book review time september edition ielts reading answers

‘Book Review’- Reading Answer Explanation- CAM- 13

Here are explanations of the Questions of passage named ‘Book Review’, which is from the Cambridge 13 book. The Questions that have been asked are ‘MCQs’, Blanks and Yes/No/Not Given. You will find the locations of the Reading Answers, Keywords( highlighted and underlined ) and justifications.

READING PASSAGE 3: Book Review

Question	Answer
27	D
28	A
29	B
30	F
31	B
32	G
33	E
34	A
35	YES
36	NOT GIVEN
37	NO
38	NOT GIVEN
39	YES
40	NO

Questions 27-29

Choose the correct letter, A , B , C or D .

Write the correct letter in boxes 27-29 on your answer sheet.

27 What is the reviewer’s attitude to advocates of positive psychology?

A They are wrong to reject the ideas of Bentham.

B They are over-influenced by their study of Bentham’s theories.

C They have a fresh new approach to ideas on human happiness.

D They are ignorant about the ideas they should be considering.

Location: 2 nd paragraph

Explanation: Though the main keyword ‘positive psychology’ is there in the first line of the paragraph. But the reference of attitudes to advocates is there in the second paragraph. ‘and write as if nothing of any importance had been thought on the subject until it came to their attention.’ and write as if nothing of any importance had been thought on the subject until it came to their attention. Here, ‘nothing of any importance’ means they are ignorant.

28 The reviewer refers to the Greek philosopher Aristotle in order to suggest that happiness

A may not be just pleasure and the absence of pain.

B should not be the main goal of humans.

C is not something that should be fought for.

D is not just an abstract concept.

Explanation: The main keyword ‘Greek philosopher’’ helps to locate the answer in the 5 th line of the paragraph. ‘For Bentham it was obvious that the human good consists of pleasure and the absence of pain. The Greek philosopher Aristotle may have identified happiness with self-realisation…’Here, Aristotle believe that happiness may be identified by self-realisation. Thus, this makes an answer very clear.

29 According to Davies, Bentham’s suggestion for linking the price of goods to happiness was significant because

A it was the first successful way of assessing happiness.

B it established a connection between work and psychology.

C it was the first successful example of psychological research.

D it involved consideration of the rights of consumers.

Location: 5 th paragraph

Explanation: The main keyword ‘Davies, Bentham’s’ helps to locate the answer in the last line of the paragraph. ‘. By associating money so closely to inner experience, Davies writes, Bentham ‘set the stage for the entangling of psychological research and capitalism that would shape the business practices of the twentieth century’. Here, ‘money’ was associated with ‘work’. Thus, this established a connection between work and energy.

Questions 30-34

Complete the summary using the list of words A-G below.

Write the correct letter, A-G , in boxes 30-34 on your answer sheet.

Jeremy Bentham

Jeremy Bentham was active in other areas besides philosophy. In the 1790s he suggested a type of technology to improve 30 ……………………… for different Government departments.

Location: 3 rd paragraph

Explanation: The main keyword ‘1790s’ helps to locate the answer in the last line of the paragraph. ‘. In the 1790s, he wrote to the Home Office suggesting that the departments of government be linked together through a set of ‘conversation tubes…’Here, ‘linked together’ means communication was set through conversation tubes.

He developed a new way of printing banknotes to increase 31 …………………………

Explanation: The main keyword ‘banknotes’ helps to locate the answer in the middle line of the paragraph. ‘to the Bank of England with a design for a printing device that could produce unforgeable banknotes…’Thus, the answer is ‘security’

and also designed a method for the 32 …………………………. of food.

Explanation: The location of the answer is in the last third line of the paragraph. ‘He drew up plans for a ‘frigidarium’ to keep provisions such as meat, fish, fruit and vegetables fresh…’Here, this line indicates that this method was designed for preservation of food. Thus, the answer is G.

He also drew up plans for a prison which allowed the 33 …………………………. of prisoners at all times, and believed the same design could be used for other institutions as well.

Explanation: The answer to this question is in the second last line of the paragraph. ‘His celebrated design for a prison to be known as a ‘Panopticon’, in which prisoners would be kept in solitary confinement while being visible at all times to the guards…’Here, ‘while being visible’ means ‘observation’ Thus, the answer is E.

When researching happiness, he investigated possibilities for its 34 ……………………….., and suggested some methods of doing this.

Location: 4 th paragraph

Explanation: The location of the answer is in the second line of the paragraph. ‘. If happiness is to be regarded as a science, it has to be measured, and Bentham suggested two ways…’Thus, some methods were suggested for measurement.

A measurement B security C implementation D profits E observation F communication G preservation

Questions 35-40

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes 35-40 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

35 One strength of The Happiness Industry is its discussion of the relationship between psychology and economics.

Explanation: The main keyword ‘The Happiness Industry’ helps to locate the answer in the second line of the paragraph. ‘We learn much that is interesting about how economic problems are being redefined and treated as psychological maladies’ .Thus, the question statement is same as the passage statement.

Answer: Yes

36 It is more difficult to measure some emotions than others.

Explanation: The location of the answer is in the third line of the paragraph. ‘In addition, Davies shows how the belief that inner of pleasure and displeasure can be objectively…’Here, pleasure and displeasure are emotions. But there is no information related to difficulty of measuring emotions. Thus, no information available.

Answer: Not Given

37 Watson’s ideas on behaviourism were supported by research on humans he carried out before 1915.

Explanation: The main keyword ‘1915’ helps to locate the answer in the seventh line of the paragraph. ‘in 1915, he ‘had never even studied a single human being’: his research had been confined to experiments on white rats…’Here, the writer says, his experiments were on rats not on humans. Hence, the answer is clear.

38 Watson’s ideas have been most influential on governments outside America.

Explanation: The main keyword ‘Watson ideas’ of the question is in the second last line of the paragraph. But there is no information about the impact of Watson ideas on government outside the USA. Thus, no information available.

39 The need for happiness is linked to industrialization.

Location: 6 th paragraph

Explanation: The location of the answer is in the first line of the paragraph. ‘Modern industrial societies appear to need the possibility of ever-increasing happiness to motivate them in their labours…’Thus, this statement is same as the passage statement.

40 A main aim of government should be to increase the happiness of the population.

Explanation: The answer to this question is in the last line of the paragraph. ‘the idea that governments should be responsible for promoting happiness is always a threat to human freedom…’Here, this was just an idea not an aim.Hence, the answer is No.

‘Saving the Soil’- Reading Answer Explanation – CAM- 13

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Cambridge IELTS 13 Academic Reading Test 4 with Answers

Cambridge ielts 13 academic reading test 4.

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Reading Passage 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

Cutty Sark: the fastest sailing ship of all time

The nineteenth century was a period of great technological development in Britain, and for shipping the major changes were from wind to steam power, and from wood to iron and steel.

The fastest commercial sailing vessels of all time were clippers, three-masted ships built to transport goods around the world, although some also took passengers. From the 1840s until 1869, when the Suez Canal opened and steam propulsion was replacing sail, clippers dominated world trade. Although many were built, only one has survived more or less intact: Cutty Sark , now on display in Greenwich, southeast London.

Cutty Sark ’s unusual name comes from the poem Tam O’Shanter by the Scottish poet Robert Burns. Tam, a farmer, is chased by a witch called Nannie, who is wearing a ‘ cutty sark ’ – an old Scottish name for a short nightdress. The witch is depicted in Cutty Sark ’s figurehead – the carving of a woman typically at the front of old sailing ships. In legend, and in Burns’s poem, witches cannot cross water, so this was a rather strange choice of name for a ship.

Cutty Sark was built in Dumbarton, Scotland, in 1869, for a shipping company owned by John Willis. To carry out construction, Willis chose a new shipbuilding firm, Scott & Linton, and ensured that the contrast with them put him in a very strong position. In the end, the firm was forced out of business, and the ship was finished by a competitor.

Willis’s company was active in the tea trade between China and Britain, where speed could bring shipowners both profits and prestige, so Cutty Sark was designed to make the journey more quickly than any other ship. On her maiden voyage, in 1870, she set sail from London, carrying large amounts of goods to China. She returned laden with tea, making the journey back to London in four months. However, Cutty Sark never lived up to the high expectations of her owner, as a result of bad winds and various misfortunes. On one occasion, in 1872, the ship and a rival clipper, Thermopylae , left port in China on the same day. Crossing the Indian Ocean, Cutty Sark gained a lead of over 400 miles, but then her rudder was severely damaged in stormy seas, making her impossible to steer. The ship’s crew had the daunting task of repairing the rudder at sea, and only succeeded at the second attempt. Cutty Sark reached London a week after Thermopylae.

Steam ships posed a growing threat to clippers, as their speed and cargo capacity increased. In addition, the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, the same year that Cutty Sark was launched, had a serious impact. While steam ships could make use of the quick, direct route between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, the canal was of no use to sailing ships, which needed the much stronger winds of the oceans, and so had to sail a far greater distance. Steam ships reduced the journey time between Britain and China by approximately two months.

By 1878, tea traders weren’t interested in Cutty Sark , and instead, she took on the much less prestigious work of carrying any cargo between any two ports in the world. In 1880, violence aboard the ship led ultimately to the replacement of the captain with an incompetent drunkard who stole the crew’s wages. He was suspended from service, and a new captain appointed. This marked a turnaround and the beginning of the most successful period in Cutty Sark ’s working life, transporting wool from Australia to Britain. One such journey took just under 12 weeks, beating every other ship sailing that year by around a month.

The ship’s next captain, Richard Woodget, was an excellent navigator, who got the best out of both his ship and his crew. As a sailing ship, Cutty Sark depended on the strong trade winds of the southern hemisphere, and Woodget took her further south than any previous captain, bringing her dangerously close to icebergs off the southern tip of South America. His gamble paid off, though, and the ship was the fastest vessel in the wool trade for ten years.

As competition from steam ships increased in the 1890s, and Cutty Sark approached the end of her life expectancy, she became less profitable. She was sold to a Portuguese firm, which renamed her Ferreira. For the next 25 years, she again carried miscellaneous cargoes around the world.

Badly damaged in a gale in 1922, she was put into Falmouth harbor in southwest England, for repairs. Wilfred Dowman, a retired sea captain who owned a training vessel, recognised her and tried to buy her, but without success. She returned to Portugal and was sold to another Portuguese company. Dowman was determined, however, and offered a high price: this was accepted, and the ship returned to Falmouth the following year and had her original name restored.

Dowman used Cutty Sark as a training ship, and she continued in this role after his death. When she was no longer required, in 1954, she was transferred to dry dock at Greenwich to go on public display. The ship suffered from fire in 2007, and again, less seriously, in 2014, but now Cutty Sark attracts a quarter of a million visitors a year.

Questions 1-8

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1 Clippers were originally intended to be used as passenger ships.

2 Cutty Sark was given the name of a character in a poem.

3 The contract between John Willis and Scott & Linton favoured Willis.

4 John Willis wanted Cutty Sark to be the fastest tea clipper travelling between the UK and China.

5 Despite storm damage, Cutty Sark beat Thermopylae back to London.

6 The opening of the Suez Canal meant that steam ships could travel between Britain and China faster than clippers.

7 Steam ships sometimes used the ocean route to travel between London and China.

8 Captain Woodget put Cutty Sark at risk of hitting an iceberg.

Questions 9-13

Complete the sentences below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.

9 After 1880, Cutty Sark carried ………………………… as its main cargo during its most successful time.

10 As a captain and …………………………., Woodget was very skilled.

11 Ferreira went to Falmouth to repair damage that a …………………………. had caused.

12 Between 1923 and 1954, Cutty Sark was used for …………………………..

13 Cutty Sark has twice been damaged by ………………………… in the 21st century.

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

SAVING THE SOIL

More than a third of the Earth’s top layer is at risk. Is there hope for our planet’s most precious resource?

More than a third of the world’s soil is endangered, according to a recent UN report. If we don’t slow the decline, all farmable soil could be gone in 60 years. Since soil grows 95% of our food, and sustains human life in other more surprising ways, that is a huge problem.

Peter Groffman, from the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies in New York, points out that soil scientists have been warning about the degradation of the world’s soil for decades. At the same time, our understanding of its importance to humans has grown. A single gram of healthy soil might contain 100 million bacteria, as well as other microorganisms such as viruses and fungi, living amid decomposing plants and various minerals.

That means soils do not just grow our food, but are the source of nearly all our existing antibiotics, and could be our best hope in the fight against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Soil is also an ally against climate change: as microorganisms within soil digest dead animals and plants, they lock in their carbon content, holding three times the amount of carbon as does the entire atmosphere. Soils also store water, preventing flood damage: in the UK, damage to buildings, roads and bridges from floods caused by soil degradation costs £233 million every year.

If the soil loses its ability to perform these functions, the human race could be in big trouble. The danger is not that the soil will disappear completely, but that the microorganisms that give it its special properties will be lost. And once this has happened, it may take the soil thousands of years to recover.

Agriculture is by far the biggest problem. In the wild, when plants grow they remove nutrients from the soil, but then when the plants die and decay these nutrients are returned directly to the soil. Humans tend not to return unused parts of harvested crops directly to the soil to enrich it, meaning that the soil gradually becomes less fertile. In the past we developed strategies to get around the problem, such as regularly varying the types of crops grown, or leaving fields uncultivated for a season.

But these practices became inconvenient as populations grew and agriculture had to be run on more commercial lines. A solution came in the early 20 th century with the Haber-Bosch process for manufacturing ammonium nitrate. Farmers have been putting this synthetic fertiliser on their fields ever since.

But over the past few decades, it has become clear this wasn’t such a bright idea. Chemical fertilisers can release polluting nitrous oxide into the atmosphere and excess is often washed away with the rain, releasing nitrogen into rivers. More recently, we have found that indiscriminate use of fertilisers hurts the soil itself, turning it acidic and salty, and degrading the soil they are supposed to nourish.

One of the people looking for a solution to his problem is Pius Floris, who started out running a tree-care business in the Netherlands, and now advises some of the world’s top soil scientists. He came to realise that the best way to ensure his trees flourished was to take care of the soil, and has developed a cocktail of beneficial bacteria, fungi and humus* to do this. Researchers at the University of Valladolid in Spain recently used this cocktail on soils destroyed by years of fertiliser overuse. When they applied Floris’s mix to the desert-like test plots, a good crop of plants emerged that were not just healthy at the surface, but had roots strong enough to pierce dirt as hard as rock. The few plants that grew in the control plots, fed with traditional fertilisers, were small and weak

However, measures like this are not enough to solve the global soil degradation problem. To assess our options on a global scale we first need an accurate picture of what types of soil are out there, and the problems they face. That’s not easy. For one thing, there is no agreed international system for classifying soil. In an attempt to unify the different approaches, the UN has created the Global Soil Map project. Researchers from nine countries are working together to create a map linked to a database that can be fed measurements from field surveys, drone surveys, satellite imagery, lad analyses and so on to provide real-time data on the state of the soil. Within the next four years, they aim to have mapped soils worldwide to a depth of 100 metres, with the results freely accessible to all.

But this is only a first step. We need ways of presenting the problem that bring it home to governments and the wider public, says Pamela Chasek at the International Institute for Sustainable Development, in Winnipeg, Canada. ‘Most scientists don’t speak language that policy-makers can understand, and vice versa.’ Chasek and her colleagues have proposed a goal of ‘zero net land degradation’. Like the idea of carbon neutrality, it is an easily understood target that can help shape expectations and encourage action.

For soils on the brink, that may be too late. Several researchers are agitating for the immediate creation of protected zones for endangered soils. One difficulty here is defining what these areas should conserve: areas where the greatest soil diversity is present? Or areas of unspoilt soils that could act as a future benchmark of quality?

Whatever we do, if we want our soils to survive, we need to take action now.

Questions 14-17

Complete the summary below. Write ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.

Why soil degradation could be a disaster for humans

Healthy soil contains a large variety of bacteria and other microorganisms, as well as plant remains and 14 ……………………….. It provides us with food and also with antibiotics, and its function in storing 15 …………………………. has a significant effect on the climate. In addition, it prevents damage to property and infrastructure because it holds 16 ……………………………

If these microorganisms are lost, soil may lose its special properties. The main factor contributing to soil degradation is the 17 ………………………….. carried out by humans.

Questions 18-21

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F , below. Write the correct letter, A-F , in boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet.

18 Nutrients contained in the unused parts of harvested crops

19 Synthetic fertilisers produced with Haber-Bosch process

20 Addition of a mixture developed by Pius Floris to the soil

21 The idea of zero net soil degradation

A may improve the number and quality of plants growing there.

B may contain data from up to nine countries.

C may not be put back into the soil.

D may help governments to be more aware of soil-related issues.

E may cause damage to different aspects of the environment.

F may be better for use at a global level.

Questions 22-26

Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G .

Which section contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-G , in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

22 a reference to one person’s motivation for a soil-improvement project

23 an explanation of how soil stayed healthy before the development of farming

24 examples of different ways of collecting information on soil degradation

25 a suggestion for a way of keeping some types of soil safe in the near future

26 a reason why it is difficult to provide an overview of soil degradation

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

Book Review

The Happiness Industry: How the Government and Big Business Sold Us Well-Being

By William Davies

‘Happiness is the ultimate goal because it is self-evidently good. If we are asked why happiness matters we can give no further external reason. It just obviously does matter.’ This pronouncement by Richard Layard, an economist and advocate of ‘positive psychology’, summarizes the beliefs of many people today. For Layard and others like him, it is obvious that the purpose of government is to promote a state of collective well-being. The only question is how to achieve it, and here positive psychology – a supposed science that not only identifies what makes people happy but also allows their happiness to be measured – can show the way. Equipped with this science, they say, governments can secure happiness in society in a way they never could in the past.

It is an astonishingly crude and simple-minded way of thinking, and for that very reason increasingly popular. Those who think in this way are oblivious to the vast philosophical literature in which the meaning and value of happiness have been explored and questioned, and write as if nothing of any importance had been thought on the subject until it came to their attention. It was the philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) who was more than anyone else responsible for the development of this way of thinking. For Bentham it was obvious that the human good consists of pleasure and the absence of pain. The Greek philosopher Aristotle may have identified happiness with self-realisation in the 4th century BC, and thinkers throughout the ages may have struggled to reconcile the pursuit of happiness with other human values, but for Bentham all this was mere metaphysics or fiction. Without knowing anything much of him or the school of moral theory he established – since they are by education and intellectual conviction illiterate in the history of ideas – our advocates of positive psychology follow in his tracks in rejecting as outmoded and irrelevant pretty much the entirety of ethical reflection on human happiness to date.

But as William Davies notes in his recent book The Happiness Industry , the view that happiness is the only self-evident good is actually a way of limiting moral inquiry. One of the virtues of this rich, lucid and arresting book is that it places the current cult of happiness in a well-defined historical framework. Rightly, Davies his story with Bentham, noting that he was far more than a philosopher. Davies writes, ‘Bentham’s activities were those which we might now associate with a public sector management consultant’. In the 1790s, he wrote to the Home Office suggesting that the departments of government be linked together through a set of ‘conversation tubes’, and to the Bank of England with a design for a printing device that could produce unforgeable banknotes. He drew up plans for a ‘frigidarium’ to keep provisions such as meat, fish, fruit and vegetables fresh. His celebrated design for a prison to be known as a ‘Panopticon’, in which prisoners would be kept in solitary confinement while being visible at all times to the guards, was very nearly adopted. (Surprisingly, Davies does not discuss the fact that Bentham meant his Panopticon not just as a model prison but also as an instrument of control that could be applied to schools and factories.)

Bentham was also a pioneer of the ‘science of happiness’. If happiness is to be regarded as a science, it has to be measured, and Bentham suggested two ways in which this might be done. Viewing happiness as a complex of pleasurable sensations, he suggested that it might be quantified by measuring the human pulse rate. Alternatively, money could be used as the standard for quantification: if two different goods have the same price, it can be claimed that they produce the same quantity of pleasure in the consumer. Bentham was more attracted by the latter measure. By associating money so closely to inner experience, Davies writes, Bentham ‘set the stage for the entangling of psychological research and capitalism that would shape the business practices of the twentieth century’.

The Happiness Industry describes how the project of a science of happiness has become integral to capitalism. We learn much that is interesting about how economic problems are being redefined and treated as psychological maladies. In addition, Davies shows how the belief that inner of pleasure and displeasure can be objectively measured has informed management studies and advertising. The tendency of thinkers such as J B Watson, the founder of behaviorism*, was that human beings could be shaped, or manipulated, by policymakers and managers. Watson had no factual basis for his view of human action. When he became president of the American Psychological Association in 1915, he ‘had never even studied a single human being’: his research had been confined to experiments on white rats. Yet Watson’s reductive model is now widely applied, with ‘behavior change’ becoming the goal of governments: in Britain, a ‘Behaviour Insights Team’ has been established by the government to study how people can be encouraged, at minimum cost to the public purse, to live in what are considered to be socially desirable ways.

Modern industrial societies appear to need the possibility of ever-increasing happiness to motivate them in their labours. But whatever its intellectual pedigree, the idea that governments should be responsible for promoting happiness is always a threat to human freedom.

———————– * ‘behaviorism’: a branch of psychology which is concerned with observable behaviour

Questions 27-29

Choose the correct letter, A , B , C or D .

Write the correct letter in boxes 27-29 on your answer sheet.

27 What is the reviewer’s attitude to advocates of positive psychology?

A They are wrong to reject the ideas of Bentham. B They are over-influenced by their study of Bentham’s theories. C They have a fresh new approach to ideas on human happiness. D They are ignorant about the ideas they should be considering.

28 The reviewer refers to the Greek philosopher Aristotle in order to suggest that happiness

A may not be just pleasure and the absence of pain. B should not be the main goal of humans. C is not something that should be fought for. D is not just an abstract concept.

29 According to Davies, Bentham’s suggestion for linking the price of goods to happiness was significant because

A it was the first successful way of assessing happiness. B it established a connection between work and psychology. C it was the first successful example of psychological research. D it involved consideration of the rights of consumers.

Questions 30-34

Complete the summary using the list of words A-G below.

Write the correct letter, A-G , in boxes 30-34 on your answer sheet.

Jeremy Bentham

Jeremy Bentham was active in other areas besides philosophy. In the 1970s he suggested a type of technology to improve 30 ……………………… for different Government departments. He developed a new way of printing banknotes to increase 31 ………………………… and also designed a method for the 32 …………………………. of food. He also drew up plans for a prison which allowed the 33 …………………………. of prisoners at al times, and believed the same design could be used for other institutions as well. When researching happiness, he investigated possibilities for its 34 ……………………….., and suggested some methods of doing this.

A measurement B security C implementation D profits E observation F communication G preservation

Questions 35-40

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes 35-40 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

35 One strength of The Happiness Industry is its discussion of the relationship between psychology and economics.

36 It is more difficult to measure some emotions than others.

37 Watson’s ideas on behaviorism were supported by research on humans he carried out before 1915.

38 Watson’s ideas have been most influential on governments outside America.

39 The need for happiness is linked to industrialization.

40 A main aim of government should be to increase the happiness of the population.

Cambridge IELTS 13 Academic Reading Test 4 Answers

1. FALSE 2. FALSE 3. TRUE 4. TRUE 5. FALSE 6. TRUE 7. NOT GIVEN 8. TRUE 9. wool 10. navigator 11. gale 12. training 13. fire 14. minerals 15. carbon 16. water 17. agriculture 18. C 19. E 20. A 21. D 22. E 23. C 24. F 25. G 26. F 27. D 28. A 29. B 30. F 31. B 32. G 33. E 34. A 35. YES 36. NOT GIVEN 37. NO 38. NOT GIVEN 39. YES 40. NO

Cambridge IELTS 13 Academic Reading Test 4 with Answers

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Book Review Reading Answers: IELTS Reading Practice Test

Updated on Jul 02, 2024, 11:57

Welcome to this IELTS Academic Reading Practice Test for Book Review Reading Answers. In this test, you can practice your reading skills and test your comprehension abilities through a book review passage.

The test will include a set of three types of questions: multiple-choice, summary completion, and yes/no/not given. You will have 18-20 minutes to answer questions based on the passage and receive general instructions before beginning the test.

On this page

1. Book Review Reading Passage

You should spend approximately 20 minutes answering Questions 1 - 14 based on the Reading Passage below.

2. Book Review Reading Questions and Answers

Discover exciting and informative IELTS reading answers about Book Review.

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Book Review Reading Passage

You will have 60 minutes to complete the entire reading test.
The test consists of three reading passages with a total of 40 questions.
The texts may be taken from books, magazines, journals, or newspapers.
You will receive an answer sheet and should write your answers on it.
The questions will be in different formats, such as multiple-choice, matching, sentence completion, and summary completion.
The reading passages will increase in difficulty as you progress through the test.
You cannot bring any electronic devices, including mobile phones, into the test room.

The Happiness Industry: How the Government and Big Business Sold Us Well-Being By William Davies

Paragraph 1

Richard Layard, an economist and advocate of "positive psychology," has summarised the ideologies and faith of various people nowadays in his proclamation that "happiness is the ultimate goal because it is self-evidently good. If we are asked why happiness matters, we can give no further external reason. It is just evident that it matters." For Layard and others like him, the goal of government is to foster an environment of shared prosperity. The only issue is how to attain it, and here, positive psychology—a purported science that not only detects what makes individuals happy but also lets their happiness be quantified—may indicate the way. With the guidance of this study, governments, as per theorists, are currently more capable than ever before of ensuring harmony in society.

