chicago style citation for paraphrasing

The Chicago Manual of Style Guide: Quoting and Paraphrasing

• Books & Single Printed Works
• Scholarly Journal Articles
• Magazines and Newspapers
• Reference Works
• Conference Papers, Interviews, & Personal Communications
• Digital Sources
• Artificial Intelligence & Chatbots
• Blackboard Content / Lecture Notes
• Quoting and Paraphrasing
• Author-Date vs. Notes and Bibliography
• References List / Bibliography

Direct Quotes

• Incorporate text less than 100 words into your text
• Place the quote in quotation marks
• Include page reference in parenthesis after quotation mark
• If quotation ends the sentence place parenthetical reference at end including page reference

While Fierro, Moreales, and Alvarez (2011) found that "no variables regarding the consumption of alcohol or illicit drugs associated with the experiences of being only a victim of road rage" (191), they did find a correlation with the consumption of alcohol and illicit drugs and being a perpetrator of road rage incidences.

While several studies have found a connection between alcohol and illicit drug consumption and perpetrating a road rage incident (Butters 2005, Ashbridge, 2006), one study (Fierro, Moreales, and Alvarez, 2011) has found "no variables regarding the consumption of alcohol or illicit drugs associated with the experiences of being only a victim of road rage." (191)

Quotation over 100 words

• Start a new paragraph
• Enter text as a free-standing block of text
• Indent text on left margin by one half inch
• Double space
• Place the reference with page number(s) at the end of the quote after punctuation
• Do not use quotation marks

Older men's somewhat delayed reduction in alcohol consumption relative to older women highlights the importance of health care providers continuing to monitor men's alcohol consumption. More broadly, out finding counter the widespread assumption that alcohol consumption and drinking problems invariably and rapidly decline past middle age and thus have limited relevance as late-life health issues, For many individuals, use of alcohol remains a consistent and important aspect of health status and social functioning even as they advance into later old age. (Brennan, Schutte, Moos, and Moos, 2011, 319)

Don't rely too heavily on the use of quotes in your paper.  Rather, employ the technique of rephrasing the cited idea into you own words.

Please refer to the Chicago Manual of Style for further information on quotation style.

Paraphrasing

Rephrasing another's ideas into you own words is known as paraphrasing.

With paraphrasing you still do need to site the original resource; however, if you are borrowing heavily from an author but still using you own words, add a reference. You are citing the ideas! Give credit where credit is due.

Secondary or Indirect Sources

• << Previous: Blackboard Content / Lecture Notes
• Next: Author-Date vs. Notes and Bibliography >>
• Last Updated: Mar 18, 2024 3:09 PM
• URL: https://liu.cwp.libguides.com/chicagostyle

Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide

Chicago-style source citations come in two varieties: (1) notes and bibliography and (2) author-date. If you already know which system to use, follow one of the links above to see sample citations for a variety of common sources. If you are unsure about which system to use, or how the two systems are related, read on.

Notes and Bibliography or Author-Date?

In the notes and bibliography system, sources are cited in numbered footnotes or endnotes. Each note corresponds to a raised (superscript) number in the text. Sources are also usually listed in a separate bibliography. The notes and bibliography system, Chicago’s oldest and most flexible, can accommodate a wide variety of sources, including unusual ones that don’t fit neatly into the author-date system. For this reason, it is preferred by many working in the humanities, including literature, history, and the arts.

In the author-date system, sources are briefly cited in the text, usually in parentheses, by author’s last name and year of publication. Each in-text citation matches up with an entry in a reference list, where full bibliographic information is provided. Because it credits researchers by name directly in the text while at the same time emphasizing the date of each source, the author-date system is preferred by many in the sciences and social sciences.

Aside from the use of numbered notes versus parenthetical references in the text, the two systems share the same style for authors’ names, titles of works, and other cited components. Follow the links at the top of this page to see examples of some of the more common source types cited in both systems.

Most authors choose the system used by others in their field or required by their publisher. Students should check with their instructor before deciding which system to use.

For a more comprehensive overview of Chicago’s two systems of source citation, see chapter 13 of The Chicago Manual of Style . For many more examples organized by type of source, consult chapter 14 .

Tips on Paraphrasing

• Have you simply changed a few words to synonyms? Try again. Being handy with a thesaurus is not enough to make the sentence yours.
• Have you included exact sequences of words from the original? If so, make sure to put quotation marks around those phrases, or re-write until the entire paraphrase is your words.
• Have you retained the meaning of the original? Changing the author's meaning is not plagiarism, but academic honesty requires you to represent other's work accurately in your writing.

1. Jody Baumgartner and Jonathan S. Morris, " The Daily Show Effect: Candidate Evaluations, Efficacy, and American Youth," American Politics Research 34, no. 3 (2006): 362.

Baumgartner, Jody and Jonathan S. Morris. " The Daily Show Effect: Candidate Evaluations, Efficacy, and American Youth." American Politics Research 34, no. 3 (2006): 341-367.

Skip to Content

Massey University

• Search OWLL
• Handouts (Printable)
• Pre-reading Service
• StudyUp Recordings
• StudyUp Postgraduate
• Academic writing
• Intro to academic writing
• What is academic writing?
• Writing objectively
• Writing concisely
• 1st vs. 3rd person
• Inclusive language
• Te Reo Māori
• Assignment planning
• Assignment planning calculator
• Interpreting the assignment question
• Command words
• Organising points
• Researching
• Identifying academic sources
• Evaluating source quality
• Editing & proofreading
• Apostrophes
• Other punctuation
• Active voice
• American vs. British spelling
• Conditionals
• Prepositions
• Pronoun Reference
• Sentence fragments
• Sentence Structure
• Subject-verb agreement
• Formatting and layout
• Word limits and assignment length
• Commonly confused words
• How assignments are marked
• Marking guides
• Getting an A
• Levels of assessment
• Using feedback
• Professional emails
• Forum posts
• Forum netiquette guidelines
• Sharing personal information
• Writing about personal experiences
• Assignment types
• What is an essay?
• Essay planning and structure
• Introduction
• Thesis statement
• Body paragraphs
• Essay revision
• Essay writing resources
• What is a report?
• Report structure
• Analysing issues for a report
• Business report
• What is a business report?
• Business report structure
• Inductive vs. deductive reports
• Other kinds of business communication
• Business report format and layout
• What is a lab report?
• Lab report structure
• Science lab report writing resources
• Psychology lab report writing resources
• Lab report body paragraphs
• Literature review
• What is a literature review?
• Writing a literature review
• Literature review structure
• Literature review writing resources
• Research proposal
• Writing a research proposal
• Research proposal structure
• Other types
• Article critique
• Book review
• Annotated bibliography
• Reflective writing
• Oral presentation
• Thesis / dissertation
• Article / conference paper
• Shorter responses
• PhD confirmation report
• Computer skills
• Microsoft Word
• Basic formatting
• Images, tables, & figures
• Long documents
• Microsoft Excel
• Basic spreadsheets
• Navigating & printing spreadsheets
• Charts / graphs & formulas
• Microsoft PowerPoint
• Basic skills
• Advanced skills
• Distance study
• Getting started
• How to study
• Online study techniques
• Distance support
• Reading & writing
• Reading strategies
• Writing strategies
• Grammar resources
• Listening & speaking
• Listening strategies
• Speaking strategies
• Maths & statistics
• Trigonometry
• Finance formulas
• Postgraduate study
• Intro to postgrad study
• Planning postgrad study
• Postgrad resources
• Postgrad assignment types
• Referencing
• Intro to referencing
• What is referencing?
• Why reference?
• Common knowledge
• Referencing styles
• What type of source is this?
• Reference list vs. bibliography
• Referencing software
• Quoting & paraphrasing
• Paraphrasing & summarising
• Paraphrasing techniques
• APA Interactive
• In-text citation
• Reference list
• Online material
• Other material
• Headings in APA
• Tables and Figures
• Referencing elements
• 5th vs. 6th edition
• 6th vs. 7th edition
• APA quick guides
• Chicago style
• Chicago Interactive
• About notes system
• Notes referencing elements
• Quoting and paraphrasing
• Author-date system
• MLA Interactive
• Abbreviations
• List of works cited
• Captions for images
• 8th vs 9th edition
• Oxford style
• Other styles
• Harvard style
• Vancouver style
• Legal citations
• Visual material
• Sample assignments
• Sample essay 1
• Sample essay 2
• Sample annotated bibliography
• Sample book review
• Study skills
• Time management
• Intro to time management
• Procrastination & perfectionism
• Goals & motivation
• Time management for internal students
• Time management for distance students
• Memory skills
• Principles of good memory
• Memory strategies
• Note-taking
• Note-taking methods
• Note-taking in lectures
• Note-taking while reading
• Digital note-taking
• Reading styles
• In-depth reading
• Reading comprehension
• Reading academic material
• Reading a journal article
• Reading an academic book
• Critical thinking
• What is critical thinking?
• Constructing an argument
• Critical reading
• Logical fallacies
• Tests & exams
• Exam & test study
• Planning exam study
• Gathering & sorting information
• Reviewing past exams
• Phases of revision
• Last-minute study strategies
• Question types
• Short answer
• Multi-choice
• Problem / computational
• Case-study / scenario
• Open book exam
• Open web exam or test
• Take home test
• In the exam
• Online exam
• Physical exam

