating Single Stroke Six
• Flammed Alternating Single Stroke Three
• Flammed Backward-Eggbeaters
• Flammed Chinese Fives
• Flammed Double Mill
• Flammed Doubles
• Flammed Eggbeaters
• Flammed Five Stroke Paradiddle
• Flammed Lesson 25
• Flammed Para-pa-diddle
• Flammed Ravioli
• Flammed Ripits
• Flammed Shirley Murphy
• Flammed Single Ratamacue
• Flammed Single Stroke Four
• Flammed Single Stroke Nine
• Flammed Single Stroke Seven
• Flammed Single Stroke Six
• Flammed Single Stroke Three
• Flammed Swiss Tap Drag
• Flammed Triplets
• Flammed Zigiddy Bops
• Flamtaplets
• Flim-Swiss Triplet
• Flive-a-Flam
• Flive-Flafla-Tap
• Four Flam-Flam-Flamadiddle
• Four Note Swiss Army Triplet
• Four Stroke Cheese Fubars
• Four Stroke Flamaruff
• Four Stroke Fubars
• Four Stroke Roll
• Four Stroke Ruff
• Four Stroke Ruff Double Paradiddle
• Four Stroke Ruff Double Ratamacue
• Four Stroke Ruff Inverted Paradiddle
• Four Stroke Ruff Paradiddle
• Four Stroke Ruff Reverse Paradiddle
• Four Stroke Ruff Single Ratamacue
• Four Stroke Ruff Triple Paradiddle
• Four Stroke Ruff Triple Ratamacue
• Four Stroke Ruffadiddle-diddle
• Four Stroke Ruffadiddle-Tap
• Fourteen Stroke Roll
• French Flams
• Fubars Fives
• Funky Cheese
• Funky Cheese Inverts
• Ghost Flams
• Grilled Cheese
• Hertas (with Same Hand Accents)
• Hertas (with Upbeat Accents)
• Hulka Helicopter
• Invert Cheese Patty
• Invert Flam Fours
• Invert Patty
• Inverted Book Report
• Inverted Cheese
• Inverted Cheese Flam Tap
• Inverted Cheese Flama Chuck
• Inverted Cheese Flama-Diddly
• Inverted Cheese Paradiddle-diddle
• Inverted Double Paradiddle-diddle
• Inverted Dragadiddle
• Inverted Flam Double Paradiddle-diddle
• Inverted Flam Drag
• Inverted Flam Drag-a-poo
• Inverted Flam Parafladdle-diddle
• Inverted Flam Tap
• Inverted Flam Tap Paradiddle-diddle
• Inverted Flama Chuck
• Inverted Flama-Diddly
• Inverted Flama-Singles
• Inverted Flamacue Drag
• Inverted Inverts
• Inverted Paradiddle
• Inverted Paradiddle Patty
• Inverted Parafladdle-diddle
• Inverted Swiss Grinders
• Inverted Tap Flam Seven
• Inverted Threes
• Inverted Triple Stroke Roll
• No drum rudiments begin with J so far...
• Malf Accent
• Malf Paradiddle
• Nice n Easy
• Nine Stroke Roll
• Nine Stroke Ruff
• Octadiddle-tron
• Odd 3 Even 3
• One Handed Five
• One Handed Flam Drag
• One Handed Flam Five
• One Handed Tap Drag
• Para Flam-Flam
• Para Flamadiddle
• Para-pa-diddle
• Paradiddle (with Cheese on Four)
• Paradiddle Diddle Herta
• Paradiddle Five
• Paradiddle Flamtas
• Paradiddle Herta
• Paradiddle-diddle
• Paradiddle-diddle-a
• Paradiddle-diddle-diddle
• Paradiddle-Flafla
• Parafladdle
• Parafladdle-diddle
• Parafladdle-diddle-diddle
• Patty Flam Tap