Paragraph 2

It is an incredibly primitive and simplistic style of thinking, yet it is rising in popularity due to this. The huge philosophical literature that has studied and challenged the meaning and worth of happiness is neglected by those who embrace this mindset, and they write as if no significant ideas had been studied on the subject prior to their realisation. The emergence of this method of thinking was due in large part to the work of philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832). For Bentham, it was apparent that happiness and the lack of misery constitute the human good. In the 4th century BC, the Greek philosopher Aristotle connected happiness with self-realisation, and scholars throughout the years attempted to combine the goal of happiness with other human virtues, although all of this was just metaphysics or fiction to Bentham. Modern proponents of positive psychology follow in his footsteps, condemning as obsolete and unnecessary almost the entire ethical reflection on human pleasure to date, despite knowing nothing about him or the school of moral theory he founded—as they are ignorant in the history of ideas due to education and philosophical conviction.

Paragraph 3

However, as William Davies points out in his new book, The Happiness Industry, assuming that happiness is the prime self-evident good restricts moral analysis. This rich, clear, and compelling book's ability to contextualise the modern cult of happiness inside a precisely defined historical context is one of its many merits. Davies was correct in his assessment of Bentham, recognising that he was significantly more than just a philosopher. According to Davies, Bentham engaged in activities that modern-day management consultants serving the public sector may partake in. In the 1790s, he addressed letters to the Bank of England with a model for a printing machine that could generate unforgeable banknotes and to the Home Office with a suggestion that the government's various departments be interlinked by a system of "conversation tubes." To preserve food like meat, fish, fruit, and vegetables, he designed a "frigidarium." His renowned plan for a jail known as a "Panopticon," in which inmates would be confined in solitary while always being monitored by the guards, came extremely close to being implemented. (Interestingly, Davies does not address the fact that Bentham envisioned his Panopticon to serve as a model for both a jail and a control mechanism that could be utilised in both schools and factories.)

Paragraph 4

Bentham also established the "science of happiness." If happiness is to be considered a science, then it must be quantified. Bentham presented two methods for measuring happiness. He proposed that pleasure might be measured by taking the average heart rate of a person and seeing happiness as a complex of pleasant emotions. As an alternative, the value of money might be used as the criterion for quantification. If the cost of two distinct products is the same, it can be stated that both give the customer the same amount of happiness. The latter attribute grabbed Bentham's eye more. According to Davies, Bentham "established the foundation for the combination of psychological study and capitalism, which would influence the activities of the twentieth century" by associating money so intimately with inner experience.

Paragraph 5

In the book The Happiness Industry, it is explained how the pursuit of a science of pleasure has merged with business. We learn a lot of interesting information on the redefining and treatment of economic concerns as psychological conditions. Additionally, Davies demonstrates how management studies and advertising have been influenced by the idea that inner joy and dissatisfaction can be assessed objectively. The inclination of philosophers like J. B. Watson, the pioneer of behaviourism*, was that managers and politicians could mould or influence people. Watson's theories on human nature were not backed by any facts. He had only conducted studies on white rats when he was appointed president of the American Psychological Association in 1915. He had "never really examined a fellow human being." The government in Britain has founded a "Behaviour Insights Team" to research how individuals might be motivated to live in ways that are thought to be socially desirable while incurring the lowest expenses to the public purse. However, Watson's reductive model has already been extensively adopted.

Paragraph 6

To keep people motivated in their work, modern industrial nations seem to require the potential for ever-increasing happiness. But regardless of its conceptual heritage, the theory that authorities ought to be in charge of fostering happiness is always hazardous to people's freedom.

* behaviourism: a field of psychology in which the focus is on observable behaviour

Book Review Reading Questions and Answers

Questions and answers 1-3.

Choose the correct letter A, B, C, or D.
Write the correct letter in the boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet

1. The critic mentions the Greek philosopher Aristotle to state that happiness ______.

is not something that should be fought for.
may not be just pleasure and the absence of pain.
is not just an abstract concept.
should not be the main goal of humans.

2. In Davies' opinion, the suggestion that was given by Bentham’s to link the prices to happiness was remarkable because _____.

It established a connection between work and psychology.
It involved consideration of the rights of consumers.
It was the first successful way of assessing happiness.
It was the first successful example of psychological research.

3. What is the reviewer’s opinion on the proponents of positive psychology?

They have a fresh new approach to ideas on human happiness.
They are wrong to reject the ideas of Bentham.
They are ignorant about the ideas they should be considering.
They are over-influenced by their study of Bentham’s theories.

Book Review Reading Answers with Explanations

Type of questions: Multiple Choice Questions (one answer)

This is the typical MCQ type. You just need to select one answer out of the 4 options.

Multiple Choice Questions (one answer)
You just need to select one answer out of the 4 options.

How to best answer the questions

Skim through the questions and identify the keywords
Use the elimination method and recognise options that include inaccurate or false information as per the given passage
Match each option with the passage and choose an answer most accurately supported by the information in the passage.
Cross-check your answers and finalise them

From paragraph 2: ‘In the 4th century BC, the Greek philosopher Aristotle connected happiness with self-realisation, and scholars throughout the years attempted to combine the goal of happiness with other human virtues, although all of this was just metaphysics or fiction to Bentham.’

Explanation:

According to the paragraph, Aristotle and Bentham had different views on happiness. Aristotle believed that happiness couldn't be reduced to just pleasure and the absence of misery, while Bentham thought that happiness was simply the absence of pain and the presence of pleasure. It's fascinating to see how different philosophers have defined happiness throughout history.

From paragraph 4: ‘If the cost of two distinct products is the same, it can be stated that both give the customer the same amount of happiness.’

Explanation

As per the reference, Davies describes Bentham's theory that happiness should be quantified and connected to business and psychology. Bentham believed that if two items had the same price, the happiness received from both would be equal. Bentham's ideas paved the way for modern-day management consultants, as he engaged in activities similar to theirs, such as designing a system of "conversation tubes" and a printing machine for unforgeable banknotes.

From paragraph 2: ‘It is an incredibly primitive and simplistic style of thinking, yet it is rising in popularity due to this.’

As explained by the paragraph, the idea of happiness had been very simple and surprisingly unpleasant, yet it was quite famous. Moreover, it is argued that these advocates are unaware of the real meaning and value of happiness explained by research before their acceptance.

Questions and Answers 4-8

Complete the summary using the list of words A-G below.
Write the correct letter, A-G , in the boxes 4-8 on your answer sheet.

Jeremy Bentham

Jeremy Bentham was active in other areas besides philosophy. In the 1970s he suggested a type of technology to improve 4…………. for different Government departments. He developed a new way of printing banknotes to increase 5…………. and also designed a method for the 6……….. of food. He also drew up plans for a prison which allowed the 7…………. of prisoners at all times and believed the same design could be used for other institutions as well. When researching happiness, he investigated possibilities for its 8………… and suggested some methods of doing this.

communication
preservation
implementation
measurement
observation
Summary Completion (selecting from a list of words or phrases)
Go through the summary, focusing on the missing information
Identify keywords that can help you find answers
Use a method of elimination while going through the list of words/phrases
Review and finalise your answers

From paragraph 3: ‘ In the 1790s, he addressed letters to the Bank of England with a model for a printing machine that could generate unforgeable banknotes and to the Home Office with a suggestion that the government's various departments be interlinked by a system of "conversation tubes."’

According to the passage it is stated that Bentham suggested a system of "conversation tubes" to interlink the government's various departments and enhance communication between them. This was one of his many innovative ideas that aimed to improve the efficiency of government operations.

From paragraph 3: ‘In the 1790s, he addressed letters to the Bank of England with a model for a printing machine that could generate unforgeable banknotes and to the Home Office with a suggestion that the government's various departments be interlinked by a system of "conversation tubes."’

As per the passage, Bentham proposed a design for a printing machine that could generate unforgeable banknotes for the Bank of England, which would increase security as the notes could not be duplicated.

From paragraph 3: ‘His renowned plan for a jail known as a "Panopticon," in which inmates would be confined in solitary while always being monitored by the guards, came extremely close to being implemented.’

Bentham's celebrated design for a prison, known as the 'Panopticon,' allowed for constant surveillance of prisoners. The design ensured that inmates were confined in cells that could be viewed from all sides by the jailer, making it an innovative and effective approach to prison management.

From paragraph 4: ‘Bentham also established the "science of happiness." If happiness is to be considered a science, then it must be quantified.’

Bentham is credited with establishing the "science of happiness," he believed that if happiness was considered a science, it must be quantifiable. This shows his vision and forward-thinking approach to happiness as a measurable concept.

Questions and Answers 9-14

YES if the statement agrees with the information
NO if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

9. Industrialisation is connected to the requirement of happiness.

10. Prior to 1915, Watson conducted study on people that supported his theories of behaviourism.

11. Government’s main objective should be to increase the population’s happiness.

12. The Happiness Industry’s strength is the discussion of the connection between psychology and commerce.

13. The theories by Watson had immense influence on the governments outside America.

14. Certain emotions are more challenging to measure than others.

Book Review Reading Answers with E xplanations

Identifying Information or True/False/Not Given

How to best answer the question

Read the given question statements carefully and note down the keywords
With the help of the keywords, locate them in the passage, which will help you decide whether the given statement is yes or no .
Your answer will not be given if the information is not in the passage .

From paragraph 6: ‘To keep people motivated in their work, modern industrial nations seem to require the potential for ever-increasing happiness.’

It is mentioned in the book review that modern industrial nations require the potential for ever-increasing happiness to keep people motivated in their work. The need for happiness is also linked to the corporate world as it is necessary to motivate the workers. Therefore, the answer is yes .

From paragraph 5: ‘He had only conducted studies on white rats when he was appointed president of the American Psychological Association in 1915.’

As per the given statement, Watson's theories on human nature lacked factual evidence. When he was appointed as the president of the American Psychological Association in 1915, he had only conducted studies on white rats. Therefore, the answer is no .

From paragraph 6: ‘But regardless of its conceptual heritage, the theory that authorities ought to be in charge of fostering happiness is always hazardous to people's freedom.’

The answer is no because the author of this text is advocating against the idea of the government being responsible for promoting happiness among its citizens. The author believes that this approach could potentially harm people's freedom and, therefore, should be avoided. The author seems to suggest that this idea is risky and should not be pursued.

From paragraph 5: ‘In the book The Happiness Industry, it is explained how the pursuit of a science of pleasure has merged with business.’

The author agrees with the idea presented in the book "The Happiness Industry" that the pursuit of science to increase pleasure and happiness has merged with business, and economic issues have been redefined as psychological problems and treated as such. Therefore, the answer is yes .

From paragraphs 1 to 6: ‘Richard Layard, an economist and advocate…….. happiness is always hazardous to people's freedom.’

The answer is not given because there is no information in the passage that theories of Watson had an influence outside of America. Instead, his ideas regarding behaviour change were applied by the American government. So, the concept of behaviour change remains an important consideration in many different fields today.

The passage does not provide specific information on the measurement of a variety of emotions or how they should be measured. Though there is little information regarding the measurement of emotions in paragraph 5, it does not go into detail on the methodology or tools used for this measurement. Hence, the answer is not given .

IELTS Reading Practice Test

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The Development of Travel Under the Ocean Reading Answers: IELTS Reading Practice Test

Trans Fatty Acids Reading Answers: IELTS Reading Practice

All About the Otter Reading Answers: IELTS Reading Practice

Q. What are some common mistakes to avoid in the IELTS Reading test?

A. Common mistakes to avoid in the IELTS Reading test are spending too much time on a single question, not reading instructions carefully, focusing on details, not skimming the passage first, not using context clues, not checking answers, and trying to memorize the passage.

Q. How can I improve my reading speed for the IELTS Reading test?

A. To improve your reading speed for the IELTS Reading test, practice regularly, skim and scan, focus on main ideas, predict answers, increase vocabulary, read regularly, use a timer, take breaks, and avoid reading when tired.

Q. What are some effective reading strategies for the IELTS Reading test?

A. Effective reading strategies for the IELTS Reading test include skimming and scanning, previewing questions, highlighting keywords, reading actively, managing time, staying focused, using context clues, avoiding overthinking, and checking answers.

Q. Can I use a highlighter or take notes during the IELTS Reading test?

A. For the paper-based IELTS Reading test, you can use a pencil to take notes and underline important information in the passage. You are not allowed to use a highlighter, pen or any other type of writing instrument. For the computer-based IELTS Reading test, you can use the highlighter and note-taking feature on the computer to take notes and highlight important information.

Q. How can I manage my time effectively during the IELTS Reading test?

A. To manage your time effectively during the IELTS Reading test, pace yourself, preview the questions, skim and scan, manage difficult questions, avoid overthinking, and check your answers. Remember to take breaks during the test and avoid rushing through the questions. Practice these strategies before the test to get a hold of managing your time accordingly.

Q. What are some good sources for practice materials for the IELTS Reading test?

A. Good sources for IELTS Reading practice materials include official IELTS practice materials, Cambridge IELTS books, online courses, IELTS preparation books, and IELTS preparation websites. Practice regularly with materials that suit your level.

Q. What are the criteria for determining the IELTS Reading score?

A. The IELTS Reading test is scored on a scale of 0-9 based on four criteria: Task Achievement, Coherence and Cohesion, Lexical Resource, and Grammatical Range and Accuracy. Each criterion is given a band score from 0-9, and the scores are averaged to give an overall score. The overall score is then rounded up or down to the nearest 0.5.

Q. Are spelling mistakes penalised for the IELTS Reading test?

A. Spelling mistakes are penalised in the IELTS Reading test. If you spell a word incorrectly, you will lose marks for that question, even if your answer is otherwise correct. Therefore, it is important to double-check your spelling before moving on to the next question. If you are unsure of the spelling of a word, try to write it in a way that looks correct or use synonyms to avoid spelling errors.

Q. Is grammar necessary for the IELTS Reading test?

A. While the IELTS Reading test primarily assesses your reading comprehension skills, grammar is still an important aspect of the test. The test assesses your ability to understand and use grammar structures in context, as well as your ability to communicate effectively in writing. In addition, the Grammatical Range and Accuracy criterion is one of the four criteria used to determine your overall score in the IELTS Reading test.

Q. Can I retake the IELTS Reading test alone?

A. No, you cannot retake the IELTS Reading test alone. The IELTS test assesses all four language skills (listening, reading, writing, and speaking), and you must take all four tests together. If you want to retake the Reading test, you will need to retake the entire IELTS test. It is important to note that your scores are valid for two years from the date of your test, and you cannot choose to retake only one section of the test to improve your score.

Q. What are good tips/practices for IELTS Reading preparation?

A. Good tips for IELTS Reading preparation include familiarising yourself with the test format, reading widely, practicing regularly, using a timer, building vocabulary, taking notes, reviewing grammar rules, focusing on main ideas, and double-checking your answers.

Book Review - IELTS Reading Answers

Book review - ielts reading passage, book review - question and answers.

The "Book Review" passage in the IELTS reading section contains a reading passage connected to task 2 with three different question types, appropriate responses, and explanations. Using this sample passage, you can assess your performance, correct your errors, and design a strategy to accomplish the reading test within the allotted time. So, let's start with the blog!

The reading test has 60 minutes to finish. To complete the 1–14 questions in this section, allow yourself 20 minutes. Before answering the questions, thoroughly read the passage. Book Review IELTS reading answers are provided for you to compare with your responses and assess your performance.

Book Review

The Happiness Industry: How the Government and Big Business Sold Us Well-Being By William Davies

Richard Layard, an economist and advocate of "positive psychology," has summarised the ideologies and faith of various people nowadays in his proclamation that "happiness is the ultimate goal because it is self-evidently good. If we are asked why happiness matters, we can give no further external reason. It is just evident that it matters." For Layard and others like him, the goal of government is to foster an environment of shared prosperity. The only issue is how to attain it, and here positive psychology—a purported science that not only detects what makes individuals happy but also lets their happiness be quantified - may indicate the way. With the guidance of this study, governments, as per theorists, are currently more capable than ever before of ensuring harmony in society.

It is an incredibly primitive and simplistic style of thinking, yet it is rising in popularity due to this. The huge philosophical literature that has studied and challenged the meaning and worth of happiness is neglected by those who embrace this mind-set, and they write as if no significant ideas had been studied on the subject prior to their realisation. The emergence of this method of thinking was due in large part to the work of philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832). For Bentham, it was apparent that happiness and the lack of misery constitute the human good. In the 4th century BC, the Greek philosopher Aristotle connected happiness with self-realisation, and scholars throughout the years attempted to combine the goal of happiness with other human virtues, although all of this was just metaphysics or fiction to Bentham. Modern proponents of positive psychology follow in his footsteps, condemning as obsolete and unnecessary almost the entire ethical reflection on human pleasure to date, despite knowing nothing about him or the school of moral theory he founded—as they are ignorant in the history of ideas due to education and philosophical conviction.

Also read: What is the IELTS Vocabulary?

Bentham also established the "science of happiness." If happiness is to be considered a science, then it must be quantified. Bentham presented two methods for measuring happiness. He proposed that pleasure might be measured by taking the average heart rate of a person and seeing happiness as a complex of pleasant emotions. As an alternative, the value of money might be used as the criterion for quantification: if the cost of two distinct products is the same, it can be stated that both give the customer the same amount of happiness. The latter attribute grabbed Bentham's eye more. According to Davies, Bentham "established the foundation for the combination of psychological study and capitalism, which would influence the activities of the twentieth century," by associating money so intimately with inner experience.

* behaviourism: a field of psychology in which focus is on observable behaviour

Also checkout: 15 Best IELTS Preparation books in 2024

Questions 1-3

Choose the correct letter, A,B,C or D.

Write the correct letter in the boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.

1. The critic mentions the Greek philosopher Aristotle, to state that happiness ______.

Is not something that should be fought for.

May not be just pleasure and the absence of pain.

Is not just an abstract concept.

Should not be the main goal of humans.

2. In Davies' opinion, the suggestion that was given by Bentham’s to link the prices to happiness was remarkable because _____.

It established a connection between work and psychology.

It involved consideration of the rights of consumers.

It was the first successful way of assessing happiness.

It was the first successful example of psychological research.

3. What is the reviewer’s opinion on the proponents of positive psychology?

They have a fresh new approach to ideas on human happiness.

They are wrong to reject the ideas of Bentham.

They are ignorant about the ideas they should be considering.

They are over-influenced by their study of Bentham’s theories.

Answer 1: B

Explanation 1: According to the 2nd paragraph, 6th line, For Bentham, it was apparent that happiness and the lack of misery constitute the human good. In the 4th century BC, the Greek philosopher Aristotle connected happiness……….. This was just metaphysics or fiction to Bentham. These lines discuss Bentham's belief that happiness is solely about pleasure and lacks pain. On the other hand, Aristotle held the opposite view, contending that happiness is more complex than mere contentment and absence of suffering. Thus, the correct option is B.

Answer 2: A

Explanation 2: In the 5th line of the 4th paragraph, the beliefs put forward by Jeremy Bentham are described by author Davies. There was also a link made between the costs and happiness. He clarifies Bentham's theory, according to which "the joy received from both of them would be equal if the price of two items is the same." He says that Bentham was the first to establish the link between psychology and business. Thus, the response is yes.

Answer 3: C

Explanation 3: In the 1st line of the 2nd paragraph, they have clarified that this specific concept of happiness was quite well-known despite being incredibly basic and impolite. It is further said that these proponents frequently exhibit obliviousness, which is the tendency to reject the research's explanation of the literal meaning and worth of happiness before they even acknowledge the concept.

Also read: Preface to how the other half thinks - IELTS Reading Answers

Questions 4-8

Complete the summary using the list of words A-G below.

Write the correct letter, A-G, in the boxes 4-8 on your answer sheet.

Jeremy Bentham

Jeremy Bentham was active in other areas besides philosophy. In the 1970s he suggested a type of technology to improve 4…………. for different Government departments. He developed a new way of printing banknotes to increase 5…………. and also designed a method for the 6……….. of food. He also drew up plans for a prison which allowed the 7…………. of prisoners at all times, and believed the same design could be used for other institutions as well. When researching happiness, he investigated possibilities for its 8………… and suggested some methods of doing this.

communication

preservation

implementation

measurement

observation

Answer 4: B

Explanation 4: In the 8th line of the 3rd paragraph, in the 1790s, he addressed letters to the Bank of England with a model for a printing machine that could generate unforgeable banknotes and to the Home Office with a suggestion that the government's various departments be interlinked by a system of "conversation tubes."

Answer 5: C

Explanation 5: According to the 8th line of the 3rd paragraph, he suggested the Bank of England develop a printing press that could create unforgeable banknotes. In other words, since the notes wouldn't be copied, the security will be enhanced. Security is the solution as a result.

Answer 6: D

Explanation 6: In the 12th line of the 3rd paragraph, “To preserve food like meat, fish, fruit, and vegetables, he designed a "frigidarium." This statement suggests that he had prepared strategies and techniques for preserving perishable foods. Thus, option D—preservation—is the correct response.

Answer 7: G

Explanation 7: According to the 13th line of the 3rd paragraph, This line describes how Bentham designed a prison called ‘Panopticon’, a celebrated design. He had built it so the jailer could see the inmates from every angle when confined in a cell. Thus, option G, observation, is the correct response.

Answer 8: F

Explanation 8: In the 1st line, 4th paragraph, “Bentham also established the "science of happiness." If happiness is to be considered a science, then it must be quantified.” the author claims to be the father of the science of happiness and holds the view that anything that might be deemed scientific could potentially be measured. Therefore, F is the correct option.

Also read: Is passing the IELTS reading test too tough?

Questions 9-14

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in the Reading Passage?

In the boxes 9-14 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement agrees the claims of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the write thinks about this

9. Industrialisation is connected to the requirement of happiness.

10. Prior to 1915, Watson conducted study on people that supported his theories of behaviourism.

11. Government’s main objective should be to increase the population’s happiness.

12. The Happiness Industry’s strength is the discussion of the connection between psychology and commerce.

13. The theories by Watson had immense influence on the governments outside America.

14. Certain emotions are more challenging to measure than others.

Answer 9: Yes

Explanation 9: According to the 1st line, 6th paragraph, “To keep people motivated in their work, modern industrial nations seem to require the potential for ever-increasing happiness.” It is said that happiness is necessary to inspire employees, and it is related to the business sector. The answer is true since the statement and the passage's line are consistent.

Answer 10: No

Explanation 10: According to the 5th paragraph, 8th line, “Watson's theories on human nature were not backed by any facts. He had only conducted studies on white rats when he was appointed president of the American Psychological Association in 1915.” All of the rats he experimented on were white. As a result, the assertion does not agree. So, the answer is no.

Answer 11: No

Explanation 11: According to the 2nd line of the 6th paragraph, “But regardless of its conceptual heritage, the theory that authorities ought to be in charge of fostering happiness is always hazardous to people's freedom.” The author believes that people's freedom is in jeopardy if the government decides to enhance individuals' happiness. He disagrees with the notion that it should be the goal of the state.

Answer 12: Yes

Explanation 12: In the 1st line of the 5th paragraph, “In the book The Happiness Industry, it is explained how the pursuit of a science of pleasure has merged with business. We learn a lot of interesting information on the redefining and treatment of economic concerns as psychological conditions.” The assertion is consistent with the scripture. Therefore, the answer is yes.

Answer 13: Not Given

Explanation 13: The passage's 5th paragraph explains how the governments adopted many of Watson's concepts in an effort to effect "behaviour change." It does not mention their influence or that only governments outside of America have accepted it, though.

Answer 14: Not Given

Explanation 14: In Paragraph 5th, the topic of measuring emotions is brought up, but no details are given about how or even where different emotions should be measured. As a result, no response is provided.

Also Check: What's the right study plan for IELTS preparation?

In conclusion, we would like to say that consistent practice with various reading passage types can improve your comprehension of the text's actual content and quicken your reading pace, which will improve your exam results.

If you want to get further details on how to prepare for IELTS or, particularly, the IELTS Reading section, you can contact the Prepare IELTS Exam (PI) expert counsellors for additional guidance. Our team of education experts is dedicated to providing you with the best test material and guidance to ace the IELTS exam . You can get a one-on-one counselling session and an IELTS online practice test via our platform. Contact us at [email protected] or call us at +91 9773398388 for further queries.

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Book Review - I...

Book Review - IELTS Reading Answers

The IELTS test has four modules, out of which IELTS Reading is considered the toughest module. The candidates practise this module hard and repetitively to excel in the exam. It has a time limit of 60 minutes and three passages to solve. Devise a plan carefully to manage your time well and answer all forty questions. To make it easier for you, we have provided Book Review IELTS reading answers with explanations. The reading module of the IELTS exam includes a variety of question types and requires reading techniques to solve them easily. To acquire a better band score, the student must understand question types and answer them accordingly. Complete all the questions and then analyze the Moles happy as homes go underground Reading Answers with an explanation.

Book Review Reading Passage

The Happiness Industry: How the Government and Big Business Sold Us Well-Being By William Davies

Paragraph 1

Richard Layard, an economist and advocate of "positive psychology," has summarised the ideologies and faith of various people nowadays in his proclamation that "happiness is the ultimate goal because it is self-evidently good. If we are asked why happiness matters, we can give no further external reason.It is just evident that it matters." For Layard and others like him, the goal of government is to foster an environment of shared prosperity. The only issue is how to attain it, and here positive psychology—a purported science that not only detects what makes individuals happy but also lets their happiness be quantified—may indicate the way. With the guidance of this study, governments, as per theorists, are currently more capable than ever before of ensuring harmony in society.