Chicago (notes-bibliography) quoting and paraphrasing

This page describes what to do when quoting or paraphrasing using the Chicago note-bibliography system:

In this section

Several citations in a single footnote, quotations and block quotations, quotation within a footnote, multiple titles by the same author.

New to referencing? See the introduction to referencing .

When several sources have been used to inform your paraphrase, or several sources are cited within a single paragraph or sentence, you can put all the sources in a single footnote in order to reduce the number of footnotes.  Each citations is separated by a semi-colon and are formatted as they would appear in a regular footnote (either full or short form). They are ordered according to the order they appear in your text.

If several sources are used to substantiate the same claim, then alphabetise the sources within the same footnote, separating each with a semi-colon. Note, each source has its own entry in the bibliography.

.....which provides justification for the theoretical framework 1 .

1 Paul Fussell, "Whitman's Curious Warble: Reminiscence and Reconciliation," in The Presence of Walt Whitman, ed. R. W. B. Lewis (New York: Columbia University Press, 1962), 28-51; William Sutton, "The Analysis of Free Verse Form, Illustrated by a Reading of Whitman," Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 18, no. 2 (December, 1959): 241-54.

Direct quotations are usually put inside quotation marks (" "), followed by the reference. The page number is only given in the footnote, and not in the bibliography:

When gathering data it is important to remember that "only relevant types of demographic information should be requested" 1

1 Jonathon Lazar, Web Usability: A User-Centered Design Approach (Boston Pearson Addison Wesley, 2006), 35.

Lazar, Jonathon. Web Usability: A User-Centered Design Approach . Boston, MA: Pearson Addison Wesley, 2006.

If a quotation is longer than a paragraph or 100 words, or a list, or correspondence, no quotation marks are used, and the quotation is indented instead. Note the full stop closing the quote and before the footnote number:

Lazar describes the delicate balance of survey design:

Only relevant types of demographic information should be requested. Asking inappropriate questions in a survey, interview, or focus group lessens the likelihood that users will respond. Also, if too many questions are asked, users are less likely to respond. 1

Quotations should be identical to the original source, but some small changes can be made. See quoting for details.

When a footnote includes a quote, the source follows the final punctuation mark of the quote. The source of the quote in the footnote is included in the bibliography.

1 Crouchman highlights the tension between causation and correlation: "If two variables are significantly correlated, this does not imply that one must be the cause of the other. Association is not sufficient to establish a casual relationship." John Crouchman, Introductory Mathematics and Statistics , 6th ed. (Sydney: McGraw-Hill Education, 2016), 509.

In a bibliography, multiple titles by the same author are listed alphabetically rather than chronologically. After the first citation, an em dash is used to replace the author's name.

Judt, Tony. A Grand Illusion? An Essay on Europe. New York: Hill and Wang. 1996.

—. Reappraisals: Reflections on the Forgotten Twentieth Century. New York: Penguin Press, 2008.

—, ed. Resistance and Revolution in Mediterranean Europe, 1939-1948. New York: Routledge, 1989.

References and further reading

Chicago Manual of Style . 17 th ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2017. [Massey Library link] [E-book link]

Chicago Manual of Style Online. http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html

These pages are provided as a guide to proper referencing. Your course, department, school, or institute may prescribe specific conventions, and their recommendations supersede these instructions. If you have questions not covered here, check in the style guide listed above, ask your course coordinator, or ask at Academic Q+A .

Page authorised by Director - Centre for Learner Success Last updated on 17 April, 2020

• Academic Q+A

Have a study or assignment writing question? Ask an expert at Academic Q+A

Live online workshops

• StudyUp (undergraduate)
• Campus workshops
• Albany (undergraduate)
• Albany (postgraduate)
• Albany (distance)
• Manawatu (undergraduate)
• Manawatu (postgraduate)

Upcoming events

• All upcoming events
• Academic writing and learning support
• 0800 MASSEY | (+64 6 350 5701)
• [email protected]
• Online form

Citation Styles

Chicago overview.

Chicago style is often used within the field of history, although it is used by other humanities-based disciplines as well. The first edition of the Manual was published in 1906 by the Unversity of Chicago Press.

Chicago style offers two options for in text documentation:

1. S uperscript numbers within a paper to designate paraphrased, summarized, or quoted material, which correspond to footnotes or endnotes that specify the author, title, and page(s) cited.

2. (Author Date) parenthetical citations within a paper to indicate paraphrased, summarized or quoted material.

In both cases, the Bibliography at the end of the paper includes full citations for all sources referenced in a paper. In addition, it may include sources the writer consulted but did not paraphrase, summarize or quote.

Chicago & Turabian Style Manuals

Chicago & Turabian Guides

• << Previous: MLA
• Next: CSE >>
• Citation Basics
• Chicago/Turabian
• Additional Styles
• Citation Generators
• Citation Managers
• Writing Help
• Research Help
• Last Updated: Aug 16, 2022 11:15 AM
• URL: https://guides.library.ucdavis.edu/citation-styles

Chicago Style (17th Edition) Citation Guide: Quotations vs Paraphrases

• Introduction
• Journal Articles
• Magazine/Newspaper Articles
• Books & E-Books
• Government & Legal Documents
• Secondary Sources
• Videos & DVDs
• How To Cite: Other Notes & Bibliography
• How To Cite: Other Author-Date
• Quotations vs Paraphrases
• Short Form & Ibid.
• Additional Help

A quote is the exact wording of the source material (either written or spoken). Quotes match the original source word for word.

