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Second Term JSS1 Civic Education Scheme of Work

Welcome great EduPodian, here is your Second Term JSS1 Civic Education Scheme of Work and the excerpt of the Second Term JSS1 Civic Education Lesson Note.

Scheme of Work:

1 Revision of Last Term’s Work 2 Citizenship – Meaning – Types Causesand Effects of Falsehood and Theft 3 Process of Becoming a Citizenof a Country Causes and Effects of Murder and Rape 4&5 Rights and Duties of Citizens Causes and Effects of Advanced Fee Fraud 419 and Embezzlement 6&7 DifferencebetweenRight and Duties Obligations Causes and Effects of Cultism and Drug Abuse Importance of Rights and Duties of Citizens 8 Types of Rights of a Citizen 9 Dealing in Fake Drugs 10 Consequences of Non-performance of Obligation 11 Revision 12 Examination

WEEK TWO TOPIC: Citizenship PERIOD: The Meaning and Types of Citizenship CONTENT: Citizenship refers to the relationship which exists between an individual and the country he lives. A citizen is expected to obey the law of the land and perform certain duties to his country. On the other hand, the country is also expected to protect the life and property of the citizen. The country is to provide basic amenities such as road, electricity, and pipe- borne water for the citizens.

Types of Citizenship A. Citizenship by Birth: The following are the ways Nigerian citizenship can be acquired by birth. 1. Everyone born in Nigeria before 1st October 1960.Such person is a Nigerian citizen if any of his parents or grandparents was born in Nigeria. 2. Everyone borninNigeria afterindependencei.e 1st October 1960 whose parents or grandparents are citizens of Nigeria… LESSON NOTE DOWNLOAD …. CLICK HERE to download the complete lesson note.

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National Values Education Syllabus, Federal Civic Education Scheme of work for JSS1. Self Reliance – Schemeofwork.com

CIVIC EDUCATION JSS ONE 1 ST TERM

WEEK	TOPIC	CONTENT	TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES	STUDENTS’ ACTIVITIES
1	Meaning and Importance or Functions of Civic Education.	Definition of Civic Education: a subject that teaches a child to understand and fulfill his rights and responsibilities as a citizen. Importance: Improves the quality of governance, educates citizens on their rights, improves quality of government etc.	Guides the students to define the concept. Leads the students to mention the functions of civic education.	Participate in the discussion. Mention the functions of civic education.
2	Meaning and Types of Value.	Definition of Value as that which renders anything useful. Positive and Negative Value.	Guides the students to explain the meaning of values. Asks the students to mention the types of Value.	Participate in the discussion. Mention the types of Value.
3	Levels of Manifestation of Values.	Explanation of different levels of manifestation of Values: In the individual and in the society.	Explains the levels of manifestation of values.	Participate actively in the discussion.
4	Importance of values in the society.	Unity, cooperation, harmony etc.	Guides the students to analyze the importance of value.	Analyze the importance of Values.
5	Factors that promote Value System.	Consistency, trust, tolerance, fairness, integrity, commitment.	Guides students to identify factors that promote good value system.	Participate in the conversation.
6	Honesty: meaning of honesty and its attributes.	Meaning and attributes of honesty: a facet of moral character that connotes positive and virtuous attributes. Attributes of honesty: integrity, truthfulness, straightforwardness, absence of lying, cheating, theft etc.	Leads them to explaining the attributes of honesty.	Participate in the discussion.
7	Consequences of Dishonesty.	Examination malpractice, robbery, vandalism, cheating, stealing, electoral fraud, mistrust etc.	Uses a guest speaker to explain the consequences of dishonesty.	Listen to the speaker.
8	Benefits of Honesty.	Confidence, progress, blessings and favors, popularity, recognition and commendation.	Guides the students to explain the benefits of honesty.	Participate actively in the explanation.
9	Cooperation.	Meaning of cooperation; e.g. working together to achieve a common goal.	Leads discussion on the meaning of cooperation.	Participate in the discussion.
10	Attributes of Cooperation.	Caring, sharing, keeping secrets, friendship etc.	Leads discussion on the attributes of cooperation.	Participate in the discussion.
11	Factors that promote Cooperation.	Understanding, empathy, common needs or interest, sharing a common goal, maturity etc.	Leads discussion on the factors that promote cooperation.	Participate in the discussion.
12	Benefits of Cooperation.	Harmony, progress, goal attainment, happiness, understanding, protection and safety, peace and tranquility.	Guides discussion on the benefits of cooperation.	Participate in the discussion.
13	Revision.
14	Examination.

CIVIC EDUCATION JSS1 2 ND TERM

WEEK	TOPIC	CONTENT	TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES	STUDENTS’ ACTIVITIES
1	Self-reliance: Meanings of Self-reliance.	Relying on one’s abilities and effort. Determining to do what you want without depending on anybody.	Guides the students on the definition of self-reliance.	Engage in the discussion.
2	Attributes of Self-reliance.	Self-employment, self- satisfaction, self-respect, self-indulgence, self-discipline, self-confidence, self-help.	Uses a guest speaker to speak on the attributes of self-reliance.	Listen to the guest speaker
3	Benefits of Self-reliance.	Provision of employment, improving standard of writing, adequate provision of food, clothing and shelter, reduction of poverty etc.	Guides the students using discussion to analyze the benefits of self-reliance.	Engage in the discussion and analysis of the benefits of self-reliance.
4	Dimensions of Self-reliance.	Health dimension, economic dimension, education dimension, social dimension, and policy dimension.	Uses a guest speaker to speak on the dimensions of self-reliance.	Listen and ask questions where necessary.
5	Meaning of Talent and Skill.	Talent is a natural skill or ability at something. Skill is the ability to do something well.	Guides students to explain talents and skills.	Participate in the class discussion.
6	Process of identifying, nurturing, and perfecting talents and skills.	Protecting the minds from mental filth, individual aptitude and good education, learning and developing of skills.	Give practical examples of agencies that help tap and develop skills.	Participate actively in the discussion.
7	Consequences of undiscovered talents and undeveloped skills.	Ignorance, low standard of living, lack of social amenities, no meaningful progress, no self-development.	Creates activities to help identify students’ skills and talents.	Contribute to the discussion on what their talents are.
8	A Nation’s Wealth for Self-reliance	Natural and Human resources that make up the wealth of a Nation; Acquiring the required talents and skills to harness the natural and human resources of the country.	Explains the resources that make up a nation’s wealth, how to make wealth and develop the nation.	Participate in the discovering of Natural and Human Resources.
9	Citizenship. Meaning of Citizenship and Citizen.	Membership of a nation based on the laid down conditions.	Guides the students to explain the meaning of citizenship.	Differentiate between citizenship and citizen
10	Types of Citizenship, processes of becoming a citizen of a country.	By birth, registration and naturalization.	Guides the students on how to become a citizen of a country.	Participate in the discussion.
11	Revision.
12	Examination.

National Values Education Syllabus, Federal Civic Education Scheme of work for JSS1 – Schemeofwork.com

CIVIC EDUCATION 3 RD TERM JSS1

WEEK	TOPIC	CONTENT	TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES	STUDENTS’ ACTIVITIES
1	Rights and duties of a Citizen: meaning of rights with examples.	Definition of rights, examples of rights: right to life, right to freedom of speech, right to freedom of association etc.	Guides students to define rights and give examples.	Participate and give examples of rights.
2	Meaning of duties of a citizen.	Things done by the citizens for the rights they enjoy; pay taxes and rates, vote during elections etc.	Guides students to define duties.	Define duties and mention examples.
3	Differences between rights and duties.	Rights; what citizens enjoy, given to hum by the constitution. E.g. voting rights. Duties; obligations by law for the citizens. E.g. payment of tax.	Differentiates between rights and duties of citizens.	Participate in bringing out the differences.
4	Importance of citizens’ rights and duties.	Social control, peace, due process, discipline, etc.	Leads students to mention the importance of rights and duties of citizens.	Mention importance of rights and duties of citizens.
5	Objectives of national consciousness: national symbols.	National symbols: the coat of arms, national flag, national currency etc.	Brings pictures and charts of national symbols to show the students.	Identify and describe the national symbols.
6	Objectives of national consciousness: National Anthem and Pledge.	Recitation and analysis of the National Anthem and the National Pledge.	Asks students to recite the national anthem and national pledge.	Recite the national anthem and pledge. Participate in the analysis.
7	Objectives of national consciousness: describing the unifying measures included in the national anthem and pledge.	Analyses of the unifying measures of the national anthem and pledge.	Guides students to analyze the unifying measures.	Participate in the analyses.
8	Purpose of establishing National Institutions.	Measures and institutions that foster national unity among Nigerians – NYSC, Unity schools, Federal character etc.	Guides students to discuss institutions that foster national unity.	Participate in class discussion.
9	Ways of promoting national unity.	Tolerance, hospitality, non-discrimination, inter-marriage etc.	Guides the students to identify ways of promoting national unity.	Lead the discussion on how they can promote national unity.
10	Ways of promoting national unity.	Obedience to law, understanding and love.	Leads students to explain some ways of promoting national unity.	Appreciate the discussion on ways to promote national unity.
11	Ways of promoting national unity.	Knowledge, national consciousness and appreciation of another people’s culture.	Provokes discussion on the need to promote national unity.	Leads the discussion on the need to promote national unity.
12	Revision.
13	Examination.

CIVIC EDUCATION JSS1 FIRST TERM


1	NATIONAL VALUES Meaning of Civic EducationImportance/Functions of Civic Education to the Nigerian youth.	Teacher: Lead the students to find out the meaning of civic education and state their importance to them Student: Participate in class discussion Instructional material: moral instruction books
2	NATIONAL VALUES Meaning of values Negative valuesPositive values	Teacher: Lead the students to find out the meaning of values Students: find out the meaning of values Instructional materials: Introductory textbooks on value
3	NATIONAL VALUES Levels of manifestations of values In individualIn the society	Teacher: Use case studies and contrive situations to guide students to analyze the manifestations of values in the individual and the society. Instructional material: Posters and cartoons
4	NATIONAL VALUES Importance of values in the society e.g. unity, cooperation, harmony etc.	Teacher: Use case studies t guide the students to analyze the importance of values in the society Instructional materials: books on African proverbs and folk tales.
5	NATIONAL VALUES Factors that promote value system e.g. consistency, trust, tolerance, fairness, integrity, commitment	Teacher: Guide students t identify factors that promote good value system. Students: Compile a list of wise sayings in the community that teach values.
6	NATIONAL VALUES – HONESTY Meaning of Honesty	Teacher: Guide discussion on the meaning of honesty. Students: Contribute to class discussion

		Instructional materials: Books on moral instructional
7	NATIONAL VALUES – HONESTY Attributes of Honesty	Teacher: Guide discussion on the attributes of honesty. Students: Involve in role play to demonstrate honesty. Instructional Resources: newspaper stories.
8	NATIONAL VALUES – HONESTY The Benefits of Honesty	Teacher: Guide discussion on the benefits of honesty. Students: Recount instances that honesty paid off Instructional Resources: Documentary.
9	NATIONAL VALUES HONESTY Consequences of Dishonesty e.g. in examination. – Malpractice, cheating, fraudulent practices etc.	Teacher: Guide students’ role play to demonstrate honest behaviour. The teacher arranges for a quest to talk to the students about honesty. Students: Write short story on the value of honesty and also listen to quest talks. Instructional Material: poster and cartoons.
10	NATIONAL VALUES: COOPERATION The meaning of cooperation e.g. work together to achieve a goal.	Teacher: Lead discussion on the meaning of cooperation. Students: Contribute to class discussion and give examples. Instructional Material: films
11	NATIONAL VALUES: COOPERATION Attributes of cooperation e.g. sharing, caring, supporting etc.	Teacher: Lead discussion on the attributes of cooperation. Students: Write essays on cooperation Instructional Material: radio and TV programme
12	NATIONAL VALUES: COOPERATION Factors that promote cooperation e.g. trust, setting goals together, patience, understanding, humility, tolerance, open-mindedness etc.	Teacher: Guide the students’ team activities. Students: relate their experiences in team activities.
13	REVISION
14	EXAMINATION

CIVIC EDUCATION JSS 1 SECOND TERM


1	NATIONAL VALUES – COOPERATION Benefits of Cooperation HarmonyProgressGood Achievement	Teacher: Lead discussion on the benefits of cooperation. Students: contribute to the discussion and give examples. Instructional Resources: Documentary of ECOWAS.
2	SELF RELIANCE Meaning of self reliance and examples of self reliance	Teacher: Lead class discussion on meaning of self reliance. Students: Contribute to the discussion of what they think their talents are. Instructional material: introductory textbook on self reliance
3	SELF RELIANCE Attributes of Self Reliance	Teacher: Lead class discussion on attributes of self reliance Students: Participate in the discussion of Instructional material: Visit to hair dressing saloon
4	SELF RELIANCE Meaning of talents and skills	Teacher: Give a practical example of what people can do. Students: Discuss possible areas of specialization Instructional material; Visit to skill acquisition centre
5	SELF RELIANCE Processes of identifying, nurturing and perfecting talents and skills	Teacher: Create activities to help identify students’ skills and talents. Students: identify their skills and talents Instructional material; Visit to skill acquisition centre
6	SELF RELIANCE Benefits of self reliance to: OneselfFamilysociety	Teacher: Lead class discussion on benefits of self reliance to oneself, family and society. Students: Participate in the class discussion. Instructional material: Visit to tailor’s workshop.
7	SELF RELIANCE – Understanding that the	Teacher: Make students understand that the wealth of a nation is contained

	wealth of a nation is in its natural and human resources.	in its natural resources. Students: Identify the processes of identifying one’s natural talents. Instructional Resources: Practical activities..
8	SELF RELIANCE – Consequences of undiscovered talents and undeveloped skills.	Teacher: Create activities to help identify students’ skills and talents. Students: Mention the consequences of wasted talents and undeveloped skills. Instructional material; Visit to practical skill acquisition centre
9	CITIZENSHIP Meaning of citizen and citizenshipMeaning of a nation based on laid down conditions.	Teacher: Guide students to explain the meaning of citizenship. Students: Find out and report on the birth places of their parents. . Instructional Material: Sample of National ID card.
10	CITIZENSHIP Types of citizenship – by birth, registration and naturalization	Teacher: Guide students to explain the types of citizenship. Students: Explain differences between places of birth and places of origin. Instructional Material: Copy of citizenship and the Nigerian constitution.
11	REVISION
12	EXAMINATION

CIVIC EDUCATION JSS 1 THIRD TERM


1	CITIZENSHIP – Processes of becoming a citizen of a country	Teacher: Guide students’ discussion on the process of becoming a citizen of a country. Students: Find out and report on their places of birth. Instructional Material: Sample of Birth Certificate
2	RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF CITIZENS The meaning of rights and duties	Teacher: Prepares flash cards Students: read about citizens right and duties.

	with examples e.g. Right to educationRight to lifeRight to freedom of worship etc.	Instructional materials: School rules and regulation
3	RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF CITIZENS – Differences between rights e.g. voting rights and duties e.g. payment of taxes, obedience to the laws) of citizens. –	Teacher: Guide students to discuss the rules and identify their rights and duties to the school. Students: Participate in class discussion and debate. Instructional material: The Nigerian constitution.
4	RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF CITIZENS Importance of citizens’ rights and duties. Social controlPeaceDue processDiscipline	Teacher: State the importance of rights and duties Students: sort out flash cards on rights and duties. Instructional material; flash cards.
5	OBJECTS OF NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS National Symbols and their meanings Coat of armsNational flagsNational currency etc	Teacher: Bring pictures and charts to the classroom. Identify and discuss national symbols. Instructional resources: A chart showing all the Nigerian national symbols.
6	OBJECTS OF NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS – Describe the unifying measures included in the National Anthem and pledge.	Teacher: Guide students to describe the features of National symbols and their meanings. Explain the meaning of symbols. Instructional material: National Flag
7	OBJECTS OF NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS – Purposes of Establishment of National institutions like NYSC, Unity schools, Federal Character etc.	Teacher: Discuss the national institutions that foster national unity among Nigerians. Students: Participate in class discussions. Instructional Resources: Specimen of Nigerian currency
8	OBJECTS OF NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS	Teacher: Guide the students in identifying ways of promoting national

	Ways of Promoting National Unity ToleranceHospitalityNon-discriminationInter marriages etc	unity among Nigerian. Students: Participate in class discussion Instructional material; Nigerian constitution.
9	OBJECTS OF NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS – Describe the measures adopted by government to promote national unity among Nigerians	Teacher: Analyze the national anthem, pledge and identify national goals. Students: Identify and discuss national symbols. Instructional Material: posters and documentaries
10	OBJECTS OF NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS – Discuss how individuals and groups can promote national unity	Teacher: Guide students to discuss how individuals and groups can promote national unity. Students: Participate in class discussion. Instructional Material: cartoons and films.
11	OBJECTS OF NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS Discuss parts of the Nigerian consolation that seek to promote national consciousness and national unity	Teacher: Analyze the parts of the Nigerian constitution that seek to promote consciousness and unity. Students: Discuss parts of the Nigerian constitution that seek to promote national unity Instructional Resources: Nigerian Constitution
12	REVISION
13	EXAMINATION

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SECOND TERM SCHEME OF WORK FOR JSS1 CIVIC EDUCATION LESSON NOTE

September 14, 2022
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JSS1 Second Term Civic Education Lesson Note

Scheme of Work

WEEK1 REVISION OF LAST TERM’S WORK

WEEK 2 CITIZENSHIP

WEEK 3 CITIZENSHIP (II)

WEEK 4 RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF CITIZENS

WEEK 5 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RIGHTS AND DUTIES

WEEK 6& 7 TYPES OF RIGHTS OF A CITIZEN

WEEK 8 HUMAN RIGHTS

WEEK 9 HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSE

WEEK 10 TRAFFIC REGULATIONS

JSS1 Second Term Civic Education Lesson Note

Below are the 2022 complete JSS1 Second Term Civic Education Lesson Note

Topic : Citizenship

Citizenship

Citizenship can be defined as the relationship between an individual and its state or nation involving the individual’s full political membership in the state as well as permanent allegiance to it.

Citizenship involves members of a nation based on laid down conditions.

Citizenship is the status of a person recognized under the custom or law as being a legal member of a sovereign state or part of a nation.

A person may have multiple citizenship and a person who does not have citizenship of any state is said to be stateless. Nationality is often used as a synonym for citizenship in English – notably in international law – although the term is sometimes understood as denoting a person’s membership in a nation (a large ethnic group). In some countries, e.g. the United States, the United Kingdom, nationality and citizenship can have different meanings (for more information, see Nationality versus citizenship).

Citizenship can be defined as the process by which a person becomes a legitimate member of a given state. The person possesses every right in the state and also performs his/her duties as a legitimate member of the state. Citizenship is a relationship between an individual and its state or nation involving the individual’s full political membership in the state as well as permanent allegiance to it. To learn more, click here

Topic : Citizenship

Process of Becoming a Citizen in Country

Good Character: The person must have appreciable disposition
Residency: He must have stayed in that country for a specified period of time.
Statutory age: An individual must attain a certain age designated by the country
By marriage: If an individual gets married outside his/or her domain, such an individual can get the citizenship of that place.
One’s contribution to the country: The extent to which one contributes to the development of a nation facilitates his/her status as a citizen.
Acceptance by local community: The community itself must be able to accept such a person. If otherwise citizenship cannot be acquired.
One’s readiness to stay in a country: The desire of an individual to stay in country plays an important role in the acquisition of citizenship of the country. To learn more, click here

Topic: Rights and Duties of Citizens

Rights and Duties of Citizens

Right refers to the responsibility of a nation to an individual, for example rights to education, right to life, rights to opinion, freedom of expression, right to private and family life, rights to freedom of thought.

Duties on the other hand refer to the responsibility of a citizen to his or her country, for example obedience to laid down rules and regulations, payment of taxes etc.

Rights are legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; that is, rights are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people, according to some legal system, social convention, or ethical theory. Rights are of essential importance in such disciplines as law and ethics, especially theories of justice and deontology.

Rights are often considered fundamental to civilization, for they are regarded as established pillars of society and culture, and the history of social conflicts can be found in the history of each right and its development. According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, “rights structure the form of governments, the content of laws, and the shape of morality as it is currently perceived”. To learn more, click here

Topic: Differences between Rights and Duties

Differences between rights and duties

Rights

Duties

· Rights are the privileges an individual has as a citizen.

· Rights serve as benefits to the citizen.

To learn more, click

Duties are the responsibilities of the individual.

Duties serve as a benefit to the nation.

Week 6 & 7

Topic – Types of Rights of a Citizen

Introduction

Every Nigerian has rights, duties, liabilities and privileges, which are provided for in the hundreds of laws that exist in Nigeria. However, there are certain rights that basically trump all other ones. They are rights that are referred to as inalienable rights, rights for which the law has made specific and special provision.

These rights are contained in Chapter IV of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, and are officially known as Fundamental Rights.

This article will explain what these key rights are, because every Nigerian really should know about these rights.

1. RIGHT TO LIFE

This is the most important right of every Nigerian (and in fact every human being). The right that everyone has to ‘exist’, and no one can intentionally deprive a person of this right, either an individual or the Government, unless in the execution of a sentence of the court in respect of a criminal offence.

In a nutshell, what this right says is that no one can take your life unless you have carried out a capital crime; you have been tried by a competent court, and found guilty. To learn more, click here

Topic – Human Rights

Meaning of Human Rights

Examples of fundamental Human Rights

Human rights are the privileges and opportunities individuals have in a given society.They are commonly understood as inalienable fundamental rights “to which a person is inherently entitled simply because she or he is a human being,” and which are “inherent in all human beings” regardless of their nation, location, language, religion, ethnic origin or any other status.

These rights are usually entrenched in the constitution, for instance, chapter IV of the 1999 constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria deals with the subject of fundamental human rights. The following are some of the fundamental human rights of the citizen: To learn more, click here

Topic: Human Rights Abuse

Human Rights Abuse

Means and methods of Human Rights Abuse
Effects of Human Rights Abuse
Ways of Preventing Human Rights Abuse

Human rights abuse refers to the infringement on the rights of an individual resulting in the individual not being able to enjoy his or her fundamental rights. These abuses may result from the following:

A citizen is not likely to enjoy his rights when such rights are detrimental to other people’s rights.
A citizen may be denied of his right in order to protect the security of the state.
During the period of emergency, a citizen may be denied his/her rights. For instance if a country is in a state of war, there may be restrictions which may invariably jeopardize the right of a citizen.
A citizen may be denied his right if it is in the interest of defence for his nation. To learn more, click here

Topic – Traffic Regulations

Meaning of Traffic Regulation

Traffic regulations are rules that are made to control the movement of vehicles and human beings on the roads in order to avoid accident.

These are mostly displaced on the roads as signs which give appropriate directives to road users and serve as safety measures.

Traffic Rules

Obedience to traffic light.
Red means stop
Yellow means Ready to go/stop
Green means go

To learn more, click here

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JSS1 Civic Education Lesson Note (Second Term) 2024

The lesson note for JSS1 Civic Education second term is now available for Tutors, parents, guardians and students who have been searching for an accurate and updated 2024 note.

Please note that the second term lesson note is curled out from the approved scheme of work for Junior Secondary school. So you can do your verification as well and compare the second term lesson note for JSS1 Civic Education as seen on the free DOC file made available towards the end of this post.

JSS1 Civic Education Lesson Note (Second Term) [year] 1

The JSS1 Civic Education lesson note for second term is in line with the 2024 JSS1 Civic Education scheme of work for the term. This means the JSS1 Civic Education lesson note is tailored towards achieving the aim and objective for the subject as mandated by the ministry of education.

Below is The Civic Education Scheme of work from which the Civic Education JSS1 second term lesson note was drafted from:

SCHEME OF WORK


1	Revision of last term work
2	Citizenship
3	Process of becoming a citizenship of a country
4	Right and Duties of Citizens.
5	Differences Between Rights And Duties Of Citizen
6	Importance Of citizens’ rights and duties
7-8	Types Of Human Rights
9	Consequences of non-performance of obligations
10 – 11	Revision
12	Examination

BEHAVIORAL OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to understand and explain the following concepts:

Citizenship
Process of becoming a citizenship of a country
Right and Duties of Citizens.
Differences Between Rights And Duties Of Citizen
Importance Of citizens’ rights and duties
Types Of Human Rights
Consequences of non-performance of obligations

The above are what is expected of a JSS1 student to know and be able to understand with ease. The JSS1 Civic Education second term lesson note here is aided with images so it makes it easier not just for the students but for the teachers too.

I have made the JSS1 Civic Education second term lesson note available in a PDF format for free download without any extra cost as this would ease the passage of knowledge from teachers to students without hinderances. It is a my little way of giving back to the educational sector where I belong.

All you need do is click the download button below to get the PDF file of the Civic Education second term lesson note for second term.