Paragraph 2

It is an incredibly primitive and simplistic style of thinking, yet it is rising in popularity due to this. The huge philosophical literature that has studied and challenged the meaning and worth of happiness is neglected by those who embrace this mind-set, and they write as if no significant ideas had been studied on the subject prior to their realisation. The emergence of this method of thinking was due in large part to the work of philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832). For Bentham, it was apparent that happiness and the lack of misery constitute the human good. In the 4th century BC, the Greek philosopher Aristotle connected happiness with self-realisation, and scholars throughout the years attempted to combine the goal of happiness with other human virtues, although all of this was just metaphysics or fiction to Bentham. Modern proponents of positive psychology follow in his footsteps, condemning as obsolete and unnecessary almost the entire ethical reflection on human pleasure to date, despite knowing nothing about him or the school of moral theory he founded—as they are ignorant in the history of ideas due to education and philosophical conviction.

Paragraph 3

Paragraph 4

Bentham also established the "science of happiness." If happiness is to be considered a science, then it must be quantified. Bentham presented two methods for measuring happiness. He proposed that pleasure might be measured by taking the average heart rate of a person and seeing happiness as a complex of pleasant emotions. As an alternative, the value of money might be used as the criterion for quantification: if the cost of two distinct products is the same, it can be stated that both give the customer the same amount of happiness. The latter attribute grabbed Bentham's eye more. According to Davies, Bentham "established the foundation for the combination of psychological study and capitalism, which would influence the activities of the twentieth century," by associating money so intimately with inner experience.

Paragraph 5

Paragraph 6

* behaviourism: a field of psychology in which focus is on observable behaviour

Suggested: IELTS Score Requirements to Study in UK

Book Review Reading Questions

Questions 1-3.

Choose the correct letter, A,B,C or D. Write the correct letter in the boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.

1. The critic mentions the Greek philosopher Aristotle, to state that happiness ______.

is not something that should be fought for.
may not be just pleasure and the absence of pain.
is not just an abstract concept.
should not be the main goal of humans.

2. In Davies' opinion, the suggestion that was given by Bentham’s to link the prices to happiness was remarkable because _____.

it established a connection between work and psychology.
it involved consideration of the rights of consumers.
it was the first successful way of assessing happiness.
it was the first successful example of psychological research.

3. What is the reviewer’s opinion on the proponents of positive psychology?

They have a fresh new approach to ideas on human happiness.
They are wrong to reject the ideas of Bentham.
They are ignorant about the ideas they should be considering.
They are over-influenced by their study of Bentham’s theories.

Questions 4-8

Complete the summary using the list of words A-G below. Write the correct letter, A-G, in the boxes 4-8 on your answer sheet.

Jeremy Bentham

Jeremy Bentham was active in other areas besides philosophy. In the 1970s he suggested a type of technology to improve 4…………. for different Government departments. He developed a new way of printing banknotes to increase 5…………. and also designed a method for the 6……….. of food. He also drew up plans for a prison which allowed the 7…………. of prisoners at all times, and believed the same design could be used for other institutions as well. When researching happiness, he investigated possibilities for its 8………… and suggested some methods of doing this.

communication
preservation
implementation
measurement
observation

Questions 9-14

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in the Reading Passage? In the boxes 9-14 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement agrees the claims of the writer NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the write thinks about this

9. Industrialisation is connected to the requirement of happiness. 10. Prior to 1915, Watson conducted study on people that supported his theories of behaviourism. 11. Government’s main objective should be to increase the population’s happiness. 12. The Happiness Industry’s strength is the discussion of the connection between psychology and commerce. 13. The theories by Watson had immense influence on the governments outside America. 14. Certain emotions are more challenging to measure than others.

Book Review IELTS Reading Answers with Explanations

Book Review IELTS reading answers with explanations are given below. It is inclusive of the precise locations along with justifications for the answers. Use these as a base to rectify your errors.

(Note: The text in italics is from the reading passage and shows the location from where the answer is taken or inferred. The text in the regular font explains the answer in detail.)

Key Location: 2nd Paragraph, 8th Line.

Explanation: For Bentham, it was apparent that happiness and the lack of misery constitute the human good. In the 4th century BC, the Greek philosopher Aristotle connected happiness……….. this was just metaphysics or fiction to Bentham. It is discussed here that happiness is just about pleasure and has no pain, in Bentham’s opinion. However, Aristotle believed the opposite of that, stating that happiness cannot be just about happiness and lack of misery. Therefore, the answer B.

Key Location: 4th Paragraph, 5th Line.

Explanation: In the fifth line, The writer Davies describes the theories that Bentham proposed. It included a connection between the prices and happiness. He explains Bentham’s idea, that, “if the price of two items is same, the joy received from both of them would be equal.” further he explains that Bentham pioneered the stage that connected business and psychology. Hence, the answer is A.

Key Location: 2nd Paragraph, 1st Line.

Explanation: They have explained that even though that particular idea of happiness was very simple and surprisingly rude, it was quite famous. Further it is described that these advocates tend to be oblivious, that is ignore the literal meaning and value of happiness that is explained in the researches before they acknowledged the idea.

Key Location: 3rd Paragraph, 8th Line.

Explanation: In the 1790s, he addressed letters to the Bank of England with a model for a printing machine that could generate unforgeable banknotes and to the Home Office with a suggestion that the government's various departments be interlinked by a system of "conversation tubes. " Here these tubes mean that the communication should be established and strengthened in the various departments. Hence, the answer is option B, that is communication.

Key Location: 3rd Paragraph, 8th Line.

Explanation: The line describes that he proposed a design of printing machine for the Bank of England, that could produce unforgeable notes. Meaning that will increase the security, as the notes would not be duplicated. Hence, the answer is security.

Key Location: 3rd Paragraph, 12th Line.

Explanation: To preserve food like meat, fish, fruit, and vegetables, he designed a "frigidarium." This line indicates that he had made plans and methods for preserving food items, which are perishables. Hence, the answer is option D, preservation.

Key location: 3rd Paragraph, 13th Line.

Explanation: this line describes how Bentham designed a prison by the name ‘Panopticon’ which was a celebrated design. He had designed it in such a way that the prisoners were confined in a cell which could be viewed from all the sides by the jailer. Hence, the answer is option G, observation.

Key Location: 4th Paragraph, 1st Line.

Explanation: Bentham also established the "science of happiness." If happiness is to be considered a science, then it must be quantified. The here states that he is the pioneer of the science of happiness and he believed that if it was regarded or considered a science, then there is a possibility of it being measured. Hence, the answer is measurement.

Key Location: 6th Paragraph, 1st Line.

Explanation: To keep people motivated in their work, modern industrial nations seem to require the potential for ever-increasing happiness . It is stated that the need for happiness is connected to the corporate world, because it is required to motivate the workers. The statement agrees with the line in passage, hence, the answer is yes.

Key Location: 5th Paragraph, 8th Line.

Explanation: Watson's theories on human nature were not backed by any facts. He had only conducted studies on white rats when he was appointed president of the American Psychological Association in 1915. He only did experiments on white rats. Hence, the statement does not agree.

Key Location: 6th Paragraph, 2nd Line.

Explanation: But regardless of its conceptual heritage, the theory that authorities ought to be in charge of fostering happiness is always hazardous to people's freedom. The writer thinks that if the government takes up the responsibility of increasing the happiness of citizens, then their freedom is at stake. He is against this idea of it being the government’s objective.

Key Location: 5th Paragraph, 1st Line.

Explanation: In the book The Happiness Industry, it is explained how the pursuit of a science of pleasure has merged with business. We learn a lot of interesting information on the redefining and treatment of economic concerns as psychological conditions. The statement agrees with that of the passage. Hence, the answer is yes.

13. NOT GIVEN

Explanation: The paragraph 5 of passage describes that Watson’s ideas were widely applied by the governments as the goal became to bring about ‘behaviour change’. However, there is no mention of them being influential or on it being adopted just by the governments outside America.

14. NOT GIVEN

Explanation: The only mention about measurement of emotions is in paragraph 5, but there is no information provided regarding the measurement of a variety of emotions or even how they should be measured. Hence, the answer is not given.

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FAQ's on Book Review Reading Answers

What are some common mistakes to avoid in the IELTS Reading test?

Common mistakes to avoid in the IELTS Reading test are spending too much time on a single question, not reading instructions carefully, focusing on details, not skimming the passage first, not using context clues, not checking answers, and trying to memorize the passage.

How can I improve my reading speed for the IELTS Reading test?

To improve your reading speed for the IELTS Reading test, practice regularly, skim and scan, focus on main ideas, predict answers, increase vocabulary, read regularly, use a timer, take breaks, and avoid reading when tired.

What are some effective reading strategies for the IELTS Reading test?

Effective reading strategies for the IELTS Reading test include skimming and scanning, previewing questions, highlighting keywords, reading actively, managing time, staying focused, using context clues, avoiding overthinking, and checking answers.

What are the criteria for determining the IELTS Reading score?

The IELTS Reading test is scored on a scale of 0-9 based on four criteria: Task Achievement, Coherence and Cohesion, Lexical Resource, and Grammatical Range and Accuracy. Each criterion is given a band score from 0-9, and the scores are averaged to give an overall score. The overall score is then rounded up or down to the nearest 0.5.

Are spelling mistakes penalised for the IELTS Reading test?

Spelling mistakes are penalised in the IELTS Reading test. If you spell a word incorrectly, you will lose marks for that question, even if your answer is otherwise correct. Therefore, it is important to double-check your spelling before moving on to the next question. If you are unsure of the spelling of a word, try to write it in a way that looks correct or use synonyms to avoid spelling errors.

Reviews of books

Questions 1-5.

Look at the reviews of books ( A-H ). Match each question 1-5 with a boob review ( A-H ). Write your answers in boxes 1-5 on the answer sheet. You may use any letter more than once .

Which books deals with cooking?

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GT Reading Test 45 Section 3 - A Book Review

Gt reading mock test 45:, section 3: questions 28-40, gt reading sample - " a book review – dog will have his day ", a book review – dog will have his day by fred, vargas (translated by sian reynolds), questions 28-36, questions 37-40.

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IELTS General Training Reading: Cambridge 9 Test A; complete test with top solutions and best explanations

This General Training IELTS Reading post deals with a complete solution package for IELTS Cambridge 9 Reading Test A . This is a targeted post for candidates who have major problems in searching for and understanding Reading Answers. This post can guide you the best to understand every Reading answer easily and without much difficulty. Finding IELTS Reading answers is a step-by-step process and I hope this post can help you in this respect.

IELTS Cambridge 9 Test A: GT Reading Module

Section 1: no title.

Questions 1-6 (Matching Advertisements with job descriptions):

[In this type of questions candidates are asked to match the questions (job descriptions) with the given job advertisements (Marked A, B, C, D etc.). Candidates have to write the correct letter for each answer. Here, having a close look at different numbers and important information will do the trick to find the answers.

Question 1: a person with two small children who wants a few hours a week of unskilled work in the early mornings.

Keywords for this question: two small children, a few hours a week, unskilled work, early mornings,

Take a look at advertisement D:

IELTS General Training Reading: Cambridge 9 Test A; complete test with top solutions and best explanations

Here in this advertisement, we can see some important points. Let’s have a look:

Cleaner = unskilled work, finish work before the offices open = in the early mornings,

Therefore, this job fits perfectly for person in question no. 1.

So, the answer is: D

Question 2: a person with no experience or qualifications who is looking for a short term full-time job, Monday to Friday.

Keywords for this question: no experience, qualifications, short term, full-time, Monday to Friday,

Take a look at advertisement C:

Here in this advertisement, we can find out some important points. Let’s have a look:

Former qualifications not as important = no experience or qualifications, Hours: 8.30 – 5.00 Mon-Fri = full-time job, Monday to Friday, from January till July = short term,

Therefore, this job is a perfect match for person in question no. 2.

So, the answer is: C

Question 3: a lively student with no experience, who cannot work on weekdays.

Keywords for this question: lively student, no experience, cannot work, weekdays,

Take a look at advertisement A:

Energy and enthusiasm = lively, no experience = experience not essential, Sat & Sun only = cannot work on weekdays,

Therefore, this job is a perfect match for person in question no. 3.

So, the answer is: A

Question 4: a person with more than 20 years’ experience in catering who would like to run a business.

Keywords for this question: 20 years’ experience, catering, run a business,

Take a look at advertisement G:

Ideal for very experienced person = person with more than 20 years’ experience, Catering = Restaurant, To-let = place to run a business,

Therefore, this job is a perfect match for person in question no. 4.

So, the answer is: G

Question 5: a catering college graduate who is now looking for his first full-time job.

Keywords for this question: catering college graduate, first full-time job,

Let’s take a look at advertisement F:

FULL-TIME COOK = catering college graduate. .. . full-time job, new and exciting café venture = first .. .. job,

Therefore, this job is a perfect match for the new catering graduate in question no. 5.

So, the answer is: F

Question 6: a person with many years’ experience working in hotels who is now looking for well-paid part-time employment in a hotel.

Keywords for this question: many years’ experience, hotels, well-paid, part-time, employment, hotel,

Let’s take a look at advertisement B:

applicants with experience = with many years’ experience, Excellent wages = well-paid, part-time silver service waiter/waitress = working in hotels . . . .. . part-time employment,

Therefore, this job is a perfect match for the person in question no. 6.

So, the answer is: B

Questions 7-14:

The headline of the passage: INTERCITY Sleeper between London and Scotland

Questions 7-14 (Identifying information from different options in the passage)

This question asks you to find information from the passage and write the number of the train tickets (A, B, C or D … .. ) in the answer sheet. This question will not follow any sequence, and so it will surely kill your time if you are not very good in speed reading. You should always quickly read the first two lines or last two lines of the expected paragraph initially. If you find the answers, you need not read the middle part. If you don’t find answers yet, you can skim the middle part of the paragraph.

Question 7: There are advantages if you book a journey with a friend.

Keywords for this question: advantages, journey with a friend,

So, these are descriptions for train travels as you can see from the picture. For this question your KEYWORDS are ‘advantages’ if you make this ‘journey with a friend’ . What you need to do here is this – you look quickly through all the ticket information and find out anything that relates to an ‘advantage’ which includes ‘two people’.

Now if you look closely at ticket number F-Special , you will find out a sentence there, “Special is an inclusive return travel package for two people . . .. . It can mean savings for both of you … .”

Here, two people = journey with a friend, savings for both of you = advantages,

So, the answer is: F

Question 8: You cannot use this on a Friday.

Keywords for this question: cannot use, on Friday,

Read the first line of this ticket information C-SuperSaver, “Available right up to the day of travel and valid any day except these peak days: all Fridays , also 18-20 December, 31 March and 28 May. .. ..”

Here, except . .. . . . all Fridays = cannot use on Friday.

So, the answer is: C

Question 9: This can be used without restriction.

Ticket number G-Standard says, “Not the cheapest option but available up to the time of travel and valid for all trains and at all times. ”

Keywords for this question: can be used, without restriction,

Here, valid for all trains and at all times means that this train service can be used without restriction.

So, the answer is: G

Question 10: This can only be booked up to 7 days before departure.

Keywords for this question : only be booked, up to 7 days, before departure,

In the description of ticket number B-Apex we can see, “ … . Great value sleeper travel available by booking at least a week before outward travel.”

We know that a week means 7 days and departure means outward travel .

Question 11: It’s the cheapest ticket available but there is a restriction on departure time.

Keywords for this question: cheapest ticket, restriction on departure time,

From the description of ticket number A-SuperApex we come to know that the price is £59 and if we look at all other ticket description we will find out that this ticket is the cheapest . Now, take a look at the first line of the description, “ Only available for travel after 9am .” So, we can see a restriction on departure time.

So, the answer is: A

Question 12: If you decide not to travel after you have bought the ticket, you cannot get your money back.

Keywords for this question : decide not to travel after …… bought the ticket, cannot get …. money back,

Take a look at the last line of the description, “… .. . This ticket is non-refundable unless the service is cancelled .”

This means if the train service authority decides to cancel the service , only then you will get your money back. So, passengers’ decision will not work here to demand a refund.

So the answer is: A

Question 13: This is not available if you’re travelling out on a Monday and back the next day.

Keywords for this question: not available, travelling, on a Monday and back the next day,

The ticket description E-Solo includes this information, “.. .. . The journey must include a Saturday night away .” Therefore, if passengers wish to take this service, they are bound to include Saturday in their journey. Thus, a Monday trip with return on the next day is not valid here.

So the answer is: E

Question 14: You cannot use this ticket for departures between midnight and 10am.

Keywords for this question: cannot use, departures between, midnight and 10am,

In the description of the ticket D-Saver , take a careful look at this line, “ . .. . Your ticket allows standard class travel on any train between 10 am and midnight .” So, the information is completely opposite to the description given in the question. That means a passenger cannot use this particular ticket for departures between midnight and 10am.

So the answer is: D

The headline of the passage: FORMAL DRESS CODE FOR COMPANY EMPLOYEES

Questions 15-21: (Completing sentences with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS):

In this type of question, candidates are asked to write maximum two words to complete sentences on the given topic. For this type of question, first, skim the passage to find the keywords in the paragraph concerned with the answer, and then scan to find the exact word.

[ TIPS: Here scanning technique will come in handy. Target the keywords of the questions to find the answers. Remember to focus on Proper nouns, random Capital letters, numbers, special characters of text etc.]

Question 15: Aim of formal dress code: to present a ________ to clients

Keywords for this question: aim. Formal dress code, present, to clients,

In the opening paragraph of the text, the writer mentions about the objective of establishing the formal dress code, “At TransitEuropean, the company’s objective in establishing a formal dress code is to enable our employees to project the professional image that is in keeping with the needs of our clients and customers . . .”

This means the objective or aim of the formal dress code is to present a professional image to the clients.

So, the answer is: professional image

Question 16: State of clothes: they must be __________ and in good condition

Keywords for this question: state of clothes, must be, good condition,

The answer is in the second paragraph entitled ‘Formal Dress Code Guidelines’, where line no. 2-3 says, “. . .. Alternatively a jacket may be worn with appropriate accessories. Torn, dirty, or frayed clothing is unacceptable. Clothing should be pressed and never wrinkled . … .. .”

Here, never wrinkled = in good condition,

So, the answer is: pressed

Question 17: Accessories: ties, scarves, belts and jewellery may be worn

these must be _________ and not brightly coloured

Keywords for this question: Accessories, must be, not brightly coloured,

As our main keyword is Accessories, we should look at paragraph no. 4 entitled ‘Accessories and Jewellery’. Here, this is written, “The wearing of ties, scarves, belts and jewellery is encouraged, provided they are tasteful . Items which are flashy should be avoided .”

Here, Items which are flashy should be avoided = these must not be brightly coloured

So, the answer is: tasteful

Question 18: Make up: avoid wearing too much make up and perfume

these sometimes cause __________

Keywords for this question: Make up, avoid wearing, perfume, sometimes cause,

The answer remains in paragraph no. 5 entitled ‘Makeup, Perfume and Cologne’ where the writer mentions, “Remember that some employees may have allergic reactions to the chemicals in perfumes and makeup, so wear these substances in moderation. ”

Here, so wear these substances in moderation means avoid wearing too much make up and perfume

So, the answer is: allergic reactions

Question 19: Hats: hats should not be worn

head covers in line with religious reasons or __________ are allowed

Keywords for this question: Hats, head covers, religious reasons, allowed,

The answer to this question can be traced in paragraph no. 6 entitled ‘Hats and Head Covering’. Here, the writer says, “Hats are not appropriate in the office. Head covers that are required for reasons of faith or to honour cultural tradition are permitted.”

Here, reasons of faith means religious reasons

So, the answer is: cultural tradition

Question 20: Dressing down: casual clothing is allowed on some Fridays

clothing with the __________ on it is recommended

Keywords for this question: Dressing down, clothing with, on it, is recommended

The answer to this question can be traced in paragraph no. 7 entitled ‘Dress Down Days’. Here, the writer states, “Clothing that has our company logo is strongly encouraged .”

Here, strongly encouraged = recommended

So, the answer is: company logo

Question 21: Breaking the dress code: if advice is repeatedly ignored, a ________ is given

Keywords for this question: Breaking, dress code, advice, repeatedly ignored, is given,

In the last line of the last paragraph entitled ‘Violation of Dress code’ the writer mentions, “If the problem persists , the employee will receive a verbal warning and . . ..”

Here, the problem persists indicates to if advice is repeatedly ignored ,

So, the answer is: verbal warning

Questions 22-27:

The headline of the passage: JLP RETAIL: STAFF BENEFITS

Questions 22-27: (Completing sentences with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER):

In this type of question, candidates are asked to write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER to complete some sentences based on the given topic. For this type of question, first skim the passage to find the keywords in the paragraph concerned with the answer, and then scan to find the exact word.

[ TIPS: Here scanning technique will come handy. Target the keywords of the questions to find the answers. Remember to focus on Proper nouns, random Capital letters, numbers, special characters of text etc.]

Question 22: Pay increases depend on the _________ that each member of staff makes.

Keywords for this question: pay increases, depend, each member of staff makes,

Take a look at the first paragraph where the writer mentions about pay, “Whatever you role, your pay range will be extremely competitive and reviewed in the light of your progress .

The sentence suggests that pay range in this company is very close among staff members and it will be reviewed in the light of (pay increases depends on) the progress that staff members make.

So, the answer is: progress

Question 23: Employees must work a minimum of _________ to be eligible for a pension.

Keywords for this question: Employees must work, minimum, to be eligible, pension,

To find answer for this question, we need to go straight to the paragraph entitled ‘Pension Scheme’. Here, the writer says, “We offer a non-contributory final salary pension scheme, payable from the age of 60, to most staff who have completed the qualifying period of five years .”

This means that staffs must work a minimum of five years (qualifying period) to be eligible for a pension.

So, the answer is: five years

Question 24: Staff may take a holiday at one of the _________ provided by the company.

Keywords for this question: Staff may take, holiday at, provided by, the company,

Let’s go to the paragraph entitled ‘Holiday and leisure facilities’. Here, the author of this text mentions, “The business owns a number of residential clubs which offer subsidised holiday accommodation for staff with at least three years’ service.”

Here, the sentence means that staff members of the company can enjoy subsidised holiday accommodation at one of the residential clubs.

So, the answer is: (residential) clubs

Question 25: The company pay half the seat price for ________ and plays.

Keywords for this question: company, pay, half the seat price, plays,

In the ‘Ticket subsidies’ paragraph, the author states, “ Ticket subsidies of 50% of the cost of plays or concerts are available.”

Here, Ticket subsidies of 50% = the company pay half the seat price of

So, the answer is: concerts

Question 26: The company gives financial assistance for both educational courses and _________ as part of staff development.

Keywords for this answer: company, gives, financial assistance, both, educational, courses, part of staff development,

In the ‘Education subsidies’ section, the writer mentions, “We give generous financial support to staff who wish to acquire leisure skills or continue their education , . .. ..”

This sentence means that the company offers generous financial support to staffs for education and leisure skills.

So, the answer is: leisure skills

Question 27: Employees may be entitled to a __________ if they find themselves in difficult circumstances.

Keywords for this answer: Employees, entitled to, find themselves, difficult circumstances,

In the last paragraph entitled ‘Financial help, benefits and discounted deals’, the writer says, “In cases of particular hardship , we will help staff with a loan .”

Here, particular hardship = difficult circumstances

So, the answer is: loan

The headline of the passage: OUT OF THE ASHES

Questions 28-33: (Identifying information)

[This question asks you to find information from the passage and write the number of the paragraph (A, B, C or D … .. ) in the answer sheet. This question will not follow any sequence, and so it will surely kill your time if you are not very good in speed reading. You should always quickly read the first two lines or last two lines of the expected paragraph initially. If you find the answers, you need not read the middle part. If you don’t find answers yet, you can skim the middle part of the paragraph.]

Question 28: the procedure for sorting through the remains of the fire

Keywords for this answer: procedure, sorting through, remains of the fire,

The last lines of paragraph C gives us the answer. Here, the writer says, “… The position of each fragment was recorded , and all the debris was stored in countless dustbins before being sifted and categorised .”

Here, all these words and phrases; recorded , stored in countless dustbins, being sifted and categorised , indicate to the procedure for sorting.

Question 29: how Uppark looked after the fire

Keywords for this answer: Uppark, looked, after the fire,

The answer is found in paragraph B, the shortest paragraph of the whole text, “The following morning, Uppark stood open to the sky. A sludge of wet charcoal covered the ground floor and basement, and in every room charred and fallen timbers lay amongst the smoke. It was a scene of utter devastation.”

This description directly relates to the scene of Uppark after the fire.

Question 30: improvements made to the rebuilt Uppark

Keywords for this answer: improvements made, rebuilt Uppark,

In paragraph G, the last half of the paragraph gives us the answer, “. . . In addition, it made economic sense for the National Trust to invest time and money in upgrading water and heating systems, installing modern environmental controls, and updating fire and security equipment.”

Here, upgrading water and heating systems, installing modern environmental controls, and updating fire and security equipment, all these refer to improvements made to the rebuilt Uppark .