• Patty Flamacue Five
• Patty Invert
• Patty Seven
• Pattya Diddle
• Pattya Flam Tap
• Pattya Invert
• Poly Flam Drag
• Quickity Klotz
• Quickity Klotz (kicked up a notch)
• Ratama Swiss Cheese
• Ratamaswiss
• Reverse Book Report
• Reverse Cheese Paradiddle
• Reverse Double Paradiddle
• Reverse Dragadiddle
• Reverse Five
• Reverse Flam Paradiddle
• Reverse Paradiddle
• Reverse Paradiddle-diddle
• Reverse Paradiddle-Flafla
• Reverse Shirley Murphy
• Rudy-Mental
• Same Hand Chatachichi
• Same Hand Cheese Paradiddle
• Same Hand Five Stroke Herta
• Same Hand Flam Accent
• Same Hand Flam Paradiddle
• Same Hand Flam-Flam
• Same Hand Paradiddle
• Same Hand Reverse Paradiddle
• Same Hand Single Flammed Mill
• Seven Stroke Roll
• Seven Stroke Ruff
• Seventeen Stroke Roll
• Shirley Murphy
• Side Cheeseadiddle
• Side Flamadiddle
• Single Backs
• Single Drag Tap
• Single Dragadiddle
• Single Flam Drag
• Single Flammed Mill
• Single Paradiddle
• Single Ratamacue
• Single Stroke Five
• Single Stroke Five (with Upbeat Accents)
• Single Stroke Five-a-Flam
• Single Stroke Flam Five
• Single Stroke Four
• Single Stroke Nine
• Single Stroke Roll
• Single Stroke Seven
• Single Stroke Six
• Single Stroke Three
• Six Stroke Roll
• Six Stroke Ruff
• Sixteen Stroke Roll
• Slurred Drag
• Slurred Eleven Stroke Roll
• Slurred Fifteen Stroke Roll
• Slurred Five Stroke Roll
• Slurred Four Stroke Roll
• Slurred Fourteen Stroke Roll
• Slurred Nine Stroke Roll
• Slurred Seven Stroke Roll
• Slurred Seventeen Stroke Roll
• Slurred Six Stroke Roll
• Slurred Sixteen Stroke Roll
• Slurred Ten Stroke Roll
• Slurred Thirteen Stroke Roll
• Slurred Twelve Stroke Roll
• Swiss Army Triplet
• Swiss Cheese
• Swiss Double Paradiddle
• Swiss Flam Drag Flam Tap
• Swiss Grinders
• Swiss Tap Drag
• Swiss Triple Paradiddle
• Swiss Tu-Chada
• Swissadiddle
• Tap Flam Seven
• Ten Stroke Roll
• Thirteen Stroke Roll
• Three Stroke Ruff
• Three Stroke Ruff Double Paradiddle
• Three Stroke Ruff Inverted Paradiddle
• Three Stroke Ruff Paradiddle
• Three Stroke Ruff Reverse Paradiddle
• Three Stroke Ruff Triple Paradiddle
• Three Stroke Ruffadiddle-diddle
• Three Stroke Ruffadiddle-Tap
• Threesome Flam Combo
• Tri-Octaddiddle
• Triple Dragadiddle
• Triple Flam Drag Diddle
• Triple Flam-Flam Paradiddle
• Triple Flammed Swiss Army Triplets
• Triple Herta
• Triple Para Swiss Flam Drags
• Triple Paradiddle
• Triple Ratamacue
• Triple Ratamaflam
• Triple Stroke Roll
• Triple Stroke Tap Drag
• Triple-acue
• Triplet Pataflafla
• Tu-Cha-Chada
• Twelve Stroke Roll
• Upbeat Diddles
• Upbeat Five Stroke Roll
• Walt-Diddles
• No drum rudiments begin with X so far...
• No drum rudiments begin with Y so far...
• Zigiddy Bops