JSS1 Civic Education S econd Term Lesson Note 2024

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DOWNLOAD JSS1 2ND TERM CIVIC EDUCATION DOC File

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Civic Education Scheme of Work for JSS1, JSS2, JSS3

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Scheme of Work on Civic Education for JSS Junior Secondary School

Table of Contents

1 Civic Education Scheme of Work JSS1 Second Term
2 Civic Education Scheme of Work for JSS2 Third Term
3 JSS 3 Civic Education Scheme of Work Third Term
4 Civic Education Scheme of Work for Junior Secondary School
5 Download Free Civic Edu. Scheme of Work
6 How to Download Civic Edu Scheme of Work for JSS 1-3

Civic Education Scheme of Work JSS1 Second Term

List of topic

Week 01 – Self Reliance I Week 02 – Self Reliance II Week 03 – Self Reliance III Week 04 – Citizenship I Week 05 – Citizenship II Week 06 – Citizenship III Week 07 – Citizenship IV Week 08 -Rights and duties of Citizen I Week 09 -Rights and duties of Citizen I

Civic Education Scheme of Work for JSS2 Third Term

Week 01 – Democracy I Week 02 – Democracy II Week 03 – Pillars of Democracy II Week 04 – Election and Voters Responsibilities I Week 05 – Election and Voters Responsibilities II Week 06 – Election and Voters Responsibilities III Week 07 – Electoral Malpractices I Week 08 – Electoral Malpractices II Week 09 – Electoral Malpractices I

JSS 3 Civic Education Scheme of Work Third Term

Week 01 – Democratic Process I Week 02 – Democratic Process II Week 03 – Democratic Process III Week 04 – Democratic Process IV

Civic Education Scheme of Work for Junior Secondary School

Below is a broad JSS1 first term scheme of work week 1-6 showing Topic, Performance objective, Teacher activities, Teaching and Learning resources. Civ. Education Teacher can teach with this, while student can used it to study and read ahead of class topic.


1	Civic education meaning norms and morals	Students should be able to: explain what is meant by civic education. state the norms and morals to make society last and survive.	Meaning of civic education like rights and duties of a citizen. Benefits the individual enjoys as a citizen.	(1) Leads the students to find out the meaning of civic education.	Introductory texts on civic education.Books on civic education.
2	Civic education Civic obligation and fundamental human rights	Students should be able to: mention the civic obligations.identify fundamental human rights.	The obligations like payment of taxes, obeying constituted authorities.Fundamental human rights like, right to life etc.	Guide the students to mention the civic obligations.Guides the students to identify fundamental human rights.	Students textbooks.Pictures of right to freedom of expression/worship.
3	National Values I	Students should be able to: explain what is meant by value.mention some values in the society, e.g. co-operation self reliance, tolerance.	Meaning of values e.g. like and dislike.Levels of manifestation of values: -individual -society	Leads the students to find out meaning of values.Explain how the society judges the individual.	Introductory texts on values and values systems.Books on African proverbs and folk tales.
4	National Values II	Students should be able to: state the consequences of lack of value. identify some of ill values in the society.	State certain bad characteristics like corruption, dishonesty, lack of hard work.Lack of peace high level of criminal activities.	Leads class discussion on lack of value.Guides the students to identify bad characteristics in the society.	Introductory textbooks on value.Posters of arrested criminals.
5	National Values III	Students should be able to: distinguish between value and lack of value.list and explain three types of lack of value.	Values are moral principles, while lack of value has no regard for values.Types of lack of value: -high level of insecurity -lack of respect from foreigners -political and religious riots.	Guides students to discuss the values and lack of value in our society.Compile a list of wise sayings.	Test books on value.African proverbs and sayings that promote values.
6	National Values IV	Students should be able to: describe the level of manifestation of values.identify societal factors that promote good values.	Importance of values in the society e.g. unity, cooperation harmonyFactors that promote value system g. -Consistency -Trust -Tolerance -Fairness -Integrity -Commitment	Uses case studies to guide students to analyze the importance.Guide student to identify factors that promote good value system.	Moral instructional books. Posters and cartoons.
7	National values: honesty I	Students should be able to: explain the meaning of honesty.state the attributes of honesty.	Meaning of honesty: -being completely truthful. Attributes of honesty: -truth -trust -accountability -righteousness -selflessness -transparency.	Guides discussion on: the meaning of honesty.Creates activities to help identify attributes of honesty.	Books on moral instructions.Dictionary.Newspaper stories.
8	National values:	Students should be able	(1) Benefits like:	(1) Arranges for a	(1) Documentaries
	honesty II	to: state the benefits of honesty.discuss the consequences of dishonesty.	-honesty makes people believe in us. -it will lead to good elections and honest leaders. -it will lead to economic development of our country. -it will minimize crimes etc. (2) Consequences of dishonesty e.g. -Examination malpractice -Cheating -Fraudulent practices etc.	guest to talk to the students about honesty. (2) Guides the students role play to demonstrate honest behaviour	(2) Posters and cartoons.
9	National values cooperation I	Students should be able to: explain cooperation.Describe the attributes of cooperation.	Meaning of cooperation e.g. work together to achieve goal.Attributes e.g. sharing, caring supporting etc.	Leads discussion on the meaning attributes and benefits of cooperation.Guides students in team activities.	(1) Films newspapers, radio, TV programmes and dictionary
10	National values cooperation II	Students should be able to: identify factors that promote cooperation, trust, humility, patience, tolerance, open mindedness.state the benefits of cooperation.	Factors that promote cooperation e.g. trust, setting goals together, patience understanding humility, tolerance open-mindedness etc.Benefits of cooperation. -Harmony -Progress -Goal achievement.	Guides students to identify factors that promote cooperation.Arranges for a guest speaker to talk to the students about cooperation.	Documentaries on ECOWAS, AU, UNO. Common wealth Olympic games etc.Posters.

Download Free Civic Edu. Scheme of Work

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How to Download Civic Edu Scheme of Work for JSS 1-3

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Lesson Note and Exam Questions for Primary to Senior Secondary School

Civic Education Scheme of Work for SS1, SS2, SS3 All Term
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Agricultural Science Scheme of Work for JSS 1, 2, 3 – Junior Secondary

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Week 11 – start july 1st and end july 5th, 2024.

Download Lagos State Scheme of Work Junior Secondary Schools (JSS 1 – JSS 3) Free Pdf Free

Lagos state , scheme of work , free pdf download .

ENGLISH STUDIES JSS 1 ENGLISH, English Studies Scheme of Work for Junior Secondary School (JSS 1)

JSS 2 ENGLISH, English Studies Scheme of Work for Junior Secondary School (JSS 2)

JSS 2 ENGLISH, English Studies Scheme of Work for Junior Secondary Schools (JSS 3)

MATHEMATICS JSS 1 MATHEMATICS, Mathematics Scheme of Work for Junior Secondary School (JSS 1)

JSS 2 MATHEMATICS, Mathematics Scheme of Work for Junior Secondary School (JSS 2)

JSS 3 MATHEMATICS, Mathematics Scheme of Work for Junior Secondary School (JSS 3)

BASIC SCIENCE (BST) JSS 1 BASIC SCIENCE, Basic Science Scheme of Work for Junior Secondary School (JSS 1)

JSS 2 BASIC SCIENCE, Basic Science Scheme of Work for Junior Secondary School (JSS 2)

JSS 3 BASIC SCIENCE, Basic Science Scheme of Work for Junior Secondary School (JSS 3)

BASIC TECHNOLOGY (BST) JSS 1 BASIC TECHNOLOGY, Basic Technology Scheme of Work for Junior Secondary School (JSS 1)

JSS 2 BASIC TECHNOLOGY, Basic Technology Scheme of Work for Junior Secondary School (JSS 2)

JSS 3 BASIC TECHNOLOGY, Basic Technology Scheme of Work for Junior Secondary School (JSS 3)

CULTURAL AND CREATIVE ARTS (CCA)

PHYSICAL AND HEALTH EDUCATION (BST) JSS 1 PHE, Physical and Health Education Scheme of Work for Junior Secondary School (JSS 1)

JSS 2 PHE, Physical and Health Education Scheme of Work for Junior Secondary School (JSS 2)

JSS 3 PHE, Physical and Health Education Scheme of Work for Junior Secondary School (JSS 3)

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (COMPUTER STUDIES) BST JSS 1 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Computer Studies – Information Technology Scheme of Work for JSS 1

JSS 2 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Computer Studies – Information Technology Scheme of Work for JSS 2

JSS 3 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Computer Studies – Information Technology Scheme of Work for Junior Secondary School (JSS 3)

BUSINESS STUDIES JSS 1 BUSINESS STUDIES, Business Studies Scheme of Work for Junior Secondary School (JSS 1)

JSS 2 BUSINESS STUDIES, Business Studies Scheme of Work for Junior Secondary School (JSS 2)

JSS 3 BUSINESS STUDIES, Business Studies Scheme of Work for Junior Secondary School (JSS 3)

NATIONAL VALUES EDUCATION JSS 1 CIVIC EDUCATION, Civic Education Scheme of Work for Junior Secondary School (JSS 1)

JSS 2 CIVIC EDUCATION, Civic Education Scheme of Work for Junior Secondary School (JSS 2)

JSS 3 CIVIC EDUCATION, Civic Education Scheme of Work for Junior Secondary Schools (JSS 3) SOCIAL STUDIES

CHRISTIAN RELIGIOUS STUDIES JSS 1 CRS, Christian Religious studies Scheme of Work for Junior Secondary Schools (JSS 1)

JSS 2 CRS, Christian Religious studies Scheme of Work for Junior Secondary Schools (JSS 2)

JSS 2 CRS, Christian Religious studies Scheme of Work for Junior Secondary Schools (JSS 3)

AGRICULTURE JSS 1 AGRIC, Agriculture Scheme of Work Junior Secondary School (JSS 1)

JSS 2 AGRIC, Agriculture Scheme of Work for Junior Secondary School (JSS 2)

JSS 3 AGRIC, Agriculture Scheme of Work for Junior Secondary School (JSS 3)

HOME ECONOMICS JSS 1 HOME ECONOMICS, Home Economics Scheme of Work for Junior Secondary Schools (JSS 1)

JSS 2 HOME ECONOMICS, Home Economics Scheme of Work for Junior Secondary Schools (JSS 2)

JSS 3 HOME ECONOMICS, Home Economics Scheme of Work for Junior Secondary School (JSS 3) PRIMARY SCHOOL SCHEME OF WORK New Lagos State Unified Scheme of Work for Primary Schools 1 – 6, 2021 Edition Free Pdf Download

Second Term Examination Cultural and Creative Arts for JSS 1 – JSS 3 Term 2 Exam Questions

Classification of crops according to their life span primary 5 (basic 5) – agriculture.

Second Term Civic Education Plan Lesson Notes According to the the Lagos State Scheme of Work for Primary 2 (Basic 2) Lesson Notes

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Government Approved Scheme of Work For Junior Secondary Schools In Nigeria (JSS1 – JSS3) For All Subjects (2024)

All secondary schools in Nigeria operate with a scheme of work. The scheme of work is a guideline that defines the contents and structure of academic subjects. The scheme of work for secondary schools in Nigeria, whether Junior or Senior secondary school, maps out in clear terms, how resources, for example, the topics and subtopics for a particular subject, teacher-talk, group work, practical, discussions and assessment strategies, tests, quizzes, Questions and Answers, homework and even up to midterm breaks for the session ought to be structured in order to fit in perfectly for the academic session.

It is the complete guide on all academic activities enforced by the Federal government of Nigeria through the ministry of education on all Junior secondary schools in Nigeria as it relates not just to the subjects but the academic session as a whole. It is used to ensure that the learning purposes, aims and objectives of the subject meant for that class are successfully achieved.

Scheme of work for junior secondary schools in Nigeria are practically the same for both private and public secondary schools in Nigeria ranging from JSS1 to JSS3, that is, the scheme of work for a private school is the same with that of public or government owned secondary schools, principals and teachers in secondary schools in Nigeria are to adhere to the approved scheme of work as mandated by the ministry of education.

For example, the scheme of work for junior secondary schools in Nigeria say from JSS1 TO JSS3 for all subjects whether it is Mathematics, English Language, Basic Science, Social Studies OR Business Studies, the same scheme of work applies to other states and major cities in Nigeria like Abuja, Port Harcourt, Ibadan, Kano state, Cross River, Imo, Delta state and the likes.

This post is quite a lengthy one as it provide in full details, the government approved scheme of work for all subjects offered in Junior secondary schools in Nigeria . If you are interested in starting a school in Nigeria, this would greatly help in guiding you as regards coming up with the approved scheme of work for any subject offered in JSS1 JSS2 and JSS3.

Please note that these scheme of work are the approved by Lagos state government and other states in Nigeria.

What You Stand To Gain From This Post

Government approved Scheme of work for Mathematics – (JSS1, JSS2 and JSS3)
The government approved Scheme of work for PHE – (JSS1, JSS2 and JSS3)
The government approved Scheme of work for English Language – (JSS1, JSS2 and JSS3)
The government approved Scheme of work for Agricultural Science – (JSS1, JSS2 and JSS3)
The government approved Scheme of work for Business Studies – (JSS1, JSS2 and JSS3)
Approved Scheme of work for Civic Education – (JSS1, JSS2 and JSS3)
Scheme of work for Home Economic – (JSS1, JSS2 and JSS3)
Scheme of work for Computer – (JSS1, JSS2 and JSS3)
Scheme of work for Social Studies – (JSS1, JSS2 and JSS3)

⇒ Get your updated Lesson Notes for All Subjects 2024 Price Per Note N900 – Call or WhatsApp 07062541362

Government Approved Scheme of Work For Junior Secondary School JSS1 to JSS3

Scheme of work for phe jss 1.

Definition, nature, scope and objectives of physical education
Physical fitness and body conditioning programmes
Recreation, leisure and dance activities
Ball games(soccer)

SCHEME OF WORK FOR PHE JSS 3

Violence in Sport
HIV/Aids Education
Qualification and functions of specialists in physical and Health Education.
Nigerian SPORTS HERPES Heroines and Professionals.
Javelin Throw
Field Hockey
Contract and no-contact sports
Personal school and community health
Sewage and refuse disposal
Source of water
Food nutrition and health
Pathogens diseases and their prevention
Volley Ball

SCHEME OF WORK FOR PHE JSS 2

Family life Education
Physical and Health Education Agencies and Career opportunities
Ageing and Death Education
Drug use, Misuse and Abuse
Combined events (Pentathlon and decathlon
Physical fitness
Common Sports Injuries and First Aid Procedures
Sports and Society
Human Trafficking
Sports Laws
Careers and branches of Physical and Health Education
Long Distance Races
Relay Races
Tennis Game
Accident and safety Education
School Health Programme
Environment Pollution
Table Tennis Game
Posture and Postural Defects
Basketball Game
Recreation and Leisure
Hand ball Game
Consumer Health
Non-Communicable Diseases
Nutrition for Special Groups
WushuKung-Fu
Computer Games
Strokes in Swimming
Communicable Diseases

SCHEME OF WORK FOR BUSINESS STUDIES JSS 1

Introduction to business studies
-Objectives of business studies
-Branches of business studies
What is an office? Types of Offices
-Advantages of a closed office
-Disadvantages of closed office
-Advantages of an open office
-Disadvantages of open office
Source documents i.e. cheque, receipt, invoices, local purchase order, Why are cheques dishonored?
What is a ledger?
Properties of ledger, sample drawing of ledger account.
Terms associated with the ledger and double entry.

SECOND TERM

Business Transaction

Sales and purchase journals Cash and credit transactions

Returns inwards and outward journal and the tabular representations.
Simple cash book (Double Entry)
Various departments in an organization
Qualities of a clerical staff
Forms and types of industrial production.
Factors of production: Land, Labour, Capital, Entrepreneur
Business organization (formations and types).
Relationship between producers and

Advantages of Insurance

METHODS OF BUYING (Sample method)

Inspection Method Description and grade method Auction method

Meaning of TRADE

Home and foreign trade Visible Imports and Exports Invisible imports and exports Wholesale and Retail trade

Mail order business – Its advantages and disadvantage

DOUBLE ENTRY PRINCIPLE – Meaning
Objectives of business studies
Branches of business studies
What is an office? Types of
Advantages of a closed office
Disadvantages of closed office
Advantages of an open office
Disadvantages of open office
Business transaction
Simple cash book (Double entry)

METHODS OF BUYING

Sample method
DOUBLE ENTRY PRINCIPLE Meaning

SCHEME OF WORK FOR BUSINESS STUDIES JSS 2

The receptionist Duties and qualities Telephone Etiquettes
Items found in the reception Documents handled by the reception
Procedure for the receipt of mails
Filing of letters

Reasons for filing documents

Things that makes a filing system to be efficient Filing methods

File classification

Tips for a good filing practice

Simple cashbook
Double column cashbook
Double column cash book with contra entry

Three Column Cash book Commercial bank

Origin Functions

Current savings and fixed deposit accounts Bank statement

Loan and overdraft Trade discount Sales discount Cash

Keeping Correspondence books and records The Petty Cash book

Insurance Meaning

Terms used in insurance Types of insurance

Risks that cannot be insured

Double entry (Ledger A/c)principle
Trial balance
Final accounts Meaning

Terms used in final accounts Trading account

Profit and loss account

THE BALANCE SHEET Meaning

Assets and liabilities Fixed assets

Current assets Long-term liability

Current or short-term liability Exercises

Store records

SECOND TERM

Transportation Meaning Important

Forms and means Types and importance Advertisement Meaning

Method of advertising Media of advertisement

Advantages and disadvantages Stock-taking

Stock control

The role of the wages office THIRD TERM

Communication
Office equipment
Consumer protection

SCHEME OF WORK FOR AGRIC SCIENCE JSSI

THE MEANING OF AGRICULTURE Importance of agriculture
THE ORIGIN OF AGRICULTURE Development of agriculture

Areas of specialization in agriculture Agricultural products

Classification of crop plants Uses of crop plants

FORMS OF FARM ANIMAL

CLASSES AND USES OF CROPS

Life span of crops Uses of crops

CLASSIFICATION OF FARM ANIMALS Uses of farm animals
SIMPLE FARM TOOLS Hand tools and their materials Uses of farm tools

THIRD TERM

Uses and control of weed Economic importance of weed

Classification and control of crop pests

ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT THROUGH AGRICULTURE

Ways of economic empowerment

MARKETING OR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT

Meaning of marketing and market Types of agricultural market Problems of marketing agricultural Produce in Nigeria

Marketing agent

SCHEME OF WORK FOR AGRIC. SCIENCE JSS 2

Composition and properties of the soil
Farm structure and building layout
Importance of farm structure and layout
Introduction to farm machines
Uses and maintenance of farm machines
Meaning of crop propagation & methods of crop propagation
Advantages & Disadvantages of crop propagation
Types of cultural practices
Classification & uses of farm Animal
Uses of farm Animal continue
FORMS OF AGRICULTURE Crop farming

Horticulture Apiculture Horticulture Fishery

Agricultural practices

FORMS OF CROP PLANTS

SCHEME OF WORK FOR AGRIC. SCIENCE JSS 3

Composition and Properties of the soil Farm structures

Farm buildings

Sitting of School Farm and Layout of Farm Stead

Soil fertility and management Feeds and feeding

Farming and Cropping Systems: Farming systems

Cropping systems Crop rotation Fishery

Other aquatic organisms Farm animal husbandry

Management requirement in animal husbandry Soil conservation, methods factors of loss of soil fertility

Effects of soil conservation on environment

Stock Exchange Agricultural stock exchange

Importance of stock exchange in agriculture People involved in stock exchange

Export promotion in agriculture in Nigeria Nigeria export produce

Career opportunities in agriculture Packaging criteria

Pricing and advertising Records and book keeping

SCHEME OF WORK FOR HOME ECONOMIC JSS 1

INTRODUCTION OF HOME ECONOMICS

Meaning of home economics
Areas of home economic
Relationship of home economics to other subject PUBERTY AND ADOLESCENCE

A Meaning of puberty and adolescence B The signs of puberty in boys and girls

C The needs and challenges of the adolescent D Hygiene guides for an adolescent

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS

A Meaning of sexually transmitted infections B The causes of STD

The signs of STI
prevention of STI

THE RIGHT OF A CHILD

Meaning of right
Types of right
Who a child is
The right of a child
Right violation and what to do

FAMILY NEEDS

Family needs, goals and standards
Meaning and types of family needs and wants C Meaning of family goals and standards RELATIONSHIP AMONG FAMILY NEEDS
Goals and standards
Uses of family needs, goals and standard in resource management
Family resources and management

HEALTHY FEEDING PRACTICES

Healthy feeding practices
Healthy eating habits
Effects of unhealthy eating habits

FOOD ADDITIVES

A Food additives, uses, misuses and detection B Food contaminants

C Harmful substances that should not be consumed DRUG ABUSE

Meaning of drug abuse
Effects of drug abuse in the body
Meaning of family resources
Types of family resources
Importance of resources DECISION MAKING
Meaning of decision making
Steps in decision making
Simple personal and family decisions FOOD PURCHASING
Meaning of food purchasing
Meaning of foo processing
Meaning of food preservation
Meaning of food safety FOOD
Identification of perishable food
Identification of non perishable foods C Risk factors in purchasing

A Factor to consider when buying food B Wise buying practices

Food processing methods
How to keep food safe

SCHEME OF WORK FOR HOME ECONOMIC JSS 2

Sign of puberty Hygiene and puberty Adolescence

Sexually transmitted disease

Impact of family values on life styles Human rights

Family conflict Family crisis

Food and nutrition – food nutrients Food hygiene and food preparation Managing of family clothing Household linen

Family house

Maintenance of family house Seam and seam finishes Edge finishes

Body measurement and pattern drafting Introduction to textiles studies

SCHEME OF WORK FOR HOME ECONOMIC JSS 3

Classes and properties of fibres
Manufacture, identification and uses of fabric
Basic element of design
Figure types
The sewing machine
Garment construction process-facing and hemming
Scientific study of foods
Meal planning
Buying and preservation of food
Food preparation methods
Pregnancy and childbirth
Child development
Scientific study of foods 8.

SCHEME OF WORK FOR CIVIC EDUCATION JSS 1

Value definition
Meaning and objective
Values meaning and importance
Levels of manifestation of value individual and society level
Factors that Promote Good Value System
Types of values honesty: meaning and attributes
Benefits of honesty and consequences of dishonesty
Types of value II cooperation-meaning factors promoting cooperation, attributes, beliefs andtypes
Types of values III self reliance meaning basis and attributes
Benefits of self reliance & consequences of undiscovered talents and undeveloped skills
Citizenship meaning and types of citizenship
Process of becoming a citizen through naturalization and registration

MID-TERM BREAK

Rights ad duties of acitizen
(i) Processes of becoming a citizen (ii)Rights and duties of a citizen
Rights and duties of a citizen
National consciousness meaning
Nigeria‘s national symbols and their meaning

6 Measures adopted to promote unity among Nigerians

8 National anthem and pledge

SCHEME OF WORK FOR CIVIC EDUCATION JSS 2

Illiteracy- meaning, causes, consequences and solutions
Right Attitude to Work- meaning, attributes, rewards and consequences of not having the right attitude to work
Negative Behavior- meaning, effects and ways of promoting positive behavioural changes
National Population Census- meaning, importance and problems
Protection of Human Rights- meaning of human rights, types of human rights and appropriate steps for protection of human rights
Protection of the Rule of Law- meaning of rule of law, benefits of rule of law and protection of rule of law
Voter Education- importance of voting and process of voting
Elections- meaning and importance of election, electoral bodies; free and fair election; electoral malpractices and how to prevent them
Nigerian Constitution- functions of a constitution, features of the constitution; features of 1999 constitution; roles of citizens in constitutional development
Peace and Conflicts
National Economic Life

SCHEME OF WORK FOR SOCIAL STUDIES JSS1

Meaning, Scope and Nature of Social
Objectives & Importance of Social
Physical Environment: Meaning, Types and
Resources in Our Environment and their
Environmental Problem, Causes, Effects and
Social Environment: Meaning and Types; Primary and Group (Family) Types; Role and Responsibilities of
Secondary Social Group: types, Structure, Roles and Responsibilities of
Conflict Within Social Group:

Causes, Effect and Steps In Conflict Resolution.

Influence of Man in the Environment
Accidents in the Home and School.
Needs for Accidents in the Home and School
Measures for Safety in the Home, School and Workplace
Revision of Last Term’s Work
Socialization

Meaning, Significance & Processes.

Agents of Socialization and Effects of

Meaning, Components & Features.

Features of Culture

Cultural Similarities Among Nigerians
Cultural Differences Among Nigerians
Uniqueness of Nigerian Culture
Social Issues and Problems Examination; Meaning and causes
Social Issues and Problems; Effects and Solution
Meaning, Causes, Effects and Solution.
HIV/AID Meaning, Causes, Effects and
Problems Associated with Contemporary Social Problems in Nigeria: Individual, Family,
Measures of Solving Contemporary Social
National Unity and Integration: Meaning, Needs and Importance.
National Unity and Integration; Meaning, Needs and Importance.

SCHEME OF WORK FOR SOCIAL STUDIES JSS 2

SOCIAL GROUP

TYPE/CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL GROUP

Primary social group GROUP BEHAVIOR

Types of group behavior Benefits of group behavior

Meaning and types of marriage Criteria for marriage

Benefits of marriage Problems/dangers of early marriage

Meaning of drug Abuse

Forms of drug abuse Effect of drug abuse Measures of curbing abuse

DRUG TRAFFICKING Meaning of drug trafficking Reasons of drug trafficking

Dangers of drug trafficking in Nigeria Measures of curbing drug trafficking

POVERTY Meaning of poverty Causes of poverty

Ways of alleviating poverty

CORRUPTION Meaning of corruption Abuses

Effects of corruption

Measures of checking corruption

Meaning of cultism
Reasons for membership Effects
Measures of reducing cultism

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Benefits of science and technology
Problems and solutions to problems of science and technology
COMMUNICATION
Meaning Types/forms of ICT
Advantages & Disadvantages

LIVING TOGETHER IN THE FAMILY Definition of family

Conditions for living together as a family Roles performed by individual in the family

Father (b) Mother (c) Children

MEANING OF CULTURE Types of culture

Characteristics of culture Types of food in our culture

COMMON DRESSES IN OUR CULTURE Dress codes for selected culture

Factors that influence dress selection

COMMON HAIRSTYLES

Hairstyles for women and men
Care of the hair Adornments
Usefulness of Adornments

Meaning and types of religion Similarities of our religion

Features of a school
Members of the school community Functions performed by each member
Ways of enhancing efficiency among membership of the school

HOME APPLIANCES

Usefulness of appliances

Dangers in the wrong use of appliances Correct ways of using electrical appliance

ACCIDENT IN THE SCHOOL Meaning of accident

Types of school accident Causes of accident

Prevention of school accidents

GENDER ROLES Gender similarities/differences Gender discrimination

Consequences & solution of gender discrimination

STORAGE Meaning of storage Methods of storing things Benefits of storing things

Savings Meaning of saving

Reasons for saving money Method of saving money

WHAT IS A BANK?