Question 31: the selection of people to carry out the repair work

Keywords for this answer: people, carry out the repair work,

We can find the answer in paragraph F where the writer gives a detailed description of how people were selected to do the rebuild work of Uppark, “The search for craftsmen and women capable of doing the intricate restoration work was nation-wide. Once the quality and skills of the individual or company had been ascertained, they had to pass an economic test, as every job was competitively tendered . … .”

These lines describe how the people to carry out the repair work were selected .

So, the answer is: F

Question 32: why the National Trust chose to rebuild Uppark

Keywords for this answer: why, the National Trust, chose, rebuild,

In the middle of paragraph E, the author says in lines 11-12, “ It was undertaken for three main reasons .. .”. Then the writer describes the all the reasons.

So, the answer is: E

Question 33: how people reacted to the rebuilt Uppark

Keywords for this answer: how, people reacted, rebuilt Uppark,

In paragraph H, the author states in lines 3-6, “ . . .The family and the room stewards were visibly moved when returning to their old haunts, perhaps the best testament that the spirit of Uppark had not died. . . .”

Here, were visibly moved = reacted.

So, the answer is: H

Questions 34-37 Short answer to open questions (NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS)

[ In this kind of questions candidates have to answer some questions, only with some conditions like NO MORE THAN THREE/TWO WORDS and/or A NUMBER or, ONE WORD ONLY. Each question has keywords which will lead to the answer. This question type generally follows a sequence. ]

Question 34: On what date in 1989 should the original repairs to the roof have been completed?

Keywords for this answer: date, 1989, original repairs to the roof, have been completed,

Take a close look at Paragraph A, lines 4-6, “For a year builders had been replacing the lead on the roof, and by a stroke of irony, were due to finish the next day, on August 31 st .”

The lines suggest that the builders wanted to change the roof of Uppark on August 31 st .

So, the answer is: August 31st / 31st August

Question 35: By what method were things rescued immediately from the burning house?

Keywords for this answer: method, things rescued, immediately, burning house,

Again, the answer is in lines 13-20 in paragraph A, “. . . . But due to the courage and swift action of the previous owners, the Meade-Featherstonhaugh family, and the staff, stewards and visitors to the house, who formed human chains to pass the precious pieces of porcelain, furniture and paintings out on to the lawn, 95 percent of the contents from ground floor and the basement were saved.”

This means that the things from the burning house were rescued immediately by forming human chains .

So, the answer is: human chain/ chains

Question 36: After the fire, what did the conservators require large quantities of immediately?

Keywords for this answer: after, fire, conservators, require, large quantities, immediately,

The answer is in the last lines of paragraph A. Here, the author says, “. .. . As the fire continued to rage, the National Trust’s conservators were being mobilised, and that evening local stationers were especially opened to provide the bulk supplies of blotting paper so desperately needed in the salvage operation.”

Here, bulk supplies = large quantities

So, the answer is: blotting paper

Question 37: Into what did the conservators put material recovered from the fire?

Keywords for this answer: Into what, conservators, put material, recovered from, fire,

To find answer to this question, we should have a look at the paragraph where the steps taken to recover materials after the fire are included. This can be found in paragraph C. Here, in lines 8-10 the author says, “The position of each fragment was recorded, and all the debris was stored in countless dustbins before being sifted and categorised.”

The lines explain that the recovered materials from the fire or all the debris were put or stored in countless dustbins.

So, the answer is: (countless) dustbins

Questions 38-40 (Multiple choice questions)

[‘Multiple choice questions’ is a common type of question set in IELTS Reading test. It is also found in Listening test. Most of the time, they come with four options but sometimes there are three options. Candidates need to work hard for this type of questions because this may confuse them easily in passage 2 or passage 3. There will be long answers for each question, so they may kill valuable time. So, quick reading or skimming technique might come handy here. Remember that answers in 3 options out of 4 will be very close. So, vocabulary power will help a lot to choose the best answer.

TIPS: Skimming is the best reading technique. You need not understand every word here. Just try to gather the gist of the sentences. That’s all. Read quickly and don’t stop until you finish each sentence.]

Question 38: The fire destroyed –

Keywords for this answer: fire, destroyed,

The answer lies in Paragraph A where the writer says, “For a year builders had been replacing the lead on the roof , and by a strike of irony, were due to finish the next day, on August 31 st . Within fifteen minutes of the alarm being sounded, the fire brigade had arrived on the scene, though nothing was to survive of the priceless collection on the first floor. . . ”.

Therefore, we realise that the fire destroyed the roof. Some might go for the option D, but be careful! Option D says ‘all the contents of the first floor’. However, in the text, we find the information related a dog who saved an oil painting. So, not everything was destroyed.

So, the answer is: C (the roof of the house.)

Question 39: One of the reasons the National Trust decided to rebuild Uppark was that –

Keywords for this answer: one of the reasons, National Trust, decided to rebuild,

The answer lies in paragraph E, in lines 17-19, “. . . Also the property was covered by insurance, so the repairs would not call upon the National Trust’s own funds.” This means the National Trust wouldn’t have to pay anything for this repair work.

So, the answer is: C (they wouldn’t have to pay for the repairs.)

Question 40: Some of the craftsmen and women employed in the restoration of Uppark have benefited because –

Keywords for this answer: Craftsmen and women, employed, restoration, benefited,

The last lines of Paragraph F give us the answer, “ . . . – but many of them, for example plasterers, have relearnt the skills of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries which can now be of use to other country house owners when need arises.”

Here, the lines suggest the fact that many of the craftsmen did not have the skills of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries but for this big repair project they got a chance to re-learn the work.

So, the answer is: D (they acquired skills they didn’t have previously. )

Click here for complete solutions of Cambridge 9 General Training Reading Test B

Click here for complete solutions to Cambridge 10 GT Reading Test A

Click here for complete solutions to Cambridge 10 GT Reading Test B

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IELTS Mock Test 2023 September

Published on: 21 Sep 2023
Tests taken: 171,760

Answer Keys:

Part 1: Question 1 - 13

10 adventure
11 sustainable
12 tropical forest
13 illegal killing

Part 2: Question 14 - 26

23 the Poetics
25 landmarks

Part 3: Question 27 - 40

33 NOT GIVEN
34 NOT GIVEN
36 word choices
37 colloquial terminology
38 observer
39 invariant description
40 general relativity

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剑桥雅思2听力原文-TEST2

18 Oct 2023

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Review & Explanations:

Questions 1-5

Use the information in the passage to match the place (listed A-D ) with opinions or deeds below.

Write the appropriate letters A-D in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once .

A	Cuba
B	East Africa
C	South America
D	Indonesia

1 A B C D a place to improve local education to help tourists

2 A B C D a place suitable for both rich and poor travelers

3 A B C D a place where could easily get fungus

4 A B C D a place taking a method to stop unlawful poaching

5 A B C D a place where the healthcare system is developed

Keywords in Questions

Similar words in Passage

Q1: a place to improve local education to help tourists

Ecotourism is also seen as an environmental education opportunity to heighten both visitors’ and residents’ awareness of environmental and conservation issues, and even to inspire conservation action.

In paragraph B which discusses Cuba’s ecotourism, it states that this kind of tourism is a chance for environmental education for both locals and tourists.

So, the answer for Q1 is A: Cuba.

Keywords in Questions

Similar words in Passage

Q2: a place suitable for both rich and poor travelers

The market segment for Indonesian ecotourism consists of: (i) “The silent generation”, 55-64 year-old people who are wealthy enough, generally well-educated and have no dependent children, and can travel for four weeks; (ii) “The baby boom generation”, junior successful executives aged 35-54 years, who are likely to be travelling with their family and children (spending 2-3 weeks on travel) – travelling for them is a stress reliever; and (iii) the “X generation”, aged 18-29 years, who love to do ecotours as backpackers – they are generally students who can travel for 3-12 months with monthly expenditure of US$300-500.

The keyword for this question is ‘suitable for both rich and poor travelers’:

silent generation and baby boom generation are described as wealthy people who travel to relieve their stress. This refers the rich travelers in the question. the X generation, in contrast, love to do ecotours as backpackers with little money.

For these reasons, the correct answer is D.

Keywords in Questions

Similar words in Passage

Q3: a place where could easily get fungus

In terms of South America, it might be the place which shows the shortcomings of ecotourism. Histoplasma capsulatum (see chapter “Histoplasmosis and HIV”), a dimorphic fungus, is the most common endemic mycoses in the United States and is associated with exposure to bat or bird droppings. Most recently, outbreaks have been reported in healthy travelers who returned from Central and South America after engaging in recreational activities associated with spelunking, adventure tourism, and ecotourism.

According to the passage C:

For these reasons, the answer for Q3 is C.

Keywords in Questions	Similar words in Passage
Q4: a place taking a method to stop unlawful poaching	In East Africa, significantly reducing such illegal hunting and allowing wildlife populations to recover would allow the generation of significant economic benefits through trophy hunting and potentially ecotourism.
East Africa, the value of wildlife can be attained by reducing unlawful hunting and through ecotourism. So, we can conclude that the answer for Q4 is B.

Keywords in Questions	Similar words in Passage
Q5: a place where the healthcare system is developed	Raul Castro, brother of the Cuban president, started this initiative to rescue the Cuban tradition of herbal medicine and provide natural medicines for its healthcare system. The school at Las Terrazas Eco-Tourism Community teaches herbal healthcare and children learn not only how to use medicinal herbs, but also to grow them in the school garden for teas, tinctures, ointments and creams.
For that reason, the answer for Q5 is A.

Questions 6-9

Use the information in the passage to match the companies (listed A-D ) with opinions or deeds below.

Write the appropriate letters A , B , C or D in boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet.

A	eating the local fruits at the same time
B	find job opportunities in the community
C	which is situated in the heart of the jungle
D	with private and comfortable service

6 A B C D Visiting the cheese factory

7 A B C D Enjoying the honeymoon

8 A B C D Having the picnic while

9 A B C D The residents in Cuba could

Keywords in Questions	Similar words in Passage
Q6: Visiting the cheese factory	The cheese factory here exports a great quantity of cheese to various countries across the globe. It is located in the center of the forest. Many travelers are attracted by the delicious cheese.
So, the answer for this question is C: which is situated in the heart of the jungle

Keywords in Questions	Similar words in Passage
Q7: Enjoying the honeymoon	Nestled between Mexico, Guatemala and the Caribbean Sea is the country of Belize. It is the wonderful place for Hamanasi honeymoon, a bottle of champagne upon arrival, three meals daily, private service on one night of your stay and a choice of adventures depending on the length of your stay. It also offers six-night and seven-night honeymoon packages. A variety of specially tailored tours, including the Brimstone Hill Fortress, and a trip to a neighboring island.
comfortable and private services. Q7 is D: with private and comfortable service

Keywords in Questions	Similar words in Passage
Q8: Having the picnic while	Gregory Pereira, an extremely knowledgeable and outgoing hiking and tour guide, says the following about his tours: “All of our tours on St.Kitts include transportation by specially modified Land Rovers, a picnic of island pastries and local fruit, fresh tropical juices, CSR, a qualified island guide and a full liability insurance coverage for participants.
Therefore, the ending part of Q8 is A. eating the local fruits at the same time.

Keywords in Questions	Similar words in Passage
Q9: The residents in Cuba could	In Cuba, ecotourism has the potential to alleviate poverty by bringing money into the economy and creating jobs. In addition to the environmental impacts of these efforts, the area works on developing community employment opportunities for locals, in conjunction with ecotourism.
For the reason, the answer for Q9 should be B. find job opportunities in the community.

Questions 10-13

Summary Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage

Using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.

Ecotourism is not a nature 10 but a 11 tour. The reason why South America promotes ecotourism is due to the destruction of 12 . In addition, East Africa also encourages this kind of tourism for cutting the 13 in order to save wild animals.

Keywords in Questions

Similar words in Passage

Q10: Ecotourism is not a nature__________

Nowhere is the keen eye and intimate knowledge of ecotourism are more amidst this fantastic biodiversity, as we explore remote realms rich in wildlife rather than a nature adventure

The paragraph states that instead of just going out to experience the nature adventure, we explore the realms rich in wildlife.

Therefore, the words filled in the space should be adventure

Keywords in Questions

Similar words in Passage

Q11: Ecotourism is not a nature adventure but a _______tour.

adjective. sustainable.

Keywords in Questions	Similar words in Passage
Q12: The reason why South America promotes ecotourism is due to the destruction of _________________	The primary threats to South American’s tropical forests are deforestation caused by agricultural expansion, cattle ranching, logging, oil extraction and spills, mining, illegal coca farming, and colonization initiatives.
Q12 are ‘South America’, ‘reason why’, ‘destruction’. deforestation means cutting down the trees, we can reliably presume that the answer is tropical forest. tropical forest clearly is a threat to South America’s environment. Hence, ecotourism is promoted to educate the importance of these forests towards human lifes. Therefore, the answer to Q12 is tropical forest.

Keywords in Questions	Similar words in Passage
Q13: In addition, East Africa also encourages this kind of tourism for cutting the ________ in order to save wild animals.	In East Africa, significantly reducing such illegal hunting and allowing wildlife populations to recover would allow the generation of significant economic benefits through trophy hunting and potentially ecotourism.
illegal hunting would save more wild animals. So, the answer for Q13 should be illegal hunting.

Questions 14-18

The Reading Passage has eight paragraphs A-H

Which paragraph contains the following information?

14 A B C D E F G H A misunderstanding of a modern way for telling stories

15 A B C D E F G H The typical forms mentioned for telling stories

16 A B C D E F G H The fundamental aim of storytelling

17 A B C D E F G H A description of reciting stories without any assistance

18 A B C D E F G H How to make story characters attractive

Keywords in Questions

Similar words in Passage

Q14: A misunderstanding of a modern way for telling stories

Statistically, it is doubtful that the majority of humans currently rely upon the written word to get access to stories.

Note:

We can understand that the majority of people believe in knowing stories from “the written word” according to the information in the passage, but this is not completely true. Therefore, it is considered as a misunderstanding.

The answer is D.

Keywords in Questions

Similar words in Passage

Q15: The typical forms mentioned for telling stories.

Two theatrical types of storytelling, tragedy and comedy, caused Athenian audiences to lose themselves in sadness and laughter respectively.

Note:

We can see “forms” containing “s” so we need to predict that the author can respectively list many certain forms for telling stories. Similarly, “ tragedy and comedy ” are mentioned there. Therefore, the answer is G.

Keywords in Questions

Similar words in Passage

Q16: The fundamental aim of storytelling.

Whatever its thread, the weaving of this story was done with a prime purpose. The listeners must be kept listening. They must not fall asleep.

Note: We can easily determine the location of this passage containing the must-find information after understanding the meaning of the question is “fundamental aim” because that information is usually placed in the first paragraph. In addition, we can see the explanation “the listeners.. fall asleep” proving a “fundamental aim”.

The answer is A.

Keywords in Questions

Similar words in Passage

Q17: A description of reciting stories without any assistance.

This method of storage is not necessarily inefficient. From documented oral traditions in Australia, the Balkans and other parts of the world we know that specialised storytellers and poets can recite from memory literally thousands of lines, in verse or prose, verbatim-word for word.

Note:

We can see that storytellers and poets learn by heart every story by themselves, even thousands of lines, in verse or prose, verbatim-word for word. without any assistance or “This method of storage is not necessarily inefficient”

Therefore, the answer is B.

Keywords in Questions

Similar words in Passage

Q18: How to make story characters attractive.

He made his heroes sulk, bicker, cheat and cry. They were, in short, characters – protagonists of a story that an audience would care about, would want to follow, would want to know what happens next.

Note:

We can see that his action “ made his heroes sulk, bicker, cheat and cry.” prove for how he created story characters. Therefore, the answer is H.

Questions 19-22

Classify the following information as referring to

A	adopted the writing system from another country
B	used organic materials to record stories
C	used tools to help to tell stories

Write the correct letter, A , B or C in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet.

19 A B C Egyptians

20 A B C Ojibway

21 A B C Polynesians

22 A B C Greek

Keywords in Questions

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Q19: Egyptians

A adopted the writing system from another country

B used organic materials to record stories

C used tools to help to tell stories

The custom of recording stories on parchment and other materials can be traced in many manifestations around the world, from the priestly papyrus archives of ancient Egypt .

Note:

We can determine the location of the paragraph containing the must-find information by relying on this sentence“The custom of recording stories on parchment and other materials can be traced in many manifestations around the world” After that, we can see that papyrus, which is one of organic materials, is used for recording stories by ancient Egypt priests according to the information in the passage. Therefore, the answer is B.

Keywords in Questions

Similar words in Passage

Q20: Ojibway

A adopted the writing system from another country

B used organic materials to record stories

C used tools to help to tell stories

to the birch-bark scrolls on which the North American Ojibway Indians set down their creation-myth.

Note:

We can easily determine the answer for this question by continuing reading this paragraph because of their similar meanings or relying on the grammar structure “from …to” in this sentence. And “birch-bark scrolls” is also one of the organic materials. Therefore, the answer is B.

Keywords in Questions

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Q21: Polynesians

A adopted the writing system from another country

B used organic materials to record stories

C used tools to help to tell stories

In some Polynesian communities, a notched memory stick may help to guide a storyteller through successive stages of recitation.

Note:

We can easily determine the location of the paragraph containing must-find information because “Polynesians” is a specific name. After that, we can predict that the author can mention a certain tool and “a notched memory” is used for proving this question here. Therefore, the answer is C.

Keywords in Questions

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Q22: Greek

A adopted the writing system from another country

B used organic materials to record stories

C used tools to help to tell stories

So the Greeks, c.750-700BC, borrowed an alphabet from their neighbors in the eastern Mediterranean, the Phoenicians.

Note:

We can easily determine the location of the paragraph containing must-find information because “Greek” is a specific name. After that, we see that “ borrowed”- “adopted”, “an alphabet” = “writing system” and “another country”= “ the Phoenicians”. Therefore, the answer is A.

Questions 23-26

Complete the sentences below with ONE WORD ONLY from the passage.

Write your answer in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.

Aristotle wrote a book on the art of storytelling called 23

Aristotle believed the most powerful type of story to move listeners is 24

Aristotle viewed Homers works as 25

Aristotle believed attractive heroes should have some 26

Keywords in Questions

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Q23: Aristotle wrote a book on the art of storytelling called …

But aspiring screenwriters really need to look no further for essential advice then the fourth-century BC Greek Philosopher Aristotle. He left some incomplete lecture notes on the art of telling stories in various literary and dramatic modes, a slim volume known as The Poetics.

Note:

We can easily determine the location of the paragraph containing must-find information because “Aristotle” is a specific name. We can see that we have to fill a noun in the blank, especially a certain name of a book. Therefore, the answer is Poetics.

Keywords in Questions

Similar words in Passage

Q24: Aristotle believed the most powerful type of story to move listeners is …

Tragedy, for Aristotle, was particularly potent in its capacity to enlist and then purge the emotions of those watching the story unfold on the stage…

Note:

We can not only focus on keywords to find the answer but also the grammar structure “ is” to predict what we have to fill in the blank and we need a noun involving a type of story here. Therefore, the answer is Tragedy.

Keywords in Questions

Similar words in Passage

Q25: Aristotle viewed Homer's works as …

Beyond them stood Homer, whose stories even then had canonical status: The Iliad and The Odyssey were already considered literary landmarks-stories by which all other stories should be measured.

Note:

We can easily determine the location of the paragraph containing must-find information because “Homers” is a specific name. After that, must-find information related to Homer’s story feature. Therefore, the answer is landmarks(-stories)

Keywords in Questions

Similar words in Passage

Q26: Aristotle believed attractive heroes should have some …

They were, in short, characters – protagonists of a story that an audience would care about, would want to follow, would want to know what happens next. As Aristotle saw, the hero who shows a human side-some flaw or weakness to which mortals are prone-is intrinsically dramatic by logging.

Note:

We can see that Aristotle usually focuses on describing characters’ personality so we prethink the blank as needing a noun involving personality. Therefore, the answer is flaw/ weakness.

Questions 27-31

Choose the correct letter A , B , C or D .

Write your answers in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.

Why faithful science communication important?

A Science plays an increasingly significant role in people’s lives.
B Science is fraught with challenges public are interested in.
C The nature of complexity in science communication leads to confusion.
D Scientific inventions are more important than ever before.

Keywords in Questions

Similar words in Passage

Q27: Why faithful science communication important?

A Science plays an increasingly significant role in people’s lives.

B Science is fraught with challenges public are interested in.

C The nature of complexity in science communication leads to confusion.

D Scientific inventions are more important than ever before.

Science plays an increasingly significant role in people’s lives, making the faithful communication of scientific developments more important than ever.

Note:

The keyword is “faithful science communication”. We can find it easily in the first sentence of the passage.

Answer: A

What is the reason that the author believes for the biggest challenges for science reporting

A phenomenon such as global warming, cancer research, diet studies is too complex.
B Scientists themselves often only partly understand the Theory of Evolution
C Scientists do not totally comprehend the meaning of certain scientific evolution
D Scientists themselves often partly understand the esoteric communication nature

Keywords in Questions

Similar words in Passage

Q28: what is the reason that the author believes for the biggest challenges for science reporting

A phenomenon such as global warming, cancer research, diet studies is too complex.

B Scientists themselves often only partly understand the Theory of Evolution

C Scientists do not totally comprehend the meaning of certain scientific evolution

D Scientists themselves often partly understand the esoteric communication nature

Note:

The keywords we need to find are “science reporting” and “biggest challenges”.

Matching keywords:

not totally comprehend - only partly understand

evolution - advance or development

meaning - implication

Answer: C

According to the 3rd paragraph, the reference to the term and example of “theory of relativity” is to demonstrate

A theory of relativity is about an invariant physical phenomenon
B common people may be misled by the inaccurate choice of scientific phrase
C the term “relativity,” is designed to be misleading public
D everything is relative and there is no absolutes existence

Keywords in Questions

Similar words in Passage

Q29: According to the 3rd paragraph, the reference to the term and example of “theory of relativity” is to demonstrate

A theory of relativity is about an invariant physical phenomenon

B common people may be misled by the inaccurate choice of scientific phrase

C the term “relativity,” is designed to be misleading public

D everything is relative and there is no absolutes existence

Scientists often employ colloquial terminology, which they then assign a specific meaning that is impossible to fathom without proper training. The term “relativity,” for example, is intrinsically misleading.

Note:

For this question, we need to find where “theory of relativity” is mentioned in the passage. As we read, we can see that it is mentioned as an example for scientists employing a term that is hard for normal people to understand. The sentence says that the term “relativity” is misleading. So, we can understand that the scientists’ choice of words is misleading. Hence, the answer is B. The answer C is incorrect because it is not designed to be misleading but it is only because of a wrong word choice.

Answer: B

Which one is a good example of appropriate word choice:

A Scientific theory for the uncertainty principle
B phenomenon of Global warming
C the importance of ozone layer
D Freon’s destructive process on environmental

Keywords in Questions

Similar words in Passage

Q30: Which one is a good example of appropriate word choice:

A Scientific theory for the uncertainty principle

B phenomenon of Global warming

C the importance of ozone layer

D Freon’s destructive process on environmental

But not all problems stem solely from poor word choices. Some stem from the intrinsically complex nature of much of modern science. Science sometimes transcends this limitation: remarkably, chemists were able to detail the precise chemical processes involved in the destruction of the ozone layer, making the evidence that chlorofluorocarbon gases (Freon, for example) were destroying the ozone layer indisputable.

Note:

A and B are incorrect because they are all mentioned as examples of poor word choices. There is no mention of the importance of the ozone layer here, it is about the destruction of the ozone layer.

“detail the precise chemical process” -> it is about the destructive process on the environment and Freon is mentioned as one of the gases. Hence, the answer is D

Answer: D

What is a surprising finding of the Harvard debates in the passage?

A There are equal intrinsic scientific abilities of men and women.
B The proof applied by both sides seemed to be of no big difference.
C The scientific data usually shows no substantial figures to support a debated idea.
D Social factors might have a clear connection to scientific ability.

Keywords in Questions

Similar words in Passage

Q31: What is a surprising finding of the Harvard debates in the passage?

A There are equal intrinsic scientific abilities of men and women.

B The proof applied by both sides seemed to be of no big difference.

C The scientific data usually shows no substantial figures to support a debated idea.

D Social actors might have a clear connection to scientific ability.

For several months, Harvard was tortured months, Harvard was tortured by empty debates over the relative intrinsic scientific abilities of men and women. One of the more amusing aspects of the discussion was that those who believed in the differences and those who didn’t use the same evidence about gender-specific special ability?

Note:

The keyword we need to find is “Harvard debates”. We can easily find it in paragraph H.

both sides: those who believed and those who didn’t

of no big difference - the same

proof - evidence

Answer: B

Questions 32-35

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?

In boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet, write:

TRUE	if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE	if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN	If there is no information on this

32 TRUE FALSE NOT GIVEN “Global warming” scientifically refers to greater fluctuations in temperature and rainfall rather than a universal temperature rise.

33 TRUE FALSE NOT GIVEN More media coverage of “global warming” would help the public to recognize the phenomenon.

34 TRUE FALSE NOT GIVEN Harvard debates should focus more on female scientist and male scientists

35 TRUE FALSE NOT GIVEN Public understanding and acceptance of indirect scientific evidence in all cases would lead to confusion

Keywords in Questions

Similar words in Passage

Q32: “Global warming” scientifically refers to greater fluctuations in temperature and rainfall rather than a universal temperature rise.