Total Drum Rudiments: 570

Calling all Drummers, Teachers and Educators!

If you know of any Rudiments that are not listed in this encyclopedia or notice any errors or duplicates in my pages, please contact me and help me to keep this educational resource complete and up to date.

Share This Page

Latest Drum Rudiments

Top 10 drum rudiments, drum rudiment difficulty levels.

• Intermediate

Drum Rudiment Categories

• All Rudiments
• Buzz Roll Rudiments
• Cheese Rudiments
• Double Stroke Rudiments
• Drag Rudiments
• Flam Rudiments
• Flamacue Rudiments
• Herta Rudiments
• Nonuplet Rudiments
• Paradiddle Rudiments
• Pataflafla Rudiments
• Quintuplet Rudiments
• Roll Rudiments
• Ruff Rudiments
• Septuplet Rudiments
• Single Stroke Rudiments
• Stick Trick Rudiments
• Swiss Rudiments
• Triple Stroke Rudiments
• Triplet Rudiments

Contributors

• Lewis Partridge
• Thomas Graves
• Freddie Wells
• Kevin Fechtel
• Brian Jacob Goins

How many Drum Rudiments do you know?

• Less than 10
• Between 10 and 40
• All 40 PAS Rudiments
• Between 40 and 100
• More than 100

View Results

Recommended Books

Gary Chaffee: Technique Patterns

George L. Stone: Accents and Rebounds - For the Snare Drummer

Joe Morello: Master Studies

George L. Stone: Stick Control - For the Snare Drummer

Joe Morello: Master Studies II

Gary Chester: The New Breed II

Latest Free Videos

Usher - You Make Me Wanna (Drum Cover)

Drum Solo April 2014

Michael Jackson - Black or White (Drum Cover)

Usher - Nice & Slow (Drum Cover)

Karmin - Brokenhearted (Drum Cover)

Mary Mary - Shackles (Praise You) (Drum Cover)

Latest News

• HD Video: Brandy – Happy (Drum Cover) - March 13th, 2013
• Christmas Charity Single - December 12th, 2011
• 400 YouTube Subscribers! - September 12th, 2011
• HD Video: Blackstreet – Don’t Leave Me Gerald Heyward (Drum Cover) - September 7th, 2011
• Another drum kit disaster!! - July 23rd, 2011

Mailing List:

Copyright © 2001 - 2024 Lewis Partridge. A member of The Cloud9 Mission Network .

• Tama Drums and Hardware
• Sabian Cymbals
• Remo Drum Heads
• Vic Firth Drum Sticks and Brushes
• DW Go Anywhere Practice Kit
• Tunerfish Lug Locks
• Le Blond Drum Cases
• Protection Racket

13543348 drummers have visited since 19th February 2009.

• Drumming Links
• New Groove Formation - 8 piece Ska, Funk, Reggae Band
• The Cloud9 Mission - Jazz, Soul and Funk Music Artist Project
• Planet-Musician .com - News Blog For Musicians & Industry
• Valid XHTML 1.0 Transitional

• About the Hub
• Announcements
• Faculty Experts Guide
• Subscribe to the newsletter

Explore by Topic

• Arts+Culture
• Politics+Society
• Science+Technology
• Student Life
• University News
• Voices+Opinion
• About Hub at Work
• Gazette Archive
• Benefits+Perks
• Health+Well-Being
• Current Issue
• About the Magazine
• Past Issues
• Support Johns Hopkins Magazine
• Subscribe to the Magazine

You are using an outdated browser. Please upgrade your browser to improve your experience.

Dissertation support for all KSAS graduate students

By Hub staff report

Looking for a supportive place to help you make progress on your dissertation writing? Come to Write on Site in Gilman 230! Sign up here .

Write on Site sessions will assist you as you write your dissertation by providing dedicated time, space, and community, along with guidance to help you develop a productive writing plan, establish realistic goals, and healthy writing habits to move the dissertation to the finish line.

Writers who participate in Write on Site are invited to engage in monthly workshops as well as weekly writing groups.

Part 1: Monthly Workshops , Fridays, noon to 4 p.m.—includes lunch, a session on key topics, and dedicated writing time

• September Workshop: Sept. 13—Key Strategies for Dissertation Writing
• October Workshop: Oct. 11—Engaging in scholarly conversations: interactive reading, note-taking, and source management
• November Workshop: Nov. 15—Crafting a thesis statement and structuring your outline

Part 2: Weekly Writing Groups, 1:30 to 4 p.m.—tea and snacks provided and dedicated writing time

The writing group meets on Friday in Gilman 230 on Sept. 20 and 27; Oct. 4 and 25; Nov. 1 and 8; and Dec. 6.

For more information, contact Dr. Wenqi Cui, associate director for graduate writing support, wcui9@jh.edu .