When should you use quotes?

Using quotations is the easiest way to include source material, but quotations should be used carefully and sparingly. There are a few very good reasons that you might want to use a quote rather than a paraphrase or summary:

• Accuracy : You are unable to paraphrase or summarize the source material without changing the author’s intent.
• Authority : You may want to use a quote to lend expert authority for your assertion or to provide source material for analysis.
• Conciseness : Your attempts to paraphrase or summarize are awkward or much longer than the source material.
• Unforgettable language : You believe that the words of the author are memorable or remarkable because of their effectiveness or historical flavor. Additionally, the author may have used a unique phrase or sentence, and you want to comment on words or phrases themselves.

Paraphrases

A paraphrase is a detailed restatement in your own words of a written or sometimes spoken source material. apart from the changes in organization, wording, and sentence structure, the paraphrase should be nearly identical in meaning to the original passage. it should also be near the same length as the original passage and present the details of the original..

When should you paraphrase?

You will want to paraphrase or summarize when the wording of the source is less important than the meaning of the source. You may use the paraphrase often for the following reasons:

• To change the organization of ideas for emphasis . You may have to change the organization of ideas in source material so that you can emphasize the points that are most related to your paper. You should remember to be faithful to the meaning of the source.
• To simplify the material . You may have to simplify complex arguments, sentences, or vocabulary.
• To clarify the material . You may have to clarify technical passages or specialized information into language that is appropriate for your audience.
• << Previous: Formatting
• Next: Short Form & Ibid. >>
• Last Updated: Dec 9, 2022 11:13 AM
• URL: https://simmons.libguides.com/17chicagostyle

Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Paraphrase: Write It in Your Own Words

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Paraphrasing is one way to use a text in your own writing without directly quoting source material. Anytime you are taking information from a source that is not your own, you need to specify where you got that information.

A paraphrase is...

• Your own rendition of essential information and ideas expressed by someone else, presented in a new form.
• One legitimate way (when accompanied by accurate documentation) to borrow from a source.
• A more detailed restatement than a summary, which focuses concisely on a single main idea.

Paraphrasing is a valuable skill because...

• It is better than quoting information from an undistinguished passage.
• It helps you control the temptation to quote too much.
• The mental process required for successful paraphrasing helps you to grasp the full meaning of the original.

6 Steps to Effective Paraphrasing

• Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning.
• Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note card.
• Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you later how you envision using this material. At the top of the note card, write a key word or phrase to indicate the subject of your paraphrase.
• Check your rendition with the original to make sure that your version accurately expresses all the essential information in a new form.
• Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology you have borrowed exactly from the source.
• Record the source (including the page) on your note card so that you can credit it easily if you decide to incorporate the material into your paper.

Some examples to compare

Note that the examples in this section use MLA style for in-text citation.

The original passage:

Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers . 2nd ed., 1976, pp. 46-47.

A legitimate paraphrase:

In research papers, students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47).

An acceptable summary:

Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help minimize the amount of quoted material in a research paper (Lester 46-47).

A plagiarized version:

Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So it is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes.

A note about plagiarism: This example has been classed as plagiarism, in part, because of its failure to deploy any citation. Plagiarism is a serious offense in the academic world. However, we acknowledge that plagiarism is a difficult term to define; that its definition may be contextually sensitive; and that not all instances of plagiarism are created equal—that is, there are varying “degrees of egregiousness” for different cases of plagiarism.

Chicago Citation Guide (17th Edition): Footnotes

• What Kind of Source Is This?
• Advertisements
• Books, eBooks & Pamphlets
• Book Reviews
• Class Handouts, Presentations, and Readings
• Encyclopedias & Dictionaries
• Government Documents
• Images, Artwork, and Maps
• Interviews and Emails (Personal Communications)
• Journal Articles
• Magazine Articles
• Newspaper Articles
• Primary Sources
• Religious Texts
• Social Media
• Videos & DVDs
• Works Quoted in Another Source
• No Author, No Date etc.
• Sample Paper, Bibliography, & Annotated Bibliography
• Powerpoint Presentations

On This Page

About footnotes, shortened footnotes, examples of full footnotes followed by shortened footnotes, quoting directly, paraphrasing, long quotations, quoting and paraphrasing: what's the difference.

T here are two ways to integrate others' research into your assignment: you can paraphrase or you can quote.

Paraphrasing  is when you reword a passage from someone else's work, expressing the ideas in your own words, not just changing a few words here and there. You must include a footnote number at end of the paraphrased section and a footnote at the bottom of the page.

Quoting  is when you copy a selection from someone else's work, phrasing it exactly it was originally written. When quoting, you place quotation marks (" ") around the selected passage to show where the quote begins and where it ends. You must include a footnote number at end of the quotation and a footnote at the bottom of the page.

Each time you refer to a source in your writing, whether through a direct quote, paraphrase, or summary, you must include a corresponding footnote that provides bibliographic information about the original source. 

Whenever you refer to material from a source, you must insert a "footnote number" at the end of the paraphrased section or direct quotation. This directs readers to a corresponding footnote (with the same footnote number) at the bottom of the page on which the reference to the source is made. The first footnote number will be 1, the second will be 2, and so on. In the body of your text you use superscript (like this 1 ) for the footnote number, while in the footnote you use a regular number followed by a period.

For examples of footnotes, see the box called " Examples of Full Footnotes Followed by Shortened Footnotes " further down this page.

• Footnotes Tip Sheet A helpful tip sheet from the Chicago Manual of Style's CMOS Shop Talk website on how to format your footnotes.

In Chicago style, the first time you cite a particular source you must provide a full footnote citation. If you refer to the same source again in your paper, you do not need to repeat the same full citation. Instead, you provide a shortened version of the footnote, which includes enough information for the reader to find the full citation in your bibliography or in an earlier footnote.

Shortened footnotes should include the author’s last name, a shortened version of the title (if longer than four words), and any other directing information, such as page numbers (when available).

For examples of shortened footnotes, see the box called " Examples of Full Footnotes Followed by Shortened Footnotes " further down this page.

1. Steven J. Kirsh,  Children, Adolescents, and Media Violence: A Critical Look at the Research , 2nd ed. (Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2006), 22. 

2. Elizabeth Blodgett Salafia and Jessica Lemer,  "Associations Between Multiple Types of Stress and Disordered Eating Among Girls and Boys in Middle School,"  Journal of Child and Family Studies  21, no. 1 (January 2012): 149, Academic Search Complete .

3. Amy Morin, "Mom Am I Fat?: Helping Your Teen Have a Positive Body Image," Verywell Family, About Inc., January 18, 2019, www.verywellfamily.com/media-and-teens-body-image-2611245. 

4. Kirsh,  Children, Adolescents, and Media, 30. 

5. Salafia and Lemer, "Stress and Disordered Eating," 151.

6. Morin, "Mom Am I Fat?"

When you quote directly from a source, enclose the quoted section in quotation marks. Add a footnote number at the end of the quote. The footnote number should be in superscript, and be placed  after  any punctuation, like this:

"Here's a direct quote." 1 

One possible explanation is that "the humanities are viewed by many critics as outdated fields." 1 

___________

1. “Art History and World Art History," Khan Academy, accessed May 30, 2021, khanacademy.org/humanities/approaches-to-art-history/approaches-art-history/introduction-art-history/a/art-history-and-world-art-history.