“Global warming” is another example of problematic terminology. Climatologists predict more drastic fluctuations in temperature and rainfall – not necessarily that every place will be warmer.

Note:

The keyword we need to find is “global warming”.

greater fluctuations - more drastic fluctuations

Answer: TRUE

Keywords in Questions

Similar words in Passage

Q33: More media coverage of “global warming” would help the public to recognize the phenomenon.

But many of the biggest challenges for science reporting arise because in areas of evolving research, scientists themselves often only partly understand the full implications of any particular advance or development. Since that dynamic applies to most of the scientific developments that directly affect people’s lives global warming, cancer research, diet studies – learning how to overcome it is critical to spurring a more informed scientific debate among the broader public.

Note:

There is no mention of “more media coverage” in the passage

Answer: NOT GIVEN

Keywords in Questions

Similar words in Passage

Q34: Harvard debates should focus more on female scientist and male scientists

Note:

It does not say what Harvard debates should focus more on.

Answer: NOT GIVEN

Keywords in Questions

Similar words in Passage

Q35: Public understanding and acceptance of indirect scientific evidence in all cases would lead to confusion

Each type of science has its own source of complexity and potential for miscommunication. Yet there are steps we can take to improve public understanding in all cases. The first would be to inculcate greater understanding and acceptance of indirect scientific evidence.

Note:

The keyword is “indirect scientific evidence”. The sentence says that there are steps we can take to improve public understanding in all cases and “inculcate greater understanding and acceptance of indirect scientific evidence” is mentioned as one of those steps. So, it does not lead to confusion. Hence, the answer is FALSE.

inculcate: to cause sb to have certain beliefs by repeating them many times

Answer: FALSE

Questions 36-40

Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage

Write your answers in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet.

Science Communication is fraught with challenges that can easily distort discussions, leading to unnecessary confusion and misunderstandings. Firstly, Ambiguous 36 are the source of some misunderstandings. Common people without proper training do not understand clearly or deeply a specific scientific meaning via the 37 scientists often employed. Besides, the measurements any 38 makes can not be confined to describe in a(n) constant 39 yet the phenomenon can be. What’s more, even the word “theory” can be a problem. Theories aren’t necessarily shown to be correct or complete immediately since scientists often evolved better versions of specific theories, a good example can be the theory of 40 . Thus, most importantly people have to recognize that science can be complex.

Keywords in Questions

Similar words in Passage

Q36: Science Communication is fraught with challenges that can easily distort discussions, leading to unnecessary confusion and misunderstandings. Firstly, Ambiguous ______ are the source of some misunderstandings.

Ambiguous word choices are the source of some misunderstandings.

Note:

The answer should be a noun.

The keywords we can focus on are “source of misunderstandings” and “science communication”. After we have found the keywords, we can find the sentence that is exactly like the one in the question. Hence, the answer is “word choices”

Answer: word choices

Keywords in Questions

Similar words in Passage

Q37: Common people without proper training do not understand clearly or deeply a specific scientific meaning via the ____ scientists often employed.

Scientists often employ colloquial terminology, which they then assign a specific meaning that is impossible to fathom without proper training.

Note:

The answer should be a noun.

Matching keywords:

fathom - understand clearly

Answer: colloquial terminology

Keywords in Questions

Similar words in Passage

Q38: Besides, the measurements any _____ makes can not be confined to describe in a(n) constant ____ yet the phenomenon can be.

Yet although the measurements any observer makes depend on his coordinates and reference frame, the physical phenomena he measures have an invariant description that transcends that observer’s particular coordinates.

Note:

We need to use a noun for both questions.

the measurements depend on his coordinates and reference frame -> cannot be confined

invariant - constant

Answer: observer

Keywords in Questions

Similar words in Passage

Q39: Besides, the measurements any _____ makes can not be confined to describe in a(n) constant ____ yet the phenomenon can be.

Note:

We need to use a noun for both questions.

the measurements depend on his coordinates and reference frame -> cannot be confined

invariant - constant

Answer: description

Keywords in Questions

Similar words in Passage

Q40: Theories aren’t necessarily shown to be correct or complete immediately since scientists often evolved better versions of specific theories, a good example can be the theory of _____

Theories aren’t necessarily shown to be correct or complete immediately. Even Einstein took the better part of a decade to develop the correct version of his theory of general relativity.

Note:

The answer should be a noun or noun phrase.

We can easily find the same sentence as in the question in paragraph F. The latter sentence gives an example for what is said in the former, which is about Einstein developing the correct version of his theory of general relativity. So, the answer is general relativity.

evolve better version - develop the correct version

Answer: general relativity

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1.

World Ecotourism in the developing courtiers

The Ecotourism Society defines ecotourism as “a responsible travel to natural areas which conserves the environment and improves the welfare of local people”. It is recognised as being particularly conducive to enriching and enhancing the standing of tourism, on the basis that this form of tourism respects the natural heritage and local populations and are in keeping with the carrying capacity of the sites.

Cuba is undoubtedly an obvious site for ecotourism, with its picturesque beaches, underwater beauty, countryside landscapes, and ecological reserves. An educated population and improved infrastructure of roads and communications add to the mix. In the Caribbean region, Cuba is now the second most popular tourist destination.

Ecotourism has also been credited with promoting peace, by providing opportunities for educational and cultural exchange. Tourists’ safety and health are guaranteed.

Raul Castro, brother of the Cuban president, started this initiative to rescue the Cuban tradition of herbal medicine and provide natural medicines for its healthcare system. The school at Las Terrazas Eco-Tourism Community teaches herbal healthcare and children learn not only how to use medicinal herbs, but also to grow them in the school garden for teas, tinctures, ointments and creams.

In Cuba, ecotourism has the potential to alleviate poverty by bringing money into the economy and creating jobs. In addition to the environmental impacts of these efforts, the area works on developing community employment opportunities for locals, in conjunction with ecotourism.

South America

In terms of South America, it might be the place which shows the shortcoming of ecotourism. Histoplasma capsulatum (see chapter “Histoplasmosis and HIV”), a dimorphic fungus, is the most common endemic mycosis the United States,(12) and is associated with exposure to a bat or bird droppings. Most recently, outbreaks have been reported in healthy travelers who returned from Central and South America after engaging in recreational activities associated with spelunking, adventure tourism, and ecotourism. It is quite often to see tourists neglected sanitation while travelling. After engaging in high-risk activities, boots should be hosed off and clothing placed in airtight plastic bags for laundering. HIV-infected travelers should avoid risky behaviors or environments, such as exploring caves, particularly those that contain bat droppings.

Nowhere is the keen eye and intimate knowledge of ecotourism are more amidst this fantastic biodiversity, as we explore remote realms rich in wildlife rather than a nature adventure. A sustainable tour is significant for ecotourism, one in which we can grow hand in hand with nature and our community, respecting everything that makes us privileged. Travelers get great joy from every step that takes forward on this endless but exciting journey towards sustainability. The primary threats to South American’s tropical forests are deforestation caused by agricultural expansion, cattle ranching, logging, oil extraction and spills, mining, illegal coca farming, and colonization initiatives. Deforestation has shrunk territories belonging to indigenous peoples and wiped out more than 90% of the population. Many are taking leading roles in sustainable tourism even as they introduce protected regions to more travelers.

East Africa

In East Africa, significantly reducing such illegal hunting and allowing wildlife populations to recover would allow the generation of significant economic benefits through trophy hunting and potentially ecotourism. “Illegal hunting is an extremely inefficient use of wildlife resources because it fails to capture the value of wildlife achievable through alternative forms of use such as trophy hunting and ecotourism,” said Peter Lindsey, author of the new study. Most residents believed that ecotourism could solve this circumstance. They have passion for local community empowerment, loves photography and writes to laud current local conservation efforts, create environmental awareness and promote ecotourism.

In Indonesia, ecotourism started to become an important concept from 1995, in order to strengthen the domestic travelling movement, the local government targeting the right markets is a prerequisite for successful ecotourism. The market segment for Indonesian ecotourism consists of: (i) “The silent generation”, 55-64 year-old people who are wealthy enough, generally well-educated and have no dependent children, and can travel for four weeks; (ii) “The baby boom generation”, junior successful executives aged 35-54 years, who are likely to be travelling with their family and children (spending 2-3 weeks on travel) – travelling for them is a stress reliever; and (iii) the “X generation”, aged 18-29 years, who love to do ecotours as backpackers – they are generally students who can travel for 3-12 months with monthly expenditure of US$300-500. It is suggested that the promotion of Indonesian ecotourism products should aim to reach these various cohorts of tourists. The country welcomes diverse levels of travelers.

On the other hand, ecotourism provides as many services as traditional tourism. Nestled between Mexico, Guatemala and the Caribbean Sea is the country of Belize. It is the wonderful place for Hamanasi honeymoon, a bottle of champagne upon arrival, three meals daily, private service on one night of your stay and a choice of adventures depending on the length of your stay. It also offers six-night and seven-night honeymoon packages. A variety of specially tailored tours, including the Brimstone Hill Fortress, and a trip to a neighboring island. Guided tours include rainforest, volcano and off-road plantation tours. Gregory Pereira, an extremely knowledgeable and outgoing hiking and tour guide, says the following about his tours: “All of our tours on St.Kitts include transportation by specially modified Land Rovers, a picnic of island pastries and local fruit, fresh tropical juices, CSR, a qualified island guide and a full liability insurance coverage for participants.

Kodai is an ultimate splendor spot for those who love being close to mother nature. They say every bird must sing it’s own throat while we say every traveler should find his own way out of variegated and unblemished paths of deep valleys and steep mountains. The cheese factory here exports a great quantity of cheese to various countries across the globe. It is located in the center of the forest. Many travelers are attracted by the delicious cheese. The ecotourism is very famous this different eating experience.

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2.

Ancient Storytelling

It was told, we suppose, to people crouched around a fire: a tale of adventure, most likely-relating some close encounter with death; a remarkable hunt, an escape from mortal danger; a vision, or something else out of the ordinary. Whatever its thread, the weaving of this story was done with a prime purpose. The listeners must be kept listening. They must not fall asleep. So, as the story went on, its audience should be sustained by one question above all. What happens next?

The first fireside stories in human history can never be known. They were kept in the heads of those who told them. This method of storage is not necessarily inefficient. From documented oral traditions in Australia, the Balkans and other parts of the world we know that specialised storytellers and poets can recite from memory literally thousands of lines, in verse or prose, verbatim-word for word. But while memory is rightly considered an art in itself, it is clear that a primary purpose of making symbols is to have a system of reminders or mnemonic cues – signs that assist us to recall certain information in the mind’s eye.

In some Polynesian communities, a notched memory stick may help to guide a storyteller through successive stages of recitation. But in other parts of the world, the activity of storytelling historically resulted in the development or even the invention of writing systems. One theory about the arrival of literacy in ancient Greece, for example, argues that the epic tales about the Trojan War and the wanderings of Odysseus – traditionally attributed to Homer – were just so enchanting to hear that they had to be preserved. So the Greeks, c.750-700BC, borrowed an alphabet from their neighbors in the eastern Mediterranean, the Phoenicians.

The custom of recording stories on parchment and other materials can be traced in many manifestations around the world, from the priestly papyrus archives of ancient Egypt to the birch-bark scrolls on which the North American Ojibway Indians set down their creation-myth. It is a well-tried and universal practice: so much so that to this day storytime is probably most often associated with words on paper. The formal practice of narrating a story aloud would seem-so we assume to have given way to newspapers, novels and comic strips. This, however, is not the case. Statistically, it is doubtful that the majority of humans currently rely upon the written word to get access to stories. So what is the alternative source?

Each year, over 7 billion people will go to watch the latest offering from Hollywood, Bollywood and beyond. The supreme storyteller of today is cinema. The movies, as distinct from still photography, seem to be an essential modem phenomenon. This is an illusion, for there are, as we shall see, certain ways in which the medium of film is indebted to very old precedents of arranging ‘sequences’ of images. But any account of visual storytelling must be with the recognition that all storytelling beats with a deeply atavistic pulse: that is, a ‘good story’ relies upon formal patterns of plot and characterisation that have been embedded in the practice of storytelling over many generations.

Thousands of scripts arrive every week at the offices of the major film studios. But aspiring screenwriters really need to look no further for essential advice then the fourth-century BC Greek Philosopher Aristotle. He left some incomplete lecture notes on the art of telling stories in various literary and dramatic modes, a slim volume known as The Poetics. Though he can never have envisaged the popcorn-fuelled actuality of a multiplex cinema, Aristotle is almost prescient about the key elements required to get the crowds flocking to such a cultural hub. He analyzed the process with cool rationalism. When a story enchants us, we lose the sense of where we are; we are drawn into the story so thoroughly that we forget it is a story being told. This is, in Aristotle’s phrase, ‘the suspension of disbelief.

We know the feeling. If ever we have stayed in our seats, stunned with grief, as the credits roll by, or for days after seeing that vivid evocation of horror have been nervous about taking a shower at home, then we have suspended disbelief. We have been caught, or captivated, in the storyteller’s web. Did it all really happen? We really thought so for a while. Aristotle must have witnessed often enough this suspension of disbelief. He taught at Athens, the city where theater developed as a primary form of civic ritual and recreation. Two theatrical types of storytelling, tragedy and comedy, caused Athenian audiences to lose themselves in sadness and laughter respectively. Tragedy, for Aristotle, was particularly potent in its capacity to enlist and then purge the emotions of those watching the story unfold on the stage, so he tried to identify those factors in the storyteller’s art that brought about such engagement. He had, as an obvious sample for analysis, not only the fifth-century BC masterpieces of Classical Greek tragedy written by Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides. Beyond them stood Homer, whose stories even then had canonical status: The Iliad and The Odyssey were already considered literary landmarks-stories by which all other stories should be measured. So what was the secret of Homer’s narrative art?

It was not hard to find. Homer created credible heroes. His heroes belonged to the past, they were mighty and magnificent, yet they were not, in the end, fantasy figures. He made his heroes sulk, bicker, cheat and cry. They were, in short, characters – protagonists of a story that an audience would care about, would want to follow, would want to know what happens next. As Aristotle saw, the hero who shows a human side-some flaw or weakness to which mortals are prone-is intrinsically dramatic.d by logging.

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3.

Communication in Science

Science plays an increasingly significant role in people’s lives, making the faithful communication of scientific developments more important than ever. Yet such communication is fraught with challenges that can easily distort discussions, leading to unnecessary confusion and misunderstandings.

Some problems stem from the esoteric nature of current research and the associated difficulty of finding sufficiently faithful terminology. Abstraction and complexity are not signs that a given scientific direction is wrong, as some commentators have suggested, but are instead a tribute to the success of human ingenuity in meeting the increasingly complex challenges that nature presents. They can, however, make communication more difficult. But many of the biggest challenges for science reporting arise because in areas of evolving research, scientists themselves often only partly understand the full implications of any particular advance or development. Since that dynamic applies to most of the scientific developments that directly affect people’s lives global warming, cancer research, diet studies – learning how to overcome it is critical to spurring a more informed scientific debate among the broader public.

Ambiguous word choices are the source of some misunderstandings. Scientists often employ colloquial terminology, which they then assign a specific meaning that is impossible to fathom without proper training. The term “relativity,” for example, is intrinsically misleading. Many interpret the theory to mean that everything is relative and there are no absolutes. Yet although the measurements any observer makes depend on his coordinates and reference frame, the physical phenomena he measures have an invariant description that transcends that observer’s particular coordinates. Einstein’s theory of relativity is really about finding an invariant description of physical phenomena. True, Einstein agreed with the idea that his theory would have been better named “Invarianten theorie.” But the term “relativity” was already entrenched at the time for him to change.

“The uncertainty principle” is another frequently abused term. It is sometimes interpreted as a limitation on observers and their ability to make measurements.

But it is not about intrinsic limitations on any one particular measurement; it is about the inability to precisely measure particular pairs of quantities simultaneously? The first interpretation is perhaps more engaging from a philosophical or political perspective. It’s just not what the science is about.

Even the word “theory” can be a problem. Unlike most people, who use the word to describe a passing conjecture that they often regard as suspect, physicists have very specific ideas in mind when they talk about theories. For physicists, theories entail a definite physical framework embodied in a set of fundamental assumptions about the world that lead to a specific set of equations and predictions – ones that are borne out by successful predictions. Theories aren’t necessarily shown to be correct or complete immediately. Even Einstein took the better part of a decade to develop the correct version of his theory of general relativity. But eventually both the ideas and the measurements settle down and theories are either proven correct, abandoned or absorbed into other, more encompassing theories.

“Global warming” is another example of problematic terminology. Climatologists predict more drastic fluctuations in temperature and rainfall – not necessarily that every place will be warmer. The name sometimes subverts the debate, since it lets people argue that their winter was worse, so how could there be global warming? Clearly “global climate change” would have been a better name. But not all problems stem solely from poor word choices. Some stem from the intrinsically complex nature of much of modern science. Science sometimes transcends this limitation: remarkably, chemists were able to detail the precise chemical processes involved in the destruction of the ozone layer, making the evidence that chlorofluorocarbon gases (Freon, for example) were destroying the ozone layer indisputable.

A better understanding of the mathematical significance of results and less insistence on a simple story would help to clarify many scientific discussions. For several months, Harvard was tortured months, Harvard was tortured by empty debates over the relative intrinsic scientific abilities of men and women. One of the more amusing aspects of the discussion was that those who believed in the differences and those who didn’t use the same evidence about gender-specific special ability? How could that be? The answer is that the data shows no substantial effects. Social factors might account for these tiny differences, which in any case have an unclear connection to scientific ability. Not much of a headline when phrased that way, is it? Each type of science has its own source of complexity and potential for miscommunication. Yet there are steps we can take to improve public understanding in all cases. The first would be to inculcate greater understanding and acceptance of indirect scientific evidence. The information from an unmanned space mission is no less legitimate than the information from one in which people are on board.

This doesn’t mean questioning an interpretation, but it also doesn’t mean equating indirect evidence with blind belief, as people sometimes suggest. Second, we might need different standards for evaluating science with urgent policy implications than research with the purely theoretical value. When scientists say they are not certain about their predictions, it doesn’t necessarily mean they’ve found nothing substantial. It would be better if scientists were more open about the mathematical significance of their results and if the public didn’t treat math as quite so scary; statistics and errors, which tell us the uncertainty in a measurement, give us the tools to evaluate new developments fairly.

But most important, people have to recognize that science can be complex. If we accept only simple stories, the description will necessarily be distorted. When advances are subtle or complicated, scientists should be willing to go the extra distance to give proper explanations and the public should be more patient about the truth. Even so, some difficulties are unavoidable. Most developments reflect work in progress, so the story is complex because no one yet knows the big picture.

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A Book Review – Reading Questions and Answers

Stay informed and prepared for success – Explore our comprehensive Reading Test Info page to get valuable insights, exam format details, and expert tips for mastering the IELTS Reading section .

A BOOK REVIEW – DOG WILL HAVE HIS DAY BY FRED VARGAS (TRANSLATED BY SIAN REYNOLDS)

Her detective books are immensely popular: over 10 million copies have been sold worldwide and they have been translated into 45 languages. She is a little mystified by her success – after all, it is just a hobby – and finds it quite amusing. As an archaeologist specialising in epidemiology, she produced the definitive study on the transmission of the bubonic plague – a book that she says “after seven years of intensive work trying to find the real vector of the plague” sold only a thousand copies. It is even more paradoxical to learn that she wrote each of her novels in three weeks flat, during her annual summer holidays. Even when she took a break from archaeology to work full-time on her fiction, the first draft was still finished within the same time frame. She uses the ensuing months to polish and tidy the prose.

As the bone fragment had obviously passed through a dog’s digestive system, Louis’ first mission is to track down the dog in question. Ringo, a pit bull, is eventually identified as the culprit and his owner is tracked to a tiny Breton fishing village. There, Marc and Louis establish that the corpse of an old woman missing her big toe had been discovered on the beach a few days earlier. The investigation takes in some interesting characters, including a collector of antique typewriters. Although initially suspecting just one murder, Louis, with the help of Marc and Mathias, manages to solve three homicides and unmask a would-be mayoral candidate who is in fact wanted for crimes against humanity dating from the Second World War.

Unlock your full potential in the IELTS Reading section – Visit our IELTS Reading Practice Question Answer page now!

Renewable Energy IELTS Reading Question with Answer

Questions 28-36

Fred Vargas is the 28 ……………. of Frédérique Audoin-Rouzeau. She has two main professions, and writing crime novels is her 29 ……………. . She thinks it is funny that her fiction is so popular, in contrast to her academic writing, which does not sell so well. It took many years of research before she published her book about the 30 ……………. whereas she can write the first draft of a detective story in just 31 ……………., although it takes quite a bit longer to correct and change the 32 ……………. . Dog Will Have His Day is a story about a piece of human bone, and Louis Kehlweiler’s attempts to solve a murder mystery. Kehlweller is a typical example of Vargas’ heroes, many of whom are 33 …………….; in his case, he has a pet toad who he chats to regularly. He enlists the help of Marc and Mathias, both 34 ……………. who had featured as evangelists in an earlier Vargas novel. They end up in a small 35 ……………. where they learn that a woman’s body had recently been found on the beach. In the course of their investigation, they uncover more murders and 36 ……………. a war criminal.

Boost your performance in Summary, Notes, Table, and Flowchart Completion tasks . Click here to explore our detailed guide and learn how to effectively complete summaries, notes, tables, and flowcharts in the IELTS Reading section.

Questions 37-40

37. Vargas’ style of writing is typical of crime fiction. 38. The style has much in common with Scandinavian crime novels. 39. Detailed descriptions are only useful to the reader when they develop the storyline. 40. ‘The Three Evangelists’ is Vargas’ best selling novel.

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Dịch đề & phân tích đáp án IELTS Reading Cambridge 13 Test 4

Cambridge 13 test 4 passage 1: cutty sark: the fastest sailing ship of all time.

PHẦN 1: DỊCH ĐỀ

A . The nineteenth century was a period of great technological development in Britain, and for shipping the major changes were from wind to steam power, and from wood to iron and steel. (Q1) The fastest commercial sailing vessels of all time were clippers , three-masted ships huilt to transport goods around the world, although some also took passengers. From the l 840s until 1869, when the Suez Canal opened and steam propulsion was replacing sail, clippers dominated world trade. Although many were built, only one has survived more or less intact : Cutty’ Sark. now on display in Greenwich, southeast London.

clipper (noun) /ˈklɪpə(r)/: thuyền cao tốc ENG: a fast sailing ship, used in the past
propulsion (noun) /prəˈpʌlʃn/: động cơ ENG: the force that drives something forward
intact (adj) /ɪnˈtækt/: nguyên vẹn ENG: complete and not damaged

Thế kỉ 19 là thời kỳ công nghệ phát triển mạnh mẽ tại nước Anh, ghi nhận những thay đổi lớn từ năng lượng gió sang hơi nước, từ gỗ sang sắt, thép. Thuyền cao tốc là loại thuyền buồm thương mại nhanh nhất mọi thời đại. Với ba cánh buồm, những chiếc thuyền này được đóng nhằm mục đích vận chuyển hàng hóa đi khắp thế giới, dù một số tàu có kiêm việc chở khách. Từ những năm 1840 cho tới 1869, khi kênh đào Suez được mở ra và động cơ hơi nước dần thay thế những cánh buồm, thuyền cao tốc vẫn luôn giữ vị trí thống trị đối với thương mại quốc tế. Dù nhiều chiếc đã được đóng trong khoảng thời gian này, con thuyền duy nhất còn tồn tại gần như nguyên vẹn cho tới ngày nay là Cutty Sark, hiện được trưng bày tại Greenwich, đông nam London.

B . Cutty Sark’s unusual name comes from the poem Tam O Shanter by the Scottish poet Robert Bums. (Q2) Tam, a farmer, is chased by a witch called Nannie, who is wearing a ‘cutty sark’ – an old Scottish name for a short nightdress . The witch is depicted in Cutty Sark’s figurehead – the carving of a woman typically at the front of old sailing ships. In legend, and in Bums’s poem, witches cannot cross water, so this was a rather strange choice of name for a ship.

chase (verb) /tʃeɪs/: đuổi bắt ENG: to run after somebody/something in order to catch them
depict (verb) /dɪˈpɪkt/: mô tả ENG: to show an image of somebody/something in a picture

Cái tên khác lạ của Cutty Sark bắt nguồn từ bài thơ Tam O Shanter của thi hào người Scotland, Robert Bums. Bác nông dân Tam bị đuổi bắt bởi mụ phù thủy Nannie mặc “cutty sark”, cách gọi cổ của dân Scotland cho váy ngủ ngắn. Mụ phù thủy được mô tả trong Cutty Sark chính là bức điêu khắc hình ảnh người phụ nữ đứng trước những chiếc thuyển buồm cũ. Trong truyền thuyết, và trong thơ của Bum, phù thủy không thể vượt biển. Vì thế đây là cái tên tương đối lạ đối với một con tàu.

C . Cutty Sark was built in Dumbarton, Scotland, in 1869 for a shipping company owned by John Willis. (Q3) To carry out construction, Willis chose a new shipbuilding firm, Scott & Linton, and ensured that the contract with them put him in a very strong position . In the end, the firm was forced out of business, and the ship was finished by a competitor.