News Network

• Johns Hopkins Magazine
• Get Email Updates
• Submit an Announcement
• Submit an Event
• Privacy Statement
• Accessibility

Discover JHU

• About the University
• Schools & Divisions
• Academic Programs
• Plan a Visit
• my.JohnsHopkins.edu
• © 2024 Johns Hopkins University . All rights reserved.
• University Communications
• 3910 Keswick Rd., Suite N2600, Baltimore, MD
• X Facebook LinkedIn YouTube Instagram

Cookie Notice

This website uses cookies, including third party ones, to allow for analysis of how people use our website in order to improve your experience and our services. By continuing to use our website, you agree to the use of such cookies.

International Fellowships

Funding: $20,000–$50,000 Opens: September 3 Deadline: November 15

International Fellowships have been in existence since 1917. The program provides support for women pursuing full-time graduate or postdoctoral study in the United States to women who are not U.S. citizens or permanent residents, and who intend to return to their home country to pursue a professional career. A limited number of awards are available for study outside of the U.S. (excluding the applicant’s home country) to women who are members of Graduate Women International (see the list of GWI affiliates ). Both graduate and postgraduate studies at accredited U.S. institutions are supported.

Applicants must have earned the equivalent of a U.S. bachelor’s degree by the application deadline and must have applied to their proposed institutions of study by the time of the application. Recipients are selected for academic achievement and demonstrated commitment to women and girls.  

Recipients return to their home countries to become leaders in business, government, academia, community activism, and the arts or scientific fields.  

Award Amount

Master’s/first professional degree: $20,000 Doctoral: $25,000 Postdoctoral: $50,000

September 3, 2024 Application opens.

November 15, 2024, by 11:59 p.m. Pacific Standard Time Deadline for online submission of application, recommendations, and supporting documents.

April 15, 2025 Notification of decisions emailed to all applicants. AAUW is not able to honor requests for earlier notification.

July 1, 2025–June 30, 2026 Fellowship year

When a date falls on a weekend or holiday, the date will be observed on the following business day.

Eligibility

• International Fellowships are not open to previous recipients of any AAUW national fellowship or grant (not including branch or local awards or Community Action Grants).
• Members of the AAUW board of directors, committees, panels, task forces and staff, including current interns, are not eligible to apply for AAUW’s fellowships and grants. A person holding a current award is eligible for election or appointment to boards, committees, panels and task forces.
• International Fellowships are open to women, including people who identify as women, in all fields of study at an accredited institution of higher education or, for postdoctoral fellows, research. AAUW will make final decisions about what constitutes eligible institutions.
• Unsuccessful applicants may reapply.
• Have citizenship in a country other than the U.S. or possession of a nonimmigrant visa if residing in the U.S. Women who are currently, or expect to be during the fellowship year, a U.S. citizen, U.S. permanent resident, or dual citizen with the U.S. and another country are not eligible.
• Hold an academic degree (earned in the U.S. or abroad) equivalent to a U.S. bachelor’s degree completed by the application deadline .  
• Intend to devote themselves full-time to the proposed academic plan during the fellowship year.
• Intend to return to their home country to pursue a professional career upon completion of their studies.  
• Be proficient in English and confirm proficiency by submitting one of the Required Components (see below), which include certain English proficiency exams, transcripts from English-speaking institutions, or a written statement verifying English is the applicant’s native language. Applicants planning to take one of the accepted English proficiency exams should plan for and take the test as early as possible. Please direct questions about the tests to the test provider.
• Master’s/first professional degree and doctoral applicants must have applied by the AAUW application  deadline, to an accredited institution of study for the period of the fellowship year and must indicate the name of the institution in the International Fellowship application. While acceptance is not required at the time of application, fellows must provide official confirmation from the institution with their award acceptance materials.  
• Master’s/first professional degree fellowships are intended for master’s or professional degree-level programs such as J.D., M.F.A., L.L.M., M.Arch., or medical degrees such as M.D., D.D.S., etc. Certificates, associate degrees, and undergraduate degrees are ineligible.
• Doctoral fellowships are intended for doctorate degrees classified as research degrees, such as Ph.D. or Ed.D.
• Postdoctoral applicants must provide proof of their doctorate degree; hold a doctorate classified as a research degree (e.g., Ph.D., Ed.D ., D.B.A., D.M .) or an M.F.A. by the application deadline ; and indicate where they will conduct their research.  
• Master’s/first professional degree and doctoral applicants must be enrolled in a U.S.-accredited institution located in the U.S. during the fellowship year.  
• A limited number of awards are available to Graduate Women International members for study or research in any country other than their own. Note that foreign branches of U.S. institutions are considered outside of the U.S.
• Applicants can apply for the fellowship for any year of their program but must be conducting a full year of study or research. International Fellowships do not provide funding for a partial year of study or research. Programs ending prior to April of the fellowship year are not eligible.
• Distance learning/online programs: Master’s/first professional degree and doctoral fellowships support traditional classroom-based courses of study at colleges or universities. This fellowship program does not provide funding for distance-learning or online programs or for degrees heavily dependent on distance-learning components. Final decisions about what constitutes distance learning under these fellowships will be made by AAUW. AAUW will accept applications from applicants who are temporarily studying remotely due to COVID-19 precautions at their institution.