Advantages of keeping money in banks
Problems associated with banking
Prospects of banking operation in Nigeria
Meaning and types of resources Usefulness of resources to man
Conservation of environmental resources

HARMFUL SUBSTANCE

Types of harmful substance to men Prevention of intake of harmful substance

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM IN NIGERIA

Meaning/types of transportation Transportation on land, water and air
Advantages and disadvantages of transportation system in Nigeria
Measures aimed of solving the problem

SCHEME OF WORK FOR SOCIAL STUDIES JSS 3

1 Trafficking in children and women Definition

Factors responsible for children and women trafficking Consequences of trafficking

Possible ways of preventing human trafficking

HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES Definition

Types of harmful traditional practices in Nigeria Measures of preventing harmful traditional practices

POPULATION Meaning of population Basic units of population

Factors in securing population growth and control

FAMILY LIFE EDUCATION

Meaning of family life education Population and resources available Family size and consequences
Meaning of peace Types of peace Importance of peace
Ways of promoting peace
Meaning of conflicts & types
Causes of conflicts Consequences of conflicts
Non-violent methods of resolving conflicts

NATIONAL ECONOMY

Meaning of national economy Economic activities in Nigeria Trading
Farming Manufacturing Fishery

SECTORS OF AN ECONOMY

Meaning of a sector of an economy
Sectors of the Nigerian economy (a) primary (b) secondary
Tertiary sector
Importance of the economic activities in Nigeria

ECONOMIC INSTITUTION IN NIGERIA

Functions of commercial banks Functions of central banks of Nigeria
Types of insurance Functions of insurance

Nigeria deposit insurance corporation (NDIC) Roles of NDIC

NIGERIAN STOCK EXCHANGE

Security and exchange commission
What is a share?
Roles of Nigerian stock exchange Roles of securities and exchange

TRANSPORTATION

Types of transportation Advantages of various types
Disadvantage of air, sea and road transport

GLOBAL INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

Reasons for global international co-operation
Strategies for achieving global international cooperation
Consequence of global international co-operation

INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT

Causes of international conflict solutions

COMMON CRIMES AND ASSOCIATED PUNISHMENT

Crimes and national security

SCHEME OF WORK FOR MATHEMATICS JSS 1

1 Number and numeration (writing in figure)

C. M. of whole numbers
C. F. of whole numbers
Changing proper fractions to improper fraction and vice-versa
Changing improper fractions to mixed number and vice-versa
Equivalent fractions
Addition and subtraction of fractions
Multiplication and division of fractions
BODMAS of fractions
Approximation
Number base – changing to binary numbers
Addition and subtraction of number base
Multiplication of number base
Basic operations (place value)
Decimal (Addition and subtraction)
Algebraic process
Word problem in Algebra
Word problem in symbolic terms
Simple equations
Geometry (Plane shapes)
Solid shapes

Construction

SCHEME OF WORK FOR MATHEMATICS JSS2

Whole number and decimal number
Prime factors
C. M. of whole number
C. F. of whole number
Square root
Fractions (ratios, decimals and percentages)
Commercial Arithmetic
Multiplication and division of directed numbers

SECOND TERN

Algebraic expression
Simple Equation
Linear inequality
Graph of linear Inequality
Plane shapes
Scale drawing
Angles between lines
Angles in a polygon
Pythagoras theorem
Probability
Areas and volume of cylinder
Volume of a cone
Mean, median and mode

SCHEME OF WORK FOR MATHEMATICS JSS3

Number Bases

Converting decimal to other bases
Converting other bases to base ten
Multiplication and division in non-decimal bases.

Computer Application

Use of punch cards to store information. b.Translating information on punch cards to coded form. Writing familiar words in coded form.

Word Problems

Translating word problems into numerical expression.
Interpretation of word problems involving sum and difference into numerical

Interpretation of word problems involving product and division into numerical

Combining division, product with sum and difference in word

Proportion and Variation

Direct and inverse proportion. b.Direct and inverse variation. c.Joint and partial variation

Approximations

Approximating to decimal places and significant figures.
Calculating and approximating to whole numbers.
Calculating and approximating to given significant figures.

Factorization

Removing brackets
Factorization of taking common factors.
Simplifying calculation by factorization.
Factorization of quadratic expression
Factorization of perfect squares.
Factorization of difference of two squares.

1 Simple equation involving fractions.

Word problems involving

Simultaneous Equation

Elimination Method
Substitution Method
Graphical Method
Word problems leading to simultaneous equation

Similar Shapes

Calculation of similar
Change of Subject Formula

Trigonometry

Tangent of angles
Sine and cosine of angles
Bisection of line and angle
Construction of 90 o , 45 0 , 60 0 and 30 0

Revision of Mean, Medium and Mode

Revision of pie charts

SCHEME OF WORK FOR COMPUTER JSSI

Types of screen display

Printers: Functions of printer, types of printer
Video graphic cards and sound cards etc

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER

Constituents of a Computer

Hard ware: System unit,Peripherals
Soft ware: System software, Application software

Characteristics of a computer with computer Terminology

DATA AND INFORMATION

Definitions of data and information
Examples of data and information
Differences between data and information
How the computer process data
Diagrammatic representation of a computer

COMPUTATION DEVICES I (PRE-COMPUTER AGE TO 19 TH CENTURY)

Features, components and uses Napier’s Bone
Features, components and uses Slide Rule
Features, components and uses
Pascal’s Calculator, Leibnitz multipliers, Jacquards Loom Charles Babbage
Difference and Analytic engine, Augusta Ada Byron, Hollerith Census machine,
Punched cards, Burroughs, the comptometer and the cash register.

COMPUTING DEVICES II (20 TH CENTURY TO DATE)

Antana soft Berry computer, Electronic Numerical integrator and calculator
Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer Universal Automatic Computer
Desktop Personal Computer Laptops and Notebooks
Difference between laptop and Notebooks Other forms of portable device.

INPUT DEVICES:

The computer keyboard: Types, Functions, commands
The mouse: Type, function, features etc
Pointing stick, joy stick, track ball, bar code reader, optical character recognition, magnetic ink character recognition etc.

OUTPUT DEVICES:

Monitor: Types of monitor

COMPUTER SYSTEM SOFTWARE:

Definitions,
Categories of application packages

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES:

Definitions
Different level of programming languages
Advantages and disadvantages of the different level of programming language.
FIFTH GENERATION PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM:

Definition of I.C.T,
Types of I.C.T
Broadcasting
Telecommunications
Data Networks
Information system and Satellite Communications.

APPLICATION AREAS OF C.T

Tele-conferencing
Tele presence
Tele commuting
Video conferencing
Tele communication and networking
Multimedia message services
Instant messaging

C.T BASED GADGETS

BASIC COMPUTER OPERATIONS

Description of the booting process
Types of booting
Components of the windows desktop.
Practical’s on other simple basic computer operations.

WORD PROCESSING

Examples of Word Processor
Features of Word Processor

PRESENTATION PACKAGE

Examples of a presentation package
Features of Word Processor using the presentation package.

SCHEME OF WORK FOR COMPUTER JSS 2

Classification of computer
Concept of the computer system, component of computer system
The computer system, the hardware component
The computer system, the software and people ware
Computer software and type of soft ware
Operating system
Unit of storage in computer
Computer files and file organization, data hierarchy
Graphic packages I: Meaning and feature of graphic package
Graphic packages II: Paint environment and paint tools and their functions
Drawing with paint
Information and Communication Technology
Computer ethics: responsible ways of using the computer and internet
Areas of misuse of computer and internet
Examination
Internet I: Creating an email account and how to check email account and send an email
Internet II: Internet environment and chatting on the web, network group
Number bases: Type of number system
Logic gates
Computer professionals
Computer professional bodies

SCHEME OF WORK FOR COMPUTER JSS3

Internet search engines
Digital divide
Programming languages
Programming tools
Basic programming language
Spreadsheet packages: definition and uses of spreadsheet packages
Spreadsheet packages: features and terminologies
Worksheets: enter data in a work sheet
Worksheets: calculation on work sheets
Graphs: type of graphs
Computer virus

SCHEME OF WORK FOR BASIC TECHNOLOGY JSS 1

Introduction to technology

Meaning, types and importance

Technology workshop and safety
Wood as technological material

Classification and properties

Metals as technological materials

Identification and properties

Ceramics , cement and glass as technological materials

Properties and sources

Rubber and plastics as technological materials
Drawing Instruments
Board practice and uses of lines in technical drawing
Free-hand sketching and scale drawing
Woodwork tools I
Woodwork tools II
Tools, measuring, marking out and driving tools
Tools for boring, work holding, cutting and planning
Concept of energy and power
Introduction to electronics (electron emission theory)
Electronic circuit components
Building materials and types of
Components of simple domestic buildings and building blueprint

Introduction to maintenance

Introduction to ICT (The Computer)

SCHEME OF WORK FOR BASIC TECHNOLOGY JSS2

You and technology

Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

Analogue and digital communication system and ICT access level
First aid materials and uses of first aid
Materials and processing

Wood, uses of wood and types of wood

Metals, uses of metals and types of metals
Ceramics, uses of ceramics and properties of ceramics

Plastics and Rubber

Uses of plastics and
Types of plastics and rubber
Quadrilateral
Plane figures
Metal work hand tools
Marking out tools
Measuring tools
Cutting out tools
Energy Based Technological Appliances (Operation of a pressing iron)
Operation of an electric kettle
Operation of cookers Water heater and gas lamp
Operation of kerosene cooker
Charcoal pressing iron
Wood work machines
Metal work machines
Belt and Chain drill and gears

Transmission of electricity

Transmission of electricity at low and high frequency
Components of the transmission system
Building construction and building plan (site preparation)
Mechanical tools used in site preparation
Clearing of vegetation

Setting out

Setting out materials

Foundation of building

Types of foundation
Simple maintenance

Care of common goods and domestic goods

Care of domestic goods continues
Maintenance of furniture, table, chair, bed,etc

SCHEME OF WORK FOR BASIC TECHNOLOGY JSS 3

Career prospects and opportunities

Technology related to career

Production of materials

Conversion and seasoning of timber
Methods of seasoning

Veneer and manufactured boards

Methods of cutting veneers

Drawing practice

Technical drawing

Tools and machines

Workshop rules and regulations

Simple wood work project

Wood joints constructions

Non-wood materials

Joining of wooden pieces with fasteners and fitting

Floors, doors and windows

Revision and Technical drawing

Isometric drawing
Orthographic drawing

SCHEME OF WORK FOR ENGLISH LANGUAGE JSS 1

Introduction to speech production
Vocabulary associated with building portative’s
Introduction to literature 1 functions

The discounted fish Vowel / / and /D/

Vocabulary associated with transport Genres of literature-prose and poetry

Week 3: Adjectives

Consonants /f/ and /v/

How to make a candle stand

Feature of drama as a genre of literature

Week 4: Vowels / / Nouns

Vocabulary associated with home and family figure of speech

Week 5: Writing composition using simple sentences /paragraphing

Week 6: The simple English sentence Vowels /i/ and /s/

Poem analysis

Week 7: Consonant /p/ and /b/ Noun phrases and quantifies

The zeal for secondary school I the day school began (Folklore)

Week 8: Verbs

Vocabulary associated with the school

Mechanical energy (friction and its effect)

informal letters

Play analysis of ‘Tears of a Bride”

Advantages and disadvantages of friction
Lubrication and its importance

Gears, Belt and Chain-drive

Gears ratio and speed ratio
Calculation of gear ratio and speed ratio

Motion and types of motion

Devices that exhibit rotary motion
Conversion of rotary motion to linear motion

Laws of motion

Newton’s first, second and third laws of motion

Air flow and pneumatics

Bernaulli’s principle
Hydraulic presses and pneumatic devices
Water wheels
Turbines etc
Method of joining metals. E.g soldering and types
Welding and types of welding
Forging, riveting, belt and nuts

Consonants /t/ and /d/ Hard work has a reward Articles

Play analysis of ‘Tears of a Bride’ By Oyekunle Oyedeli

Week 1: Subject and object pronouns and possession

Debate writing

Vocabulary associated with the market literary appreciation

Week 2: Vowels/u:/ and / / Singular and plural verbs The verb phrase Prepositions

Vocabulary associated with water transfer

Week 3: Partitives

Vocabulary associated with rail transport Vowel s / / and / /

Narrative essay Legends

Week 4: Adverbs and adverbials Consonants /k/ and /g/

Consonant clusters

Vocabulary associated with farming thematic analysis

Week 5: The founding of Benin Kingdom

SCHEME OF WORK FOR ENGLISH LANGUAGE JSS 2

Week 1 Revision of vowels

Vowels / / /I /, /I / / and /a:/

The parts of speech/Negative statements Vocabulary associated with health Reading comprehension (to understand the

writer’s purpose)

The meaning and type’s chapters 1 and II of text book Week

2: Falling and rising intonation in statements.

Week 7: Compound sentence Conjunctions

Vocabulary associated with agriculture Adjective

Figure of speech Vowel / / Letter writing Informal letters

Simple sentences Consonants /ts/ / /

Week 1: Punctuation marks – Hyphen, colon, Brackets and apostrophe

Vocabulary associated with Islamic religions vowel

Week 2: Complex Sentences relative clauses Register associated with government and polities

Consonant /o/ and / / Tears of a bride

Week 3: Future Tenses Vowel /e/ Apostrophes ( ) The police

Tears of a Bride continued

Week 4: Report writing Consonants / / and / /

Vocabulary associated with corruption Poetry my mother

Week 5: Preposition in phrases of time Capital letters

Reading from main ideas Wrong decision

Week 6: Duration –while+ clauses, until + phrases

Vocabulary associated with cultism The taxi driver

Week 7: Complex sentences adverbial clauses vowel / /

Yes/No questions and tag questions Words associated with health

Guided composition-writing title, using capital letters and punctuation

Chapters 3, 4 and 5

Week 3: Vowels / / / / u: / and /u / Nouns and plural nouns

Vocabulary associated with administrative setting

Countable and uncountable nouns Chapters 6 , 7, and 8

Week 4: Consonants /m/ / / / / and /r/

Words associated with administrative setting

Continuous writing – L inkers

The themes characters and plot of the novel

Intonation patterns in commands and questions

Wh – questions

Reading to identify the meanings of words in various Contexts, facts, opinion

What is drama, different forms , elements and dramatic devices Vowels / / / / / /

Week 6: Request

Words associated with banking/religion Poetry – some poetic devices, types of

and the poem, the land of unease

Week 7: Consonants /h/ / w / and / j/ Informal letters

Reading for speed, facts and meanings of words in various contexts

Reporting statements Drama.

The use of semi colons c: y Drama : C prose

Consonants / / and / / Writing a diary

Reporting questions
Government and politics Exposition – the Atmosphere Prose
The Diphthongs;
Reporting commands and request
Government and politics Exposition
Formal/informal letters Drama
Comprehension
Comparative and superlative adjectives and
Government and politics
Reading comprehension – persuasion Prose

Week: 8 Active/passive verbs

Rhyme and rhythmus in:

Weak forms Intensifiers

Law and orders Formal letter Prose

Word boundary

Adverbs and other

Law and order Argument Poetry

Compound words

Prepositions of places and location

Reading to identify the

meanings of words in various context

Poetry Formal letters

Week: 1 Phrases commonly used in speech Adverbials – The future

Mass media Towards summary Prose

Week: 2 Questions and their tags Adverbial – Adverbs of frequency Mass media

Towards summary Prose

Week: 3 Vowels, diphthongs in mixed pairs Cause and reason

Petroleum and mining Report writing

Week: 4 Consonant clusters

Forms for expressing purpose Petroleum and mining Summary

Week: 5 Strong and weak forms of words Adverbials – forms for expressing condition

Petroleum – Vocabulary

Continuous writing: my school/a market

Week: 6 Contrasting statements Cake making

SCHEME OF WORK FOR BASIC SCIENCE JSS 1

Family Health(cleanliness)
Environmental Conservation and Safety (Maintaining Balance)
Environmental Conservation and Safety(Sanitation)
Disease Vector
Immunization and prevention of STIs (HIV/AIDS)
The Earth in Space

Disease Prevention Immunization

Prevention of STIs HIV/AIDS Drug Abuse

The Earth In Space – the Solar System Matter – Definition and State

Living Things – characteristics Differences between Plants and Animals Activities of living things

Non-living things

Gravitation and Weightlessness
Space Travel
Renewable and Non-Renewable energy

SCHEME OF WORK FOR BASIC SCIENCE JSS 2

Family health(Diseased)
Environmental pollution
Uniqueness of man
Changes in matter
Changes in living things
The human skeletal system
The human respiratory system
The human circulatory system
The human digestive system
The human reproductive system
Information and communication Technology
Crude oil and petroleum
Work energy and power
Simple machine
Wheel and aocle
The screw jack

SCHEME OF WORK FOR BASIC SCIENCE JSS 3

Family Traits Genetics
Soil Erosion
Bush Burning
Deforestation
Desertification
Depletion of the Ozone Layer and its Effects
Metabolism in the Human Body
Sense Organs
Reproductive Health
Chemical Symbols, Formula and Equations
Atomic Structure
Resources from Living Things
Resources from Non-Living Things

This is the government approved scheme of work for all Junior secondary schools currently in Nigeria, we will make the word document and PDF file available soonest for free downloads.

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Civic Education JSS1

Welcome to class. On this page you will find all civic education courses for jss1 class. Kindly let us know in the comment section below in case you have any question or require any further assistance. And you can also download our mobile app on Google play store and apple store for personalized and better learning experience. Happy learning!

Course Information

Categories: JSS 1

Tags: Civic Education

Course Instructor

First Term

Meaning of national value, importance of values in the society, factors that promote good value system, meaning of honesty, attributes of honesty, benefits of honesty, consequences of dishonesty, meaning of cooperation, attributes of cooperation, benefits of cooperation, second term , meaning of self – reliance, attributes of self reliance, self reliance – identifying and nurturing one’s talent, the benefits of self reliance, consequences of wasted talents and undeveloped skills, meaning of citizenship, types of citizenship, rights and duties of citizens, types of citizens` rights and obligation, importance of citizens` rights and obligation, third term , objectives of national consciousness – national symbol, national consciousness and identity, ways of promoting national unity, common crimes, causes of common crimes, effects of common crimes, prevention of common crimes, share this lesson with your friend.

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JSS1 second Term Civic Education

Post author By StopLearn Team

SECOND TERM E-LEARNING NOTE

SUBJECT: CIVIC EDUCATION CLASS: JSS1

SCHEME OF WORK

WEEK TOPIC

1 Revision of Last Term’s Work

2 Citizenship

Causes and Effects of Falsehood and Theft

3 Process of Becoming a Citizen of a Country

Causes and Effects of Murder and Rape

4&5 Rights and Duties of Citizens

Causes and Effects of Advanced Fee Fraud 419 and Embezzlement

6&7 Difference between Right and Duties Obligations

Causes and Effects of Cultism and Drug Abuse

Importance of Rights and Duties of Citizens

8 Types of Rights of a Citizen

9 Dealing in Fake Drugs

10 Consequences of Non-performance of Obligation

11 Revision

12 Examination

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2024 Trafficking in Persons Report

A PDF accessible version will be posted as soon as the ongoing accessibility and accommodation updates are concluded. Your patience is appreciated.

If you have questions about the 2024 Trafficking in Persons Report, please email [email protected] .

Message From the Secretary of State

Dear Reader:

Human trafficking is a stain on the conscience of our society. It fuels crime, corruption, and violence. It distorts our economies and harms our workers. And it violates the fundamental right of all people to be free.

Around the globe, an estimated 27 million people are exploited for labor, services, and commercial sex. Through force, fraud, and coercion, they are made to toil in fields and factories, in restaurants and residences. Traffickers prey on some of the world’s most marginalized and vulnerable individuals – profiting from their plight.

The State Department’s annual Trafficking in Persons Report provides the world’s most comprehensive assessment of this abhorrent practice, as well as efforts by governments and stakeholders around the globe to combat it. By measuring progress in 188 countries – including the United States – we are advancing President Biden’s commitment to prevent trafficking, prosecute perpetrators, and protect survivors.

Even as this resource covers long-standing forms and methods of trafficking, it also examines the growing role of technology in both facilitating exploitation and countering it.

Digital tools have amplified the reach, scale, and speed of trafficking. Perpetrators use dating apps and online ads to recruit victims. They use online platforms to sell illicit sexual content. They leverage encrypted messaging and digital currencies to evade detection.

At the same time, technology is also one of our most powerful tools to combat this enduring scourge. Mobile phones, social media platforms, and artificial intelligence make it possible for advocates and law enforcement to raise greater awareness about the rights of workers and migrants, locate victims and perpetrators of online sexual exploitation, and analyze large amounts of data to detect emerging human trafficking trends.

As technology makes it easier for traffickers to operate across geographies and jurisdictions, those of us committed to rooting out this horrendous crime – in government, businesses, civil society – can and must work together and coordinate our efforts.

I am grateful to everyone who contributed to this report, especially the State Department’s Human Trafficking Expert Consultant Network, who helps ensure our findings and recommendations are informed by those with lived experience of human trafficking.

I also want to recognize our TIP Report Heroes who have been essential partners in this work. For the past 20 years, the Department of State has honored more than 170 such champions of human dignity and decency from over 90 countries – survivors, government leaders, law enforcement officials, lawyers, social workers. Many of them have put their own safety at risk to support victims and share their stories.

The courage and persistence of survivors and advocates like these humble and inspire us all as we continue working to build a safer and more just world.

Antony Blinken

Message From the Ambassador-at-Large

Innovation drives successful anti-trafficking work. As criminals continually adapt to take advantage of new vulnerabilities and opportunities to exploit others, we must persistently keep pace with a rapidly evolving trafficking landscape. This year’s introduction examines the role of digital technology, which has had a profound impact on trafficking methods and trends in recent years. Traffickers use online platforms to recruit, groom, defraud, coerce, and exploit victims, taking advantage of the potential for anonymity offered by online spaces. At the same time, when harnessed effectively, digital technology can strengthen our anti-trafficking response, providing opportunities for stakeholders to strengthen prevention efforts, protect victims, and partner with survivors and other stakeholders to combat the crime.

In our fight against human trafficking, we must constantly strive to connect and unite through innovation, including optimization of our use of digital technology. Traffickers take advantage of the ever-shifting nature of the internet to exploit others; it is imperative that we too embrace technology to counter this trend. Digital technology has given us new ways to prevent trafficking, protect victims, prosecute bad actors, and forge global partnerships to combat this crime. This year’s report highlights a range of successful and promising innovations that set us on that path. Developing partnerships and empowering communities most affected by human trafficking are key to combating this crime. This report examines, for example, how current efforts to prevent and address forced labor are buoyed by strategic partnerships with workers, including worker-led approaches to advancing labor rights and standards.

The internet can provide spaces to share information, for example to train and educate youth regarding online safety, empower workers to know and protect their rights, and educate vulnerable populations to recognize indicators of exploitation. Digital tools can provide human trafficking victims with streamlined access to services such as hotlines, peer support and therapy, and other resources for technical training and financial literacy to help survivors navigate the exit and recovery stages of human trafficking. Technological advances can increase the speed and accuracy of data collection, an area that when harnessed effectively can aid in the identification of trafficking patterns and trends. Stakeholders can use technology to strengthen communication and information-sharing tools that incorporate workers’ voices, increase transparency and accountability in supply chains, and streamline collaboration and data-sharing among stakeholders.

This year’s introduction also covers a topic of personal importance to me as a former prosecutor. Utilizing strategic investigative processes can effectively shift the burden of proof away from a reliance on victim testimony, which can endanger and retraumatize victims, and onto the prosecuting authority to both strengthen criminal justice procedures and better facilitate the safety and long-term well-being of victims and survivors. Strengthening partnerships with survivors and innovating for greater inclusion of historically marginalized communities such as those with disabilities, are crucial to the anti-trafficking movement. Survivors must continue to be consulted early and often in the development and implementation of anti-trafficking work. Their firsthand knowledge of the ways in which traffickers are utilizing technology for exploitation is critical to ensure effective prevention, protection, and prosecution efforts.

Governments have a responsibility to guide and leverage efforts, including the use of digital technology, to protect the rights and safety of their citizens; however, governments cannot do this alone. Collaboration and partnerships among stakeholders – governments, tech companies, NGOs, survivor communities, and financial institutions – are more important than ever to creating a safer world without human trafficking. A fierce commitment to innovation has the power to renew and strengthen the deep connections that bind together all of us working to end human trafficking. The United States is proud to work alongside our partners at home and overseas as we document and disseminate efforts to end this terrible crime while also recognizing the heroes whose work around the globe brings hope to victims, empowerment to marginalized communities, and motivation to continue our collective efforts.

Human Trafficking Defined

The Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, as amended (TVPA), defines “severe forms of trafficking in persons” as:

sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act has not attained 18 years of age; or
the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery.

A victim need not be physically transported from one location to another for the crime to fall within this definition.