Cutty Sark được đóng tại Dumbarton, Scotland, vào năm 1869, cho một công ty vận chuyển hàn g hải thuộc sở hữu của John Willis. Willis đã lựa chọn hãng đóng tàu mới Scott & Linton để tiến hành đóng chiếc thuyền, đảm bảo rằng hợp đồng với hãng này cho phép ông ta giữ một vị thế hết sức vững chắc. Kết quả là, hãng phá sản và con tàu được hoàn thiện bởi đối thủ cạnh tranh.

D . (Q4) Willis’s company was active in the tea trade between China and Britain, where speed could bring ship owners both profits and prestige , so Cutty Sark was designed to make the journey more quickly than any other ship . On her maiden voyage, in 1870, she set sail from London, carrying large amounts of goods to China. She returned laden with tea, making the journey back to London in four months. However, Cutty Sark never lived up to the high expectations of her owner, as a result of bad winds and various misfortunes. On one occasion, in 1872. the ship and a rival clipper, Thermopylae, left port in China on the same day. Crossing the Indian Ocean, Cutty Sark gained a lead of over 400 miles, but then her rudder was severely damaged in stormy seas, making her impossible to steer . The ship’s crew had the daunting task of repairing the rudder at sea. and only succeeded at the second attempt. (Q5) Cutty Sark reached London a week after Thermopylae .

prestige (noun) /preˈstiːʒ/: danh vọng ENG: the respect and value that somebody/something has because of their social position, or what they have done
rudder (noun) /ˈrʌdə(r)/: bánh lái ENG: a piece of wood or metal at the back of a boat or an aircraft that is used for controlling its direction
steer (verb) /stɪə(r)/: khống chế ENG: to control the direction in which a boat, car, etc. moves
daunting (adj) /ˈdɔːntɪŋ/: nặng nề ENG: making somebody feel nervous and less confident about doing something; likely to make somebody feel this way

Công ty của Willis hoạt động trong lĩnh vực thương mại trà giữa Trung Quốc và Anh, nơi mà tốc độ có thể đem lại cho chủ tàu cả lời lãi lẫn danh vọng. Đó là lý do Cutty Sark đã được thiết kế để chạy nhanh hơn bất kỳ con tàu nào khác. Trong chuyến hành trình đầu tiên vào năm 1870, con thuyền rời bến tại London, mang theo lượng lớn hàng hóa tới Trung Quốc, để rồi quay lại 4 tháng sau đó với đầy trà. Tuy nhiên, Cutty Sark chưa bao giờ thỏa mãn được kỳ vọng của ông chủ do vấn đề tồi tệ liên quan tới gió và vô vàn những điều không may khác. Vào một dịp năm 1872, con tàu rời khỏi bến cảng tại Trung Quốc cùng ngày với chiếc thuyền đối thủ Thermopylae. Băng qua Ấn Độ Dương, Cutty Sark vượt lên trước hơn 400 dặm, nhưng sau đó bánh lái bị hỏng do bão khiến con thuyền mất khống chế. Thủy thủ đoàn đã gánh lấy trách nhiệm nặng nề khi buộc phải sửa chữa bánh lái ngay trên biển, và chỉ thành công khi thử đến lần thứ 2. Cutty Sark cập cảng muộn 1 tuần so với Thermopylae.

E . Steam ships posed a growing threat to clippers, as their speed and cargo capacity increased. In addition, the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, the same year that Cutty Sark was launched , had a serious impact. (Q6) While steam ships could make use of the quick, direct route between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, the canal was of no use to sailing ships, which needed the much stronger winds of the oceans, and so had to sail a far greater distance. Steam ships reduced the journey time between Britain and China by approximately two months .

launch (verb) /lɔːntʃ/: hạ thuỷ ENG: to make a product or service available to the public for the first time; to become available for the first time
canal (noun) /kəˈnæl/: kênh đào ENG: a long straight passage dug in the ground and filled with water for boats and ships to travel along; a smaller passage used for carrying water to fields, crops, etc.

Tàu hơi nước trở thành mối đe dọa ngày càng lớn đối với tàu cao tốc nhờ có sự tăng lên về cả tốc độ và lượng hàng hoá có thể vận chuyển . Ngoài ra, việc mở kênh đào Suez vào năm 1869, cùng với năm mà Cutty Sark được hạ thủy, đã có một tác động vô cùng lớn. Trong khi những con tàu hơi nước có thể tận dụng tuyến đường nhanh và trực tiếp từ Địa Trung Hải và vùng Biển Đỏ thì thuyền buồm lại không thể sử dụng kênh đào này. Chúng cần luồng gió mạnh của đại dương, và vì vậy phải di chuyển một quãng đường xa hơn rất nhiều. Tàu hơi nước đã giảm thời gian của chuyến đi giữa Anh và Trung Quốc gần 2 tháng.

F . By 1878, tea traders weren’t interested in Cutty Sark, and instead, she took on the much less prestigious work of carrying any cargo between any two ports in the world. In 1880, violence aboard the ship led ultimately to the replacement of the captain with an incompetent drunkard who stole the crew’s wages. He was suspended from service, and a new captain appointed. (Q9) This marked a turnaround and the beginning of the most successful period in Cutty Sark’s working life, transporting wool from Australia to Britain . One such journey took just under 12 weeks, beating every other ship sailing that year by around a month.

prestigious (adj) /preˈstɪdʒəs/: uy tín, hấp dẫn ENG: respected and admired as very important or of very high quality
incompetent (adj) /ɪnˈkɒmpɪtənt/: thiếu năng lực ENG: not having the skill or ability to do your job or a task as it should be done
drunkard (noun) /ˈdrʌŋkəd/: kẻ say xỉn ENG: a person who gets drunk very often
suspend (verb) /səˈspend/: ngừng công việc ENG: to officially stop something for a time

Vào năm 1878, những thương nhân buôn trà mất đi hứng thú đối với Cutty Sark. Thay vào đó, con tàu phải làm công việc kém hấp dẫn hơn – vận chuyển bất kì loại hàng hóa nào giữa hai cảng trên thế giới. Năm 1880, một cuộc bạo động trên tàu đã dẫn đến việc thay thế vị thuyền trưởng luôn say xỉn, thiếu năng lực và lấy trộm lương của thủy thủ đoàn. Ông ta bị buộc ngừng công việc và một vị thuyền trưởng mới được bổ nhiệm. Điều này đã đánh dấu một bướt ngoặt và sự khởi đầu của thời kỳ thành công nhất trong cuộc đời vận chuyển của Cutty Sark – vận chuyển len từ Úc sang Anh. Một chuyến đi như vậy chỉ mất dưới 12 tuần, nhanh hơn tất cả con thuyền buồm khác vào thời điểm đó khoảng 1 tháng.

G . (Q10) The ship’s next captain, Richard Woodget , was an excellent navigator, who got the best out of both his ship and his crew . As a sailing ship, Cutty Sark depended on the strong trade winds of the southern hemisphere , and (Q8) Woodget took her further south than any previous captain, bringing her dangerously close to icebergs off the southern tip of South America . His gamble paid off, though, and the ship was the fastest vessel in the wool trade for ten years.

hemisphere (noun) /ˈhemɪsfɪə(r)/: bán cầu ENG: one half of the earth, especially the half above or below the equator
gamble (noun) /ˈɡæmbl/: sự đánh cược ENG: an action that you take when you know there is a risk but when you hope that the result will be a success

Thuyền trưởng mới, Richard Woodget, là một hoa tiêu tuyện vời, có khả năng phát huy tối đa sức mạnh của con tàu và năng lực của thủy thủ đoàn. Là một chiếc thuyền buồm, Cutty Sark phụ thuộc vào những cơn gió mậu dịch ở nam bán cầu. Woodget đã đưa con thuyền xuôi về hướng nam xa hơn bất kỳ thuyền trưởng nào trước đây, đến gần các tảng băng trôi ở mũi nam của Nam Mỹ tới độ nguy hiểm. Sự mạo hiểm của ông đã được đền đáp xứng đáng. Con thuyền đã trở thành chiếc tàu cao tốc nhanh nhất trong lĩnh vực buôn bán len trong suốt 10 năm.

G. (Q10) The ship’s next captain, Richard Woodget , was an excellent navigator, who got the best out of both his ship and his crew . As a sailing ship, Cutty Sark depended on the strong trade winds of the southern hemisphere , and (Q8) Woodget took her further south than any previous captain, bringing her dangerously close to icebergs off the southern tip of South America . His gamble paid off, though, and the ship was the fastest vessel in the wool trade for ten years.

Thuyền trưởng mới, Richard Woodget, là một hoa tiêu tuyện vời, có khả năng phát huy tối đa sức mạnh của con tàu và năng lực của thủy thủ đoàn. Là một chiếc thuyền buồm, Cutty Sark phụ thuộc vào những cơn gió mậu dịch ở nam bán cầu . Woodget đã đưa con thuyền xuôi về hướng nam xa hơn bất kỳ thuyền trưởng nào trước đây, đến gần các tảng băng trôi ở mũi nam của Nam Mỹ tới độ nguy hiểm. Sự mạo hiểm của ông đã được đền đáp xứng đáng. Con thuyền đã trở thành chiếc tàu cao tốc nhanh nhất trong lĩnh vực buôn bán len trong suốt 10 năm.

H. As competition from steam ships increased in the 1890s, and Cutty Sark approached the end of her life expectancy, she became less profitable. She was sold to a Portuguese firm, which renamed her Ferreira. For the next 25 years, she again carried miscellaneous cargoes around the world.

miscellaneous (adj) /ˌmɪsəˈleɪniəs/: khác nhau ENG: consisting of many different kinds of things that are not connected and do not easily form a group

Khi cuộc cạnh tranh với tàu hơi nước trở nên khốc liệt hơn vào những năm 1890 và Cutty Sark đã đi gần hết tuổi thọ, con thuyền không còn sinh lời nhiều như trước nữa. Con tàu được bán cho một công ty Bồ Đào Nha, và được đổi tên thành Ferreira. 25 năm sau đó, con thuyền tiếp tục chở các hàng hóa khác nhau đi khắp thế giới.

I. (Q11) Badly damaged in a gale in 1922 , she was put into Falmouth harbour in southwest England, for repairs. Wilfred Dow man, a retired sea captain who owned a training vessel, recognised her and tried to buy her, but without success. She returned to Portugal and was sold to another Portuguese company. Dowman was determined, however, and offered a high price: this was accepted, and the ship returned to Falmouth the following year and had her original name restored.

Sau khi bị hư hại nghiêm trọng trong một trận bão năm 1922, con tàu được đưa vào cảng Falmouth ở vùng tây nam nước Anh để sửa chữa. Wilfred Dowman, một thuyền trưởng đã về hưu, người sở hữu một con tàu huấn luyện, đã nhận ra và cố mua nó nhưng không thành công. Con tàu quay lại Bồ Đào Nha và bị bán cho một công ty Bồ Đào Nha khác. Tuy nhiên, Dowman rất quyết tâm. Ông ta đưa ra một mức giá cao và được chấp nhận. Con thuyền được đưa về Falmouth vào năm sau và được đặt lại tên cũ ban đầu của mình.

K. (Q12) D owman used Cutty Sark as a training ship, and she continued in this role after his death. When she was no longer required, in 1954, she was transferred to dry dock at Greenwich to go on public display. (Q13) The ship suffered from fire in 2007, and again, less seriously, in 2014 . But now Cutty Sark attracts a quarter of a million visitors a year.

Dowman đã sử dụng Cutty Sark như tàu huấn luyện, và con thuyền vẫn tiếp tục vai trò này sau khi ông qua đời. Khi con tàu không còn được cần đến nữa, vào năm 1954, nó được chuyển đến xưởng cạn tại Greenwich để tiếp tục trưng bày công khai. Con thuyền đã gặp hỏa hoạn vào năm 2007, và thêm một lần nữa ít nghiêm trọng hơn vào năm 2014. Cutty Sark hiện thu hút được một phần tư triệu lượt khách mỗi năm .

PHẦN 2: PHÂN TÍCH ĐÁP ÁN

Question 1-8

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading passage 1?

In boxes 1-8 on the answer sheet, write:

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts with the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no informatin on this

1. Clippers were originally intentded to be used as passenger ships.

Dịch: Những chiếc thuyền ban đầu được dự định dùng để chở khách.

Thông tin liên quan : Đoạn A, câu thứ hai, ‘The fastest commercial sailing vessels of all time were the clippers, threemasted ships built to transport goods around the world, although some also took passengers.’

Phân tích: Tàu cao tốc được đóng để chở hàng là chủ yếu, nhưng MỘT SỐ cũng kiêm chở khách >> Mục đích chở khách không phải mục đích ban đầu của tàu cao tốc mà là để chờ hàng

Đáp án: FALSE


Passenger ships	Took passengers

2. Cutty Sark was given the name of the character in a poem.

Dịch: Cutty Sark được đặt theo tên một nhân vật trong một bài thơ.

Thông tin liên quan : Đoạn B, câu thứ hai, ‘Cutty Sark’s unusual name comes from the poem Tam O’Shanter by the Scottish poet Robert Burns. Tam, a farmer, is chased by a witch called Nannie, who is wearing a ‘cutty sark’

Phân tích: Cutty Sark không phải tên nhân vật trong tác phẩm thơ văn mà là tên trang phục của mụ phù thủy

3. The contract between John Willis and Scott & Linton favoured Willis.

Dịch: Hợp đồng giữa Willis và Scott & Linton có lợi cho Willis

Thông tin liên quan : Đoạn C, câu thứ hai, ‘To carry out construction, Willis chose a new shipbuilding firm, Scott & Linton, and ensured that the contract with them put him in a very strong position.’

Phân tích : Willis đảm bảo rằng hợp đồng với hãng này cho phép ông ta giữ một vị thế hết sức vững chắc (từ ‘him’ chính thay thế cho Willis, vì Scott & Linton là tên một công ty chứ không phải tên người nên không thể thay thế bằng tính từ sở hữu ‘him’) >> Hợp đồng có lợi cho Willis.

Đáp án: TRUE


Favour	Put … in a very strong position

4. John Willis wanted Cutty Sark to be the fastest tea clipper travelling between the UK and China.

Dịch: John Willis muốn Cutty Sark trở thành con tàu buôn bán trà nhanh nhất giữa Anh và Trung Quốc

Thông tin liên quan : Đoạn D, câu đầu tiên, ‘Willis’s company was active in the tea trade between China and Britain, where speed could bring ship owners both profits and prestige, Cutty Sark was designed to make the journey more quickly than any other ship….’

Phân tích : Trích dẫn nói rằng Cutty Sark được thiết kế để di chuyển nhanh hơn bất kỳ con thuyền nào khác >> Đồng nghĩa với việc nó được kỳ vọng là con tàu nhanh nhất.


Fastest	More quickly than any other ship

5. Despite storm damage, Cutty Sark beat Thermopylae back to London.

Dịch: Dù bị hư hại bởi bão nhưng Cutty Sark vẫn chiến thắng Thermopylae trong cuộc đua quay trở về London.

Thông tin liên quan : Đoạn D, câu cuối cùng, ‘Cutty Sark reached London a week after Thermopylae.’ Phân tích : Cutty Sark về sau Thermopylae một tuần >> Tức Thermopylae thắng Cutty Sark.


Storm damage	Was severely damaged
Beat	>< Reach a week after

6. The opening of the Suez Cannal meant that steam ships could travel between Britain faster than clippers.

Dịch: Việc kênh đào Suez mở ra cho phép tàu hơi nước di chuyển giữa Anh và Trung Quốc nhanh hơn so với tàu cao tốc.

Thông tin liên quan : Đoạn E, hai câu cuối cùng, “While steam ships could make use of the quick, direct route between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, the canal was of no use to sailing ships, which needed the much stronger winds of the oceans, and so had to sail a far greater distance. Steam ships reduced the journey time between Britain and China by approximately two months.”

Phân tích : Do không lợi dụng được kênh đào, tàu cao tốc phải đi quãng đường xa hơn. Trong khi đó nhờ kênh đào Suez, tàu hơi nước giảm thời gian di chuyển giữa Anh và Trung Quốc đi khoảng 2 tháng so với clippers trước đó, hay có nghĩa là steam ships đi nhanh hơn so với clippers


Faster	Reduce the journey time … by approximately two months

7. Steam ships sometimes used the ocean route to travel between London and China.

Dịch: Tàu hơi nước thi thoảng cũng dùng tuyến đường biển để di chuyển từ London đến Trung Quốc.

Phân tích : Không có thông tin.

Đáp án: NOT GIVEN

8. Captain Woodget put Cutty Sark at risk of hitting an iceberg.

Dịch: Thuyền trường Woodget khiến con thuyền Cutty Sark phải đối diện với rủi ro đâm phải các tảng băng trôi.

Thông tin liên quan : Đoạn G, câu thứ hai, “[…] and Woodget took her further south than any previous captain, bringing her dangerously close to icebergs off the southern tip of South America”

Phân tích : Woodget đã đưa con thuyền đến gần các tảng băng trôi ở mũi nam của Nam Mỹ tới độ nguy hiểm >> khiến con thuyền đối mặt với rủi ro đâm phải các tảng băng trôi.


At risk of	Dangerously
Hitting an iceberg	Close to iceberg

Question 9-13

Complete the sentences below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answer on boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.

9. After 1880, Cutty Sark carried ……… as its main cargo during its most successful time.

Dịch: Sau năm 1880, Cutty Sark chuyên chở……………. như loại hàng hoá chính khi con tàu ở vào thời kỳ hoàng kim.

Thông tin liên quan : Đoạn F, câu thứ hai từ dưới lên, ‘This marked a turnaround and the beginning of the most successful period in Cutty Sark’s working life, transporting wool from Australia to Britain’

Phân tích : Trong thời kỳ đỉnh cao, Cutty Sark vận chuyển len >> điền từ ‘wool’ vào vị trí trống

Đáp án: wool


Its most successful time	The most successful period
Carried	Transporting

10. As a captain and…………………., Woodget was very skilled.

Dịch: Là một thuyền trưởng kiêm…………, Woodget rất điêu luyện.

Thông tin liên quan : Đoạn G, câu đầu tiên, ‘The ship’s next captain, Richard Woodget, was an excellent navigator…’

Phân tích : Thuyền trưởng mới, Richard Woodget, là một hoa tiêu tuyện vời >> Ngoài việc là một thuyền trưởng thì ông còn là một hoa tiêu nữa >> cần điền từ ‘navigator’

Đáp án : navigator


Very skilled	Excellent

11. Ferreira went to Falmouth to repair damge that a………………. had cause.

Dịch: Ferreira (tên mới của Cutty Sark) đến Falmouth để sửa chữa những hư hỏng do ….. gây ra

Thông tin liên quan : Đoạn I, câu đầu tiên, ‘Badly damaged in a gale in 1922, she was put into Falmouth harbor in southwest England, for repairs.’

Phân tích : Sau khi bị hư hại nghiêm trọng trong một trận bão năm 1922, con tàu được đưa vào cảng Falmouth ở vùng tây nam nước Anh để sửa chữa => Trận bão (gale) gây ra hỏng hóc cho con tàu.

Đáp án : gale


Went to Falmouth	Was put into Falmouth
Repair damage	Badly damaged ……. for repairs

12. Between 1923 and 1954, Cutty Sark was used for……………

Dịch : Giữa khoảng thời gian 1923 và 1954, Cutty Sark được sử dụng để……………

Thông tin liên quan : Đoạn K, câu đầu tiên, “Dowman used Cutty Sark as a training ship, and she continued in this role after his death. When she was no longer required, in 1954,……”

Phân tích : Năm 1922 thì con tàu được sửa ở Falmouth, năm sau thì Dowman mua còn tàu, và từ đó trở đi thì Dowman sử dụng con tàu như là tàu huấn luyện >> Cần điền từ training

Đáp án : training


Used for training	As a training ship

13. Cutty Sark had twice been damaged by……………. in the 21 st century.

Dịch câu hỏi : Con tàu đã bị (cái gì) gây hư hại hai lần trong thế kỷ 21.

Thông tin liên quan : Đoạn K, câu thứ hai từ dưới lên, ‘The ship suffered from fire in 2007, and again, less seriously, in 2014…’

Phân tích : Con thuyền đã gặp hỏa hoạn vào năm 2007, và thêm một lần nữa ít nghiêm trọng hơn vào năm 2014 >> Nên từ cần điền là ‘fire’

Đáp án : fire


Damaged by fire	Suffered from fire

Cambridge 13 Test 4 Passage 2: Saving the soil

A . More than a third of the world’s soil is endangered , according to a recent UN report. If we don’t slow the decline, all farmable soil could be gone in 60 years. Since soil grows 95% of our food, and sustains human life in other more surprising ways, that is a huge problem.

endangered (adj) /ɪnˈdeɪndʒəd/: bị đe doạ ENG: (used especially about groups of animals, plants, etc.) at risk of no longer existing
sustain (verb) /səˈsteɪn/: duy trì ENG: to provide enough of what somebody/something needs in order to live or exist

Theo báo cáo gần đây của UN (Liên hợp quốc), hơn 1/3 đất trên thế giới đang bị đe dọa. Nếu chúng ta không làm chậm sự suy giảm này, tất cả đất trồng trọt sẽ biến mất trong vòng 60 năm tới. Do đất nuôi dưỡng 95% thức ăn, và giúp duy trì sự sống của con người theo những hình thức đáng kinh ngạc khác nữa nên đây là vấn đề rất quan trọng.

B . Peter Groffman, from the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies in New York, points out that soil scientists have been warning about the degradation of the world’s soil for decades. At the same time, our understanding of its importance to humans has grown. (Q14) A single gram of healthy soil might contain 100 million bacteria, as well as other microorganisms such as viruses and fungi, living amid decomposing plants and various minerals.

That means soils do not just grow our food, but are the source of nearly all our existing antibiotics , and could be our best hope in the fight against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. (Q15) Soil is also an ally against climate change: as microorganisms within soil digest dead animals and plants, they lock in their carbon content, holding three times the amount of carbon as does the entire atmosphere . (Q16) S oils also store water, preventing flood damage: in the UK, damage to buildings, roads and bridges from floods caused by soil degradation costs £233 million every year .

degradation (noun) /ˌdeɡrəˈdeɪʃn/: tình trạng suy thoái ENG: the process of something being damaged or made worse
microorganism (noun) /ˌmaɪkrəʊˈɔːɡənɪzəm/: vi sinh vật ENG: a very small living thing that you can only see under a microscope
antibiotics (noun) /ˌæntibaɪˈɒtɪk/: kháng sinh ENG: a substance, for example penicillin, that can destroy or prevent the growth of bacteria and cure infections

Peter Groffman từ Viện nghiên cứu sinh thái Cary ở New York chỉ ra rằng những nhà khoa học về đất đã cảnh báo về tình trạng suy thoái đất trên toàn thế giới suốt nhiều thập kỉ. Cùng lúc đó, vốn hiểu biết của chúng ta về tầm quan trọng của đất với con người đã cải thiện. Mỗi một gram đất màu mỡ có thể chứa 100 triệu con vi khuẩn, và những loại vi sinh vật khác nữa như vi-rút và nấm, sống ở những cây đang phân hủy và hàng loạt các loại khoáng chất khác.

Điều đó có nghĩa là đất không chỉ cung cấp cho chúng ta thức ăn, mà nó gần như là những nguồn kháng sinh hiện hữu của chúng ta và có thể là hi vọng lớn nhất trong cuộc chiến chống lại vi khuẩn kháng kháng sinh. Đất cũng là một đồng minh chống lại thay đổi khí hậu: khi các vi sinh vật trong đất hấp thụ xác động thực vật, chúng giữ lại lượng khí carbon nhiều gấp ba lần lượng carbon có trong khí quyển. Đất cũng có thể trữ nước, ngăn sự phá hoại của lũ: ở Mỹ, thiệt hại gây ra cho những tòa nhà, đường xá, những cây cầu mà lũ gây ra do suy thoái đất là £233 triệu mỗi năm.

C . If the soil loses its ability to perform these functions, the human race could be in big trouble. The danger is not that the soil will disappear completely, but that the microorganisms that give it its special properties will be lost. And once this has happened, it may take the soil thousands of years to recover. (Q17) Agriculture is by far the biggest problem . (Q23) I n the wild, when plants grow they remove nutrients from the soil, but then when the plants die and decay these nutrients are returned directly to the soil . (Q18) Humans tend not to return unused parts of harvested crops directly to the soil to enrich it, meaning that the soil gradually becomes less fertile . In the past we developed strategies to get around the problem, such as regularly varying the types of crops grown, or leaving fields uncultivated for a season.

decay (noun) /dɪˈkeɪ/: phân rã ENG: the process or result of being destroyed by natural causes or by not being cared for
nutrient (noun) /ˈnjuːtriənt/: chất dinh dưỡng ENG: a substance that is needed to keep a living thing alive and to help it to grow
fertile (adj) /ˈfɜːtaɪl/: màu mỡ ENG: (of land or soil) that plants grow well in
uncultivated (adj) /ʌnˈkʌltɪveɪtɪd/: không trồng trọt canh tác ENG: (of land) not used for growing crops

Nếu đất đánh mất khả năng thực hiện những chức năng này, loài người có thể sẽ gặp rắc rối lớn. Điều nguy hiểm là không những đất sẽ hoàn toàn biến mất, mà những vi sinh vật với các đặc tính đặc biệt của chúng cũng sẽ bị mất đi. Và một khi điều này xảy ra, việc khôi phục đất có thể sẽ mất tới hàng ngàn năm. Tính đến thời điểm này, nông nghiệp là vấn đề lớn nhất. Trong tự nhiên, khi thực vật sinh trưởng, chúng hấp thụ chất dinh dưỡng từ đất, để rồi khi chúng chết đi và phân rã, những chất dinh dưỡng này sẽ trực tiếp quay về với đất. Con người có xu hướng không để lại những phần không dùng tới của các vụ thu hoạch nhằm tăng độ phì nhiêu của đất, điều này khiến sự màu mỡ của đất dần suy giảm. Trong quá khứ, chúng ta đã phát triển những chiến lược để giải quyết vấn đề này, như là thường xuyên thay đổi những loại cây trồng cho mùa vụ, hoặc để cho đất trống không trồng trọt canh tác trong một mùa.