When you write information or ideas from a source in your own words, cite the source by adding a footnote number at the end of the paraphrased portion. The footnote number should be in superscript, and be placed  after  any punctuation, like this:

​This is a paraphrase. 1

Improving access to credit is one way to reduce income inequality, 1  which can help break the cycle of poverty.

1. Jorge Guillen, "Does Financial Openness Matter in the Relationship Between Financial Development and Income Distribution in Latin America?"  Emerging Markets Finance & Trade  52, no. 2 (2016): 1148, https:/doi/org/10.1080/1540496X.2015.1046337.

What Is a Long Quotation?

If your quotation is longer than five lines, or more than 100 words, it is a considered a long quotation. This can also be referred to as a block quotation. Long quotations should be single-spaced, with a blank line inserted before and after the quotation to separate it from the rest of your text.

Rules for Long Quotations

There are 3 rules that apply to long quotations that are different from regular quotations:

• Place a colon at the end of the line that you write to introduce your long quotation.
• Indent the long quotation 0.5 inches from the rest of the text, so it looks like a block of text.
• Do not put quotation marks around the quotation.

Example of a Long Quotation

At the end of Lord of the Flies the boys are struck with the realization of their behaviour:

The tears began to flow and sobs shook him. He gave himself up to them now for the first time on the island; great, shuddering spasms of grief that seemed to wrench his whole body. His voice rose under the black smoke before the burning wreckage of the island; and infected by that emotion, the other little boys began to shake and sob too. 1

• << Previous: Websites
• Next: Works Quoted in Another Source >>
• Last Updated: Apr 15, 2024 11:30 AM
• URL: https://columbiacollege-ca.libguides.com/chicago

• AI Content Shield
• AI KW Research
• AI Assistant
• SEO Optimizer
• AI KW Clustering
• Customer reviews
• The NLO Revolution
• Press Center
• Help Center
• Content Resources
• Facebook Group

Paraphrasing & Quoting: Citation in Chicago Style

Table of Contents

It might not be easy to see if you have used someone else’s words without citing them.

Luckily, there are resources to help you cite information paraphrased from a text source. You’ll find Chicago-style references in many kinds of writing, including academic papers and essays, presentations, and blogs.

If you’re not aware of how to cite paraphrase in Chicago style , this post can help you.

What Is Chicago Style Citation?

Chicago style citation is a specific way of citing sources. It relies on alphabetizing a list of authors and quoting or paraphrasing the passage found in their work . This style is done by dividing the paragraph into relevant phrases that are then used to cite the source.

Chicago-style source citations have two different variations.

1. Notes and Bibliography

The notes and bibliography style is preferred in content related to humanities subjects, such as history, literature, and arts. In this style, your citations should appear in either footnotes or endnotes. A superscript number is added to the end of the phrase or sentence that the citation refers to after any punctuation.

2 Author-Date.

The author-date style is preferred in the science subjects, primarily social science. In this style, the sources are cited in parentheses within the text. From the author’s last name, the year of publication to page number and range are all included in this in-text citation.

4 Citation Methods in Chicago Style

According to Chicago Style, there are four standard citation methods to refer to a source in the text of an essay, thesis, or assignment. These four citation methods are a direct quotation from another source, paraphrasing material, summarizing a source document, and citing the whole paper.

Direct Quotation

The Chicago referencing method varies for shorter and longer quotes. The differences are mentioned below:

Short Quotes

When using a text from a source shorter than 100 words, use quotation marks to include the content in your paragraph. The citation for the quotation should appear next to the quotation mark in parentheses.

You should also include the page number from where the text was taken in the citation.

Longer Quotes

When using a text from a source that is longer than 100 words, you should start a new paragraph. Furthermore, the text should be written as a single block of text.

In addition, the text should be written in double space and indented one-half inch to the right. The citation with the page number should be placed at the end of the paragraph after the punctuation.

Paraphrasing the Text

Paraphrasing is the process of rewording or rephrasing the source text in your own words .

The primary goal of paraphrasing is to communicate the concepts in your own words for a better flow of writing. And you don’t need to incorporate your thoughts or ideas into the text. However, you must still cite the source when paraphrasing.

How to Cite Paraphrase in Chicago Style?

When paraphrasing a text, you should use alternative expressions and synonyms to change the sentence structure. Paraphrasing is a common practice to avoid plagiarism in writing.

Therefore, it’s important to know how to cite paraphrase in Chicago style. When paraphrasing, you must include the page number of the original text.

Summarizing a Source Document

Summarizing a text also means writing the ideas in your own words but including only the most important points in the text.

Summaries are far shorter than the original and provide a high-level overview of the underlying material. For summarized text, you also need to cite the sources and include the page numbers.

Citing the Whole Document

It may be important to give a general reference to the entire source document at times. However, this is the least common referencing method in the Chicago style.

If you are writing a paper, it is vital to avoid plagiarism by referencing your work throughout your paper. Therefore, you should find a few different ways to document your sources throughout your paper.

Chicago style citations typically fall into one of four methods: direct quotation, paraphrase, long quotes, or summarizing. Many detailed instructions are used to properly cite a source in Chicago style. It can be daunting, but when put into practice, the end result is worth it.

Pam is an expert grammarian with years of experience teaching English, writing and ESL Grammar courses at the university level. She is enamored with all things language and fascinated with how we use words to shape our world.

Explore All Paraphrasing Tool Articles

Advanced & effective paraphrase simplify tool.

The paraphrase simplify tool is designed to paraphrase and simplify your text effectively. This tool can be used for in-depth…

• Paraphrasing Tool

What Is a Paraphrase Citation?

When you paraphrase, many people think you don’t have to give a citation. Understand that because you have used someone’s…

Paraphrasing Vs Summarizing: What’s the Difference?

Paraphrasing and summarizing are two similar activities, but they are not the same. To understand the difference between paraphrasing vs…

The Best Paraphrase Tools: A Review

When it comes to paraphrase tools, there are so many to choose. This is why we decided some paraphrase tool…

The Best Paraphrasing Hacks From Students Themselves

Did you have a tough concept that you had a lot of trouble understanding? Paraphrasing helps with that. But it…

What are the Best Paraphrasing Tool to Download

Paraphrasing is the process of rewriting or rephrase a sentence without changing its meaning. A paraphrasing tool allows you to…

• University of Wisconsin–Madison

APA Style Guidelines

• About this Guide
• Blogs, Podcasts, and Social Media
• Content Marketing
• Popular Magazines
• Professional Organizations
• Trade Publications
• Scholarly Journals
• Attributive Tags or Signal Phrases
• Citation Generators - Problems & Limitations
• Date Retrieved for Website Reference Entries & When to Use “n.d.” (no date)
• Differentiating between Sources with the Same Author and Date
• Hyperlinks & Attribution: "Citation" for Digital Documents
• Identifying & Citing Content Marketing
• Indirect Citations, or How to Cite a Quote or Paraphrase from a Source
• In-text Citations: Conveying Credibility
• In-text Citations: Using a Source Multiple Times
• In-text Citations: Principles & Formatting
• References Page: Principles & Formatting
• Synthesizing Multiple Sources
• URLs - When to Include to Entire Address
• Company Report
• General Website, Non-government Website
• Government Publication or Website
• Industry Report from IBISWorld
• Informational Interview
• Job Advertisement
• Lecture or Conference Presentation
• O*Net Online
• Popular Business Magazine
• Professional/Trade Organization Website
• Reference Works (Dictionary, Investopedia, Wiki, etc.)
• Review Sites
• Scholarly Journal Article
• Social Media Posts
• Trade Journal or Magazine Article

Indirect Citations, or How to Cite a Quote from a Source

How to Use Your Sources’ Interviews or Quoted/Paraphrased Materials

Use an indirect citation when you want to cite material from someone else that is quoted or paraphrased in one of your sources. 