Criteria for Selection and Application Review

The panel meets once a year to review applications for funding. Awards are based on the criteria outlined here. Recommendations by the panel are subject to final approval by AAUW. Fellowships are awarded on a competitive basis according to funds available in a given fiscal year.

To ensure a fair review process, AAUW does not comment on the deliberations of its award panels. AAUW does not provide evaluations of applications. No provisions exist for the reconsideration of fellowship proposals. Applications and supporting documents become the sole property of AAUW and will neither be returned nor held for another year.  

• Applicants residing in their home country at the time of application, from developing/emerging countries, or from an underrepresented group in any region, will receive special consideration.
• Position on return to home country.
• Academic and/or professional qualifications.
• Demonstrated commitment to the advancement of women and girls in home country.
• Proposed time schedule.
• Quality and feasibility of proposed plan of study or research.
• Demonstrated evidence of prior community and/or civic service in home country.
• Applicant’s country’s need for specialized knowledge or skill.
• Financial need.
• Motivation for graduate study or research.

Regulations

International Fellowship funds are available for:

• Educational expenses.
• Living expenses.   Dependent child care.  
• Travel to professional meetings, conferences, or seminars that do not exceed 10% of the fellowship total.  

International Fellowship funds are not available for:

• Purchase of equipment.  
• Indirect costs.  
• Research assistants.  
• Previous expenditures, deficits, or repayment of loans.  
• Publication costs.  
• Institutional (overhead) costs.
• Tuition for dependent’s education.  
• Grants-in-aid for less than a full academic year or travel grants.  
• Travel to or from a fellow’s home country.  
• Travel to or from the fellow’s research location, if abroad (does not apply to fellows who are GWI members with AAUW approval to study or research in a country other than their own).    

AAUW regards the acceptance of a fellowship as a contract requiring the fulfillment of the following terms:

• All International Fellowship recipients are required to sign a contract as an acceptance of the award. Retain these instructions as they will become part of the fellowship contract if the applicant is awarded a fellowship.  
• An International Fellow is expected to pursue their project full-time during the fellowship year (July 1–June 30). No partial fellowships are awarded. Fellowships may not be deferred.
• Any changes in plans for the fellowship year must have the prior written approval of AAUW. AAUW must be notified promptly of any change in the status of an application resulting from the acceptance of another award.  
• Fellows may spend up to two months traveling abroad for research related to their project plan with prior written approval of AAUW.
• Postdoctoral fellows cannot pursue a degree during the fellowship year.
• Up to five International Master’s/First Professional Degree Fellowships are renewable for a second year. Fellows will receive application information for this competitive program during their fellowship year.
• Stipends are made payable to fellows, not to institutions.
• With some exceptions based on relevant tax statuses and treaties, the fellowship stipend is subject to a 14 or 30 percent tax. AAUW will withhold these funds for payment to the Internal Revenue Service.
• The determination of whether there is a tax obligation associated with the receipt of an AAUW award is the sole responsibility of the applicant. Specific questions regarding income tax matters should be addressed with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, the applicant’s financial aid office or a personal tax adviser. AAUW cannot provide tax advice. AAUW is a nonprofit, tax-exempt 501(c)(3) public charity founded for educational purposes.
• Responsibility for securing visas and other documents , and following policies associated with visas, rests solely with the fellow.  