D. But these practices became inconvenient as populations grew and agriculture had to be run on more commercial lines. A solution came in the early 20th century with the Haber-Bosch process for manufacturing ammonium nitrate. Farmers have been putting this synthetic fertiliser on their fields ever since. But over the past few decades, it wasn’t such a bright idea.n (Q19) Chemical fertilisers can release polluting nitrous oxide into the atmosphere and excess is often washed away with the rain, releasing nitrogen into rivers. More recently, we have found that indiscriminate use of fertilizers the soil itself, turning it acidic and salty, and degrading the soil they supposed to nourish .

excess (noun) /ɪkˈses/: lượng dư thừa ENG: more than is necessary, reasonable or acceptable
indiscriminate (adj) /ˌɪndɪˈskrɪmɪnət/: bừa bãi ENG: acting without careful judgement
nourish (verb) /ˈnʌrɪʃ/: nuôi dưỡng ENG: to keep a person, an animal or a plant alive and healthy with food, etc.

Nhưng những phương pháp này đã trở nên bất tiện khi dân số tăng và nông nghiệp trải qua quá trình thương mại hóa. Một giải pháp đã được đề ra vào đầu thế kỉ 20, đưa quá trình Haber-Bosch vào sản xuất nitrate amoni. Nông dân đã ứng dụng loại phân bón tổng hợp này kể từ đó. Nhưng trong những thập kỷ qua, đây không phải là một ý tưởng hay. Phân bón hóa học có thể thải khí N2O vào khí quyển và lượng dư còn lại thường bị nước mưa cuốn đi, đưa N2 vào các dòng sông. Gần đây, chúng ta đã phát hiện ra rằng việc sử dụng phân bón bừa bãi đã làm biến đổi tính axit và độ mặn của đất, gây thoái hóa thay vì nuôi dưỡng đất.

E. ( Q22) O ne of the people looking for a solution to this problem is Pius Floris, who started out running a tree-care business in the Netherlands and now advises some of the world’s top-soil scientists. He came to realise that the best way to ensure his trees flourished was to take care of the soil, and has developed a cocktail of beneficial bacteria, fungi and humus* to do this. Researchers at the University of Valladolid in Spain recently used this cocktail on soils destroyed by years of fertiliser overuse. (Q20) When they applied Floris’s mix to the desert-like test plots, a good crop of plants emerged that were not just healthy at the surface, but had roots strong enough to pierce dirt as hard as rock . The few plants that grew in the control plots, fed with traditional fertilisers, were small and weak.

emerge (verb) /ɪˈmɜːdʒ/: xuất hiện, nảy nở ENG: to move out of or away from something and become possible to see

Một trong những người đang tìm kiếm giải pháp cho vấn đề này là Pius Floris, ông ấy bắt đầu sự nghiệp bằng cách vận hành một công ty chăm sóc cây ở Hà Lan và bây giờ là cố vấn cho một vài nhà khoa học nổi tiếng về đất. Ông đã nhận ra rằng cách tốt nhất để đảm bảo cây trồng phát triển đó là chăm sóc đất, và ông cũng đã phát triển một cách kết hợp vi khuẩn có lợi, nấm và đất mùn để chăm sóc đất. Các nhà nghiên cứu tại trường đại học Valladolid ở Tây Ban Nha gần đây đã sử dụng phương thức này lên đất bị phá hủy bởi lạm dụng phân bón qua nhiều năm. Khi họ sử dụng hỗn hợp Floris lên những mẫu thử nghiệm ở sa mạc, một nhóm cây trồng đã sinh sôi nảy nở , chúng không chỉ khỏe trên bề mặt, mà rễ của chúng còn đủ khỏe để đâm qua loại đất cứng như đá. Một số ít cây được trồng trong vùng thí nghiệm kiểm soát bằng cách bón phân với những loại phân bón truyền thống thì lại nhỏ và yếu.

F. However, measures like this are not enough to solve the global soil degradation problem. (Q26) To assess our options on a global scale we first need an accurate picture of what types of soil are out there, and the problems they face. That’s not easy. For one thing, there is no agreed international system for classifying soil . In an attempt to unify the different approaches, the UN has created the Global Soil Map project. (Q24) Researchers from nine countries are working together to create a map linked to a database that can be fed measurements from field surveys, drone surveys, satellite imagery, lab analyses and so on to provide real-time data on the state of the soil . Within the next four years, they aim to have mapped soils worldwide to a depth of 100 metres, with the results freely accessible to all.

classify (verb) /ˈklæsɪfaɪ/: phân loại ENG: to arrange something in groups according to features that they have in common
unify (verb) /ˈjuːnɪfaɪ/: thống nhất ENG: to join people, things, parts of a country, etc. together so that they form a single unit

Tuy nhiên, những phương pháp như vậy không đủ để giải quyết vấn đề thoái hóa đất trên thế giới. Để đánh giá các lựa chọn trên phạm vi toàn cầu, trước hết ta cần một cách nhìn toàn cảnh chính xác về các loại đất, và những vấn đề mà chúng đang đối mặt. Điều này không dễ dàng tí nào. Có một vấn đề là, không có bất cứ hệ thống quốc tế thống nhất nào cho việc phân loại đất. Trong nỗ lực nhằm thống nhất những phương pháp tiếp cận khác nhau, Liên hợp quốc đã lập nên dự án the Global Soil Map (Bản đồ đất toàn cầu). Các nhà nghiên cứu từ 9 quốc gia đang cùng nhau làm việc để tạo nên một bản đồ liên kiết với cơ sở d ữ liệu chung chứa những số liệu đo lường từ khảo sát thực địa, hình ảnh từ máy bay không người lái, hình ảnh vệ tinh, phòng phân tích-thí nghiệm,… nhằm cung cấp dữ liệu thời gian thực về trạng thái của đất.Trong vòng 4 năm tới, họ nhắm tới việc thiết lập bản đồ đất toàn cầu tới độ sâu 100m mà mọi người có thể truy cập miễn phí.

G. But this is only a first step. (Q21) We need ways of presenting the problem that bring it home to governments and the wider public, says Pamela Chasek at the International Institute for Sustainable Development, in Winnipeg, Canada . ‘Most scientists don’t speak language that policy-makers can understand and vice versa.’ (Q25) Chasek and her colleagues have proposed a goal of ‘zero net land degradation’ .

Like the idea of carbon neutrality , it is an easily understood target that can help shape expectations and encourage action.

Whatever we do, if we want our soils to survive, we need to take action now.

neutrality (noun) /njuːˈtræləti/: tính trung lập ENG: the state of not supporting either side in a disagreement, competition or war
agitate (verb) /ˈædʒɪteɪt/: vận động, cổ vũ ENG: to argue strongly for something you want, especially for changes in a law, in social conditions, etc.
benchmark (noun) /ˈbentʃmɑːk/: tiêu chuẩn ENG: something that can be measured and used as a standard that other things can be compared with

Nhưng đây chỉ là bước đầu tiên. Pamela Chasek phát biểu tại học viện quốc tế về phát triển bền vững ở Winnipeg, Canada: “Chúng ta cần trình bày sao cho vấn đề này có thể đến được với chính phủ và cộng đồn g . Hầu hết những nhà khoa học và những nhà làm chính trị không thể hiểu được nhau ”. Chasek và các đồng nghiệp của cô đã đề xuất mục tiêu ‘không còn thoái hóa đất’.

Giống như ý tưởng về tính trung lập của carbon, đây là một mục tiêu dễ hiểu, có khả năng giúp định hình các kỳ vọng và khuyến khích hành động.

Với những loại đất trên bờ vực của việc thoái hoá , điều này có thể là quá muộn. Một số nhà nghiên cứu đang vận động xây dựng ngay các khu bảo tồn cho các loại đất có nguy cơ tuyệt chủng. Khó khăn ở đây nằm ở việc nhận diện những khu vực cần bảo tồn: những khu vực đa dạng nhất về đất? Hoặc các khu vực đất hoang sơ có khả năng trở thành tiêu chuẩn chất lượng trong tương lai.

Bất kể là việc gì, nếu chúng ta muốn cứu sống đất, chúng ta cần phải hành động ngay lúc này.

Question 14-18

Complete the summary below

Write ONE WORD ONLY from passage for each answer

Write your answers in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet

Why soil degradation could be a disaster for human

Healthy soil contains a large variety of bacteria and other microrganisms, as well as remains and 14 ……………. It provide us with food and also with antibiotics, and its function in storing 15 ……………… has a significant effect on the climate. In addition, it prevents damage to property and infrasture because it holds 16 …………..

If these microorganisms are lost, soil may lose its special properties. The main factor contributing to degradation is the 17 ………… carried out by humans.

Tại sao suy thoái đất có thể là một thảm họa cho con người

Đất khỏe mạnh chứa một lượng lớn vi khuẩn và các vi sinh vật khác, cũng như các phần còn lại và 14 …………………… Nó cung cấp cho chúng ta thức ăn và cả những kháng sinh, và chức năng lưu giữ 15 ……………….có tác động đáng kể đối với khí hậu. Them vào đó, nó ngăn ngừa thiệt hại về tài sản và cơ sở hạ tầng vì nó giữ 16 …………..

Nến những vi sinh vật này mất đi, đất sẽ mất đi thành phần đặc biết. Nhân tố chính góp phần làm suy thoái đất là 17………….. thực hiện bởi con người.

14. Cần điền một danh từ số nhiều song song với từ remains

Thông tin liên quan : Đoạn B, câu số ba, “A single gram of healthy soil might contain 100 million bacteria, as well as other microorganisms such as viruses and fungi, living amid decomposing plants and various minerals.”

Phân tích : Trích dẫn có nói rằng trong chỉ một gram đất thôi cũng có tới 100 triệu vi khuẩn, các vi sinh vật như nấm hay virus, các khoáng chất nữa >> Từ còn thiếu để điền vào vị trí trống là ‘minerals’

Đáp án : Minerals


Remains	Decomposing plants

15. Cần điền một danh từ để đi cùng với động từ ‘storing’

Thông tin liên quan : Đoạn B, câu thứ hai từ dưới lên, “… Soil is also an ally against climate change: as microorganisms within soil digest dead animals and plants, they lock in their carbon content, holding three times the amount of carbon as does the entire atmosphere” Phân tích : Các vi sinh vật trong đất hấp thụ carbon từ xác động vật và thực vật và lượng carbon trong đất gấp 3 lần trong khí quyển >> Chúng giữ ‘carbon’

Đáp án : Carbon


Significant effect on the climate	An ally against climate
Store	Lock / hold

16. Cần điền một danh từ mô tả một thứ được giữ trong đất, từ đó giúp bảo vệ tài sản hay cơ sở hạ tầng

Thông tin liên quan : Đoạn B, câu cuối cùng, “Soils also store water, preventing flood damage: in the UK, damage to buildings, roads and bridges from floods caused by soil degradation costs £233 million every year.”

Phân tích : Vì có khả năng giữ nước nên đất đã có thể ngăn chặn lũ lụt, từ đó ngăn chọn những sự phát huỷ với nhà cửa, cầu đường do lũ lụt gây ra

Đáp án : water


Property and infrastructure	Buildings, roads and bridges
Hold	Store

17. Cần một danh từ nói đến nguyên nhân chính vì sao đất suy thoái

Thông tin liên quan : Đoạn C, câu thứ tư, “Agriculture is by far the biggest problem”

Phân tích : Thông tin đoạn C có nói là đất mất màu mỡ là vấn đề lớn với con người và nguyên nhân lớn nhất là do nông nghiệp

Đáp án : agriculture


The major factor	The biggest problem
Degradation	Becomes less fertile

Question 18-21

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F below.

Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet.

18. Nutrients contained in the unsused parts of harvested crops

19. Synthetic fertilisers produced with the Haber- Bosch process

20. Addition of a mixture developed by Pius Floris to the soil

21. The idea of zero net soil degration

Dịch câu hỏi:

18. Chất dinh dưỡng có trong những phần không sử dụng của cây trồng đã thu hoạch

19. Phân tổng hợp được sản xuất theo quy trình Haber-Bosch

20. Bổ sung hỗn hợp do Pius Floris phát triển vào đất

21. Ý tưởng về việc không suy thoái đất

A. có thể cải thiện số lượng và chất lượng cây trồng ở đó
B. có thể chứa dữ liệu từ tối đa từ chín quốc gia
C. có thể không được đưa trở lại đất
D. có thể giúp các chính phủ nhận thức rõ hơn về các vấn đề liên quan đến đất
E. có thể gây ra thiệt hại cho các khía cạnh khác nhau của môi trường
F. có thể tốt hơn để sử dụng ở cấp độ toàn cầu

Thông tin liên quan : Đoạn C, câu thứ hai từ dưới lên, “Humans tend not to return unused parts of harvested crops directly to the soil to enrich it, meaning that the soil gradually becomes less fertile”

Phân tích : Con người không dùng những phần không dùng tới của mùa vụ để làm giàu đất và khiến cho đất trở nên ít màu mỡ >> Chất dinh dưỡng (unused parts) có thể sẽ không được đưa trở lại đất.


Nutrients…. not put back into the soil	The soil … less fertile

Thông tin liên quan : Đoạn D, hai câu cuối cùng, “…Chemical fertilisers can release polluting nitrous oxide into the atmosphere and excess is often washed away with the rain, releasing nitrogen into rivers. More recently, we have found that indiscriminate use of fertilisers hurts the soil itself…”

Phân tích : Chương trình Haber-Bosch sản xuất nitrate và phân bón hoá học này thải nitrous oxide vào khí quyển, thậm chí còn thải nitrogen vào sông ngòi và làm suy thoái đất khi mà dùng vô tội vạ >> Tức nó có rất nhiều mặt hại với môi trường


Damage to different aspects

Thông tin liên quan : Đoạn E, câu thứ hai từ dưới lên, “When they applied Floris’s mix to the desert-like test plots, a good crop of plants emerged that were not just healthy at the surface, but had roots strong enough to pierce dirt as hard as rock”

Phân tích : Khi sử dụng các chất do Floris tạo ra thì cây ở trên nhìn không khoẻ nhưng thực chất dễ lại khoẻ đến mức có thể đam qua những đất cứng như đá >> Tức hỗn hợp này giúp cải thiện số lượng và chất lượng của cây trồng

Thông tin liên quan : Đoạn G, câu thứ hai, “We need ways of presenting the problem that bring it home to governments and the wider public […..] Chasek and her colleagues have proposed a goal of ‘zero net land degradation”

Phân tích : Mục tiêu ‘zero net land degradation’ được đặt ra ở cuối đoạn G, và trích dẫn có nói rằng họ cần đưa vấn đề về đất đến với chính phủ và công chúng >> tức chính phủ cần nhận thức rõ hơn về các vấn đề liên quan đến đất


Be more aware of	Bring it home to …

Question 22-26

Reading passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.

Which section contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

22 . a reference to one person’s motivation for a soil-improvement project

Dịch : dẫn chứng về động lực của một người cho dự án cải thiện đất

Thông tin liên quan : Đoạn E, câu đầu tiên, “One of the people looking for a solution to this problem is Pius Floris, who started out running a tree-care business in the Netherlands, and now advises some of the world’s top soil scientists”

Phân tích: Một trong những người tìm giải pháp với các vấn đề về đất đó chính là Pius Floris, ông vận hành công ty chăm sóc cây


Soil-improvement	A solutions to this problem (soil degradation)

23 . an explanation of how soil stayed healthy before the development of farming

Dịch: lời giải thích cho việc làm sao đất duy trì tình trạng khỏe mạnh trước khi việc trồng trọt phát triển

Thông tin liên quan : Đoạn C, câu thứ năm, “In the wild, when plants grow they remove nutrients from the soil, but then when the plants die and decay these nutrients are returned directly to the soil”

Phân tích: Trong môi trường tự nhiên, khi cây lớn thì cây sẽ lấy chất dinh dưỡng từ đất và khi cây chết thì nó sẽ trả lại chất dinh dưỡng này về đất >> Đó chính là cách mà đất luôn duy trì khoẻ mạnh


Before the development of farming	In the wild

24 . examples of different ways of collecting information on soil degration

Dịch : Ví dụ về những cách thu thập thông tin khác nhau về thoái hóa đất

Thông tin liên quan : Đoạn F, câu thứ hai từ dưới lên, “Researchers from nine countries are working together to create a map linked to a database that can be fed measurements from field surveys, drone surveys, satellite imagery, lab analyses and so on to provide real-time data on the state of the soil”

Phân tích: Có rất nhiều cách để họ thu thập số liệu hay thông tin, như là từ đo lường khảo sát thực địa, hình ảnh từ máy bay không người lái, hình ảnh vệ tinh, phòng phân tích thí nghiệm ….


Collect information	A database

25 . a suggestion for a way of keeping some types of soil safe in near future

Dịch : một lời khuyên về cách giữu một số loại đất an toàn trong tương lai gần

Thông tin liên quan : Đoạn G, câu cuối cùng, “Chasek and her colleagues have proposed a goal of ‘zero net land degradation”

Phân tích: Cách thức được gợi ý để giữ một số loại đất an toàn trong tương lai chính là ‘zero net land degradation’

26 . a reason why it is difficult to provide an overview of soil degration

Dịch : một lí do tại sao khó để cung cấp một cái nhìn tổng thể về thoái hóa đất

Thông tin liên quan : Đoạn F, câu thứ hai, “To assess our options on a global scale we first need an accurate picture of what types of soil are out there, and the problems they face. That’s not easy. For one thing, there is no agreed international system for classifying soil.”

Phân tích : Việc đầu tiên để giải quyết vấn đề về đất là có được bức tranh toàn cảnh về các loại đất nhưng điều này lại không dễ dàng vì không có một hệ thống phân loại đất thống nhất trên toàn cầu


Difficult	Not easy
An overview	An accurate picture

Cambridge 13 Test 4 Passage 3: Book review

A . Happiness is the ultimate goal because it is self-evidently good. If we are asked why happiness matters we can give no further external reason. It just obviously does matter.’ This pronouncement by Richard Layard, an economist and advocate of ‘positive psychology’ summarises the beliefs of many people today. For Layard and others like him, it is obvious that the purpose of government is to promote a state of collective well-being . The only question is how to achieve it, and here positive psychology a supposed science that not only identifies what makes people happy but also allows their happiness to be measured can show the way. Equipped with this science, they say, governments can secure happiness in society in a way they never could in the past.

ultimate (adj) /ˈʌltɪmət/: tối quan trọng ENG: most extreme; best, worst, greatest, most important, etc.
well-being (noun) /ˈwel biːɪŋ/: hạnh phúc ENG: general health and happiness

‘Hạnh phúc là mục tiêu tối quan trọng bởi vì nó hiển nhiên là điều tốt. Nếu chúng ta được hỏi tại sao hạnh phúc lại quan trọng, chúng ta không thể đưa ra thêm lý do bên ngoài nào. Chỉ là rõ ràng nó quan trọng.” Tuyên bố này của Richard Layard, một nhà kinh tế và người ủng hộ ‘tâm lý tích cực’ tóm tắt niềm tin của nhiều người ngày nay. Đối với Layard và những người như ông, rõ ràng mục đích của chính phủ là thúc đẩy một trạng thái tập thể hạnh phúc. Câu hỏi duy nhất là làm thế nào để đạt được nó, và ở đây thì tâm lý tích cực, được cho là một lĩnh vực khoa học, không chỉ xác định điều khiến cho mọi người hạnh phúc mà còn đo lường được hạnh phúc của họ. Người ta cho rằng, các chính phủ áp dụng được lĩnh vực khoa học này có thể bảo đảm hạnh phúc trong xã hội theo cách mà họ chưa bao giờ có thể làm trong quá khứ.

B . It is an astonishingly crude and simple-minded way of thinking, and for that very reason increasingly popular. (Q27) Those who think in this way are oblivious to the vast philosophical literature in which the meaning and value of happiness have been explored and questioned, and write as if nothing of any importance had been thought on the subject until it came to their attention . It was the philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1748—1832) who was more than anyone else responsible for the development of this way of thinking. For Bentham it was obvious that the human good consists of pleasure and the absence of pain. (Q28) The Greek philosopher Aristotle may have identified happiness with self-realisation in the 4th century BC, and thinkers throughout the ages may have struggled to reconcile the pursuit of happiness with other human values, but for Bentham all this was mere metaphysics or fiction . Without knowing anything much of him or the school of moral theory he established — since they are by education and intellectual conviction illiterate in the history of ideas — our advocates of positive psychology follow in his tracks in rejecting as outmoded and irrelevant pretty much the entirety of ethical reflection on human happiness to date.

astonishingly (adv) /əˈstɒnɪʃɪŋli/: cực kì ENG: in a way that is very surprising
self-realisation (noun) /ˌself ˌriːəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/: tự nhận thức ENG: the fact of using your skills and abilities and achieving as much as you can possibly achieve
struggle to do something (verb) /ˈstrʌɡl/: xoay xở, vật lộn ENG: to try very hard to do something when it is difficult or when there are a lot of problems
reconcile (verb) /ˈrekənsaɪl/: hoà hợp ENG: to find an acceptable way of dealing with two or more ideas, needs, etc. that seem to be opposed to each other
metaphysics (noun) /ˌmetəˈfɪzɪks/: lý thuyết suông ENG: the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of existence, truth and knowledge
advocate (noun) /ˈædvəkət/: người ủng hộ ENG: (formal) a person who supports or speaks in favour of somebody or of a public plan or action
outmoded (adj) /ˌaʊtˈməʊdɪd/: lỗi thời ENG: no longer fashionable or useful

Đó là một cách suy nghĩ cực kì thô lỗ và đơn giản, và vì lẽ đó cái lí do đơn giản này ngày càng phổ biến. Những người nghĩ theo cách này không biết gì về văn học triết học rộng lớn, trong đó ý nghĩa và giá trị của hạnh phúc đã được khám phá và được nghi vấn, và viết như thể chủ đề này không có gì quan trọng cho đến khi họ chú ý. Nhà triết học Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) là người hơn bất cứ ai chịu trách nhiệm cho sự phát triển của lối tư duy này. Đối với Bentham, rõ ràng là điều tốt đẹp của con người bao gồm niềm vui và không có đau đớn. Nhà triết học Hy Lạp Aristotle có thể đã xác định hạnh phúc với sự tự nhận thức vào thế kỷ thứ 4 trước Công nguyên, và các nhà tư tưởng trong suốt thời đại có thể phải vật lộn để hòa hợp việc theo đuổi hạnh phúc với các giá trị khác của con người, nhưng đối với Bentham, đây chỉ là lý thuyết suông hay hư cấu. Không biết gì nhiều về Bentham hay trường phái lý thuyết đạo đức ông ấy đã thiết lập – bởi chúng được truyền lại bởi giáo dục và niềm tin trí tuệ mù chữ trong lịch sử tư tưởng – những người ủng hộ tâm lý tích cực phủ định lối tư duy của ông vì gần như toàn bộ phản ánh đạo đức về hạnh phúc của con người cho đến nay đã lỗi thời và không liên quan.

C . But as William Davies notes in his recent book The Happiness Industry, the view that happiness is the only self-evident good is actually a way of limiting moral inquiry. One of the virtues of this rich, lucid and arresting book is that it places the current cult of happiness in a well-defined historical framework. Rightly, Davies begins his story with Bentham, noting that he was far more than a philosopher. Davies writes, ‘Bentham’s activities were those which we might now associate with a public sector management consultant’. (Q30) In the 1790s, he wrote to the Home Office suggesting that the departments of government be linked together through a set of ‘conversation tubes’ , and (Q31 + 32) to the Bank of England with a design for a printing device that could produce unforgeable banknotes. He drew up plans for a “frigidarium” to keep provisions such as meat, fish, fruit and vegetables fresh . (Q33) H e celebrated design for a prison to be known as “panoptican”, in which prisoners would be kept in solitary confinement while being visible at all time to the guards , was very nearly adopted . (Surprisingly, Davies does not discuss the fact that Bentham meant his Panoptican not just as a model prison but also as an instrument of control that could be applied to schools and factories.)

virtue (noun) /ˈvɜːtʃuː/: ưu điểm ENG: a particular good quality or habit
moral (adj) /ˈmɒrəl/: đạo đức ENG: connected with principles of right and wrong behaviour
lucid (adj) /ˈluːsɪd/: sáng suốt, rõ ràng ENG: clearly expressed; easy to understand
cult (noun) /kʌlt/: sự sùng bái ENG: a small group of people who have extreme religious beliefs and who are not part of any established religion
confinement (noun) /kənˈfaɪnmənt/: giam giữ ENG: the state of being forced to stay in a closed space, prison, etc.; the act of putting somebody there

Nhưng như William Davies đã lưu ý trong cuốn sách gần đây của ông, The Happiness Industry, quan điểm cho rằng hạnh phúc hiển nhiên là điều tốt thực sự là một cách hạn chế yêu cầu đạo đức. Một trong những ưu điểm của cuốn sách phong phú, sáng suốt và cuốn hút này là nó đặt sự sùng bái hạnh phúc hiện tại trong một khuôn khổ lịch sử được xác định rõ ràng. Đúng vậy, Davies bắt đầu câu chuyện của mình với Bentham, lưu ý rằng ông ấy còn hơn cả một nhà triết học. Davies viết, ‘Các hoạt động của Bentham là những hoạt động mà chúng ta có thể liên tưởng tới một nhà tư vấn quản lý khu vực công’. Vào những năm 1790, ông đã viết cho Home Office gợi ý rằng các phòng ban của chính phủ nên được liên kết với nhau thông qua một bộ ‘ống hội thoại’ và gợi ý cho Ngân hàng Anh với thiết kế cho một thiết bị in có thể sản xuất tiền giấy không thể làm giả được. Ông vẽ ra các kế hoạch cho “frigidarium” để dự trữ thực phẩm như thịt, cá, trái cây và rau quả tươi. Ông đã cử hành thiết kế cho một nhà tù được biết đến là “panoptican”, trong đó tù nhân sẽ bị giam giữ một mình trong khi được quản ngục theo dõi mọi lúc, đã gần như được chấp nhận. (Đáng ngạc nhiên, Davies không thảo luận về việc Bentham cho rằng Panoptican của ông không chỉ là một nhà tù kiểu mẫu mà còn là một công cụ kiểm soát có thể áp dụng cho các trường học và nhà máy).