For instance, a reporter may interview a communications coach and use direct quotes from the coach in their article. If you want to use a quote from the coach, use an indirect citation. Clearly attribute the quote to the coach (the person who said it), but then credit the author of the text (the reporter, in this example) in which you found the quote in the parenthetical citation and on the references page.

In-text Citation Example

When preparing for a meeting, Barbara Miller, a communications skills coach, recommended “writing down all the thoughts that might distract […] from listening and setting the paper aside until later” (as cited in Shellenbarger, 2014). 

References Page Entry  

Shellenbarger, S. (2014, July 22).Tuning in: Improving your listening skills. The Wall Street Journal . https://www.wsj.com/articles/tuning-in-how-to-listen-better-1406070727

• << Previous: Identifying & Citing Content Marketing
• Next: In-text Citations: Conveying Credibility >>
• Last Updated: Sep 5, 2024 3:28 PM
• URL: https://researchguides.library.wisc.edu/APAStyleGuide

• Help and Support
• Referencing Guides

Chicago - Referencing Guide

• Citation Methods
• Chicago Style
• Citing in the Text
• Citation Examples
• Citing Electronic Documents
• Citing Images
• Citing Personal Communications
• Citing Secondary Sources
• Annotated Bibliographies
• AI Generated Content
• Assignments
• A-V Materials
• Book Chapters
• Conference Papers
• Course Materials
• Internet Content
• Journal Articles
• Legal Materials
• News Articles
• Personal Communication
• Readers/Study Guides
• Reports: Government Agencies and Other Organisations
• Secondary Sources
• All Examples
• Sample Reference List
• Abbreviations
• 4 Easy Steps
• Referencing Terms
• More Information

There are four common methods of referring to a source document in the text of an essay, thesis or assignment. These methods are direct quotation from another source, paraphasing or summarising material, and citing the whole of a source document. In academic writing, most of your essay or assignment should be phrased in your own words and the overuse of direct quotation should be avoided.

Short quotes

• Quotations match a small section of the source document word for word and must be attributed to the original author and enclosed within quotation marks. When quoting, the relevant page number(s) must be given:

Larsen (1991, 245) stated that "many of the facts in this case are incorrect".

• If information is left out, three dots ... must be used to show where the missing information goes:

As Ballard and Clanchy (1988, 14) have argued, "Learning within the university is a process of gradual socialization into a distinctive culture of knowledge, and … literacy must be seen in terms of the functions to which language is put in that culture".

Longer quotes

• In general, avoid using too many long quotes and remember to introduce or integrate quotations smoothly into the rest of your assignment.

• You may choose to indent a larger block of quoted text. Such blocks of quoted texts usually consist of more than one paragraph or more than 100 words.

• Blocks of quoted text should be indented from the left margin only, single spaced and may be one point smaller than the standard font size:

Wider applications are increasingly being found for many drugs such as invermectin. For example, Crump (2006, 53) confirms that:

Ivermectin - already used extensively in animal health and in eliminating onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis, two of the most disfiguring and deleterious human diseases - is now being used commercially for the treatment of strongyloidiasis, mites and scabies.

Quotations within quotations

• Use a single quotation mark to indicate previously quoted material within your quotation.

Short Quotation:

She stated, "The 'placebo effect' ... disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner" (Miele 1993, 276), but she did not clarify which behaviors were studied.

Miele (1993) found that "the 'placebo effect', which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner" (276).

Longer Quotation:

Miele (1993) found the following:

The "placebo effect", which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviours were never exhibited again, even when reel [ sic ] drugs were administered. Earlier studies (eg. Abdullah, 1984; Fox, 1979) were clearly premature in attributing the results to a placebo effect (276).

Note: Because the original source (Miele, 1999) used quotation marks around the term "placebo effect", this phrase will be given single quotation marks within a short quotation which is marked by double quotation marks. For block quotes, however, the passage is reproduced as in the original, including misspelling, such as "reel". the use of sic indicates to the reader that this is exactly what the author wrote and that you are not misquoting.

Paraphrasing and Summarising

• Both paraphrasing and summarising involve putting information from source material into your own words .

• When paraphrasing, do not add your own opinion or use the original wording. The purpose of paraphrasing is to express the ideas of others in your own words or phrasing so that it flows better with your own writing. You generally need to change both the sentence structure and the expression, using synonyms or alternative expressions. Paraphrased material may be shorter than the original passage, taking a larger section of the source and condensing it slightly. When paraphrasing, you must cite the original source. Page numbers should be given, in order to assist in locating the relevant passages within the source material, unless you are referring to the ideas of a whole work in general (see example below).

• Summarising also involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s). Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material. Once again, it is necessary to cite the original source. Page numbers should be given when summarising.

• The following are examples of how to appropriately paraphrase and summarise to avoid plagiarism:

Paraphrasing Original - "Named for James Brady, the White House press secretary who was shot and wounded by John Hinckley Jr. during the attempted assassination of President Ronald Reagan in March 1981, the Brady Bill establishes a national waiting period and background check for the purchase of a handgun" (Bender 1995, 137).

Paraphrase - Bender (1995) explains that the introduction of a waiting period and a background check for people buying handguns in the US, is due to the Brady Bill. The bill was named after White House aide James Brady, who was wounded during an assassination attempt on President Reagan (137).

Summarising Original - "At a typical football match we are likely to see players committing deliberate fouls, often behind the referee's back. They might try to take a throw-in or a free kick from an incorrect but more advantageous positions in defiance of the clearly stated rules of the game. They sometimes challenge the rulings of the referee or linesmen in an offensive way which often deserves exemplary punishment or even sending off. No wonder spectators fight amongst themselves, damage stadiums, or take the law into their own hands by invading the pitch in the hope of affecting the outcome of the match" (Mantex 1999, 1-2).

Summary - Unsportsmanlike behaviour by footballers may inspire hooliganism among spectators (Mantex 1999, 1-2).

In this example, a longer paragraph of approximately 100 words is reduced to a short sentence of nine words.

Citing the whole of a document

• Sometimes it may be necessary to give a general reference to the whole of a source document. This method of referencing is used least often:

Sternberg (2006) explores the basics of cognitive psychology through its coverage of cognitive neuroscience, attention and consciousness, perception, memory, knowledge representation, language, problem solving and creativity, decision making and reasoning, cognitive development, and intelligence.

In Text Citation

• << Previous: Citing in the Text
• Next: Citation Examples >>
• Last Updated: Jun 18, 2024 12:19 PM
• URL: https://libguides.murdoch.edu.au/Chicago

Stack Exchange Network

Stack Exchange network consists of 183 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow , the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers.

Q&A for work

Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search.

How to cite the source when paraphrasing/summarizing in Chicago-Turabian style

I might be asking the same question that is found here . However, it has no marked answer, and the one answer it has only has one upvote. It's crucial that I do this right, so I thought I should still ask this question just in case.