Exploring the Role and Impacts of Digital Technology on Human Trafficking

In today’s rapidly evolving world, technology is often a double-edged sword. While technology has provided innovative solutions to preventing and addressing human trafficking, it has also prompted complex ethical questions and created new opportunities for criminals, including human traffickers, to be increasingly sophisticated in exploiting individuals for profit. Traffickers use technology to recruit, control, market and exploit vulnerable individuals while also evading detection. Traffickers do this, for example, by using the Internet to advertise and sell children online for sex, advertise false jobs on social media platforms that are actually human trafficking schemes, transfer cryptocurrency to other traffickers, and perpetuate online scam operations. At the same time, anti-trafficking stakeholders are using technological innovations to prevent human trafficking, protect victims, and prosecute traffickers. The 2024 Trafficking in Persons Report (TIP Report) introduction explores the challenges associated with digital technology in the fight against human trafficking and highlights how it can be used effectively by the anti-trafficking community.

Defining “Digital Technology”

Digital technology refers to an ever-expanding set of electronic systems and resources that facilitate learning, communication, entertainment, and more. Examples include hardware, such as computers, smartphones and mobile devices, and robotics; software, including mobile applications, geolocation, online games, financial databases, web-based and cloud-based systems, and artificial intelligence (AI); and other online services, such as websites, video streaming, blogs, and social media. For the purposes of this report, digital technologies are explored through their use by traffickers as well as by key anti-trafficking stakeholders and beneficiaries.

The Intersection between Digital Technology and Human Trafficking

One way digital technology and human trafficking can intersect occurs when traffickers use online platforms to exploit victims. While not a novel phenomenon, renewed attention was brought to the issue because many people shifted their daily activities online at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. Reports from several countries demonstrated drastic increases in online commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking, including online sexual exploitation of children (OSEC), and demand for and distribution of child sexual abuse material (CSAM). Traffickers have continued to advance schemes to exploit individuals using digital tools to groom, deceive, control, and exploit victims. Some of these schemes lure individuals hundreds of miles away, including across borders, while others do not require them to leave their homes. Increasingly, victims and survivors of human trafficking have shared that they first connected with their traffickers online. While traffickers continue to refine and advance their use of digital technologies, governments and other anti-trafficking stakeholders must do the same to combat human trafficking.

How Traffickers Use Technology to Facilitate Trafficking

Human traffickers use a wide range of tactics to manipulate and exploit victims—using technology at every stage of their criminal activities, from the initial planning and execution of the scheme to the way in which they coerce, monitor, and maintain individuals to further their exploitative purpose and increase their profits.

Traffickers use the Internet to facilitate the identification and grooming of potential victims. Traffickers often target and victimize individuals in vulnerable situations such as those experiencing conflict, natural disasters, poverty, challenging home lives, systemic oppression, or a combination of hardships. The UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) identified “hunting” and “fishing” as two common strategies perpetrators use to deceive and recruit victims. According to UNODC, online platforms help traffickers search proactively and anonymously for a specific type of individual who they believe is particularly susceptible to further their scheme (the hunting process), or passively attract potential victims by posting online and waiting for a response (the fishing process). Perpetrators may use social media, online advertisements, websites, dating apps, and gaming platforms – or fraudulent or deceptive duplications of such tools – to hide their true identity through fake accounts and profiles while interacting with potential victims. Once potential victims are identified and contact is established, communication through the Internet serves as a powerful tool to deceive individuals with false promises of education, employment, housing, or romantic relationships only to lure them into labor and sex trafficking situations. For example, a trafficker may create an online business website, perhaps posing as a talent recruiter, on which they often include realistic photos to gain a victim’s trust and make them believe the opportunity is authentic and will help advance their career or improve their life. In these cases, traffickers trick the victim into believing they can legitimately earn income not only for themselves, but for their families as well. As trust is established, the trafficker manipulates and traps the individual in an exploitative situation through force, fraud, or coercion. Tactics such as threatening physical abuse or harm to an individual, their reputation, future employment, financial prospects, or their loved ones, are used by traffickers to foster fear. The internet can also serve as a platform to escalate the exploitative scheme further, including via sextortion.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) defines sextortion as a serious crime that occurs when a perpetrator threatens to distribute private and sensitive material if the victim does not provide images of a sexual nature, sexual favors, or money. The perpetrator, who often poses as a love interest, entices individuals to send sensitive images, which the victim believes are being shared privately, but the perpetrator then uses the images to control and coerce their victims to produce more images, perform sexual favors, or give money in cases involving sex trafficking or forced labor. In addition to blackmailing the victims for large sums of money, traffickers may also use the content to generate additional revenue by selling the sensitive material on illicit platforms.

Additionally, traffickers can use the Internet to facilitate forced criminality, an increasingly common mechanism involving traffickers coercing their victims to engage in or support criminal activities ranging from working as part of online scam operations to commercial sex. In online scam operations, traffickers largely recruit victims through deceitful job listings online, confine them in gated compounds, and force them to engage in online criminal activity under threat of serious harm. Online scam operations include illegal online gambling, cryptocurrency investment schemes, and romance scams, all of which involve the victim of trafficking forming relationships with individuals in order to defraud them of significant sums. Some traffickers compel victims to continue to work by threatening that if they seek help, they will be prosecuted for the unlawful acts committed as a direct result of being trafficked; while others are simply unaware that they are trafficking victims.

In sum, traffickers use digital tools like the Internet to amplify the reach, scale, and speed of their trafficking operations. While the methods and means may have evolved with technological developments, the exploitation at the heart of trafficking persists, underscoring the urgent need for comprehensive and innovative approaches to investigate and combat this crime.

Challenges and Risks Technology Presents for the Anti-trafficking Community

Digital technology has broadened the scope and scale of operations for traffickers as it allows the flexibility to target and exploit victims across the world while remaining hidden and more difficult to trace. Traffickers adapt their schemes to take advantage of the obscurity available with new online tools, such as hiding behind anonymization tools or software, and benefiting from loose regulations of online platforms. These challenges make it increasingly difficult for law enforcement and anti-trafficking stakeholders to identify and implement coordinated solutions fast enough to effectively combat technology-facilitated human trafficking. Constant evolution in digital technology and the ways in which it is being used also makes it difficult to concentrate efforts or decipher trafficking indicators on a given platform, because law enforcement agencies must continuously adapt their tactics, develop technical expertise, and collaborate with technology companies to effectively combat trafficking. Additionally, NGOs and service providers with data relevant to the field may struggle with how to effectively share information while considering data ownership and ensuring privacy is being maintained and protected.

Cross-Sector Coordination Challenges

Traffickers have widened their reach by communicating with and recruiting victims globally, which has created a need for greater global coordination among anti-trafficking stakeholders and technology experts. These stakeholders face several challenges to coordinating a global response, including navigating diverse legal frameworks to address technology-facilitated human trafficking that transcends borders. It is often difficult to determine which jurisdiction has authority to investigate and prosecute perpetrators and coordinate international investigation efforts involving multiple countries. Even when the jurisdiction is established, the necessary evidence gathering and coordination often results in lengthier processes, causing further strain on law enforcement agencies. Traffickers also take advantage of and operate with impunity due to gaps, inadequacies, or loopholes in laws and regulations to address technology-facilitated trafficking and associated activities.

The lack of sufficient funding for research and training on traffickers’ exploitation of digital tools can leave the anti-trafficking field responding reactively rather than proactively. Capacity and resources are particularly acute challenges for law enforcement in regions with limited access to advanced technology. Several technology-based anti-trafficking tools exist for data mining; however, many regions are unable to take advantage of these resources due to a lack of technological infrastructure and digital literacy. Victims may also find themselves isolated and unable to easily seek help in geographical areas with limited technological capabilities, and poor internet connectivity or coverage may affect their ability to receive information and services from anti-trafficking NGOs in a timely manner.

Data Privacy, Protection, and Access

Data protection, data analysis, and data sharing are crucial methods of using digital technologies to prevent, identify, and reduce instances of human trafficking, but practitioners must consider potential negative effects on the safety and well-being of victims and survivors. Collecting and sharing data on human trafficking cases, including victims’ personally identifiable information (PII) can be essential for law enforcement and victim support efforts, but could raise serious data privacy concerns for victims and survivors should their information be inadvertently released to the public through data breaches, which has become a common issue with digital technology in general. NGOs and technology companies often use data mining techniques to support law enforcement in investigating offenses but may lack appropriate security protocols to properly safeguard the data and protect victims’ PII from bad actors. Different standards for ensuring data privacy and protections across countries and concerns around national security hinder effective information sharing between governments. Frameworks for data collection, storage, and sharing of personal data are often different, complicating international cooperation. Governments should consider strengthening digital literacy and infrastructure, where possible, to improve data security standards and procedures, while listening to the recommendations from anti-trafficking stakeholders, including those with lived experiences of trafficking, to assess the best mechanisms for gathering, analyzing, and sharing data related to victims and survivors.

Encryption & Anonymity

Encryption systems are one way to safeguard data in digital interactions including in web browsing, messaging apps, and financial transactions. Such systems prevent third parties from accessing data by turning readable data into a scrambled code that can only be recovered by the receiver’s system, ensuring that only authorized parties can access the original data. Anonymizing technology provides a high level of privacy and obscures the connection between an individual’s online activity and their real identity. Encryption systems found in many online platforms are designed to protect the privacy and security of all online users; however, these systems and anonymizing technologies such as virtual private networks (VPNs), can also offer protection to bad actors, allowing them to avoid detection and accountability.

As with any crime, heightened anonymity may pose a major challenge for law enforcement and anti-trafficking stakeholders in identifying traffickers and their co-conspirators, whether it is the creator of a fraudulent social media account or author of an online advertisement scam. Traffickers increasingly benefit from and rely on the protection that digital tools offer as it amplifies an offender’s ability to anonymize themselves through the entire transactional process – from the recruitment and the solicitation to the management of the transactions and relationships to the payment. Virtual currency has even enabled a distance between those making and receiving payments and the movement of the money. Traffickers may also hide their IP addresses and encrypt their communications, such as emails, chat messages, and file transfers. Together this allows greater physical separation between the offender and the offense, impacting the crime itself and law enforcement’s ability to intercede.

Media or Misinformation

The proliferation of social media and online forums have increased the potential for false narratives and misinformation about human trafficking to circulate online and skew public perceptions of the crime. Even accurate reporting on human trafficking cases and issues may unintentionally minimize the wide range of potential trafficking experiences. Unfortunately, the most sensationalized and misleading stories tend to attract the most attention and mispresent what human trafficking is while also shifting focus away from more prevalent forms of trafficking and from marginalized populations whose exploitation may not receive the same coverage. Such reports may also create a singular or limited perception within communities of what human trafficking looks like, perpetuating stereotypes and interfering with prevention efforts or victims’ ability to self-identify.

The Promise of Technology in Monitoring and Combating Human Trafficking

Technology also plays an important role in investigating and countering human trafficking. Digital technology, including mobile applications, social media campaigns, and online hubs, can be used to further share information, resources, and training on human trafficking. It can also be used to improve access to online support services for victims, survivors, and vulnerable populations. Organizations are using data analytic tools to help identify current trends in fraudulent recruitment, map complex supply chains for links to forced labor, and detect emerging human trafficking schemes. These tools help support information sharing used to bolster identification, investigation, and prosecution efforts by providing means to integrate and analyze data from multiple sources.

Enhancing Education and Outreach Efforts

Digital technology and literacy expand the reach of prevention efforts to raise awareness and educate the public on human trafficking globally. Given the increase in online activity among children, governments and parents should even further prioritize education around online safety for children and youth, and could take advantage of online tools to inform children of the risks related to the internet. Fortunately, there are already a number of beneficial training tools for young people using social media and mobile applications, as well as for parents and guardians, that help support early interventions to prevent technology-facilitated trafficking of youth. One example of how technology is being used for public awareness is through online campaigns including the Can You See Me? campaign administered by A21, a global anti-trafficking organization in the United States, aimed at informing the general public on how to spot signs of human trafficking and where to report it.

Technology is also being used to improve awareness and outreach efforts to support worker engagement and empowerment. Commonly used messaging apps and social media platforms, as well as specially designed worker engagement and empowerment platforms, are used to educate workers on their labor rights, including the right to organize; access legal and social services; and connect with legitimate employers and jobs. Some tools also offer responsible employment training for managers, provide secure grievance mechanisms for workers, aggregate worker survey responses, and provide feedback opportunities, allowing workers to share information about their recruitment and work experiences. One promising example comes from Polaris, an NGO based in the United States. Through its Nonechka project, Polaris collaborated with technology partner Ulula on a platform that allows farmworkers in Mexico and now in the United States to share their experiences, including information on risky recruitment and employment processes. This information also helps Polaris formulate prevention strategies, as well as inform workers about their rights, wages, and working conditions and how to access general services locally including emergency, transitional, or long-term services.

Victim Services

Digital technology tools can aid victims during the exit and recovery phases of a human trafficking experience. Technology can play a pivotal role in victim identification, employing various methods and platforms for finding victims online and allowing for self-reporting exploitation. For example, the Canadian NGO Center for Child Protection (C3P) operates Project Arachnid , a web crawler that searches for known CSAM. When such material is detected, C3P sends a notice to the provider asking that the material be removed. The NGO Thorn also has an AI-powered tool that detects CSAM and tools that aid law enforcement in child sex trafficking investigations. While digital investigative techniques, including those that make use of AI, can assist in trafficking detection, investigation, and successful prosecutions, basic communication tools such as messaging apps, SMS and text, and phone channels also offer lower-tech and straightforward avenues for victims to communicate with service providers in real time. Successful tools to advance victim services include those that facilitate and increase access to victim resource hotlines, virtual peer community spaces, and financial inclusion resources. There are also online tools to bolster training and technical assistance for professionals who wish to support victims and survivors during the aftermath of victimization and to navigate the criminal justice system. Most of these tools are mobile applications and leverage web- and cloud-based solutions for victim services. The GraceCity App, for example, developed by anti-trafficking advocates in Sacramento, California, is a mobile application that offers victims and survivors details on the community resources in their area. The app can canvass thousands of first responders and provide users with useful resources including nearby NGOs, medical professionals, social workers, and therapists. Technologically enhanced interventions can be instrumental in overcoming challenges to victim identification, outreach, and intervention, providing real-time communication channels that are accessible, secure, and more efficient in providing immediate assistance tailored to the individual’s situation and unique needs.

Data Collection and Sharing Efforts

As mentioned earlier, data collection, data analysis, and data sharing are crucial components of using digital technologies to prevent, identify, and reduce instances of human trafficking. Anti-trafficking stakeholders have created tools and established new initiatives to improve their data collection and sharing to support investigation and prosecution efforts. For example, social media and communication platforms are rich sources of information for law enforcement investigations, but combing through large-scale datasets can be time consuming and labor intensive. A diverse group of stakeholders, including governments, international organizations, civil society organizations, private sector businesses, and information technology professionals developed technology tools to assist in anti-trafficking efforts. These tools help anti-trafficking stakeholders collect and analyze vast amounts of qualitative and quantitative data through techniques such as data mining, machine learning, and natural language processing. These digital tools not only enhance the utility and speed of traditional data collection methods used for case management and investigative purposes, but also make it easier for anti-trafficking actors to analyze the data to share real-time insights that better equip the field to address and combat trafficking. Despite this potential, reports show that NGOs have traditionally underutilized such tools due to lack of knowledge, access, expertise, and funding, and more information is needed to better understand barriers to use.

Anti-trafficking applications can help investigators perform pattern analyses from big-data searches encompassing structured and unstructured data from sources including social media. These analyses allow investigators to understand traffickers’ online activities as well as their most frequently used platforms and profiles used to target and mislead victims. For example, the Counter Trafficking Data Collaborative (CTDC), developed by the International Organization for Migration, brings together anti-trafficking organizations from around the world to make human trafficking data publicly available in a central, accessible online platform. The goal of CTDC is to break down information sharing barriers and equip the anti-trafficking community with reliable data. CTDC offers primary, individual-level data scrubbed of personally identifiable information on victims of human trafficking that can be used to track human trafficking trends globally.

From identifying trafficking patterns to increasing accountability within supply chains to prevent forced labor, the multifaceted nature of data collection and sharing requires multidisciplinary partnerships for the benefits of data-related solutions to fully materialize. Data collection and sharing among several anti-trafficking stakeholders is key to effectively developing anti-trafficking policies, identifying victims, prosecuting the perpetrators, and mapping where and how traffickers and transnational criminal networks operate. Collaboration on data collection and sharing should particularly be encouraged between sectors and stakeholders equipped with capabilities to collect data and gather intelligence and insights. Such stakeholders should include NGOs, survivor-led organizations, individuals with lived experience of human trafficking, and intelligence or investigative agencies. The Traffik Analysis Hub is another example of a global solution that supports joint analysis of large AI-generated data sets, providing partners with the ability to pool data assets to generate new insights into patterns and hotspots of trafficking incidents. Information from the Traffik Analysis Hub, which was developed with the support of IBM, is also shared with law enforcement so actions can be taken to disrupt trafficking operations. The ability to use large quantities of data and data analytics also helps to minimize the use of individual victim information and victim testimony to support trafficking prosecutions.

However, the collection and analysis of large data sets present several significant risks and challenges including privacy and data security concerns, misuse of data, and bias and inaccuracies that could result from reliance on large data collections. To mitigate these risks, it is crucial to implement data protection measures to ensure ethical data collection practices and protect individual’s right to privacy.

Lessons Learned and Looking Ahead

The Role of Government

Governments have the responsibility to regulate the use of technology, including in anti-trafficking efforts, such as disincentivizing the abuse of online resources for trafficking. Efforts to legislate and regulate tech companies to better prevent and address human trafficking will have broader impacts in areas such as privacy, security, and innovation, so careful consideration with a wide range of stakeholders will be needed.

Right now, government approaches to addressing emerging issues in the digital era continue to be fragmented, in part due to the scale and speed at which digital technology evolves. Inconsistent policies make it difficult to combat tech-facilitated crimes due to their transnational and multi-jurisdictional elements. Some governments are recognizing the importance of regulating digital platforms to protect and further national security, economic development, and human rights priorities and many have begun developing policies around the production, deployment, and use of digital technologies. Collaboration and coordination at the international and national level will make it harder for perpetrators to continue their illicit activities.

Globally, government investment in digital technologies for anti-trafficking efforts remains low, despite significant potential. Private sector and civil society stakeholders, including those with lived experience, will be critical to identifying additional government-funded research and development necessary to channel the positive aspects of technology and protect those who use it. An OSCE and Tech Against Trafficking analysis found that out of 305 technology tools readily available to combat human trafficking, only 9 percent were developed through government investments. Consideration should also be given as to how best to develop and share existing tech tools in regions of the world that lack such tools.

The Role of Law Enforcement

Law enforcement agencies are tasked with combating technology-facilitated human trafficking by monitoring online platforms, investigating suspicious activity, and prosecuting perpetrators. Law enforcement agencies can continuously look for new ways to proactively investigate trafficking cases by harnessing technological innovations to collect evidentiary material. For proactive investigations, agencies can focus on increasing internal capacity to integrate data analytics and artificial intelligence tools into casework, as well as collaborate and coordinate with NGOs and technology companies in tool development, training, and information sharing – with due regard to privacy safeguards.

Law enforcement agencies have found ways to leverage technology to help identify, track, and monitor illicit activity by following its digital footprint. A digital footprint could include online activity, from websites visited to social media posts published, and can help paint a clearer picture of a trafficker’s identity, location, and criminal activity. Such publicly available digital evidence is often helpful in building a trafficking case.

Examples of law enforcement leveraging online data to support criminal investigations include:

In September 2023, The Netherlands, supported by EUROPOL, coordinated a 3-day investigation targeting online criminal activities that enable human trafficking. Law enforcement from 26 countries alongside representatives from European Labor Authority, European Police College (CEPOL), INTERPOL, OSCE, and International Justice Mission, focused on identifying online platforms and social media to recruit victims for sexual and labor exploitation. This led to identifying 11 suspected human traffickers and 45 potential victims.
In 2023, Operation Synergia led by INTERPOL, targeted human trafficking rings linked to cyber scam centers. Partnering with a leading creator of cybersecurity technology, Group-IB’s Threat Intelligence and High-Tech Crime Investigation teams collected and shared information with INTERPOL and other law enforcement agencies to locate over 2,400 IP addresses associated with cybercrime, leading to the removal of the servers. Over 60 law enforcement agencies from 50 countries participated in the search and seizure of 1,300 malicious servers and electronic devices, shutting down 70 percent of identified cybercrime command servers while the remaining 30 percent are under investigation.

Law enforcement agencies must be better resourced to combat technology-facilitated human trafficking or use technology for human trafficking investigations. This can be achieved through greater investment in staff, training, and software. Law enforcement officers must be trained on monitoring and evaluating online platforms and developing technical knowledge. Law enforcement agencies can deepen their capabilities by establishing cybercrime units tasked with data analysis and decryption technology. Cooperation protocols with NGO and private sector partners will further data sharing and the design and deployment of new tools that are victim-centric and trauma- and survivor-informed. Multilateral knowledge exchange should also be considered when developing technology tools to prevent traffickers from exploiting the gaps in capacity and legislation between law enforcement agencies. Governments should also focus on implementation of the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and its Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children to address legislation gaps. Lastly, law enforcement agencies with access to victims’ personal data must have protection standards in place on the collection and storage of such personal data.

The Role of the Financial Sector

The financial sector also plays a vital role in combating human trafficking. According to the International Labour Organization, human trafficking is responsible for an estimated $236 billion in illicit profits annually. All forms of currency, including both traditional and digital assets (e.g. cryptocurrency), can be laundered, requiring a multidimensional approach involving legislative measures, collaboration between justice and financial sectors, technological innovations, and ethical considerations to detect their use in criminal enterprises. The financial sector’s role extends beyond upholding regulatory frameworks, often guided by promising practices in the area of corporate responsibility. As illicit proceeds from human trafficking can intersect with formal financial systems at any stage of a human trafficking crime, it is essential that financial institutions proactively manage the risk of technology-facilitated human trafficking and train staff on the financial indicators and techniques used by human traffickers to launder money. Coordination in this area should also include financial institutions working with law enforcement, technology companies, and survivors to inform their efforts, including on the development of training programs to enhance the ability of frontline staff and other industry professionals to detect transactions connected to human trafficking, how and when to intervene, and how to determine when a third party is benefitting from the exploitation of another.

Globally, the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) is the standard-setting body for anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism and weapons proliferation. More than 200 countries have agreed to implement FATF recommendations, which provide guidance for member countries to identify, assess, and understand money laundering and illicit finance risks and to mitigate those risks. Since 2019, the FATF has included guidance on how to assess and mitigate risks associated with digital assets and digital asset service providers, including recommendations on how member jurisdictions should regulate cryptocurrency transactions. Countries are encouraged to adapt FATF recommendations to their specific context to establish or enhance efforts to tackle illicit financial transactions.

Following digital financial transactions human traffickers leave behind can identify broader criminal networks and make it more difficult to profit from human trafficking. For this reason, responsible innovation in technology and proactive partnerships between governments, financial institutions, law enforcement, and civil society experts, including those with lived experiences are an important part of identifying illicit financial activity associated with human trafficking and safeguarding financial systems against human trafficking, money laundering, terrorist financing, and other serious financial crimes.

The Role of NGOs

NGOs are one of the primary users and drivers of the development of anti-trafficking technological tools, algorithms, and programs and use digital technology to provide survivors easier access to resources and support services such as online counseling and helplines. NGOs are also well-positioned to build strong partnerships with and bridge the gap between technology companies, governments, survivors, and community organizations to enhance the creation and broaden the use of essential anti-trafficking application services. NGOs can use these relationships to advocate for and consult on the creation of standardized response frameworks, data privacy for victims when using anti-trafficking technology tools, and solutions to other emerging concerns around technology.

A result of a partnership between NGOs and international organizations (IOs) to advance work under the UN’s Global Compact on Decent Work in Global Supply Chains, the Interactive Map for Businesses of Anti-Human Trafficking Organizations was developed to be a user-friendly repository database that tracks global and local initiatives and organizations that businesses can partner with on anti-trafficking efforts. The map provides NGOs an opportunity to optimize coordination, research, awareness, and prevention efforts through the ability to identify specific industry initiatives to combat human trafficking via a filter tool that organizes data based on industry, geography, or issue, among others.

The Role of the Technology Industry

The technology industry, while providing many benefits can also inadvertently create environments that facilitate trafficking and other crimes, including by creating a space that facilitates unsupervised access to children. Many companies acknowledge that the popularity and simplicity of user-friendly application services contribute to unsafe environments by providing traffickers with easy access to communicate, advertise, and coordinate illicit activity. Some technology companies have taken steps to address these challenges, but ongoing efforts are needed to enhance security measures, improve content moderation, and collaborate with law enforcement to prevent technology from being used by bad actors for illicit activities. Technology can play several roles to include using data and algorithm tools to detect human trafficking patterns, identify suspicious and illicit activity, and report such activity to law enforcement. Technology companies play a pivotal role in protecting victims and vulnerable individuals from being exploited through the use of their online platforms and must be part of the solution to combat human trafficking.

Some technology companies are increasingly investing in better language models and machine learning to allow computers to learn from and make predictions based on data trends. These tools are a useful resource as they may provide law enforcement agencies with powerful tools to more efficiently target illicit activity and possible cases for investigation, but they are not required. Language models can detect, translate, and categorize key words used by traffickers to identify trafficking communication patterns. It can be used to aid international investigations and target traffickers since they often recruit individuals in different countries primarily communicating through technology and internet platforms in the victims’ native language. Alongside language models, other machine learning tools have the ability to cross reference various data sets, such as combining law enforcement data and transit trends, to help stakeholders formulate specific algorithms that can trace traffickers’ patterns. These tools can enhance collaboration between law enforcement agencies and other stakeholders, as well as quickly close the gap for countries that may not have established effective tools to track or investigate human trafficking. As developers continue to build and enhance anti-trafficking applications for protection, prevention, or prosecution functions, they must be designed to tackle the unique challenges and scenarios that arise in the context of human trafficking.