D . Bentham was also a pioneer of the “science of hapiness”. (Q34/36) If hapiness is to be regared as a science, it has to be measured, and Bentham suggested two ways in which it might be done . Viewing hapiness as a complex of pleasurable sensations , he suggested that it might be quantified by measuring the human pulse rate. Alternatively, money could be used as the standard for quantification: if two different goods have the same price, it can be claimed that they produce the same quantity of pleasure in the consumer. Bentham was more attracted by the latter measure. (Q29) By associating the money so closely to inner experience, Davies writes, Bentham “set the stage for the entangling of psychological research and capitalism that would shape the business practices of the twentieth century “.

sensation (noun) /senˈseɪʃn/: cảm giác hài lòng ENG: very great surprise, excitement, or interest among a lot of people; the person or the thing that causes this surprise
pulse (noun) /pʌls/: nhịp tim ENG: the regular beat of the heart as it sends blood around the body
entangle (verb) /ɪnˈtæŋɡl/: phức tạp ENG: to involve somebody in a difficult or complicated situation
capitalism (noun) chủ nghĩa tư bản ENG: an economic system in which a country’s businesses and industry are controlled and run for profit by private owners rather than by the government

Bentham cũng là người tiên phong của “khoa học về hạnh phúc”. Nếu hạnh phúc được coi là khoa học, nó phải được đong đếm, và Bentham đề nghị hai cách mà có thể thực hiện được điều này. Coi hạnh phúc là một phức hợp của các cảm giác hài lòng, ông cho rằng nó có thể được định lượng bằng cách đo nhịp tim của con người. Ngoài ra, tiền có thể được sử dụng làm tiêu chuẩn để định lượng: nếu hai hàng hóa khác nhau có cùng một mức giá, có thể khẳng định rằng chúng tạo ra cùng một lượng niềm vui trong người tiêu dùng. Bentham bị thu hút bởi biện pháp thứ hai hơn. Davies viết bằng cách liên hệ chặt chẽ tiền với trải nghiệm từ tâm, Bentham “đã thiết lập một nền tảng phức tạp về nghiên cứu tâm lý và chủ nghĩa tư bản, những điều sẽ định hình các hoạt động kinh doanh của thế kỷ XX”

E. (Q35) T he Happiness Industry describes how the project of a science of happiness has become integral to capitalism. We learn much that is interesting about how economic problems are being redefined and treated as psychological maladies . In addition, Davies shows how the belief that the inner states of pleasure and displeasure can be objectively measured has informed managment studies and advertising. The tendency of thinkers such as J B Watson, the founder of behaviourism*, was that human beings can be shaped, or manipulated , by policymakers or managers. Watson has no factual basis for his view of human action. (Q37) When he became the president of the American Psychological Association in 1915, he “had never even studied a single human being”: his research had been confined to experiments on white rats . (Q38) Yet Watson’s reductive model now is widely applied, with “behaviour change” becoming the goal of governments: in Britain, a “Behaviour Insights Team” has been established by the government to study how people can be encouraged, in minimum cost to the public purse, to live in what are considered socially desirable ways.

malady (noun) /ˈmælədi/: chứng bệnh ENG: a serious problem
integral (adj) /ɪnˈteɡrəl/: quan trọng, không thể thiếu ENG: being an essential part of something
manipulate (verb) /məˈnɪpjuleɪt/: thao túng ENG: to control or influence somebody/something, often in a dishonest way so that they do not realize it
desirable (adj) /dɪˈzaɪərəbl/: mong muốn ENG: (formal) that you would like to have or do; worth having or doing

Quyển The Happiness Industry miêu tả cách dự án khoa học về hạnh phúc đã trở nên không thể thiếu đối với chủ nghĩa tư bản. Chúng tôi tìm hiểu nhiều điều thú vị về cách các vấn đề về kinh tế đang được định nghĩa lại và được điều trị như chứng bệnh về tâm lý. Thêm vào đó, Davies chỉ ra cách các trạng thái bên trong của niềm vui và sự không hài lòng có thể được đo lường khách quan đã cung cấp thêm thông tin cho các nghiên cứu quản lý và quảng cáo. Xu hướng của các nhà tư tưởng như J B Watson, người sáng lập chủ nghĩa hình vi*, là con người có thể được định hình, hoặc bị thao túng bởi các nhà hoạch định chính sách hay người quản lý. Watson không có cơ sở thực tế cho quan điểm của ông về hành vi của con người. Khi ông trở thành chủ tịch của Hiệp hội tâm lý Mỹ năm 1915, ông “chưa bao giờ nghiên cứu trên một cá thể người nào”: nghiên cứu của ông đã được giới hạn trong các thí nghiệm trên chuột trắng. Tuy nhiên, mô hình thu gọn của Watson giờ đây được áp dụng rộng rãi, với “thay đổi hành vi” trở thành mục tiêu của chính phủ: ở Anh, “Tổ chức nghiên cứu hành vi” đã được chính phủ thiết lập để nghiên cứu cách khuyến khích mọi người, mà tốn ít tiền của chính phủ nhất, sống trong những gì được coi là cách xã hội mong muốn .

F . (Q39) M odern industrial societies appear to need the possibility of ever-increasing happiness to motivate them in their labour . But whatever its intellectual pedigree , (Q40) the ideal that the governments should be responsible for promoting happiness is always a threat to human freedom.

pedigree (noun) /ˈpedɪɡriː/: phả hệ ENG: a person’s family history or the background of something, especially when this is impressive

Xã hội công nghiệp hiện đại dường như mong muốn con người có thể ngày càng trở nên hạnh phúc để thúc giục, truyền động lực trong lao động . Nhưng dù bất kể phả hệ trí tuệ như nào, việc chính phủ chịu trách nhiệm nâng cao sự hạnh phúc của người dân luôn là một sự đe doạ với tự do con người.

Question 27-29

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C of D

Write the correct answer in boxes 27-29 on your answer sheet.

27. What is the reviewer’s attitude to advocates of positive psychology?

A. They are wrong to reject the ideas of Bentham
B. They are over- influenced their study of Bentham’s theories
C. They have a fresh new approach to ideas on human happiness
D. They are ignorant about the ideas they should be considering

Dịch : Thái độ của người đánh giá đối với những người ủng hộ tâm lý tích cực là gì?

A. Họ đã sai khi bác bỏ những ý tưởng của Bentham
B. Họ bị ảnh hưởng quá nhiều đến việc nghiên cứu các lý thuyết của Bentham
C. Họ có một cách tiếp cận mới mẻ đối với những ý tưởng về hạnh phúc của con người
D. Họ không biết gì về những ý tưởng mà họ nên xem xét

Thông tin liên quan : Đoạn B, câu thứ hai, “Those who think in this way are oblivious to the vast philosophical literature in which the meaning and value of happiness have been explored and questioned, and write as if nothing of any importance had been thought on the subject until it came to their attention”

Phân tích :

A. False. Trong nội dung đoạn B, những người ủng hộ thuyết này nghe theo học thuyết của Bentham chứ không bác bỏ nó.
B. Not given. Đoạn B không nhắc đến việc những người ủng hộ bị ảnh hưởng như thế nào bởi học thuyết của Bentham, họ chỉ đồng ý với quan điểm đó.
C. Not given. Đoạn B không nói đến cách tiếp cận mới về ý tưởng về hạnh phúc loài người.
D. True. Họ viết về các chủ đề này cứ như thể chúng không có gì quan trọng, tức họ thờ ơ với nó.

Từ vựng trong câu hỏi	Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài đọc
Advocates	Those who think in this way
Ignorant	Nothing had been thought
Of importance	Should be considering

28. The reviewer refers to the Greek philosopher Aristotle in order to suggest that happiness

A. may not be just pleasure and the absence of pain
B. should not be the main goal of humans
C. is not something that should be fought for
D. is not just an abstract concept

Dịch : Người đánh giá đề cập đến nhà triết học Hy Lạp Aristotle để gợi ý rằng hạnh phúc

A. có thể không chỉ là niềm vui và sự vắng mặt của nỗi đau
B. không nên là mục tiêu chính của con người
C. không phải là thứ nên đấu tranh cho
D. không chỉ là một khái niệm trừu tượng

Thông tin liên quan : Đoạn B, câu thứ hai từ dưới lên, “The Greek philosopher Aristotle may have identified happiness with self-realisation in the 4th century BC, and thinkers throughout the ages may have struggled to reconcile the pursuit of happiness with other human values, but for Bentham all this was mere metaphysics or fiction.”

A. True. Trong đoạn B, Bentham cho rằng hạnh phúc là sự kết hợp giữa sự hài lòng và không có nỗi đau. Khi nói tới nhà triết học người Hy Lạp Aristotle, tác giả viết rằng, ông Aristotle định nghĩa hạnh phúc là sự tự nhận thức chứ không chỉ là định nghĩa như trên

B. Not given. Đoạn B không nhắc đến việc đó có là mục tiêu chính của con người hay không

C. Not given. Không có thông tin về việc con người nên đấu tranh cho hạnh phúc hay không

D. Not given. Không có thông tin về việc này. Trong đoạn B có nhắc đến việc Bentham coi rằng ý tưởng của Aristotle là viển vông và hư cấu chứ không nói đến việc hạnh phúc là một phạm trù mơ hồ.

29 . According to Davies, Bentham’s suggestion for linking the price of goods to happiness was significant because

A. it was the first successful way of accessing happiness
B. it established a connection between work and psychology
C. it was the first successful example of psychological reseach
D. it involved consideration of the rights of consumer

Dịch : Theo Davies, gợi ý của Bentham về việc liên kết giá hàng hóa với mức độ hạnh phúc là rất quan trọng vì

A. đó là cách thành công đầu tiên để tiếp cận hạnh phúc
B. nó thiết lập mối liên hệ giữa công việc và tâm lý
C. đó là ví dụ thành công đầu tiên về nghiên cứu tâm lý
D. nó liên quan đến việc xem xét các quyền của người tiêu dùng

Thông tin liên quan : Đoạn D, câu cuối cùng, “By associating the money so closely to inner experience, Davies writes, Bentham “set the stage for the entangling of psychological research and capitalism that would shape the business practices of the twentieth century”

A. False. Đây chỉ là một cách để đánh giá hạnh phúc (cách thứ 2) chứ không phải cách đầu tiên hiệu quả nhất

B. True. Trong nội dung đoạn D, phần cuối đoạn, tác giả Davies viết rằng, bằng việc liên hệ chặt chẽ giữa tiền và nội tâm bên trong, Bentham đã thiết lập ra một nền tảng cho mối quan hệ giữa nghiên cứu tâm lí và các hoạt động kinh tế ở thế kỉ 20. Do vậy đáp án B là đáp án chính xác.

C. Not given. Không có thông tin nào về nội dung này trong đoạn

D. Not given. Không có thông tin về việc đánh giá quyền lợi của người tiêu dùng


Linking / a connection	Associating

Question 30-34

Complete the summary using the list of words A-G below

Write the correct answer, A-G, in boxes 30-34 on your answer sheet

Jeremy Bentham

Jeremy Bentham was active in other areas besides philosophy. In the 1790s, he suggested a type of technology to improve 30………… for different government departments. He developed a new way of printing banknotes to increase 31…… …….. and also designed a method for the 32……………….. of food. He also drew up plans for a prison which allow the 33…………………. of prisoners at all times, and believe the same design could be used for other institutions as well. When reseaching happiness, he investigated possibilities for its 34………………., and suggested some methods of doing this.

A. measurement B. security C. implementation

D. profits E. observation F. communication

G. preservation

Jeremy Bentham hoạt động trong nhiều lình vực khác bên cạnh triết học. Trong những năm 70, ông đề xuất loại công nghệ để cải thiện 30……………. cho nhiều bộ, ban, ngành chính phủ. Ông đã phát triển nên một kĩ thuật in tiền mới để tăng 31………….. và cũng thiết kế phương pháp để 32……………. thức ăn. Ông đã lên kế hoạch cho một nhà tù cho phép 33……………….tù nhân mọi lúc, và tin rằng mô hình này cũng có thể được áp dụng ở các cơ quan khác. Khi nghiên cứu về sự hạnh phúc, ông điều tra ra khả năng 34…………….. của nó và đề xuất một số phương pháp làm điền này.

Câu 30: Cần điền một danh từ thể hiện tác dụng của công nghệ mà Bentham đã giới thiệu vào những năm 1970.

Thông tin liên quan : Đoạn C, thông tin giữa đoạn, “In the 1790s, he wrote to the Home Office suggesting that the departments of government be linked together through a set of ‘conversation tubes”

Phân tích: Trích dẫn có nói các ban ngành chính phủ có thể liên kết với nhau qua các ống hội thoại, tức là yếu tố giao tiếp của họ được cải thiện >> Ta cần điền từ “communication”


Communication	Conversation

Câu 31 + 32 : Cần điền danh từ, để nói về phương pháp in tiền mới có tác động tích cực trong việc tăng cái gì, và ông đã thiết kế một phương pháp gì liên quan đến thức ăn.

Thông tin liên quan : Đoạn C, thông tin giữa đoạn, “[…] to the Bank of England with a design for a printing device that could produce unforgeable banknotes. He drew up plans for a “frigidarium” to keep provisions such as meat, fish, fruit and vegetables fresh”

Phân tích : Đối với Ngân Hàng Anh Quốc thì đưa ra một thiết kế cho thiết bị in ấn có thể sản xuất những tờ tiền không thể bị làm giả >> Tức hành động của ông đã tăng an ninh tiền tệ, điền từ ‘security’

Ông đồng thời cũng có những kế hoạch để giữ thức ăn được tươi, tức ông đề xuất phương pháp bảo quản thức ăn nên từ cần điền là ‘preservation’

Đáp án: 31. B 32. G


Preservation	Keep provisions … fresh

Câu 33 . Câu hỏi trong bài cần điền 1 danh từ thể hiện việc nhà giam Bentham thiết kế cho phép kiểm soát tù nhân bằng cách nào

Thông tin liên quan : Đoạn C, câu thứ hai từ dưới lên, “He celebrated design for a prison to be known as “panoptican”, in which prisoners would be kept in solitary confinement while being visible at all time to the guards”

Phân tích: Ông đề xuất thiết kế nhà từ mà trong đó những người tù bị giam giữ độc lập và vẫn có thể được quan sát bởi những người quản tù mọi lúc >> Tức thiết kế của ông cho phép sự quan sát mọi lúc >> Cần điền từ ‘observation’


Observation	Being visible

Thông tin liên quan : Đoạn D, câu thứ hai, “If hapiness is to be regared as a science, it has to be measured […]”

Phân tích: Ông cho rằng nếu hạnh phúc là một loại khoa học thì cần có cách cân đo nó, và ông đã đưa ra một số biện pháp phía sau như ‘measuring the human pulse rate’, hoặc là ‘money could be used as the standard for quantification’ >> Vậy nên từ cần điền vào vị trí trống là ‘measurement’


Measurement	Has to be measured

Question 35-40

In boxes 35-40 on the answer sheet, write:

YES if the statement agrees with the information
NO if the statement contradicts with the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no informatin on this

35. One strength of The Happiness Industry is its discussion of the relationship between psychology and economics.

Dịch : Một điểm mạnh của cuốn The Happiness Industry là nó bàn luận về mối quan hệ giữa tâm lí học và kinh tế học

Thông tin liên quan : Đoạn E, câu đầu tiên, “The Happiness Industry describes how the project of a science of happiness has become integral to capitalism. We learn much that is interesting about how economic problems are being redefined and treated as psychological maladies”

Phân tích : Trong cuốn sách này, nó mô tả cách các dự án khoa học về hạnh phúc quan trọng như thế nào với chủ nghĩa tư bản, cuốn sách còn giúp định nghĩa lại các vấn đề về kinh tế nữa và cách sử lý các vấn đề này như những bệnh về tâm lý >> Đúng là mối quan hệ giữa tâm lý và kinh tế đã được thảo luận

Đáp án : Yes


Psychology	Psychological maladies
Economics	Economic problems

36. It is more difficult to measure some emotions than others.

Dịch : Việc đong đếm cảm xúc thì khó hơn nhiều so với đong đếm những thứ khác.

Thông tin liên quan : Đoạn D, câu thứ hai, “If hapiness is to be regared as a science, it has to be measured, and Bentham suggested two ways in which it might be done”

Phân tích : Thông tin trong bài đọc chỉ nói rằng có thể đo đếm hạnh phúc, chứ không nói đến việc đo đếm một số cảm xúc, hay cũng không có sự so sánh cái nào khó hơn cái nào.

Đáp án : Not given

37. Watson’s ideas on behaviourism were supported by research on humans he carried out before 1915.

Dịch : Ý tưởng của Watson về chủ nghĩa hành vi được ủng hộ bởi nghiên cứu trên con người mà ông thực hiện trước năm 1915

Thông tin liên quan : Đoạn E, câu thứ hai từ dưới lên, “When he became the president of the American Psychological Association in 1915, he “had never even studied a single human being”: his research had been confined to experiments on white rats”

Phân tích : Cho tới năm 1915 thì ông chưa bao giờ thử nghiệm trên người cả mà mới chỉ thử nghiệp trên chuột thôi >> Trái ngược với thông tin câu hỏi

Đáp án : No

38. Watson’s ideas have been most influential on governments outside America.

Dịch : Ý tưởng của Watson đã có ảnh hưởng lớn nhất đối với các chính phủ ngoài nước Mỹ.

Thông tin liên quan : Đoạn E, câu cuối cùng, “Yet Watson’s reductive model now is widely applied, with “behaviour change” becoming the goal of governments: in Britain, […] Phân tích : Trích dẫn có nói rằng nghiên cứu/ ý tưởng của ông là một điển mẫu và có đưa ra áp dụng của nó ở Anh, nhưng không có nói về việc nó hiệu quả nhất hay có sức ảnh hưởng nhất ở quốc gia nào

39. The need for happiness is linked to industrialisation

Dịch : Nhu cầu hạnh phúc liên quan đến công nghiệp hóa

Thông tin liên quan : Đoạn F, câu đầu tiên, “Modern industrial societies appear to need the possibility of ever-increasing happiness to motivate them in their labour”

Phân tích : Trích dẫn có nói rằng trong xã hội công nghiệp hiện đại, việc có được hạnh phúc thúc đẩy, truyền động lực cho mọi người trong lao động” >> Chính xác với thông tin ở câu hỏi.


The need for happiness	The possibility of ever-increasing happiness
Industrialisation	Modern industrial societies

40. A main aim of government should be to increase the happiness of the population.

Dịch : Một mục tiêu chính của chính phủ nên là làm gia tăng hạnh phúc của người dân.

Thông tin liên quan : Đoạn F, câu cuối cùng, “[…] the ideal that the governments should be responsible for promoting happiness is always a threat to human freedom”

Phân tích : Việc các chính phủ chịu trách nhiệm làm tăng hạnh phúc của người dân là có thật nhưng lại là mối đe dọa cho sự tự do của con người chứ không phải là mục tiêu chính của chính phủ.

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BOOK Review




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1) ielts 13 reading passage - how baby talk boost infant brains ↗. 2) ielts 13 reading passage - harappan civilisation ↗. 3) ielts 13 reading passage - cutty sark: the fastest sailing ship ↗. 4) ielts 13 reading passage - saving the soil ↗. 5) ielts 13 reading passage - the coconut palm ↗ _____
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Comparatively speaking, the plot of this book appears at first to be a little on the light side although her bizarre characters and inventiveness keep the reader well entertained. However, the story suddenly becomes convoluted towards the end and the denouement rapidly ensues, leaving the reader feeling short-changed.
IELTS General Training Reading: Cambridge 9 Test A ...
This post can guide you the best to understand every Reading answer easily and without much difficulty. Finding IELTS Reading answers is a step-by-step process and I hope this post can help you in this respect. IELTS Cambridge 9 Test A: GT Reading Module Section 1: No Title. Questions 1-6 (Matching Advertisements with job descriptions):
IELTS Mock Test 2023 September
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage. Using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet. Ecotourism is not a nature 10 but a 11 tour. The reason why South America promotes ecotourism is due to the destruction of 12.
IELTS Reading Practice 106: Book Review
IELTS Reading Practice 106: Book Review. 1607. By IELTS Practice Online. The Happiness Industry: How the Government and Big Business Sold Us Well-Being. By William Davies. 'Happiness is the ultimate goal because it is self-evidently good. If we are asked why happiness matters we can give no further external reason. It just obviously does ...
Answers and Explanations for Cam 13 Reading Test 1
26. curiosity. 27. Question: What is the writer suggesting about computer-produced works in the first paragraph? Key words: suggest, computer-produced, works. In paragraph 1, the writer tells us about how successful works of art have been which have been produced using the computer: " Classical music by an artificial composer has had ...
A Book Review
In boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet, write. YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer. NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer. NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this. 37. Vargas' style of writing is typical of crime fiction.
IELTS Reading Cambridge 13 Test 4: Dịch đề, phân tích đáp án
Dịch đề & phân tích đáp án IELTS Reading Cambridge 13 Test 4 gồm Passage 1: CUTTY SARK: THE FASTEST SAILING SHIP OF ALL TIME, Passage 2: SAVING THE SOIL và Passage 3: BOOK REVIEW.
CAMBRIDGE IELTS 9 TESTS [WITH ANSWERS]
Information Theory - The Big Idea: Reading Passage 03 With Answers. Cambridge IELTS 9 Academic Reading Test 4. The Life & Work of Marie Curie: Reading Passage 01 With Answers. Young Children's Sense of Identity: Reading Passage 02 With Answers. The Development of Museums: Reading Passage 3 With Answers.
BOOK Review
By Princi Sharma / September 20, 2021. BOOK CAMBRIDGE IELTS 13 ANSWER KEY. ACADEMIC READING TEST 4 (FOUR) PASSAGE 3 ANSWERS. 27. D. 28. A. 29.
GIẢI CHI TIẾT ĐỀ THI IELTS READING: Book Review
39 The need for happiness is linked to industrialisation. 40 A main aim of government should be to increase the happiness of the population. ĐÁP ÁN VÀ GIẢI CHI TIẾT ĐỀ THI IELTS READING: Book Review. Questions 27-29. Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write the correct letter in boxes 27-29 on your answer sheet.
IELTS Listening Recent Actual Tests and Answers
IELTS Reading (Academic) Actual Tests with Answers | eBook vol 2. Rated 5.00 out of 5 $ 29.99 $ 3.99; Sale! IELTS Reading (Academic) Actual Tests with Answers | eBook vol 1. Rated 4.50 out of 5 $ 29.99 $ 3.99; 16 reviews for IELTS Listening Recent Actual Tests and Answers ... Best books for IELTS.

Questions 27-29

Questions 30-34

Questions 35-40

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Cambridge IELTS 13 Academic Reading Test 4 with Answers

Cutty Sark: the fastest sailing ship of all time

READING PASSAGE 2

SAVING THE SOIL

Why soil degradation could be a disaster for humans

READING PASSAGE 3

Book Review

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Cambridge IELTS 13 Academic Reading Test 4 Answers

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Book Review Reading Answers: IELTS Reading Practice Test

Book Review Reading Passage

Book Review Reading Questions and Answers

Book Review Reading Answers with Explanations

Questions and Answers 4-8

Questions and Answers 9-14

Book Review Reading Answers with E xplanations

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Book Review - IELTS Reading Answers

Table of Contents

Questions 1-3

Questions 4-8

Questions 9-14

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Book Review - IELTS Reading Answers

Book Review Reading Passage

Book Review Reading Questions

Questions 4-8

Questions 9-14

Book Review IELTS Reading Answers with Explanations

13. NOT GIVEN

14. NOT GIVEN

What are some common mistakes to avoid in the IELTS Reading test?

How can I improve my reading speed for the IELTS Reading test?

What are some effective reading strategies for the IELTS Reading test?

What are the criteria for determining the IELTS Reading score?

Are spelling mistakes penalised for the IELTS Reading test?

Reviews of books

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