I'm wondering how I should cite a source when writing one or two paragraphs about the same source, especially when that source is a web article (and therefore devoid of a page number).

For example, if I start my paragraph with:

Jim and Bill wrote an article about this ( insert source as footnote ). Their paper is about X, Y, and Z (do I need another footnote here?). They also address issue A, and give a pretty decent explanation of issue B (do I need yet another footnote here?). Footnote: Jim and Bill, Date, publisher, article link etc.

Or can I just write the entire paragraph and put a single source reference at the end (or front?) of the paragraph, like this:

Jim and Bill wrote an article about this ( Do I insert the source as a footnote here? )" Their paper is about X, Y, and Z. More paraphrasing here. A little summary of another paragraph here. They also address issue A, and give a pretty decent explanation of issue B ( or do I insert the source here? ).

• academic-writing
• chicago-manual-of-style

For Turabian

(Probably Chicago as well, though I am particularly familiar with the Turabian guide, not Chicago directly.)

When doing a long summary/paraphrase (i.e. a whole paragraph), it is best to include the name and the article/website/book title up front (this alerts the reader in general where your information is coming from). Then only put a footnote at the end of the paragraph. Something like this for a website article (and remember, generally you use last names in scholarly writing, though if it is a website and the name is only given as Jim and Bill, use it):

In their online article "Title of Their Website Article," Smith and Jones wrote about X, Y, and Z. More paraphrasing here. A little summary of another paragraph here. They also address issue A, and give a pretty decent explanation of issue B. 1

1 Jim Smith and Bill Jones, "Title of Their Website Article," last modified February 2, 2017, accessed March 6, 2018, http://www.thewebsitename.duh/title-of-their-website-article.

Some Exceptions

First , if you go on to a new paragraph that still is the same source, then you need not be so explicit on the intro, since you are still working off the same noted source. But another note will be needed at the end:

The Smith and Jones's article continued to discuss C, D, and E. More summary. Etc. 2

2 Ibid. [or if not on the same page of your paper, a short note = Smith and Jones.]

Second , if you are summarizing/paraphrasing from a source with chapters, sections, and/or page numbers, and doing so from across multiple parts of the resource , then it is better to add additional footnotes within the paragraph, as it will guide the reader to the source better.

In their book Title of Their Book , Smith and Jones wrote about X, Y, and Z. X summary. 3 Y summary. 4 Z summary. 5 They also address issue A, and give a pretty decent explanation of issue B. 6

3 Jim Smith and Bill Jones, Title of Their Book (PublicationPlace, STATE-ABBR: Publisher name, YEAR), chap. 2. 4 Ibid., chap. 4. 5 Ibid., chap. 10. 6 Ibid., 102-105.

So in the above example, it assumes you were summarizing concepts from three chapters, plus an important section of text on A and B that was on pages 102 to 105. You could still combine the second exception example into a single note, but with some further annotation in that note:

In their book Title of Their Book , Smith and Jones wrote about X, Y, and Z. X summary. Y summary. Z summary. They also address issue A, and give a pretty decent explanation of issue B. 3

3 Jim Smith and Bill Jones, Title of Their Book (PublicationPlace, STATE-ABBR: Publisher name, YEAR); see chapters 2, 4, and 10, and pages 102-105 for discussion of A and B.

Remember that citations are primarily for two purposes:

• Acknowledging where you got the information from (so giving credit where it is due and avoiding plagiarism).
• Helping those who are researching behind you, using your paper, to locate the same information if they need to (hence why exception #2's more detailed information is best).

Your Answer

Reminder: Answers generated by artificial intelligence tools are not allowed on Writing Stack Exchange. Learn more

Sign up or log in

Post as a guest.

Required, but never shown

By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service and acknowledge you have read our privacy policy .

Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged academic-writing resources research footnotes chicago-manual-of-style or ask your own question .

• Featured on Meta
• Bringing clarity to status tag usage on meta sites
• Announcing a change to the data-dump process

Hot Network Questions

• How to modify orphan row due to break at large footnote that spans two pages?
• Why is LiCl a hypovalent covalent molecule?
• do-release-upgrade from 22.04 LTS to 24.04 LTS still no update available
• In which town of Europe (Germany ?) were this 2 photos taken during WWII?
• Solve cannot find solutions if integer parameters are assumed
• Pull up resistor question
• DateTime.ParseExact returns today if date string and format are set to "General"
• Is it possible to recover from a graveyard spiral?
• I'm a little embarrassed by the research of one of my recommenders
• Largest number possible with +, -, ÷
• Can I counter an opponent's attempt to counter my own spell?
• Issue with the roots of the Equation of Time
• How should I tell my manager that he could delay my retirement with a raise?
• What should I do if my student has quarrel with my collaborator
• Is the 2024 Ukrainian invasion of the Kursk region the first time since WW2 Russia was invaded?
• Why would autopilot be prohibited below 1000 AGL?
• Why is notation in logic so different from algebra?
• What`s this? (Found among circulating tumor cells)
• Best approach to make lasagna fill pan
• Is it helpful to use a thicker gage wire for part of a long circuit run that could have higher loads?
• What was the first "Star Trek" style teleporter in SF?
• Is it a good idea to perform I2C Communication in the ISR?
• In what chapter does Fleur suspect Hagrid?
• Should on use mutate or insert to update storage?

• Skip to Guides Search
• Skip to breadcrumb
• Skip to main content
• Skip to footer
• Skip to chat link
• Report accessibility issues and get help
• Go to Penn Libraries Home
• Go to Franklin catalog

Critical Writing Program: AI in Education Fall 2024: Chicago Manual of Style: Citing Images

• Getting started
• News and Opinion Sites
• Academic Sources
• Grey Literature
• Substantive News Sources
• What to Do When You Are Stuck
• Understanding a citation
• Examples of Quotation
• Examples of Paraphrase
• Chicago Manual of Style: Citing Images
• Researching the Op-Ed
• Researching Prospective Employers
• Resume Resources
• Cover Letter Resources

Chicago Manual of Style

The Chicago Manual of Style citation style provides guidelines for "Author-Date" or in text citation as well as for using footnotes or endnotes along with the bibliography. Images can be cited using captions or in a bibliography. Check with your instructor for the correct format.

For information on specific guidelines for images visit the online site , and use the table of contents to find: 

Chapter 14: Notes and Bibliography Section: 14.235: Citing paintings, photographs, and sculpture Chapter Contents / Special Types of References / Artwork and Illustrations

The Manual states, "Information about paintings, photographs, sculptures, or other works of art can usually be presented in the text rather than in a note or bibliography. If a note or bibliography entry is needed, list the artist, a title (in italics), and a date of creation or completion, followed by information about the medium and the location of the work. For works consulted online, add a URL." 

https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/book/ed17/part3/ch14/psec235.html

Examples of Citing Images

Footnote/endnote (general) 18 Vincent van Gogh, The Starry Night , 1889, oil on canvas, 29 in. x 36 ¼ in., Museum of Modern Art, New York.

Caption (general)*note: captions can be done as figure, fig., illustration, or ill. Fig. 1: Vincent Van Gogh, The Starry Night, 1889, oil on canvas, 29 in. x 36 ¼ in., Museum of Modern Art, New York.