Regardless of the progress provided by technology tools, it is crucial that anti-trafficking stakeholders be cautious of becoming overly reliant on using AI and facial recognition technology to identify victims of human trafficking and the traffickers. These tools should enhance, not replace, existing methods. Developers, policymakers, and anti-trafficking leaders seeking to improve anti-trafficking efforts with AI and facial recognition tools should prioritize establishing data privacy rights and ensuring individuals’ information is protected throughout data-sharing processes.

Taking Action: Considerations for Anti-Trafficking Stakeholders

Harnessing technology to advance the shared goal of governments, law enforcement actors, technology companies, and civil society to eliminate human trafficking will require proactive efforts by all actors to resolve the complex, often contradictory byproducts of technological progress. Governments can adopt policies and legislation that recognize human traffickers’ use of technology and incentivize the positive use of technology tools to investigate and counter human trafficking, and must coordinate implementation of these policies through collaboration with the technology sector, the financial sector, anti-trafficking NGOs, and lived experience experts who can help build capacity to monitor online spaces, train staff, develop technology tools, and cultivate technical expertise. Law enforcement entities can use technology to conduct data analytics on traffickers, their connections, and their modus operandi to inform human trafficking investigations and related money laundering activities, bolster the identification of victims online, and enhance safety nets. Governments can also strengthen data security from unauthorized access to better protect victims and investigations and find technology-based solutions that further privacy, safety, and trust. Multilateral forums offer important venues for governments to share best practices and develop new policies and standards that uphold current international frameworks but are also tailored to regional and local trafficking situations and existing technological capabilities.

NGOs can advocate for policies and tech solutions that empower vulnerable individuals, strengthen access to services, advance digital learning, and further privacy protections. Local communities, NGOs, and those with lived experience know current trafficking trends and how technology is being used to facilitate crimes, and thus can recommend ways to enhance trauma-informed and victim-centric tech solutions and ways to get tech tools in the hands of those who most need them. The technology sector should work to ensure their online platforms are being used for legitimate purposes and ensure privacy and safety for users. The technology sector can also invest in new technologies that include detecting and countering child sexual abuse material, livestreaming trafficking offenses, and fraudulent cyber scams or job offers among other crimes occurring on their platforms. Governments, anti-trafficking NGOs, companies, and innovators can also employ routine audits of technology tools as digital technologies evolve to limit negative consequences and better guarantee efficient, sustainable means to address human trafficking.

Collaborative efforts allow all relevant parties to inform and promote best practices for the responsible and safe use of technology by a variety of actors, including individuals vulnerable to technology-facilitated trafficking. The challenge is immense, but political will, resource investments, innovation, and partnerships will help prevent traffickers’ use of technology for exploitation, and instead amplify and scale the best applications that assist all anti-trafficking stakeholders in meeting our obligations to combat the newest continuously evolving aspects of this pernicious crime.

Understanding Human Trafficking

“Trafficking in persons” and “human trafficking” are umbrella terms—often used interchangeably—to refer to a crime whereby traffickers exploit and profit at the expense of adults or children by compelling them to perform labor or engage in commercial sex. When a person younger than 18 is used to perform a commercial sex act, it is a crime regardless of whether there is any force, fraud, or coercion involved.

The United States recognizes two primary forms of trafficking in persons: forced labor and sex trafficking. The basic meaning of these forms of human trafficking and some unique characteristics of each are set forth below, followed by several key principles and concepts that relate to all forms of human trafficking.

More than 180 nations have ratified or acceded to the UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons (the UN TIP Protocol), which defines trafficking in persons and contains obligations to prevent and combat the crime.

The United States’ TVPA and the UN TIP Protocol contain similar definitions of human trafficking. The elements of both definitions can be described using a three-element framework focused on the trafficker’s 1) acts; 2) means; and 3) purpose. All three elements are essential to form a human trafficking violation.

Forced Labor

Forced Labor, sometimes also referred to as labor trafficking, encompasses the range of activities involved when a person uses force, fraud, or coercion to exploit the labor or services of another person.

The “acts” element of forced labor is met when the trafficker recruits, harbors, transports, provides, or obtains a person for labor or services.

The “means” element of forced labor includes a trafficker’s use of force, fraud, or coercion. The coercive scheme can include threats of force, debt manipulation, withholding of pay, confiscation of identity documents, psychological coercion, reputational harm, manipulation of the use of addictive substances, threats to other people, or other forms of coercion.

The “purpose” element focuses on the perpetrator’s goal to exploit a person’s labor or services. There is no limit on the location or type of industry. Traffickers can commit this crime in any sector or setting, whether legal or illicit, including but not limited to agricultural fields, factories, restaurants, hotels, massage parlors, retail stores, fishing vessels, mines, private homes, or drug trafficking operations.

All three elements are essential to constitute the crime of forced labor.

There are certain types of forced labor that are frequently distinguished for emphasis or because they are widespread:

Domestic Servitude

“Domestic servitude” is a form of forced labor in which the trafficker requires a victim to perform work in a private residence. Such circumstances create unique vulnerabilities. Domestic workers are often isolated and may work alone in a house. Their employer often controls their access to food, transportation, and housing. What happens in a private residence is hidden from the world – including from law enforcement and labor inspectors – resulting in barriers to victim identification. Foreign domestic workers are particularly vulnerable to abuse due to language and cultural barriers, as well as a lack of community ties. Some perpetrators use these types of conditions as part of their coercive schemes to compel the labor of domestic workers with little risk of detection.

Forced Child Labor

The term “forced child labor” describes forced labor schemes in which traffickers compel children to work. Traffickers often target children because they are more vulnerable. Although some children may legally engage in certain forms of work, forcing or coercing children to work remains illegal. Forms of slavery or slavery-like practices – including the sale of children, forced or compulsory child labor, and debt bondage and serfdom of children – continue to exist, despite legal prohibitions and widespread condemnation. Some indicators of forced labor of a child include situations in which the child appears to be in the custody of a non-family member and the child’s work financially benefits someone outside the child’s family; or the denial of food, rest, or schooling to a child who is working.

Sex Trafficking

Sex trafficking encompasses the range of activities involved when a trafficker uses force, fraud, or coercion to compel another person to engage in a commercial sex act or causes a child to engage in a commercial sex act.

The crime of sex trafficking is also understood through the “acts,” “means,” and “purpose” framework. All three elements are required to establish a sex trafficking crime (except in the case of child sex trafficking where the means are irrelevant).

The “acts” element of sex trafficking is met when a trafficker recruits, harbors, transports, provides, obtains, patronizes, or solicits another person to engage in commercial sex.

The “means” element of sex trafficking occurs when a trafficker uses force, fraud, or coercion. Coercion in the case of sex trafficking includes the broad array of means included in the forced labor definition. These can include threats of serious harm, psychological harm, reputational harm, threats to others, and debt manipulation.

The “purpose” element is a commercial sex act. Sex trafficking can take place in private homes, massage parlors, hotels, or brothels, among other locations, as well as on the internet.

Child Sex Trafficking

In cases where an individual engages in any of the specified “acts” with a child (under the age of 18), the means element is irrelevant regardless of whether evidence of force, fraud, or coercion exists. The use of children in commercial sex is prohibited by law in the United States and most countries around the world.

Key Principles and Concepts

These key principles and concepts relate to all forms of trafficking in persons, including forced labor and sex trafficking.

Human trafficking can take place even if the victim initially consented to providing labor, services, or commercial sex acts. The analysis is primarily focused on the trafficker’s conduct and not that of the victim. A trafficker can target a victim after a victim applies for a job or migrates to earn a living. The trafficker’s exploitative scheme is what matters, not a victim’s prior consent or ability to meaningfully consent thereafter. Likewise, in a sex trafficking case, an adult victim’s initial willingness to engage in commercial sex acts is not relevant where a perpetrator subsequently uses force, fraud, or coercion to exploit the victim and cause them to continue engaging in the same acts. In the case of child sex trafficking, the consent of the victim is never relevant as a child cannot legally consent to commercial sex.

Neither U.S. law nor international law requires that a trafficker or victim move across a border for a human trafficking offense to take place. Trafficking in persons is a crime of exploitation and coercion, and not movement. Traffickers can use schemes that take victims hundreds of miles away from their homes or exploit them in the same neighborhoods where they were born.

Debt Bondage

“Debt bondage” is focused on human trafficking crimes in which the trafficker’s primary means of coercion is debt manipulation. U.S. law prohibits perpetrators from using debts as part of their scheme, plan, or pattern to compel a person to work or engage in commercial sex. Traffickers target some individuals with an initial debt assumed willingly as a condition of future employment, while in certain countries traffickers tell individuals they “inherited” the debt from relatives. Traffickers can also manipulate debts after the economic relationship begins by withholding earnings or forcing the victim to assume debts for expenses like food, housing, or transportation. They can also manipulate debts a victim owes to other people. When traffickers use debts as a means to compel labor or commercial sex, they have committed a crime.

The Non-Punishment Principle

A victim-centered and trauma-informed approach is key to successful anti-trafficking efforts. A central tenet of such an approach is that victims of trafficking should not be inappropriately penalized solely for unlawful acts they committed as a direct result of being trafficked. Effective implementation of the “non-punishment principle,” as it is increasingly referred to, not only requires recognizing and embracing the principle in regional and national laws, but also increasing proactive victim identification.

State-Sponsored Human Trafficking

While the TVPA and UN TIP Protocol call on governments to proactively address trafficking crimes, some governments are part of the problem, directly compelling their citizens into sexual slavery or forced labor schemes. From forced labor in local or national public work projects, military operations, and economically important sectors, or as part of government-funded projects or missions abroad, officials use their power to exploit their nationals. To extract this work, governments coerce by threatening the withdrawal of public benefits, withholding salaries, failing to adhere to limits on national service, manipulating the lack of legal status of stateless individuals and members of minority groups, threatening to punish family members, or conditioning services or freedom of movement on labor or sex. In 2019, Congress amended the TVPA to acknowledge that governments can also act as traffickers, referring specifically to a “government policy or pattern” of human trafficking, trafficking in government-funded programs, forced labor in government-affiliated medical services or other sectors, sexual slavery in government camps, or the employment or recruitment of child soldiers.

Unlawful Recruitment or Use of Child Soldiers

Another manifestation of human trafficking occurs when government forces or any non-state armed group unlawfully recruits or uses children – through force, fraud, or coercion – as soldiers or for labor or services in conflict situations. Children are also used as sex slaves. Sexual slavery, as referred to here, occurs when armed groups force or coerce children to “marry” or be raped by commanders or combatants. Both male and female children are often sexually abused or exploited by members of armed groups and suffer the same types of devastating physical and psychological consequences associated with sex trafficking.

Accountability in Supply Chains

Forced labor is well documented in the private economy, particularly in agriculture, fishing, manufacturing, construction, and domestic work; but no sector is immune. Sex trafficking occurs in several industries as well. Most well-known is the hospitality industry, but the crime also occurs in connection with extractive industries where activities are often remote and lack meaningful government presence. Governments should hold all entities, including businesses, accountable for human trafficking. In some countries, the law provides for corporate accountability in both the civil and criminal justice systems. U.S. law provides such liability for any legal person, including a business that benefits financially from its involvement in a human trafficking scheme, provided that the business knew or should have known of the scheme.

Topics of Special Interest

Trafficking in Persons for the Purpose of Organ Removal

Trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal is one of the least reported and least understood forms of trafficking – but one that experts believe may be growing. Like sex trafficking and labor trafficking, it is ultimately a crime that exploits human beings for economic profit. Trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal is “a form of trafficking in which an individual is exploited for their organ, including by coercion, deception and abuse of a position of vulnerability.” The crime is sometimes confused with organ trafficking; however, organ trafficking refers more broadly to the illicit trade or exchange of organs for financial or other material gain. In organ trafficking, the focus is on the organ itself; conversely, with trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal, the focus is on the individual. The key global anti-trafficking instrument, the Palermo Protocol, defines exploitation to include at a minimum “the removal of organs,” alongside sexual exploitation, forced labor, and slavery or slavery-like practices.

Often, in cases of trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal, would-be donors are tricked into organ donation. Common deceptions include being told human beings have three kidneys or that kidneys regenerate after being removed, or being falsely told they will experience no negative side effects from a kidney removal (in fact, kidney donors may face serious lifelong medical challenges and be unable to work). Although kidneys are the most common organ involved, other organs and tissues, such as livers, corneas, or skin, are also sought, although notably the Palermo Protocol’s definition covers only exploitation for the removal of organs, not of tissues or cells. Victims may not be paid at all, or they may receive some payment; importantly, an individual can still be a victim of trafficking in persons or other human rights abuses even if they received some form of payment.

The 2022 UNODC Global Report on Trafficking in Persons noted trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal constituted only 0.2 percent of detected victims of trafficking compared to the much higher numbers for sex trafficking and forced labor. UNODC has warned “existing barriers to reporting suggest that the full scale of this phenomenon is not yet known.” The report also noted an uptick in cases (from 25 in 2017 to 40 in 2018), though the overall numbers are small. Between 2008 and 2022, UNODC reported 700 victims of trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal while noting “the scale of the problem is likely to be much larger.”

Trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal is difficult to detect for several reasons. Data-collection efforts are scarce, and some instances of trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal may be mistakenly classified or prosecuted as organ trafficking. Moreover, unlike sex trafficking and labor trafficking, which can take place over months or years, trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal usually involves a brief, often one-time, interaction. Like other forms of trafficking, transactions have increasingly shifted online and become more sophisticated, facilitating the emergence of smaller networks, and even independent brokers and suppliers, which may be more difficult to track.

Both the 2020 and 2022 UNODC Global Report on Trafficking in Persons and a 2021 INTERPOL report suggest North Africa and the Middle East have the highest share of detected victims, in part due to the prevalence of large vulnerable communities, limited access to medical care, and corruption. The media and some NGOs have also reported instances of trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal for ritual purposes. However, instances of trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal can occur worldwide. In a case recently prosecuted in the United Kingdom, the victim was recruited in Nigeria and brought to London, where the organ removal was to take place (see inset box for additional information). In another case reported by the BBC in late 2023, revealing the connection between organ trafficking and trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal, Pakistani police arrested eight members of an organ-trafficking ring that “lure[d] vulnerable patients from hospitals” and conducted transplants “often without the patient knowing;” several people died from these procedures.

The government of the People’s Republic of China, in particular, has been accused of systematically forcibly removing organs from political prisoners. For example, a group of UN human rights experts noted in 2021:

Forced organ harvesting in China appears to be targeting specific ethnic, linguistic, or religious minorities held in detention, often without being explained the reasons for arrest or given arrest warrants, at different locations. We are deeply concerned by reports of discriminatory treatment of the prisoners or detainees based on their ethnicity and religion or belief.

(Note: forced organ harvesting is not a term defined in the Palermo Protocol, but the phrase is commonly used to describe trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal.)

While there is a need for additional studies and reporting to thoroughly assess the geographic and numeric scope of trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal, stakeholders are taking steps to attempt to address the issue. A number of regional instruments, including the Council of Europe Convention against Trafficking in Human Organs, the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings, and the ASEAN Convention against Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, recognize organ removal as a form of trafficking-related exploitation.

Experts have also proposed ideas to increase the supply of legally donated organs, with the intention of making trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal and organ trafficking less lucrative. These ideas include transitioning deceased organ donation from an opt-in to an opt-out system; implementing paired exchanges matching donors and patients; creating awareness campaigns targeted at potential donors, including addressing barriers to altruistic organ donation and providing guidance on how to prevent trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal; building the capacity of law enforcement to detect and investigate these cases; and improving transparency and reporting around transplantation.

Twenty-one-year-old “Daniel” (not his real name) scraped out a living selling mobile-phone accessories at an outdoor street market in Lagos, Nigeria, but he thought his luck took a turn when he was offered a “life-changing opportunity” to work in the United Kingdom. The people he believed were his employers instructed him to take a blood test, which he thought was required to secure a visa. The people he had been working with put him on a flight and confiscated his passport. Within days of arriving in London, Daniel was taken to the Royal Free Hospital, where doctors discussed the risks of the upcoming “operation” – something Daniel knew nothing about. Seeing his confusion, the doctors sent Daniel away – but did not notify authorities. Later, Daniel overheard a conversation among those who had brought Daniel to the UK speaking about sending him back to Nigeria to remove his kidney. Scared, Daniel escaped, sleeping on the streets for several days until walking into a police station and telling his story. Daniel’s bravery eventually led to the UK’s first prosecution of – and convictions for – human trafficking for the purpose of organ removal. A prominent Nigerian politician and his wife who had arranged the trafficking scheme to provide their daughter with a kidney transplant, as well as a Nigerian doctor, were convicted in 2023.

This story was published by the BBC, Organ Harvesting: Trafficked for His Kidney and Now Forced into Hiding , June 26, 2023 ( https://www.bbc.com/news/65960515 ); for additional details, see the Crown Prosecution Service, Updated with Sentence: Senior Nigerian Politician Jailed Over Illegal UK Organ-Harvesting Plot , May 5, 2023 ( https://www.cps.gov.uk/cps/news/updated-sentence-senior-nigerian-politician-jailed-over-illegal-uk-organ-harvesting-plot ).

Connecting the Dots: Preventing Forced Labor by Empowering Workers

Forced labor, a form of human trafficking, is universally condemned yet prevalent in nearly every industry globally. The International Labour Organization (ILO) reports forced labor has grown in recent years – with no region of the world or private sector industry spared – and the majority of forced labor takes place in the private economy, meaning forced labor is connected to global supply chains. These facts demand a re-examination of current efforts to prevent and address forced labor, including the need to elevate the voice and agency of workers and place them at the center of prevention efforts through strategic partnerships. In addition, particular focus should be placed on vulnerable populations, such as migrant workers. ILO research shows the rates of forced labor among migrant workers are higher if migration is irregular or poorly governed, or where recruitment practices are unfair or unethical.

Although prosecuting specific traffickers and assisting individual victims are critical for governments combating forced labor, successful interventions to prevent forced labor require a range of stakeholders willing to visualize and address broader systemic issues centered on worker’s labor rights, including those of migrant workers, as well as supply chain power imbalances. For governments, this may require additional resources and oversight of workplaces, especially in key sectors where forced labor is often present; better monitoring of the labor recruitment industry; increased outreach to and protections for migrant workers; and improved screening measures by well-trained officials targeting populations at greater risk of exploitation. For the private sector, it will mean proactively supporting workers and their ability to advocate for themselves, setting clear expectations of suppliers, and rooting out practices that create environments ripe for exploitation.

Worker-led Approaches to Prevent Forced Labor

Over time, policymakers, academics, and other stakeholders have expanded their thinking to encompass worker-led approaches to address the vulnerabilities of workers and prevent forced labor. Such approaches include advancing labor rights and standards – including freedom of association, collective bargaining, and the remediation of labor rights abuses – as well as worker-driven approaches that include migrants. Research has demonstrated workers are most vulnerable to forced labor if they do not know their rights, are excluded from labor protection laws, and lack access to grievance mechanisms. Workers in the informal sector and women and girls, who often face gender-based violence and harassment in the workplace, can be particularly vulnerable. One of the most effective ways to prevent worker exploitation is to guarantee workers’ full rights to freedom of association and collective bargaining. Independent and democratic labor unions, led by workers, are best able to represent workers’ collective interests at multiple levels, including at the national, subnational, regional, and international levels. Collaborating with local workers, regional international organizations, and global union federations, these unions can reach the most vulnerable workers, organize across a labor sector, and advocate for key policy changes, including responsible migration management. As a result, they are well positioned to engage powerful transnational companies to address forced labor in their supply chains.

According to ILO’s Director of the Bureau for Workers’ Activities, there have been positive developments over time with unions reaching outside of their traditional base to include the unionization of self-employed workers. Many unions have also expanded to include more informal economy, migrant, and domestic workers, which is key as many of these workers are governed by a variety of working arrangements, including fixed-term and temporary contracts.

This diversification of representation is important as unions allow workers to negotiate for better working conditions, influence the laws and policies that impact them, and remediate labor rights abuses. Unions play a pivotal role in securing legislated labor protections and rights, such as legally entitled wages and benefits, occupational safety and health protections, overtime pay, and medical leave. Union-led efforts help raise the wages for the lowest paid and least skilled workers and lead to fewer hours of unpaid overtime work. Unions play crucial roles in identifying labor rights abuses and enforcing rights on the job. One of the most effective ways to prevent the exploitation of migrant workers is by guaranteeing their right to join unions in destination countries. The multiplier impact is notable, as industries with strong union representation tend to have lower levels of labor rights abuse, the worst forms of child labor, and forced labor.

Where there is an absence of unions, there at least should be effective, secure mechanisms for worker communication and grievances. Governments should strongly encourage employers to provide mechanisms so workers can advocate for their rights, discuss workplace issues of concern and interest, and communicate grievances, even if that takes place outside a formal union mechanism. Such mechanisms are essential to preventing forced labor, as they position workers, including migrant workers, to better protect themselves against coercion, deception, discrimination, and other forms of exploitation.

Promising Practices in Improving Labor Conditions

Several examples stand out as raising labor conditions for workers.

Dindigul Agreement, India

Indian women and the Dalit-worker led union Tamil Nadu Textile and Common Labor Union (TTCU) signed in April 2022 a historic agreement with clothing and textile manufacturers and major fashion companies to end gender-based violence and harassment at factories in the southern state of Tamil Nadu. This enforceable brand agreement resulted in multinational companies committing to support a worker- or union-led program at certain factories or worksites. An assessment a year later by the multi-stakeholder oversight committee found that the workers are now effectively able to detect, remediate, and prevent gender-based violence and harassment. In addition, the TTCU has conducted peer education training of more than 2,000 workers and management, held more than 30 meetings with management to resolve grievances, and recruited 58 workers as monitors to help remediate gender-based violence and harassment throughout the factory units.

Freedom of Association for Garment Workers, Honduras

In the decade that has followed Honduran workers signing an agreement with major brand Fruit of the Loom, close to 50 percent of all Honduran garment workers are now employed at a factory where an independent union represents the workforce. As a result of this signed collective bargaining agreement, workers have won increased wages and benefits and witnessed a reduction in verbal harassment and gender-based violence.

While unionization rates vary considerably across the globe, the ILO notes other encouraging examples. In Uzbekistan, trade unions have organized seasonal workers and facilitated dual affiliation to different unions in other countries. In Moldova, unions have begun to establish agreements with unions in destination countries so that migrants have protection when working abroad . In Benin, Botswana, and Mauritius, trade unions have set up Joint Trade Union Councils, which have drawn up joint declarations, charters, and protocols on the modalities of working together in national social dialogue fora. In Lithuania and Ukraine, unions have established structures of cross-border collaboration to improve the recruitment and representation of truck drivers in both countries.

Overall, research has also shown that unionization has spillover effects that extend beyond union workers. Competition means workers at nonunionized firms also often see increased wages and improved workplace safety norms. Union members improve communities through heightened civic engagement and increased voter rates. Unions can also boost business’ productivity by giving experienced workers more input into decisions that design better, more cost-effective workplace procedures.

Milestones, Momentum, and Motivation

Over the last several years, government and private sector attention has become focused on resilient supply chains, and there are increasing supply chain transparency and due diligence policies, regulations, and laws globally. In addition, various initiatives have been developed to raise the importance of workers’ agency. It is notable that flower-sector leader Bloomia’s entire cut-flower supply chain, which encompasses farms in the United States, Chile, and South Africa, will now be certified for human rights protections by the Fair Food Program, pioneers in the worker-driven social responsibility model with its partnerships among retailers, growers, and workers. Combined, the Partnership for Workers‘ Rights, launched by the United States and Brazil at the 2023 UN General Assembly; the Multilateral Partnership for Worker Organizing, Empowerment, and Rights (M-POWER), which is part of the U.S. Presidential Initiative for Democratic Renewal; and the 2023 U.S. Presidential Memorandum on Advancing Worker Empowerment, Rights, and High Labor Standards present a unique opportunity to proactively advance worker empowerment in the short and long term while simultaneously preventing labor rights violations and abuses, especially forced labor. The independent UN Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Slavery made a key theme for 2024 the role of trade unions and worker organizations in preventing contemporary forms of slavery.

The timing is ideal for all stakeholders committed to preventing forced labor to fully embrace the importance of supporting, elevating, and improving labor standards, bringing workers’ voices to the policy formulation and decision-making table, and working to help the public and private sector enforce rules against unfair labor practices. Governments should take every step to use a whole-of-government approach to advance worker rights and address gaps in labor rights protection and compliance, including for migrant workers; the private sector should see free and fair unions as critical partners in competing in the global economy while protecting workers; and other civil society stakeholders should ensure that workers’ voices are incorporated early and often, especially when their equities are at stake.

Human Trafficking in Cuba’s Labor Export Program

Each year, the Cuban government sends tens of thousands of workers around the globe under multi-year cooperation agreements negotiated with receiving countries. While medical missions remain the most prevalent, the Cuban government also profited from other similarly coercive labor export programs, including those involving teachers, artists, athletes and coaches, engineers, forestry technicians, and nearly 7,000 merchant mariners worldwide. According to a report published by the Cuban government, by the end of 2023, there were more than 22,000 government-affiliated Cuban workers in over 53 countries, and medical professionals composed 75 percent of its exported workforce. The COVID-19 pandemic increased the need for medical workers in many places around the world, and the Cuban government used the opportunity to expand its reach by increasing the number of its medical personnel abroad through the Henry Reeve Brigades, which Cuba first initiated in 2005 to respond to natural disasters and epidemics. Experts estimate the Cuban government collects $6 billion to $8 billion annually from its export of services, which includes the medical missions. The labor export program remains the largest foreign revenue source for the Cuban government.