Required Components*

Start the application process by clicking the Apply Now button below to access the application and create an account through our vendor site. Complete all required components in the following areas.

• Provide two recommendations from professors or professional colleagues well acquainted with the applicant, their work, and their academic background, in striving towards scholarly pursuits. When possible, recommenders should be professors or professional colleagues in the applicant’s home country who can speak about the applicant’s qualifications and about the country’s need for the specialized skill or knowledge they plan to acquire with their proposed study or research. AAUW does not accept references from dossier services, such as Parment or Interfolio.
• Transcripts** must include a list of courses taken and grades received.
• If the institution does not provide a transcript or a list of courses taken and grades received or the degree did not require coursework, an official letter from the institution where the degree was received that includes the degree completion date must be uploaded.
• Do not upload copies of additional certificates or other documents the applicant may have received during their education.
• Transcripts must include a list of courses taken and grades received.
• Many transcripts do not include current coursework. If fall 2023 semester grades are not available and are not on your transcript, a list of courses taken that semester must be provided by the institution’s Office of the Registrar.
• If the institution does not provide a transcript or a list of courses taken and grades received or the degree did not require coursework, an official letter* from the institution where the degree was received that includes the degree completion date must be uploaded.
• Transcript showing degree and date received (must be on or before application deadline ).  
• Official letter from institution where degree was received that includes the degree completion date.
• Copy of diploma showing date degree was received (must be on or before application deadline ).  
• TOEFL iBT (Internet-Based Test): 79
• TOEFL Essentials: 8.5
• Revised TOEFL Paper-Delivered Test: 60
• Cambridge Assessment: 176  
• Written statement verifying the applicant’s native language is English.
• Secondary diploma or undergraduate degree is from an English-speaking institution.
• One semester of full-time study in the applicant’s discipline at an English-speaking institution between November 202 1 and November 202 3.

*A certified English translation is required for all components provided in a foreign language. Translations must bear a mark of certification or official signature that the translation is true and complete.

**All transcripts provided must include the applicant’s full name, the school’s name, all courses, and all grades, as well as any other information requested in the application instructions.

See More Fellowship and Grant Opportunities

For questions or technical support from ISTS, our technical consultant, please email [email protected] . Enter AAUW-IF if the website prompts you for a program key. We encourage applicants not to opt out of communications from ISTS, to ensure you receive important communications from AAUW.

Thanks to AAUW’s International Fellowship (1992-93), I graduated Harvard Kennedy School … then joined the UN working for democracy and gender equality. I really want to thank you.” Mikiko Sawanishi, deputy executive head, United Nations Democracy Fund and 1992-3 International Fellow

Meet a Recent International Fellow

Alexandra Semma Tamayo has worked as a forensic anthropologist at the Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences in Villavicencio, Colombia. Her multidisciplinary approach to the identification of missing persons from enforced disappearance has helped bring justice to the families in armed conflict contexts. As an international fellow, her research in fracture patterns observed in gunshot wounds will be extremely helpful in improving the accuracy in trauma interpretation when working with human-rights violations.

Meet Our Alumnae

Tererai Trent

2001–02 International Fellow and scholar, motivational speaker and humanitarian. She founded Tererai Trent International, whose mission is to provide quality education in rural Africa. Oprah Winfrey named Trent as her all-time favorite guest. In 2017, Trent received the AAUW Alumnae Recognition Award.

Mahnaz Rezaie

2014–16 International Fellow and photojournalist, filmmaker and writer who advocates for the rights of Afghan women. She was honored at the 2014 Women in the World Summit for her short film exploring how wearing a hijab in the U.S. affected her relationships.

Sofia Espinoza Sanchez

2013–14 International Fellow and Peruvian molecular biochemist researching cancer and neurological disorders. She also co-directs the Research Experience for Peruvian Undergraduates program.

Subscribe to our newsletter

You must enable JavaScript to sign up.