Bibliographic entry, online (websites or databases) Duveneck, Frank.Whistling Boy, 1872. Oil on canvas, 28 in. x 21 ½ in. Cincinnati Art Museum, Cincinnati. <http://cincinnatiartmuseum.stores.yahoo.net/frduwhboy.html>, accessed 12 Aug. 2007.

Footnote/endnote, online (websites or databases) 4 Henri Matisse, The Woman with the Hat , 1905, oil on canvas, 81.3 cm x 60.3 cm, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco.

Caption, online (websites or databases) Ill. 1: Frank Duveneck, Whistling Boy , 1872, oil on canvas, 28 in. x 21 ½ in. Cincinnati Art Museum, Cincinnati,<http://cincinnatiartmuseum.stores.yahoo.net/frduwhboy.html>

Credit lines Images with copyright restrictions: Reproduced with permission from Jan Newstrom Thompson, Duveneck: Last Paintings Found (Santa Clara, CA: Triton Museum of Art, 1987), 55, © 1987 by Triton Museum of Art.

Images without copyright restrictions: Man and boy fishing in Ohio River, September 14, 1929. Courtesy of Rosemary Bart

Photograph courtesy of Cincinnati Art Museum

Unknown Artist, Title, or Date

When all or part of an image source is unknown or unknowable, use these points to guide your MLA image caption:

Unknown Artist, Author or Creator List that source by title in your works cited list. The title should be followed by the name of the source in the citation, and the remainder of the citation composed as appropriate for the source type. Alphabetize reference list entries beginning with a title using the primary word of the title (excluding a, an, or the).

An image without a title if an image is not titled, create a brief, descriptive title for it. do not italicize this title or place it in quotes, and capitalize only the first word and any proper nouns., undated sources use "n.d." (for "no date") in the appropriate place in your citation. when this is used after a period in a citation, capitalize the "n" ("n.d.")., for more information ....

Boxes on this page were copied from the " Cite Images " page on the Penn Libraries guide for Finding images , developed by Patty Guardiola, Director of the Fisher Fine Arts Library. Please visit the full page for more information on working with images. 

• << Previous: Using Images in Your Writing
• Next: Researching the Op-Ed >>
• Last Updated: Sep 4, 2024 2:07 PM
• URL: https://guides.library.upenn.edu/c.php?g=1422088

• Library & Technology
• Library Research Guides
• Citing Sources
• Citing Generative AI

Citing Sources: Citing Generative AI

• Citation Basics
• Writing & Citing
• Chicago: Notes
• Other Styles
• Indigo Book (Legal Citations)
• Citation Tools

Introduction

AI tools are rapidly evolving, and the guidance on how to cite content from or acknowledge the use of generative AI from publishers and other scholarly organizations is still being refined. Make sure you know and follow the policies for the class or publication you for which you are writing.

On This Guide

General Principles

When should you cite, elements to save when using chatgpt or other ai tools.

• Sources cited by AI

While generative AI tools are relatively new, the reasons we cite (to give credit for ideas you present and allow readers to understand the process and sources you consulted in your work) remain the same. Accordingly, you should cite when an AI tool was used to:

• Gather information
• Synthesize ideas or find connections
• Clean/manipulate data

Regardless of the citation style or system of references you are using, you will need:

• Tool name and version (e.g., ChatGPT 4.0)
• Time and date of usage
• Prompt or query
• Output from generative AI tool (as a document, image, or webpage, if the tool does not allow for stable links )
• Follow up queries and responses
• Name of person who queried

Generative AI tools can provide different outputs in response to identical same prompts, so documenting your use of these tools is essential for you to cite them transparently and for later readers to understand your use of the tool.

• Saving AI Content for Replication and Citations [MIT Libraries] - Tips for how to document generative AI interactions.

Sources Cited by Generative AI

The nature of large language models (LLM) behind many generative AI products leads the tools to fabricate (or hallucinate) facts, such as sources that may not exist.

• These citations may even seem to be highly plausible, using the names of real authors or journal titles in a given field.
• Even tools that provide direct links to sources (such as those that are connected to some form of internet search) may misrepresent the content of the materials they cite.
• Always check a source yourself to make it less likely you end up using false or misleading information.

It would also be a good idea to cite reputable sources in your work, in addition to attributing your use of generative AI. In this way you can give direct credit to authors and institutions instead of AI tools that are trained on this human-generated information.

Citing Generative AI in APA

How to cite ChatGPT [APA Style Blog]

APA recommends that you credit the AI tool as an author in a reference list, as:

• "the results of a ChatGPT 'chat' are not retrievable by other readers ,
• and although non-retrievable data or quotations in APA Style papers are usually cited as personal communications, with ChatGPT-generated text there is no person communicating .
• Quoting ChatGPT’s text from a chat session is, therefore, more like sharing an algorithm’s output; thus, credit the author of the algorithm with a reference list entry and the corresponding in-text citation "  [Quoted from APA Style Blog above, last updated Feb 23, 2024.]

APA's position can be extended to output from other generative AI tools. APA uses the Software reference list format to cite material created by generative AI.

In-Text Citation

Reference format.

Author. (YYYY). Name of software (Date version) [Type of AI model]. URL

OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat

Guidelines for Acknowledging AI Use:

• FOR RESEARCH METHODS: "Describe how you used the tool in your Method section."
• FOR LITERATURE REVIEWS or ESSAYS: "Describe how you used the tool in your introduction. In your text, provide the prompt you used and then any portion of the relevant text that was generated in response."
• FOR REFERENCES: "Credit the author of the algorithm with a reference list entry and the corresponding in-text citation"

Citing Generative AI in Chicago

How do you recommend citing content developed or generated by artificial intelligence, such as ChatGPT? [Chicago Style Q&A]

Chicago recommends that you credit the AI tool as an author:

• "you must credit ChatGPT when you reproduce its words within your own work,
• but unless you include a publicly available URL , that information should be put in the text or in a note—not in a bibliography or reference list." [Quoted from Chicago Style Q&A above]

Chicago uses the Personal correspondence reference list format to cite material created by generative AI (see CMOS 14.214 and 15.53 ).

According to Chicago's linked Q&A, for most types of writing, "you can simply acknowledge the AI tool in your text", e.g.:

• 2 cups flour
• 1 package active dry yeast ...

For student papers or other situations that require more formal citation, Chicago recommends the following format:

Name of AI Tool, Company that created AI tool, Date Content was generated, URL (to tool if no direct public link to content is available).

1. Text generated by ChatGPT, OpenAI, March 7, 2023, https://chat.openai.com/chat.

or (if text of prompt is not included in the body of the text):

1. ChatGPT, response to “Explain how to make pizza dough from common household ingredients,” OpenAI, March 7, 2023.

Citing Generative AI in MLA

How do I cite generative AI in MLA style? [MLA Style Center]

MLA recommends that you do not credit the AI tool as an author when citing content created by a generative AI tool:

"We do not recommend treating the AI tool as an author. This recommendation follows the policies developed by various publishers, including the MLA’s journal PMLA ."   [Quoted from MLA Style Center above, published 17 March 2023.]

Some worked examples included in the linked guide are:

• Example 1: Paraphrasing Text
• Example 2: Quoting Text
• Example 3: Citing Creative Visual Works
• Example 4: Quoting Creative Textual Works
• Example 5: Citing Secondary Sources Used by an AI Tool

EXAMPLE : Paraphrasing Text

Paraphrased in your prose, works-cited-list entry format.