There are serious concerns with Cuba’s recruitment and retention practices surrounding the labor export program. While the conditions of each international labor mission vary from country to country, the Cuban government subjects all government-affiliated workers to the same coercive laws. Cuba has a government policy or pattern to profit from forced labor in the labor export program, which includes foreign medical missions. The Cuban government labels workers who leave the program without completing it as “deserters,” a category that under Cuban immigration law deems them as “undesirable.” The government bans workers labeled as “deserters” and “undesirables” from returning to Cuba for eight years, preventing them from visiting their families in Cuba. It categorizes Cuban nationals who do not return to the country within 24 months as having “emigrated.” Individuals who emigrate lose all their citizen protections, rights under Cuban law, and any property they left behind. These government policies and legal provisions, taken together, coerce workers and punish those seeking to exercise freedom of movement. According to credible sources, by 2021, the Cuban government had sanctioned 40,000 professionals under these provisions, and by 2022, there were approximately 5,000 children forcibly separated from their parents due to the government’s policies surrounding the program.

Complaints filed with the International Criminal Court and the UN indicate most workers did not volunteer for the program, some never saw a contract or knew their destination, many had their passports confiscated by Cuban officials once they arrived at their destination, and almost all had “minders” or overseers. According to the complaints and survivors, Cuban heads of mission in the country subjected workers to surveillance, prevented them from freely associating with locals, and imposed a strict curfew. Cuba also confiscated between 75 and 90 percent of each worker’s salary. As a result of the well-founded complaints and information about the exploitative nature of Cuba’s labor export program, at the end of 2023, the UN Special Rapporteur for Contemporary Forms of Slavery filed a new communication outlining the persistent concerns with the program, particularly for Cuban workers in Italy, Qatar, and Spain.

While exploitation, including forced labor, of workers remains the primary concern with the program, Cuba’s practices can also negatively impact a host country’s healthcare system. Survivors of the program have reported being forced by the Cuban in-country mission director to falsify medical records and misrepresent critical information to justify their presence and need to local authorities. Some individuals reported discarding medications, fabricating names, and documenting medical procedures that never occurred. When medical workers refused to comply with the demands of the Cuban in-country mission director, they faced punishment and retaliation. While the Cuban government promotes workers as highly skilled medical professionals and specialists, these workers often lack adequate medical training to treat complex conditions. These practices are unethical, negligent, exploitative, and risk the lives of those they serve.

Governments should make efforts to combat human trafficking, and this includes not purchasing goods or services made or provided with forced labor. Governments that utilize Cuba’s labor export programs despite the serious concerns with the program should at a minimum conduct frequent and unannounced labor inspections to screen these workers for trafficking indicators and employ victim-centered interviewing techniques. These host governments should ensure all Cuban workers are subject to the same laws, regulations, and protections as for other migrant workers and that they are not brought via a negotiated agreement with the Government of Cuba that limits these protections or exempts Cuban workers from Wage Protections Systems or other tools designed to strengthen transparency. Officials should ensure workers maintain complete control of their passports and medical certifications and can provide proof of full salary payment to bank accounts under the workers’ control. They should scrutinize medical reports produced by these workers, offer protection for those who face retaliation and punishment for terminating their employment, and raise awareness of trafficking risks for all foreign workers, including government-affiliated Cuban workers.

Nothing About Us Without Us: Human Trafficking and Persons with Disabilities

Human traffickers often take advantage of persons in vulnerable situations including individuals who lack access to services and programs or rely on the assistance of others. Among this group of potential targets are persons with disabilities, who represent about 16 percent of the world’s population, or 1.3 billion people, according to the World Health Organization.

Of course, these 1.3 billion people are not monolithic. Some people have a disability from birth; others experience disability later in their lifetime. Some disabilities are life-long, and others may be temporary. A disability can be visible, such as a physical disability, or non-apparent, such as an intellectual or psychosocial disability. People with disabilities are of every age, race, sex and sex characteristics, sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, economic status, and nationality.

Professors Andrea Nichols and Erin Heil have noted the “heightened risk as well as heightened prevalence” of human trafficking involving persons with disabilities, although the authors acknowledged the paucity of existing research. Even when research about persons with disabilities is conducted, it rarely addresses additional intersecting identities, such as race, ethnicity, age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, or migratory status, that can exacerbate marginalization.

The intersection between disability and human trafficking can be cyclical. On the one hand, persons with disabilities are more likely to be targeted by traffickers; on the other hand, the experience of being trafficked can lead to or exacerbate existing disabilities through physical injuries or emotional trauma that in turn could heighten vulnerability.

Even with access to support, persons with disabilities face increased risk of exploitation. A caregiver may exploit their position to victimize the person they are assisting. Persons with disabilities who receive financial assistance may be exploited for those benefits. As the Human Trafficking Legal Center has explained with respect to the situation in the United States: “While persons with disabilities may be trafficked into sex or labor, many cases include one additional element: the theft of Social Security or disability benefits. The opportunity to steal government benefits provides an added incentive for traffickers to target persons with disabilities.” Persons with disabilities across the globe who receive benefits face similar challenges.

In light of this situation, it is perhaps not surprising that the centerpiece of the United States’ statutory framework to combat trafficking, the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA), was promulgated in part as a reaction to the Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. Kozminski , 487 U.S. 931 (1988), a case involving two men with intellectual disabilities held in what justices referred to as “slave-like” conditions on a farm. In the case, the Court held that the law banning “involuntary servitude” was limited to circumstances involving “the compulsion of services by the use or threatened use of physical or legal coercion.” However, Congress subsequently passed the TVPA, which recognized that psychological coercion and threats of nonviolent coercion can be every bit as powerful as physical force in overcoming the will of targeted individuals.

In 2009, the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission brought a case involving Henry’s Turkey Service, which exploited 32 intellectually disabled men at a farm in Atalissa, Iowa. For more than 30 years, the men endured physical and mental abuse and received virtually no pay. The jury awarded the men what at the time was the largest-ever award in an employment-discrimination case – $240 million – although it was later reduced to $1.6 million due to a federal cap in the Americans with Disabilities Act.

Not only did the TVPA arise in part from trafficking crimes involving persons with disabilities, one of the first major trafficking prosecutions in the United States involved persons with disabilities. In that case, dozens of immigrants with hearing disabilities, including young children, were forced to work 18-hour days as trinket vendors in New York City. Traffickers targeted persons with disabilities who were also young migrants and did not speak English, exemplifying how disability can intersect with other forms of vulnerability. Sadly, this form of exploitation of persons with disabilities continues to this day.

The TIP Report enhanced its coverage of the intersection of disability and trafficking, with the 2023 TIP Report referencing persons with disabilities in 65 country narratives, up from about 50 in the 2022 TIP Report. These references also highlighted the existence or lack of specialized services for persons with disabilities who are victims of trafficking, and the particular challenges faced by persons with physical or intellectual disabilities.

The U.S. Department of State’s disability rights work is led by Special Advisor on International Disability Rights Sara Minkara. In this appointed position, Ms. Minkara leads the comprehensive strategy to promote and protect the rights of persons with disabilities across U.S. foreign policy. Special Advisor Minkara embodies the slogan “nothing about us without us,” which is often used by disability rights advocates to insist that persons with disabilities participate fully in policies affecting them. The role of Special Advisor on International Disability Rights was first held by Judy Heumann, who served in the position from 2010 to 2017 and is widely regarded as the “mother of the disability rights movement.” Sadly, Ms. Heumann passed away in March 2023, leaving behind an indelible legacy of disability advocacy in the United States and around the world.

From left: Former Special Advisor on International Disability Rights (SAIDR) Judy Heumann, SAIDR Sara Minkara, and Special Assistant to the Special Advisor Hanah Nasri attend a celebration of the anniversary of the Americans with Disabilities Act at the official residence of the Vice President of the United States in July 2022. Photo courtesy of Hanah Nasri. (Photo was published in State Magazine in March 2023: https://statemag.state.gov/2023/05/0523office/ ) .

Key Trafficking Issues in the Western Hemisphere Region

Human trafficking manifests itself differently around the world. In the Western Hemisphere – North, Central, and South America and the Caribbean – there are broad commonalities in trafficking trends countries face and how their governments and authorities approach the crime. Below is an overview of shared issues in the region to illustrate the overall situation and coordinate the anti-trafficking efforts of governments and other stakeholders . These regional issues are extrapolated from the individual narratives for the countries in the region, including the United States.

Unprecedented irregular migration in the region affects all Western Hemisphere countries. Migrants and asylum seekers are especially vulnerable to sex trafficking and forced labor, including by large and small organized criminal groups. Migrants who rely on migrant smugglers are at particularly high risk of exploitation as many assume debt to pay migrant smugglers. Irregular migration may also include individuals already exploited by traffickers, as victims may be motivated to migrate and seek protection elsewhere. While some countries enacted policies aimed at reducing migrants’ vulnerability to trafficking by providing temporary residency and access to formal employment, education, healthcare, and other services, we encourage all countries faced with irregular migration challenges to prevent trafficking and prioritize screening among migrants.

Countries across the region generally have a good understanding of and response to sex trafficking, especially in identification of women who are victims. Governments also undertake and emphasize the importance of law enforcement and criminal justice approaches to address trafficking, even if implementation is uneven. Many governments seek to tackle both internal and transnational human trafficking. In broad terms, there is political will in many countries to address human trafficking, particularly sex trafficking.

Weak efforts targeting forced labor remain a concern in the Western Hemisphere. Governments generally focus on addressing sex trafficking and have weaker, poorly enumerated procedures to prosecute labor traffickers and protect victims of forced labor. Labor inspectorates are underfunded and understaffed and typically have limited or no authority to inspect informal sector worksites where many victims are exploited, especially along changing migration routes. Governments’ lack of attention to labor trafficking leaves victims unprotected in multiple sectors, including agriculture , mining , logging, maritime, and service .

Traffickers also exploit many victims in forced criminality . Organized crime groups, including gangs and illegal armed groups, exploit girls in child sex trafficking, force children into street begging, forcibly recruit or use child soldiers, and coerce and threaten young men and women to transport drugs, commit extortion, act as lookouts, or commit acts of violence, including murder. Organized crime groups target groups of migrants unable to enter a country due to border restrictions or awaiting asylum decisions, including at the U.S.-Mexico border. State-sponsored forced labor is also a concern, specifically Cuba’s labor export program, including its medical missions – which the Cuban government continues to profit from by subjecting workers to forced labor and exploitation.

Gaps in trafficking victim protection are another broad concern in the Western Hemisphere. For years governments have lacked (or failed to provide the necessary) financial and human resources to screen for and identify trafficking victims and provide them trauma-informed services. Some governments have developed policies and protocols for screening victims and referring them to care, but implementation has been inconsistent or ineffective. In addition, governmental interagency coordination is weak, with working groups often disjointed and disempowered, which is particularly detrimental to the cross-sectoral collaboration needed for victim protection efforts. These problems are particularly notable among migrants, whom governments rarely screen for trafficking indicators.

Furthermore, governments make weak screening and identification efforts even with underserved populations and marginalized groups recognized as at high risk to trafficking, including Afro-descendant, Indigenous, and LGBTQI+ persons, as well as members of other ethnic and linguistic minorities, migrants, refugees, and displaced persons. These populations also frequently experience discrimination from authorities, often making them fearful to report crimes or access care and justice. Finally, there are insufficient trafficking-specific services for victims, particularly for men and boys, in most countries across the region. Governments refer identified trafficking victims to support systems designed to serve other populations, such as migrants, individuals experiencing homelessness, or victims of gender-based violence, which do not meet the specific needs of trafficking victims. Similarly, access to justice and services is concentrated in large urban areas, while the most vulnerable individuals frequently live in rural areas with limited government presence. Lack of victim-centered and trauma-informed services can hinder victim identification, prevent healing, increase risk of re-trafficking, and fuel impunity by making survivors less likely to participate in the case against their traffickers.

Criminal justice responses and definitions of trafficking are concerning across the region. Many governments have weaknesses in their legal systems and uneven judicial application of trafficking laws, including levying fines in lieu of imprisonment for trafficking crimes, imposing penalties not commensurate with those for other crimes, and failing to criminalize all forms of child sex trafficking. Judges, in particular, may lack adequate training in applying trafficking laws and coercive methods traffickers use, which impacts their decisions and sentences. Impunity for trafficking crimes fosters misperceptions about trafficking among both policymakers and the public. Inadequate law enforcement efforts and insufficient capacity-building for law enforcement and other first responders hinders or impacts efforts in low-capacity countries , especially in the Caribbean. Governments with limited resources often do not recognize or implement low-cost/high-impact anti-trafficking policies. Official complicity within law enforcement, the prison system, and local government facilitates trafficking crimes across some governments, but criminal prosecution of complicit officials lags behind the already low number of convictions of other traffickers. Child sex trafficking and extraterritorial commercial child sexual exploitation and abuse are also pervasive concerns, particularly due to the increased use of social media and online platforms to recruit victims. Many officials conflate human trafficking with other crimes, including migrant smuggling, child labor, sexual violence against children, illegal commercial sex, and illegal adoption. Because of this confusion, governments may misidentify trafficking victims, fail to give them adequate support, and therefore underreport trafficking crimes. These problems lead to inadequate data collection and reporting on human trafficking and, therefore, an incomplete understanding of the extent of the crime in the hemisphere.

A Framework for Balancing Prosecution, Prevention, and Victim Protection Priorities in Criminal Justice Systems

Holding human traffickers accountable is an essential component of the Palermo Protocol’s “3P” paradigm of prosecuting traffickers, protecting victims, and preventing the crime. Prosecutions make powerful statements that human trafficking will not be tolerated, and perpetrators will be held accountable, and because it is important to recognize that prosecution, protection, and prevention efforts are all inextricably intertwined. Victims are better able to assist in investigations and prosecutions when they have access to robust protections, and successful prosecutions protect individual victims from revictimization in addition to preventing the convicted trafficker from exploiting others.

Supporting victims throughout the criminal justice process is critical. Cases often move slowly, leaving victims anxious about the uncertainty of the outcome, fearful of retaliation, re-traumatized by having to recount traumatic events, frustrated by proceedings that can disrupt their lives, and embarrassed, ashamed, or ostracized when information about their victimization becomes public. These feelings of anxiety, uncertainty, trauma, frustration, and fear can be further intensified by the distrust of authorities that traffickers often instill and manipulate to compel victims’ silence and their compliance with the traffickers’ commands. Victims often experience conflicting pressures from authorities encouraging them to cooperate, traffickers seeking to silence them, and their own efforts to put traumatic events behind them. For some survivors, the opportunity to speak out, be believed, and play an active role in bringing traffickers to justice can be empowering and vindicating. Yet for many, the process can be harrowing, especially when they do not receive sufficient services and support.

The difficulties victims often experience during investigations and prosecutions can further intensify the challenges authorities face when seeking to hold perpetrators accountable, protect their communities, and prevent traffickers from harming others. In striving to bring traffickers to justice without unduly burdening, re-traumatizing, or endangering victims, prosecutors continually balance the interests of justice, public safety, and protection of the community with the rights and interests of individual victims. Successful strategies for navigating these challenges will inevitably vary to some extent according to the relevant laws and criminal justice systems across various jurisdictions but the promising practices highlighted below can aid in effectively balancing these complex considerations in a wide range of contexts. The end goal is to enhance support for victims and decrease the burdens they experience during the criminal justice process regardless of whether they are testifying — while also strengthening investigations and prosecutions to increase accountability for traffickers.

Vigorous Victim Protections at All Stages of the Criminal Justice Process

The best way for authorities to support human trafficking survivors is to ensure the provision and continuity of comprehensive services at all stages of the criminal justice process, including in coordination with civil society organizations who specialize in victim services. Children survivors require specialized care and interventions. Robust victim protections, including comprehensive victim-centered, trauma-informed services, are essential to support victims in rebuilding their lives, providing the security and stability they need to safely participate in the criminal justice process, and enabling them to recall and recount their experience. Such services should include access to identity documents, mental health and medical services, housing, and other forms of relief to support physical and mental healing. In addition, survivors should have access to legal support and services, ideally through an independent legal advocate. This support should be tailored to assist the survivor with a range of legal needs, whether related to navigating the investigation and prosecution of the criminal case against the trafficker, to immigration relief, or other legal matters.

Investigators, prosecutors, and victim service providers should collaborate closely to ensure that the victim is stabilized and supported before expecting meaningful participation in the criminal justice process. Trauma can impede a victim’s ability to recall and recount relevant events, so investigators and prosecutors should develop advanced expertise in victim-centered, trauma-informed, culturally appropriate methods for stabilizing survivors, building rapport, and conducting effective interviews. Effective interviewing may entail consistent use of professional interpreters to ensure clarity of communication and often benefits from the use of specialized techniques that incorporate the expertise of survivor leaders. These practices can make the victim’s participation in the process less burdensome and traumatic. They can also strengthen prosecutions by eliciting more accurate statements, minimizing discrepancies that could later be used to attack the victim’s credibility, and enabling the victim to provide more detailed information that could lead to other sources of evidence.

Protection and services for trafficking victims should not be conditioned on whether the trafficker is charged or convicted. In cases where a foreign victim chooses to return to their home country, relocation assistance should be provided and authorities should proceed with prosecutions involving repatriated victims when possible, by having them present evidence virtually where authorized by law or by funding their return travel for court proceedings as necessary. Access to comprehensive support is not only in the best interest of survivors- it also increases the likelihood they will feel sufficiently safe and empowered to assist in the investigation and prosecution. Whether survivors testify against the trafficker or provide more limited assistance to law enforcement, support for their long-term well-being should be a priority even after the case is closed.

Developing Evidence to Decrease Reliance on Victim Testimony

Another best practice in prosecuting trafficking cases is the use of strategic investigative processes to develop evidence that supports the statements or testimony of trafficking survivors. In human trafficking prosecutions, every piece of evidence counts because each piece of corroborating evidence is important to reduce reliance on victim testimony, preventing undue credibility attacks, and to increase the likelihood of conviction.

All human trafficking victims who provide statements, declarations, or testimony are inevitably subjected to credibility challenges, whether by jurists in inquisitorial systems that decide whether the victim’s statements are sufficiently reliable or by the defense in adversarial systems. Victims’ credibility is often scrutinized based on issues such as delays in reporting their victimization, trauma-related inconsistencies in recalling and recounting certain details, or involvement in unlawful acts related to their victimization. Corroborating evidence can be essential to countering such credibility attacks, increasing the likelihood of the victim’s statements or testimony being believed, and leading to higher rates of convictions. Investigators and prosecutors should engage in early and continuous collaboration to assess ways to pursue other sources of evidence beyond victim testimony and to corroborate available statements and evidence through sources such as electronic records, physical evidence, and other potential witnesses.

In some cases, other admissible evidence uncovered during a thorough investigation may minimize the need for victim testimony and can become essential to enabling a prosecution to proceed even if the victim is not able to participate in the trial. Even evidence that provides only limited circumstantial corroboration of one small aspect of a trafficker’s conduct can, when combined with other evidence, provide significant substantiation of a survivor’s account. Investigators and prosecutors should clearly communicate to survivors that they are not “responsible” for the successful investigation and prosecution, that services and protections are not dependent on the outcome of the criminal case, and that authorities are responsible for gathering relevant evidence from all available sources. Such evidence can also significantly reduce the burdens felt by the victim and the risks of re-traumatization associated with participating as a witness.

Victim-Centered, Trauma-Informed Charging and Prosecution Practices

One of a prosecutor’s most serious responsibilities is to utilize all available avenues to protect the victim and prevent witness intimidation efforts that could compromise both the victim’s sense of safety and the integrity of the investigation. Such avenues include seeking court orders, including restraining orders, orders of protection, and no-contact orders to prohibit the defendant from attempting to contact the victim either directly or indirectly. They also include working with law enforcement and victim advocates to prepare a safety plan and document any attempted contact. Prosecutors should encourage survivors to seek help from a trusted point of contact with the police or other authorities and to immediately disclose to the prosecutor or advocate any attempt by the traffickers to contact them. Documented attempts to contact or intimidate the victim should be used in appropriate instances to bring additional obstruction-of-justice or witness tampering charges and may be relevant to explain a victim’s reluctance to cooperate as a witness or recant earlier statements. Proof of the trafficker’s efforts to contact the victim may also allow the prosecutor to introduce otherwise inadmissible evidence.

Even if the survivor is able and willing to testify, the prosecutor should introduce corroborating evidence to bolster and support their testimony, which is especially important when a survivor’s trauma has caused inconsistency in their statements or memory. Prosecutors may also consider using expert testimony in appropriate instances to explain the impacts of trauma on memory and recall. Admissible evidence may include the survivor’s medical records, testimony from first responders or other witnesses to relevant incidents, certain statements made by the accused, electronic messages, physical evidence recovered from relevant locations, and video recordings. Additional evidence gathered using well-designed and implemented strategic investigative processes can in some instances serve, when possible, as a substitute for the victim’s critical testimony, either completely or on select issues, if the victim becomes unavailable or has difficulty testifying effectively.

Unfortunately, despite all efforts to develop other evidence, some cases of the underlying trafficking offenses cannot proceed without the testimony of the victim. In those instances, certain practices can be used to pursue prosecutions and accountability while minimizing undue burdens and adverse impacts on survivors. Prosecutors can strategically focus charges on the most readily provable aspects of the criminal conduct such as assaults, threats, financial crimes, possession of illicit images, or witness tampering, which may be less reliant on victim testimony but may still provide significant opportunities to hold offenders accountable. Prosecutors can also seek to resolve cases through guilty pleas in appropriate instances to secure substantial justice without the need for victim testimony at trial.

When a victim does need to testify, prosecutors should file all applicable motions to limit the scope of their testimony to relevant facts and preclude inappropriate cross-examination about the victim’s prior bad acts or sexual history. When allowed by law, prosecutors should consider seeking the court’s permission to present the victim’s testimony virtually or in any other manner that preserves the defendant’s right to confront the accuser while physically separating the victim from the defendant. Victim services and security should be provided throughout all stages of trial preparation, trial, and sentencing.

Human trafficking survivors with lived experience are uniquely positioned to provide insight, guidance, and expertise on establishing appropriate support systems, strategic investigative processes, and prosecutorial practices that allow victims to be heard and supported at all stages of investigations and prosecutions. Incorporating survivor-informed expertise is essential to providing the security, stability, and support survivors need to participate safely and effectively as witnesses, while reducing the burdens and risks of re-traumatization often associated with the criminal justice process and strengthening efforts to hold traffickers accountable.

The Intersection of Forced Marriage and Human Trafficking

The question of whether forced marriage constitutes a human trafficking crime is complex, and the answer can vary depending on the circumstances of the forced marriage and the applicable national laws.

Governments around the world have taken different approaches to the issue, both in terms of the laws they have enacted and of the way those laws are implemented in practice. While the governing international law on trafficking in persons, the UN TIP Protocol, allows for flexibility in how State Parties criminalize human trafficking under domestic legislation, establishing exploitative intent is critical to considering whether the conduct constitutes trafficking in persons.

What is forced marriage?

The 2022 update to the U.S. Strategy to Prevent and Respond to Gender-Based Violence Globally defines forced marriage as a marriage at any age that occurs without the free and full consent of both parties, including anyone under the age of 18 who is not able to give full consent. Forced marriage may occur when family members or others use physical or emotional abuse, threats, fraud, or deception to obtain an individual’s agreement. In such cases, an individual cannot be considered to have consented to the marriage. The terms “early marriage” and “child marriage” are often used interchangeably to refer to any marriage in which at least one of the parties has not attained the age of 18. There is overwhelming evidence that child, early, and forced marriages can increase individuals’ vulnerability to future exploitation and abuse – with long-term consequences for their health, wellbeing, safety, and opportunities.

Is Forced Marriage a Form of Trafficking under International Law?

Article 3 of the UN TIP Protocol defines “trafficking in persons” to require three essential elements—an act, conducted using one or more means, for an exploitative purpose. Article 3 does not list forced marriage explicitly as a form of exploitation; instead, it provides that “exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs.” Accordingly, when a forced marriage involves any of the acts, means, and purposes of exploitation listed in Article 3, it would be considered trafficking under the UN TIP Protocol. For example, forced marriages that also involve forced labor or services, or slavery or practices similar to slavery would also be trafficking in persons if the relevant acts and means are present. However, the non-exhaustive list of forms of exploitation in Article 3 allows State Parties to decide to expand the list of forms of exploitation within their own domestic definition of trafficking in line with the purpose and scope.

While the UN TIP Protocol does not explicitly include forced marriage within the definition of trafficking, many stakeholders argue that if all the elements of trafficking are present (i.e., there is an act, a prohibited means, done for the purpose of exploiting another person), it should not matter that the exploitation takes the form of a forced marriage. These stakeholders point to the identical practices used by unscrupulous recruiters who are paid by business owners or prospective husbands to deceive and obtain the consent of individuals to marry “loving wealthy husbands” or accept “lucrative job offers,” in both instances only to leave victims trapped and exploited.

Countries that have chosen to include forced marriage within their domestic definitions of trafficking, either explicitly or implicitly, have taken three common approaches:

Forced Marriage Included as a Form of Exploitation

By leaving the list of forms of exploitation under Article 3 open-ended, the UN TIP Protocol allows State Parties to choose to expand the list of forms of exploitation included under domestic anti-trafficking laws. As such, some countries have chosen to include forced marriage as an exploitative purpose under their respective anti-trafficking laws. Several countries have taken this approach, including, but not limited to: Argentina, Australia, Botswana, Cambodia, Chad, Costa Rica, Croatia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Haiti, Kenya, Lithuania, Nicaragua, North Macedonia, Seychelles, and Uganda.

“Practices Similar to Slavery” Interpreted to Include Some Forms of Forced Marriage

Other countries interpret the inclusion of “practices similar to slavery” within Article 3 of the UN TIP Protocol to include certain forms of forced marriage. “Practices similar to slavery” is defined in the Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery. Under Article 1(c) of this convention, “practices similar to slavery” refers to, inter alia, “Any institution or practice whereby: (i) A woman, without the right to refuse, is promised or given in marriage on payment of a consideration in money or in kind to her parents, guardian, family or any other person or group; or (ii) The husband of a woman, his family, or his clan, has the right to transfer her to another person for value received or otherwise; or (iii) A woman on the death of her husband is liable to be inherited by another person …” For countries that use this definition of “practices similar to slavery” to interpret the scope of the definition of trafficking in persons under the UN TIP Protocol, some, but not all, forms of forced marriage could constitute trafficking in persons.

Forced Marriage and Trafficking in Persons as Distinct Crimes .

It is also worth mentioning that there are many countries that choose to address forced marriage and trafficking in persons as separate offenses. In its 2020 Issue Paper “Interlinkages Between Trafficking in Persons and Marriage,” the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) acknowledges the viability of these different approaches and explains that there is “no one-size-fits-all approach to most effectively counter cases involving interlinkages between trafficking in persons and marriage.”

Establishing Exploitative Intent is Critical in All Approaches

At the heart of the question of whether a forced marriage constitutes a human trafficking crime is the question of whether the intention was to exploit a person or persons through the marriage. Recently, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union recognized the gravity of and increasing linkages between forced marriages and human trafficking. They formally adopted a directive noting that the exploitation of forced marriages “fall[s] within the scope of offenses concerning trafficking in human beings…to the extent that all the criteria constituting those offenses are fulfilled.”

While States that choose explicitly to include forced marriage within their definition of exploitation, or implicitly, through the inclusion of “practices similar to slavery,” consider “forced marriage as inherently exploitative,” such an interpretation is neither required nor shared by all States. As UNODC explains,

…cultural and national contexts are relevant in determining exploitation, especially in relation to forced and servile marriage. Cultural and other context-specific factors can play a role in shaping perception of what constitutes exploitative conduct for the purposes of establishing that trafficking has occurred.

Marriages generally involve domestic work and sexual relations between spouses, neither of which is generally understood to constitute abuse or exploitation. However, there are circumstances in which individuals may be exploited in connection with each of these under the guise of marital obligations. Taking into consideration the cultural and national contexts in which marriages transpire is a complex but necessary task when determining whether all three elements of a human trafficking offense are present in a case involving forced marriage.

While it is understood forced marriage is inherently harmful, rooted in gender inequality, and can often dramatically increase the risks of individuals to trafficking in persons, gender-based violence (GBV), and other abuses or crimes, it is important to acknowledge there may be circumstances in which a forced marriage has occurred, but the offense of human trafficking has not, because the purpose of the marriage was not to exploit another individual. For example, in some communities, even an untruthful allegation of sexual indiscretion or promiscuity can irreparably damage a girl’s prospects of marriage or place her in physical danger. Parents in these communities may attempt to protect their daughters by marrying them at a young age to avoid such allegations and safeguard their reputations. Similarly, families who live in refugee camps or other unstable situations where there is high prevalence of multiple forms of violence, including GVB, may view marriage as a protective mechanism that will prevent their daughters from being victims of physical or sexual violence or offer them greater economic security. In these instances, such marriages commonly occur without an individual giving their full, free, and informed agreement to marry. By definition, such an arrangement would constitute a forced marriage and depending on the country, potentially a violation of domestic criminal laws. However, if no one involved in arranging the marriage (not the spouse, parents, matchmaker, etc.) is participating for the purpose of exploiting the individual , then the necessary elements of trafficking in persons are not met. Other crimes or human rights abuses may have occurred and should be addressed, but the specific crime of human trafficking has not occurred because the marriage was not for the purpose of exploitation. To the contrary, taking into account the relevant cultural and social norms, these actors may believe they are acting in the best interest of the individual. As in all criminal cases, the knowledge and intent of the individual matters and therefore, in the case of forced marriages as a potential trafficking crime, one must consider if an individual intended to exploit someone, or whether they intended, even misguidedly and mistakenly, to do what was believed to be in the individual’s best interest. These complicated dynamics must be determined in other trafficking contexts as well.

Therefore, when allegations of forced marriage are presented, they must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis to determine whether they constitute trafficking in persons. Such an assessment neither legitimizes forced marriage nor detracts from serious concerns around such practices. Rather, it simply ensures the appropriate criminal prosecution, protection, and prevention responses are utilized to address the conduct in question because, as UNODC explains, “….qualifying a particular type of conduct as trafficking in persons has extensive consequences for both the alleged perpetrators and victims of the crime.”

* NOTE: U.S. law does not explicitly recognize forced marriage as a “severe form of trafficking in persons” or reference it in criminal trafficking laws. Therefore, forced marriage, per se, is not automatically considered a form of trafficking in persons under U.S. law. The facts and circumstances of the forced marriage must be considered to determine whether the conduct falls under a relevant definition or legal provision. Generally, if the person forced to marry is also compelled to work or to engage in commercial sex, then the forced marriage would likely fall within the definition of trafficking in persons and be a crime under U.S. law. Because the definition of “severe forms of trafficking in persons” established under the Trafficking Victims Protection Act governs the Department’s minimum standard assessments for the purposes of the TIP Report, the Department accordingly includes governments’ efforts to combat forced marriage if there is credible evidence that those efforts address forced marriage in which the objective of the marriage was to exploit another person for labor or services or commercial sex.

An Example of When a Forced Marriage Involved Human Trafficking: United States of America v. Zahida Aman, et al.

In United States of America v. Zahida Aman, et al., the United States successfully prosecuted and convicted three individuals for trafficking crimes relating to a forced marriage. On January 24, 2023, the traffickers were sentenced to five, ten, and 12 years of imprisonment, respectively, and ordered to pay restitution to the victim. The case serves as an example of how forced marriage and human trafficking can intersect and result in complex and devastating exploitation of vulnerable individuals, as abuse often goes undetected for long periods of time due to its hidden nature within the confines of familial relationships.

A federal jury sitting in Richmond, Virginia, found defendants Zahida Aman, Mohammad Nauman Chaudhri, and Mohammad Rehan Chaudhri guilty of conspiracy to commit forced labor for compelling the domestic labor of a Pakistani woman for 12 years. The jury further found defendant Aman guilty of forced labor and document servitude, and defendant Rehan Chaudhri guilty of forced labor.

According to the evidence presented in court, defendant Zahida Aman arranged for her son’s marriage to the victim in 2001. The victim moved to the United States and lived in a house in Midlothian, Virginia, with her husband and the three defendants (the husband’s mother and his two brothers). The defendants compelled the victim to serve the family as a domestic servant, using physical and verbal abuse, restricting communication with her family in Pakistan, confiscating her immigration documentation and money, and eventually threatening to separate her from her children by deporting her to Pakistan.

The defendants slapped, kicked, and pushed the victim, even beat her with wooden boards, and on one occasion hog-tied her hands and feet and dragged her down the stairs in front of her children. Even after the victim’s husband moved away, the defendants kept the victim in their Virginia home, often forcing her to perform increasingly laborious tasks…

The evidence further showed that the defendants required the victim to work every day, beginning early each morning. They restricted her food, forbade her from learning to drive or speaking to anyone except the defendants’ family members and prohibited her from calling her family in Pakistan.

Press Release, U.S. Department of Justice

2024 TIP REPORT HEROES

This year marks a major milestone—the 20th anniversary of the TIP Report Heroes awards program. Each year, the Department of State honors individuals around the world who have devoted their lives to the fight against human trafficking. These individuals include NGO workers, lawmakers, government officials, survivors of human trafficking, and concerned citizens. They are recognized for their tireless efforts—despite some working in challenging environments where human trafficking concerns remain pervasive and facing resistance, opposition, or threats to their lives—to protect victims, punish offenders, and mitigate the underlying factors that cause vulnerabilities traffickers often target.

For more information about current and past TIP Report Heroes, please visit the TIP Report Heroes Global Network at www.tipheroes.org .

Al Amin Noyon Manager BRAC Migration Centre

Md. Al-Amin, or Noyon, is a welcoming first face to trafficking survivors and migrants as they return to Bangladesh. As a fellow trafficking survivor, Noyon is uniquely qualified and motivated to help them rebuild their lives. In his capacity as manager of the BRAC Migration Welfare Centre onsite at the Dhaka airport, Noyon has supported more than 34,000 Bangladeshi trafficking survivors and migrants over the last 15 years.

Born to a family of modest means, Noyon’s dream of a better life turned into a nightmare when he was exploited in trafficking in Malaysia in 2007, beaten, tortured, and held captive in the jungle. But as the 41-year-old now shares, that is not how his story ends. His motivation to support fellow survivors has long motivated him to serve as a member of ANIRBAN (‘the flame that will not fade ‘ ), a trafficking support platform made up of survivors who raise awareness about human trafficking and advocate for survivors and their rights.

Noyon believes education is one of the best ways to insulate Bangladesh’s next generation from the perils of human trafficking. He assists with safe migration campaigns at schools across Bangladesh and has supported thousands of students whose families are migrants or trafficking survivors secure academic scholarships.

Known by anti-trafficking stakeholders in the Bangladesh government, multilateral organizations, and likeminded partners, Noyon steadfastly supports others despite very real risks to his own safety.

Marcela Martinez Activist/Lawyer

Ms. Martinez is an accomplished Bolivian lawyer from La Paz and a leading anti-trafficking activist, who has demonstrably changed the direction of Bolivian and regional efforts to combat trafficking in persons, providing hope for families affected by human trafficking in Bolivia.

In 2017, Ms. Martinez formed the Social Responsibility Area of her law firm, from which the #RedAlertTempranaZar 🦋 hashtag operates. This hashtag is modeled after the Amber Alert system in the United States to help activate searches for victims in Bolivia. They also provide training, talks, workshops, and prevention webinars to schools, universities, neighborhood associations, and other civil society organizations. To date, more than 18,000 volunteers participate in the network and have helped authorities locate more than 150 victims.

Ms. Martinez’s work has been instrumental in the prosecution of traffickers, protection of survivors, and prevention of victims. She helped draft and lobbied for the passage of the first comprehensive Bolivian national law that gives law enforcement and prosecutors new tools and resources to combat trafficking in persons. She also created the National Trafficking in Persons Council to coordinate all Bolivian government efforts to fight human trafficking.

She was part of the NinaSonko Heart of Fire Women’s Circle, which provides support and holistic and business coaching to survivors of trafficking and violence and supports social reintegration. She has also served as a trainer through UNODC, training judges, prosecutors, and police officers on victim care at the national level. Through her tireless efforts, Ms. Martinez has reduced human trafficking in Bolivia.

Maria Werlau Founder/Executive Director Free Society Project

Maria Werlau is co-founder and Executive Director of Free Society Project, also known as Cuba Archive, a non-profit think tank that defends human rights through information. She began in 2009 researching, documenting, and denouncing exploitation and forced labor in Cuba’s labor export program and advocating for its victims and survivors. In 2010, she published her first academic work on the issue and authored an opinion piece in The Wall Street Journal denouncing the labor export program as a trafficking scheme benefiting the Cuban government. At the time, Cuba’s “internationalism” was mostly known from the slanted narrative of altruistic solidarity.

Since then, Maria has interviewed dozens of Cuban workers, mostly doctors coerced to work across the globe. Through her work at Cuba Archive, she has exposed the dark aspects of Cuba’s medical missions, emphasizing the abuses faced by the workers: violence, sexual harassment, family separation, exploitation, forced labor, wage confiscation, restriction of movement, passport retention, repression, forced exile, psychological trauma, loss of life, and more. She has also documented and exposed the labor export program’s lesser-known impact on the public health systems of Cuba and host countries, as well as its economic, political, and geostrategic value to the Cuban regime.

Maria has authored numerous works on Cuba in English and Spanish, including on healthcare, and provided expert testimony on Cuban labor trafficking to the U.S. Congress and at the OAS and the European Parliament.

Mustafa Ridha Mustafa al-Yasiri Director – Anti-Human Trafficking Directorate Ministry of Interior

Brigadier General Mustafa Ridha Mustafa al-Yasiri has courageously worked in Iraq’s Ministry of Interior (MOI) to combat trafficking in persons throughout a career dedicated to defending Iraq’s most vulnerable. Brigadier General Mustafa vastly improved the Government of Iraq’s efforts to combat trafficking in persons and enhanced services for women trafficking victims, only months after being appointed in March 2023 as the Director of MOI’s Anti-Human Trafficking Directorate. With support from the Minister of Interior, Brigadier General Mustafa immediately increased government resources dedicated to fighting trafficking in persons; appointed women Trafficking in Persons officers and employees to better assist trafficking victims; and appointed new investigative officers and officials knowledgeable on trafficking in persons, victim identification, and violence against women. Together with the Iraqi judiciary, Mustafa established a strategy to identify victims more accurately and better address sexual exploitation and other forms of trafficking.

In addition, Brigadier General Mustafa worked with hiring companies to ensure they publish and display signs detailing Iraqi workers’ rights and the MOI’s Trafficking in Persons hotline. On a weekly basis, he visited shelters to speak with victims, compile lists of needed food and hygienic and medical supplies, and help victims make calls to their families. He also personally accompanied trafficking victims to court to help with their hearings and legal procedures. Every day, motivated by personal conviction, Brigadier General Mustafa is realizing a professional goal to serve and protect many of the most vulnerable citizens of Iraq.

Edith Murogo Founder/Chief Executive Officer Centre for Domestic Training and Development

Edith Murogo is a beacon of hope on the frontlines of the fight against human trafficking and labor exploitation. When Edith started training domestic workers more than two decades ago, she met victims of human trafficking and gender-based violence. This experience prompted her to pioneer initiatives that transformed anti-trafficking efforts in Kenya.

After establishing the Centre for Domestic Training and Development (CDTD) in 2001, Edith became a leading advocate for domestic workers’ rights and lobbied the government for strengthened protections of migrant workers. Edith initiated training to professionalize domestic workers and convinced the government to develop the curriculum and establish a certificate program for domestic workers seeking employment abroad. Since opening, CDTD has assisted over 50,000 domestic workers with advocacy, skills, and knowledge to prevent them from becoming victims of trafficking.

In 2012, Edith opened the Talia Agler Girls Shelter (TAGS) – a safe house providing comprehensive assistance to girls and young women, especially for survivors of sexual and gender-based violence exploited in human trafficking. TAGS has assisted over 1,000 girls with removal from trafficking situations, recovery, and reintegration support services as well as education, mentorship, and leadership opportunities.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Edith established Kenya’s National Shelters Network to coordinate shelter services across Kenya and ensure all survivors receive crucial protection services. Edith is a tireless advocate working with government and civil society to strengthen anti-trafficking laws and responses. The Department of Labor and BBC have highlighted her work in several documentaries about human trafficking.

Oumou Elkhairou Niaré Samaké Coordinator National Integrated Program for the Fight Against Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime; National Committee for the Fight Against Trafficking in Persons and Similar Practices

Oumou Elkhairou Niaré Samaké (Oumou), a well-known Malian magistrate, currently serves as the coordinator of Mali’s National Integrated Program for the Fight against Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime and as Coordinator of the National Committee for the Fight Against Trafficking in Persons and Similar Practices. Oumou is a fierce advocate for human rights, gender-based violence, and trafficking in persons issues. She has spearheaded Mali’s recent adoption of a new Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Persons; championed the development of Mali’s new draft penal code to criminalize trafficking in persons; and fought to increase prosecutions over the past year of hereditary slavery cases.

In 2020 and 2021, the Trafficking in Persons Committee became relatively inactive. However, upon her appointment in 2022, Oumou reinvigorated Mali’s anti-trafficking efforts. First, she reestablished regular coordination meetings and published the Trafficking in Persons Committee’s overdue 2021 and 2022 annual reports. Next, she spearheaded the development, drafting, and adoption of Mali’s new National Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in persons, launched in October 2023. She has maintained high level standard of contacts with partners, donors, and national and international stakeholders in the fight against trafficking in persons and hereditary slavery.

Samson Inocencio Jr. Vice President International Justice Mission Philippines Program Against Online Sexual Exploitation of Children

Samson “Sam” Inocencio has dedicated over 20 years to combating trafficking in persons through his work with the International Justice Mission (IJM) Philippines. He has contributed to 147 convictions for commercial sexual exploitation and 220 for online sexual exploitation (OSEC) crimes since 2005. After becoming National Director of IJM in 2016, Sam assisted in the removal of 544 children from situations of commercial sexual exploitation and 1,237 children who were at risk of OSEC.

Sam led IJM’s efforts under the U.S.-Philippine Child Protection Compact (CPC) Partnership to combat OSEC crimes and advocated for a 347 percent budget increase for the Philippine National Police – Women and Children Protection Center. As IJM’s representative to the Government of the Philippines’ Interagency Council Against Trafficking, Sam has assisted the Philippines in its efforts to combat the commercial sexual exploitation of children and OSEC related crimes, to hold offenders accountable in courts of law, and to safeguard Filipino children.

He collaborated with the Government of the Philippines in 2016 to develop a “roadmap to Tier 1” in the U.S. Department of State Trafficking in Persons Report. The Philippines has been ranked Tier 1 for eight years due to the merits of its efforts. Sam’s leadership and dedicated service have strengthened the government and civil society’s response to trafficking and protected thousands, especially children, from exploitation.

Marijana Savić Founder/Director Atina

Marijana Savić, the founder and director of NGO Atina, is an activist dedicated to advancing women’s and girls’ rights. For over two decades, she has provided vital support and recovery programs for survivors of trafficking and gender-based violence in Serbia. Her efforts have led to important progress in policy reform to combat human trafficking and support women and girls, who were victims of commercial sexual exploitation.

Under Marijana’s guidance, Atina has become a pivotal organization in Serbia’s anti-trafficking sector. Marijana also actively contributes by helping integrates survivor experiences into law and human rights policies, in Serbia and abroad. Her commitment extends to economic empowerment through the social enterprise Bagel Bejgl, which she founded in 2015. This initiative – which provides employment to trafficking survivors – supports Atina’s sustainability by directing its profits to anti-trafficking programming.

Marijana works with international bodies, including the Council of Europe, as an expert in combating trafficking, especially labor exploitation. An alumnus of the Human Rights Advocates Program at Columbia University, Marijana is also involved in global advocacy as a member of the Global Fund for Children’s board, Canada’s Equality Fund Investment Advisory Council, and the UN Voluntary Trust Fund for Victims of Human Trafficking board.

Marijana’s relentless activism and leadership have earned widespread acclaim and numerous awards for Atina, highlighting her role in shaping a safer, more equitable society for women and girls across Serbia and globally. Her work exemplifies a profound commitment to human rights and the empowerment of the most vulnerable groups.

Rosa Cendón Advisor – Human Trafficking and Gender-based Violence Catalonia Regional Ministry for Equality and Feminism

Rosa Cendón has devoted her life to assisting victims, raising awareness, and combating human trafficking in Spain.

As a social worker and educator based in Barcelona, Rosa has led advocacy and institutional relations for SICARcat, the largest anti-trafficking NGO in the Catalonia region, for 20 years. SICARcat offers assistance to women and children survivors of trafficking by providing them with shelter and legal, psychological, medical, and social support. Since 2022, Rosa has served as an expert advisor for combating human trafficking and gender-based violence at the Catalonia regional Ministry of Equality and Feminism. She continues to promote change by raising awareness of human trafficking and designing public policy.

Rosa is at the forefront of anti-trafficking efforts in Catalonia. Her victim-centered approach has influenced regional and national anti-trafficking and victim protection policies. She contributed to designing the regional Catalonian and Barcelona city protocols for victim protection. Under her leadership, SICARcat developed tools for the detection and intervention of human trafficking cases working closely with law enforcement agencies. She regularly conducts specialized training for key actors.

During the height of the European migration crisis, Rosa helped found the ASIL.CAT network of human rights NGOs that coordinated shelter, protection, and services for the influx of refugees. She worked to ensure that anti-trafficking efforts were included in the asylum reception system. As a result of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, Spain has received over 200,000 Ukrainian refugees and Rosa has been at the forefront in providing support to the refugees arriving to Barcelona.

Letitia Pinas Inspector of Police – Head of the Trafficking in Persons Unit Suriname Police Force

Inspector Letitia Pinas launched her career with the Suriname Police Force in 1998. After serving in the Youth Affairs Department and the Public Relations Department, she was assigned the role of Acting Head of the 14-person Trafficking in Persons Unit in November 2020, to determine its continued usefulness. Inspector Pinas overhauled the underperforming unit by drafting a strategic plan that improved the unit’s ability to investigate suspects and identify and serve victims, its presence in and outreach to the community, and the public’s trust in it.

With no NGOs working on human trafficking, Inspector Pinas assumed a disproportionate burden not only to investigate cases properly and effectively but also ensured efforts continued in the areas of protection and prevention, including expanded awareness. Despite the government facing a multi-year financial crisis, she successfully lobbied for funds from the police to establish an emergency shelter within her office to house victims in the initial stages of an investigation. She closely collaborated with the Prosecutors’ Office for funding to create a long-term shelter for both male and female victims. Through improved collaboration with the Maritime Police and the Military Police, the Trafficking in Persons Unit actively participates in inspections of incoming vessels, while also checking for potential victims amongst incoming travelers at the airport. These efforts have led to increased numbers of identified victims, including many who have trusted the police enough to self-report. Her collaboration with senior police officials resulted in the development of a website that raises awareness on human trafficking and provides society with a tool to anonymously report suspected cases of trafficking.

Child Soldiers Prevention Act List

Section 402 of the Child Soldiers Prevention Act, as amended (CSPA) requires publication in the annual TIP Report of a list of foreign governments identified during the previous year as having governmental armed forces, police, or other security forces, or government-supported armed groups that recruit or use child soldiers, as defined in the CSPA. These determinations cover the reporting period beginning April 1, 2023 and ending March 31, 2024.

For the purpose of the CSPA, and generally consistent with the provisions of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict, the term “child soldier” means:

any person under 18 years of age who takes a direct part in hostilities as a member of governmental armed forces, police, or other security forces;
any person under 18 years of age who has been compulsorily recruited into governmental armed forces, police, or other security forces;
any person under 15 years of age who has been voluntarily recruited into governmental armed forces, police, or other security forces; or
any person under 18 years of age who has been recruited or used in hostilities by armed forces distinct from the armed forces of a state.

The term “child soldier” includes any person described in clauses (ii), (iii), or (iv) who is serving in any capacity, including in a support role, such as a “cook, porter, messenger, medic, guard, or sex slave.”

Governments identified on the list are subject to restrictions, in the following fiscal year, on certain security assistance and commercial licensing of military equipment. The CSPA prohibits assistance to governments that are identified in the list under the following authorities: International Military Education and Training, Foreign Military Financing, Excess Defense Articles, and Peacekeeping Operations, with exceptions for some programs undertaken pursuant to the Peacekeeping Operations authority. The CSPA also prohibits the issuance of licenses for direct commercial sales of military equipment to such governments. Beginning October 1, 2024, and effective throughout Fiscal Year 2025, these restrictions will apply to the listed countries, absent a presidential waiver, applicable exception, or reinstatement of assistance pursuant to the terms of the CSPA. The determination to include a government in the CSPA list is informed by a range of sources, including first-hand observation by U.S. government personnel and research and credible reporting from various UN entities, international organizations, local and international NGOs, and international and domestic media outlets.

The 2024 CSPA List includes governments of the following countries: Afghanistan, Burma, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Iran, Libya, Mali, Russia, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Syria, Türkiye, Venezuela, and Yemen.

When the Government is the Trafficker: State-Sponsored Trafficking in Persons

While the TVPA Minimum Standards for the Elimination of Trafficking In Persons and the UN TIP Protocol call on governments proactively to address trafficking crimes, some governments are part of the problem, directly compelling their citizens or other individuals into sex trafficking or forced labor. Some governments exploit individuals in forced labor in local or national public works projects, military operations, economically important sectors, as part of government-funded projects or missions abroad, or in sexual slavery on government compounds. Governments extract this work or service by threatening the withdrawal of public benefits; withholding salaries; intentionally failing to adhere to limits on national service; manipulating the lack of legal status of stateless individuals and other minority groups; threatening to punish family members; or conditioning services, food, or freedom of movement on labor or sex.

In 2019, Congress amended the TVPA to acknowledge that governments can also act as traffickers, referring specifically to a “government policy or pattern” of human trafficking; human trafficking in government-funded programs; forced labor (in government-affiliated medical services, agriculture, forestry, mining, construction, or other sectors); sexual slavery in government camps, compounds, or outposts; or employing or recruiting child soldiers. While the TVPA already directs the Secretary to consider the extent to which “officials or employees of the government have participated in, facilitated, condoned, or were otherwise complicit in” trafficking when determining whether the government is making significant efforts to meet the minimum standards, this section directly links a government’s “policy or pattern” of trafficking to a Tier 3 ranking.

The 2024 TIP Report includes the following 13 countries with a documented “policy or pattern” of human trafficking, trafficking in government-funded programs, forced labor in government-affiliated medical services or other sectors, sexual slavery in government camps, or the employment or recruitment of child soldiers:

Afghanistan*
China, People’s Republic of
Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of
South Sudan
Turkmenistan

* The TIP Report describes the state of human trafficking within a country and with respect to Afghanistan, assesses the actions of Afghan ministries, as well as the Taliban, without implying recognition of the Taliban or another entity as the government of Afghanistan.

Methodology

The Department of State prepared this report using information from U.S. embassies, government officials, nongovernmental and international organizations, published reports, news articles, academic studies, consultations with authorities and organizations in every region of the world, and information submitted to [email protected] . This email address provides a means by which organizations and individuals can share information with the Department of State throughout the year on government progress in addressing human trafficking.