"Title of Source". Title of AI tool , Version of AI tool, Company that created AI tool, Date content was generated, URL.

Works-Cited-List Entry

  “Describe the symbolism of the green light in the book The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald” prompt. ChatGPT , 13 Feb. version, OpenAI, 8 Mar. 2023, chat.openai.com/chat.

• Cite a generative AI tool whenever you paraphrase, quote, or incorporate into your own work any content (whether text, image, data, or other) that was created by it.
• Acknowledge all functional uses of the tool (like editing your prose or translating words) in a note, your text, or another suitable location, take care to vet the secondary sources it cites.

Publisher Recommendations on AI Use

The following are a selection of publishers' policies for using AI tools or including AI-generated content in writing.

APA: Policy on the use of generative artificial intelligence (AI) in scholarly materials

Elsevier: Publishing Ethics and AI

IEEE: Submission Policies

Nature : Policy on AI

PLOS ONE: Ethical Publishing Practice on Artificial Intelligence Tools and Technologies

Sage: Assistive and Generative AI Guidelines for Authors

Springer Nature: Policy on AI authorship, Generative AI Images, and AI Use by Peer Reviewers

Taylor & Francis: Clarification on the Responsible use of AI Tools in Academic Content Creation

Wiley: Guideline for Authors Regarding Generative AI

Attribution

This LibGuide is adapted from Artificial Intelligence for Research and Scholarship from the Harvard Library and from Citing AI tools from the MIT Libraries . This LibGuide is licensed under a  Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License . If you would like to reuse any part of this LibGuide for noncommercial purposes, please credit the guide's creators or the original content creator as noted, and include a link to the source. 

• << Previous: Citation Tools
• Last Updated: Sep 5, 2024 10:17 AM
• URL: https://libguides.wellesley.edu/citation

Generate accurate Chicago citations for free

• Knowledge Base
• Chicago Style
• Creating a Chicago Style Bibliography | Format & Examples

Creating a Chicago Style Bibliography | Format & Examples

Published on September 23, 2019 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on April 9, 2024.

A Chicago style bibliography lists the sources cited in your text. Each bibliography entry begins with the author’s name and the title of the source, followed by relevant publication details. The bibliography is alphabetized by authors’ last names.

A bibliography is not mandatory, but is strongly recommended for all but very short papers. It gives your reader an overview of all your sources in one place. Check with your instructor if you’re not sure whether you need a bibliography.

Always make sure to pay attention to punctuation (e.g., commas , quotation marks , parentheses ) in your citations.

Chicago Citation Generator

Instantly correct all language mistakes in your text

Upload your document to correct all your mistakes in minutes

Table of contents

Chicago style bibliography examples, formatting the bibliography page, author names in the bibliography, bibliography vs reference list, frequently asked questions about the chicago bibliography.

Bibliography entries vary in format depending on the type of source . Templates and examples for the most common source types are shown below.

• Book chapter
• Journal article

• The edition is always abbreviated (e.g. 2nd ed. or rev. ed.).
• Only include the URL for books you consulted online.

• Use this format to cite a chapter in a multi-authored book. If all the chapters in a book were written by the same person, reference the whole book.
• Begin the citation with the author of the chapter. The editor who compiled the book is listed later.

• The page range identifies the location of the article within the journal issue.
• For articles accessed online, include a DOI (digital object identifier) where available, and a URL if not.

• If the author is unknown, list the organization or website name as author, and don’t repeat it later in the citation.
• If no publication date is listed, include an access date instead.
• The website name is not italicized, unless it is an online version of a newspaper or magazine .

Don't submit your assignments before you do this

The academic proofreading tool has been trained on 1000s of academic texts. Making it the most accurate and reliable proofreading tool for students. Free citation check included.

Try for free

The bibliography appears at the end of your text. The heading Bibliography is bolded and centred at the top of the page.

Unlike the rest of a Chicago format paper, the bibliography is not double-spaced. However, add a single line space between entries.

If a bibliography entry extends onto more than one line, subsequent lines should be indented ( hanging indent ), as seen in the example below. This helps the reader to see at a glance where each new entry begins.

There are further guidelines for formatting a Chicago style annotated bibliography , in which you write a paragraph of summary and source evaluation under each source.

Author names in the bibliography are inverted: The last name comes first, then the first name(s). Sources are alphabetized by author last name.

If a source has no named author, alphabetize by the first word of the title or organization name that starts the entry. Ignore articles (“the,” “a,” and “an”) for the purposes of alphabetization.

Sources with multiple authors

For sources with more than one author, only the first author’s name is inverted; subsequent names are written in the normal order.

For texts with up to 10 authors, all the authors’ names should be listed in the order they appear in the source, separated by commas .

If there are more than 10 authors, list the first seven, followed by “ et al. ”

Multiple sources by the same author

If you include multiple works from the same author, only include the author name in the first entry. In subsequent entries, replace the name with three em dashes , followed by the rest of the citation formatted as normal. List the entries in alphabetical order by title.

A reference list is mandatory in Chicago author-date style , where you cite sources in parentheses in the text. The only differences between a Chicago bibliography and a reference list are the heading and the placement of the date.

The reference list is headed “References.” In reference list entries, the publication date is placed immediately after the author’s name. This allows the reader to easily find a reference on the basis of the corresponding in-text citation.

Receive feedback on language, structure, and formatting

Professional editors proofread and edit your paper by focusing on:

• Academic style
• Vague sentences
• Style consistency

See an example

In a Chicago style footnote , list up to three authors. If there are more than three, name only the first author, followed by “ et al. “

In the bibliography , list up to 10 authors. If there are more than 10, list the first seven followed by “et al.”

The same rules apply in Chicago author-date style .

To automatically generate accurate Chicago references, you can use Scribbr’s free Chicago reference generator .

In a Chicago footnote citation , when the author of a source is unknown (as is often the case with websites ), start the citation with the title in a full note. In short notes and bibliography entries, list the organization that published it as the author.

In Chicago author-date style , treat the organization as author in your in-text citations and reference list.

When an online source does not list a publication date, replace it with an access date in your Chicago footnotes and your bibliography :

If you are using author-date in-text citations , or if the source was not accessed online, replace the date with “n.d.”

• A reference list is used with Chicago author-date citations .
• A bibliography is used with Chicago footnote citations .

Both present the exact same information; the only difference is the placement of the year in source citations:

• In a reference list entry, the publication year appears directly after the author’s name.
• In a bibliography entry, the year appears near the end of the entry (the exact placement depends on the source type).

There are also other types of bibliography that work as stand-alone texts, such as a Chicago annotated bibliography .

In Chicago author-date style , your text must include a reference list . It appears at the end of your paper and gives full details of every source you cited.

In notes and bibliography style, you use Chicago style footnotes to cite sources; a bibliography is optional but recommended. If you don’t include one, be sure to use a full note for the first citation of each source.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2024, April 09). Creating a Chicago Style Bibliography | Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved September 3, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/chicago-style/bibliography/

Is this article helpful?

Jack Caulfield

Other students also liked, chicago style footnotes | citation format & examples, how to write an annotated bibliography in chicago/turabian style, chicago author-date style | a complete guide to citing sources, "i thought ai proofreading was useless but..".

I've been using Scribbr for years now and I know it's a service that won't disappoint. It does a good job spotting mistakes”