U.S. diplomatic posts and domestic agencies reported on the human trafficking situation and governmental action to fight trafficking based on thorough research that included meetings with a wide variety of government officials, local and international NGO representatives, officials of international organizations, journalists, academics, and survivors. U.S. missions overseas are dedicated to covering human trafficking issues year-round. The 2024 Trafficking in Persons Report covers government efforts undertaken from April 1, 2023 through March 31, 2024, to the extent concurrent reporting data is available.

Tier Placement

The Department places each country in this report onto one of four categories. This placement is based not on the size of a country’s problem but on the extent of government efforts to meet the Trafficking Victims Protection Act’s (TVPA) minimum standards for the elimination of human trafficking (see page XX), which are generally consistent with the Palermo Protocol.

While Tier 1 is the highest ranking, it does not mean that a country has no human trafficking problem or that it is doing enough to address the crime. Rather, a Tier 1 ranking indicates that a government has made efforts to address the problem that meet the TVPA’s minimum standards. To maintain a Tier 1 ranking, governments need to demonstrate appreciable progress each year in combating trafficking. Tier 1 represents a responsibility rather than a reprieve.

Tier rankings and narratives in the 2024 Trafficking in Persons Report reflect an assessment of the following:

enactment of laws prohibiting severe forms of trafficking in persons, as defined by the TVPA, and provision of criminal punishments for trafficking crimes;
criminal penalties prescribed for human trafficking crimes which are sufficiently stringent and commensurate with those prescribed for other grave crimes;
implementation of human trafficking laws through vigorous prosecution of the prevalent forms of trafficking in the country and adequate sentencing of traffickers;
proactive victim identification measures with systematic procedures to guide law enforcement and other government-supported front-line responders in the process of victim identification;
government funding and partnerships with NGOs to provide victims with access to primary health care, counseling, and shelter, allowing them to recount their trafficking experiences to trained counselors and law enforcement in an environment of minimal pressure;
victim protection efforts that include access to services and shelter without detention and with legal alternatives to removal to countries in which victims would face retribution or hardship;
the extent to which a government ensures victims are provided with legal and other assistance and that, consistent with domestic law, proceedings are not prejudicial to victims’ rights, dignity, or psychological well-being;
the extent to which a government ensures the safe, humane, and, to the extent possible, voluntary repatriation and reintegration of victims;
governmental measures to prevent human trafficking, including efforts to curb practices identified as contributing factors to human trafficking, such as employers’ confiscation of foreign workers’ passports and allowing labor recruiters to charge fees to prospective migrants; and
governmental efforts to reduce the demand for commercial sex acts and extraterritorial sexual exploitation and abuse.

Tier rankings and narratives are NOT affected by the following:

efforts, however laudable, undertaken exclusively by nongovernmental actors in the country;
general public awareness events—government-sponsored or otherwise—lacking concrete ties to the prosecution of traffickers, protection of victims, or prevention of trafficking; and
broad-based law enforcement or developmental initiatives.

A Guide to the Tiers

Countries whose governments fully meet the TVPA’s minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking.

Countries whose governments do not fully meet the TVPA’s minimum standards but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with those standards.

Tier 2 Watch List

Countries whose governments do not fully meet the TVPA’s minimum standards but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with those standards, and for which:

the estimated number of victims of severe forms of trafficking is very significant or is significantly increasing and the country is not taking proportional concrete actions;
there is a failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to combat severe forms of trafficking in persons from the previous year, including increased investigations, prosecutions, and convictions of trafficking crimes, increased assistance to victims, and decreasing evidence of complicity in severe forms of trafficking by government officials.

Countries whose governments do not fully meet the TVPA’s minimum standards and are not making significant efforts to do so.

The TVPA, as amended, lists additional factors to determine whether a country should be on Tier 2 (or Tier 2 Watch List) versus Tier 3:

the extent to which the country is a country of origin, transit, or destination for severe forms of trafficking;
the extent to which the country’s government does not meet the TVPA’s minimum standards and, in particular, the extent to which officials or government employees have been complicit in severe forms of trafficking;
reasonable measures that the government would need to undertake to be in compliance with the minimum standards in light of the government’s resources and capabilities to address and eliminate severe forms of trafficking in persons;
the extent to which the government is devoting sufficient budgetary resources to investigate and prosecute human trafficking, convict and sentence traffickers; and obtain restitution for victims of human trafficking; and
the extent to which the government is devoting sufficient budgetary resources to protect victims and prevent the crime from occurring.

In addition, the TVPA directs the Secretary of State to consider, as proof of a country’s failure to make significant efforts to fully meet the TVPA’s minimum standards, a government policy or pattern of: human trafficking; human trafficking in government-funded programs; forced labor (in government-affiliated medical services, agriculture, forestry, mining, construction, or other sectors); sexual slavery in government camps, compounds, or outposts; or employing or recruiting child soldiers.

The TVPA also provides that any country that has been ranked Tier 2 Watch List for two consecutive years and that would otherwise be ranked Tier 2 Watch List for the next year will instead be ranked Tier 3 in that third year. The Secretary of State is authorized to waive the automatic downgrade only once, in that third year, based on credible evidence that a waiver is justified because the government has a written plan that, if implemented, would constitute making significant efforts to meet the TVPA’s minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is devoting sufficient resources to implement the plan. The following year, a country must either go up to Tier 2 or down to Tier 3. Additionally, the TVPA limits a country to one year on Tier 2 Watch List after that country received a waiver to stay on Tier 2 Watch List and was subsequently downgraded to Tier 3.

Funding Restrictions for Tier 3 Countries

Pursuant to the TVPA, governments on Tier 3 may be subject to certain restrictions on foreign assistance, whereby the President may determine not to provide U.S. government nonhumanitarian, nontrade-related foreign assistance as defined in the TVPA. In addition, the President may determine to withhold funding for government official or employee participation in educational and cultural exchange programs in the case of certain Tier 3 countries. Consistent with the TVPA, the President may also determine to instruct the U.S. Executive Director of each multilateral development bank and the International Monetary Fund to vote against and use their best efforts to deny any loans or other uses of the institutions’ funds to a designated Tier 3 country for most purposes (except for humanitarian, trade-related, and certain development-related assistance). Alternatively, the President may waive application of the foregoing restrictions upon a determination that the provision to a Tier 3 country of such assistance would promote the purposes of the TVPA or is otherwise in the national interest of the United States. The TVPA also authorizes the President to waive these restrictions if necessary to avoid significant adverse effects on vulnerable populations, including women and children.

Applicable assistance restrictions apply for the next Fiscal Year, which begins October 1, 2024.

TVPA Minimum Standards for the Elimination of Trafficking in Persons

Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, Div. A of Pub. L. No. 106-386, § 108, as amended.

(1) The government of the country should prohibit severe forms of trafficking in persons and punish acts of such trafficking.

(2) For the knowing commission of any act of sex trafficking involving force, fraud, coercion, or in which the victim of sex trafficking is a child incapable of giving meaningful consent, or of trafficking which includes rape or kidnapping or which causes a death, the government of the country should prescribe punishment commensurate with that for grave crimes, such as forcible sexual assault.

(3) For the knowing commission of any act of a severe form of trafficking in persons, the government of the country should prescribe punishment that is sufficiently stringent to deter and that adequately reflects the heinous nature of the offense.

(4) The government of the country should make serious and sustained efforts to eliminate severe forms of trafficking in persons.

Indicia of “Serious and Sustained Efforts”

1. Whether the government of the country vigorously investigates and prosecutes acts of severe forms of trafficking in persons, and convicts and sentences persons responsible for such acts, that take place wholly or partly within the territory of the country, including, as appropriate, requiring incarceration of individuals convicted of such acts. For purposes of the preceding sentence, suspended or significantly reduced sentences for convictions of principal actors in cases of severe forms of trafficking in persons shall be considered, on a case-by-case basis, whether to be considered an indicator of serious and sustained efforts to eliminate severe forms of trafficking in persons. After reasonable requests from the Department of State for data regarding investigations, prosecutions, convictions, and sentences, a government which does not provide such data, consistent with a demonstrably increasing capacity of such government to obtain such data, shall be presumed not to have vigorously investigated, prosecuted, convicted or sentenced such acts.

2. Whether the government of the country protects victims of severe forms of trafficking in persons and encourages their assistance in the investigation and prosecution of such trafficking, including provisions for legal alternatives to their removal to countries in which they would face retribution or hardship, and ensures that victims are not inappropriately incarcerated, fined, or otherwise penalized solely for un-lawful acts as a direct result of being trafficked, including by providing training to law enforcement and immigration officials regarding the identification and treatment of trafficking victims using approaches that focus on the needs of the victims.

3. Whether the government of the country has adopted measures to prevent severe forms of trafficking in persons, such as measures to inform and educate the public, including potential victims, about the causes and consequences of severe forms of trafficking in persons, measures to establish the identity of local populations, including birth registration, citizenship, and nationality, measures to ensure that its nationals who are deployed abroad as part of a diplomatic, peacekeeping, or other similar mission do not engage in or facilitate severe forms of trafficking in persons or exploit victims of such trafficking, a transparent system for remediating or punishing such public officials as a deterrent, measures to pre-vent the use of forced labor or child labor in violation of international standards, effective bilateral, multilateral, or regional information sharing and cooperation arrangements with other countries, and effective policies or laws regulating foreign labor recruiters and holding them civilly and criminally liable for fraudulent recruiting.

4. Whether the government of the country cooperates with other governments in the investigation and prosecution of severe forms of trafficking in persons and has entered into bilateral, multilateral, or regional law enforcement cooperation and coordination arrangements with other countries.

5. Whether the government of the country extradites persons charged with acts of severe forms of trafficking in persons on substantially the same terms and to substantially the same extent as persons charged with other serious crimes (or, to the extent such extradition would be inconsistent with the laws of such country or with international agreements to which the country is a party, whether the government is taking all appropriate measures to modify or replace such laws and treaties so as to permit such extradition).

6. Whether the government of the country monitors immigration and emigration patterns for evidence of severe forms of trafficking in persons and whether law enforcement agencies of the country respond to any such evidence in a manner that is consistent with the vigorous investigation and prosecution of acts of such trafficking, as well as with the protection of human rights of victims and the internationally recognized human right to leave any country, including one’s own, and to return to one’s own country.

7. Whether the government of the country vigorously investigates, prosecutes, convicts, and sentences public officials, including diplomats and soldiers, who participate in or facilitate severe forms of trafficking in persons, including nationals of the country who are deployed abroad as part of a diplomatic, peacekeeping, or other similar mission who engage in or facilitate severe forms of trafficking in persons or exploit victims of such trafficking, and takes all appropriate measures against officials who condone or enable such trafficking. A government’s failure to appropriately address public allegations against such public officials, especially once such officials have returned to their home countries, shall be considered inaction under these criteria. After reasonable requests from the Department of State for data regarding such investigations, prosecutions, convictions, and sentences, a government which does not provide such data, consistent with a demonstrably increasing capacity of such government to obtain such data, shall be presumed not to have vigorously investigated, prosecuted, convicted, or sentenced such acts.

8. Whether the percentage of victims of severe forms of trafficking in the country that are non-citizens of such countries is insignificant.

9. Whether the government has entered into effective, transparent partnerships, cooperative arrangements, or agreements that have resulted in concrete and measurable outcomes with –

a. domestic civil society organizations, private sector entities, or international nongovernmental organizations, or into multilateral or regional arrangements or agreements, to assist the government’s efforts to prevent trafficking, protect victims, and punish traffickers; or

b. the United States toward agreed goals and objectives in the collective fight against trafficking.

10. Whether the government of the country, consistent with the capacity of such government, systematically monitors its efforts to satisfy the criteria described in paragraphs (1) through (8) and makes available publicly a periodic assessment of such efforts.

11. Whether the government of the country achieves appreciable progress in eliminating severe forms of trafficking when compared to the assessment in the previous year.

12. Whether the government of the country has made serious and sustained efforts to reduce the demand for –

a. commercial sex acts; and

b. participation in international sex tourism by nationals of the country.

Countries in the 2024 TIP Report that are not Party to the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking In Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
Congo, Republic of the
Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of the
Marshall Islands
Papua New Guinea
Solomon Islands

Between April 2023 and March 2024, Uganda became a State Party to the Protocol.

Global Law Enforcement Data

The 2003 reauthorization of the TVPA added to the original law a new requirement that foreign governments provide the Department of State with data on trafficking investigations, prosecutions, convictions, and sentences in order to fully meet the TVPA’s minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking (Tier 1). The 2004 TIP Report collected this data for the first time. The 2007 TIP Report showed for the first time a breakout of the number of total prosecutions and convictions that related to labor trafficking, placed in parentheses.

YEAR	PROSECUTIONS	Prosecutions – Labor Only	CONVICTIONS	Convictions – Labor Only	VICTIMS IDENTIFIED	Victims Identified – Labor Only	LEGISLATION
2017	17,471	869	7,135	332	96,960	23,906	5
2018	11,096	457	7,481	259	85,613	11,009	5
2019	11,841	1,024	9,548	498	118,932	13,875	7
2020	9,876	1,115	5,011	337	109,216	14,448	16
2021	10,572	1,379	5,260	374	90,354	21,219	15
2022	15,159	2,670	5,577	528	115,324	24,340	27
2023	18,774	3,684	7,115	1,256	133,943	42,098	14

The above statistics are estimates derived from data provided by foreign governments and other sources and reviewed by the Department of State. Aggregate data fluctuates from one year to the next due to the hidden nature of trafficking crimes, dynamic global events, shifts in government efforts, and a lack of uniformity in national reporting structures.

“As we work to help people disproportionately affected by human trafficking, including members of racial and ethnic minorities, women and girls, the LGBTQI+ community, and migrants, we remain committed to learning from and partnering with survivors to support their recoveries and to recruit their help in better spotting and preventing these too often overlooked crimes.”

President Joseph R. Biden Jr. President

“I believe history will show that this was the moment when we had the opportunity to lay the groundwork for the future of AI.  And the urgency of this moment must then compel us to create a collective vision of what this future must be.  A future where AI is used to advance the public interest.”

Vice President Kamala Harris, United States

“Combating trafficking requires a strong coalition of local and global partners to share resources and information, better equip front-line workers, and track and respond to evolving trafficking trends.”

Antony Blinken, Secretary of State

“The Intelligence Community in close partnership with law enforcement has been improving its production of detailed data analysis and reporting to better discern patterns and trends in human trafficking of migrants.  And with the help of new tools for conducting such analysis, we’re investing in these efforts, we think to good effect, as we also work to continually improve our connection to both local and federal law enforcement as well as the Department of Homeland Security to assist them in their work to countering the problem.”

Avril Haines, Director of National Intelligence 

“Survivors are the real experts. Their experiences and their perspectives can help inform and motivate our policies so that we will do more, not less, and accelerate our efforts to combat this heinous cruelty.”

U.S. Representative Chris Smith (R-NJ)

“Yet traffickers continue to operate with impunity. Their crimes are receiving not nearly enough attention. This must change. We must invest much more in detection and protection. We must strengthen law enforcement to bring criminals that commodify human beings to justice. And we must do more to help survivors rebuild their lives.”

A ntonio Guterres, UN Secretary-General

“We need to step up our efforts to reach every trafficking victim, by strengthening detection, investigating cases, and prosecuting the criminals involved. We also need to proactively identify, assist, and support survivors of this crime to truly leave no one behind. This requires support from all sectors of society, from healthcare to social services to law enforcement.”

Ghada Waly, Executive Director of UNODC

“The scourge of human trafficking continues to evolve. Civil unrest and war across the globe, natural disasters, climate change, and the advent and increasing reach of social media all pose significant challenges.”

Sameer Jain, Member of U.S. Advisory Council on Human Trafficking

“If we are to ever defeat trafficking, and this undoubtedly must be our shared ambition, effective approaches to prevention must be the bedrock upon which our anti-trafficking efforts are built. Preventing trafficking in human beings from taking place is the best way to truly protect vulnerable groups and deprive traffickers of the illicit proceeds the crime generates.”

OSCE Secretary General Helga Maria Schmid

“Traffickers prey on the marginalized and most vulnerable. But we are witnessing an emerging trend where the demographic profile of trafficking victims is also expanding, at pace with the digital developments in which we are living.”

Dr. Kari Johnstone , OSCE Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Human Trafficking

“We have to talk about those things that make us uncomfortable, especially if we want to work for an end to human trafficking. Part of that is acknowledging that when we say nothing and do nothing in the face of many of these issues we are perpetuating the same violence that was done to us.”

Rafael Bautista, Member of the U.S. Advisory Council on Human Trafficking

“Building consensus around an affirmative vision is the first line of our tech diplomacy. But the rules, the standards, the norms that societies follow are going to determine whether this technology is used for good or whether it’s used for ill.”

Tier Placements List


Argentina	Estonia	Poland
Australia	Finland	Seychelles
Austria	France	Singapore
The Bahamas	Georgia	Spain
Bahrain	Germany	Suriname
Belgium	Guyana	Sweden
Canada	Iceland	Taiwan
Chile	Korea, Republic of	United Kingdom
Colombia	Lithuania	United States of America
Cyprus	Luxembourg
Czech Republic	The Netherlands
Denmark	Philippines


Albania	Honduras	Pakistan
Angola	Hungary	Palau
Antigua & Barbuda	India	Panama
Armenia	Indonesia	Paraguay
Aruba	Iraq	Peru
Azerbaijan	Ireland	Portugal
Bangladesh	Israel	Qatar
Barbados	Italy	Romania
Belize	Jamaica	Saudi Arabia
Bhutan	Japan	Senegal
Bolivia	Jordan	Sierra Leone
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Kazakhstan	Slovakia
Botswana	Kenya	Slovenia
Brazil	Kosovo	South Africa
Bulgaria	Latvia	Sri Lanka
Burundi	Lesotho	St. Lucia
Cabo Verde	Malawi	St. Vincent and Grenadines
Cameroon	Malaysia	Switzerland
Comoros	Mauritania	Tanzania
Costa Rica	Mauritius	Thailand
Congo, Democratic Republic of	Mexico	Timor-Leste
Cote d’Ivoire	Micronesia	Togo
Croatia	Moldova	Tonga
Ecuador	Mongolia	Trinidad and Tobago
Egypt	Montenegro	Tunisia
El Salvador	Morocco	Türkiye
Eswatini	Mozambique	Uganda
Ethiopia	Namibia	Ukraine
The Gambia	New Zealand	United Arab Emirates
Ghana	Nigeria	Uzbekistan
Greece	North Macedonia	Vietnam
Guatemala	Norway	Zambia
Guinea	Oman


Algeria	Guinea Bissau	Marshall Islands
Benin	Hong Kong	Nepal
Burkina Faso	Kuwait	Niger
Central African Republic	Kyrgyz Republic	Rwanda
Chad	Laos	Serbia
Congo, Republic of	Lebanon	Solomon Islands
Curacao	Liberia	Tajikistan
Dominican Republic	Madagascar	Uruguay
Equatorial Guinea	Maldives	Vanuatu
Fiji	Mali	Zimbabwe
Gabon	Malta


Afghanistan	Djibouti	Russia
Belarus	Eritrea	Sint Maarten
Brunei	Iran	South Sudan
Burma	Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of	Sudan
Cambodia	Macau	Syria
China, People’s Republic of	Nicaragua	Turkmenistan
Cuba	Papua New Guinea	Venezuela


Haiti
Libya
Somalia
Yemen

A note on Kiribati: Reports during the 2024 reporting period indicated human trafficking crimes may have occurred in Kiribati. However, information on anti-trafficking efforts from the Government of Kiribati and the nature and scope of trafficking in persons in Kiribati were insufficient to undertake a full assessment for the 2024 Report. The Department of State will continue gathering information in the coming year and assess appropriate reporting for the 2025 TIP Report.

Regional Maps

The Regional Maps will be included in the PDF accessible online version. Below includes the region-specific Global Law Enforcement Data.

Africa
YEAR	PROSECUTIONS	Prosecutions – Labor Only	CONVICTIONS	Convictions – Labor Only	VICTIMS IDENTIFIED	Victims Identified – Labor Only	LEGISLATION
2017	1,325	98	551	34	26,517	5,902	2
2018	1,253	37	1,190	29	24,407	3,749	2
2019	955	71	2,122	32	42,517	1,284	2
2020	1,493	251	382	107	28,538	6,947	8
2021	1,686	265	659	68	11,450	3,643	3
2022	2,477	388	904	139	21,790	5,436	5
2023	2,551	460	758	200	21,877	8,148	2

East Asia & Pacific
YEAR	PROSECUTIONS	Prosecutions – Labor Only	CONVICTIONS	Convictions – Labor Only	VICTIMS IDENTIFIED	Victims Identified – Labor Only	LEGISLATION
2017	2,949	77	3,227	72	4,915	669	0
2018	2,351	63	1,275	16	5,466	291	1
2019	3,276	86	3,662	20	14,132	7,687	2
2020	1,838	70	1,502	12	2,884	691	1
2021	1,440	73	1,066	60	3,348	859	0
2022	4,570	708	1,607	63	4,635	2,037	3
2023	3,390	398	1,802	97	6,543	1,161	2

Europe
YEAR	PROSECUTIONS	Prosecutions – Labor Only	CONVICTIONS	Convictions – Labor Only	VICTIMS IDENTIFIED	Victims Identified – Labor Only	LEGISLATION
2017	2,548	179	1,257	53	12,750	3,330	0
2018	2,394	234	1,379	80	16,838	2,675	1
2019	2,896	106	1,346	41	17,383	1,369	2
2020	2,355	101	1,291	33	18,173	1,082	2
2021	3,285	86	1,905	92	21,347	2,124	5
2022	2,932	169	1,668	67	24,528	2,497	6
2023	3,147	201	1,667	93	32,996	4,448	4

Near East
YEAR	PROSECUTIONS	Prosecutions – Labor Only	CONVICTIONS	Convictions – Labor Only	VICTIMS IDENTIFIED	Victims Identified – Labor Only	LEGISLATION
2017	974	112	104	11	1,834	53	0
2018	738	10	155	7	2,675	83	0
2019	788	44	419	22	3,619	35	0
2020	533	106	414	84	3,461	1,827	0
2021	869	356	353	88	3,440	1,127	1
2022	644	173	545	85	2,980	1,790	0
2023	2,258	1,344	770	390	3,450	1,596	2

South & Central Asia
YEAR	PROSECUTIONS	Prosecutions – Labor Only	CONVICTIONS	Convictions – Labor Only	VICTIMS IDENTIFIED	Victims Identified – Labor Only	LEGISLATION
2017	8,105	264	1,063	48	40,857	11,813	2
2018	3,102	41	2,465	9	24,544	1,841	1
2019	2,602	616	1,156	349	28,929	3,227	1
2020	2,747	532	834	74	45,060	3,275	3
2021	1,910	479	438	17	38,426	12,426	2
2022	3,304	1,118	597	104	49,715	11,161	1
2023	6,041	1,101	1,245	368	50,815	23,089	0

Western Hemisphere
YEAR	PROSECUTIONS	Prosecutions – Labor Only	CONVICTIONS	Convictions – Labor Only	VICTIMS IDENTIFIED	Victims Identified – Labor Only	LEGISLATION
2017	1,571	139	969	114	10,011	2,139	1
2018	1,252	72	1,017	177	11,683	2,370	0
2019	1,324	101	843	34	12,352	273	0
2020	910	55	588	27	11,100	626	2
2021	1,382	120	794	49	12,343	1,040	4
2022	1,232	114	256	70	11,676	1,419	12
2023	1,387	180	873	108	18,292	3,656	4

Stopping Human Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) by International Peacekeepers and Civilian Personnel

This section summarizes actions taken by the United Nations (UN), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) to prevent trafficking in persons or the exploitation of victims of trafficking during calendar year 2023.


Total Number of Peacekeeping and Support Personnel	63,170	2,264	4,477
Total Number of Missions	11	14	2
Prevention Policy	“Special Measures for Protection from Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse” (2003)	“Code of Conduct for Staff and Mission Members” “Staff Instruction No. 33/2023: Whistleblowing and Protection against Retaliation” (adopted 3 October 2023) “Staff Instructions No. 0032/2022: Prevention of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse” (adopted 20 June 2022) “Staff Instruction No. 11/2004: Preventing the Promotion/Facilitation of Trafficking in Human Beings” (adopted 22 January 2004)	Human Security Unit (political) International Military Staff – Gender Advisor (Military Advice) Heads of NATO Military Bodies (e.g. SACEUR, SACT)
Lead Office Responsible for Implementation	The Conduct and Discipline Service (CDS) The Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS)	Secretary General Department of Human Resources Office of Internal Oversight	For preventing human trafficking, conflict-related sexual violence and SEA, training is done via pre-deployment and during any missions or operations.  Nations are responsible for the provision of pre-deployment training of their personnel in accordance with NATO standards. Heads of NATO Bodies are responsible for providing training to their personnel.
Prevention Training	Pre-deployment and at mission, including an e-learning program	Pre-deployment OSCE Prevention of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (PSEA) mandatory online training launched in October 2023. Introductory workshop for the PSEA Focal Points held on 15 September 2023.	None reported
Number of Allegations in 2023	101 allegations were made against military, police, and civilian personnel. Ninety percent of the allegations were in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic. This is only the second time in the past 10 years that 100 or more allegations were recorded in one year. 22 of the allegations affected children.	The OSCE Department for Human Resources had no record of any reported allegations of sexual exploitation or sexual abuse in 2023. The OSCE Office of Internal Oversight did not receive any allegations of SEA in 2023.	No reported allegations – NATO relies on contributing countries to report allegations.
New Initiatives	UNHCR is piloting its participation in the Misconduct Disclosure Scheme (MDS), which facilitates the sharing of misconduct data between employers and prevents the rehiring of perpetrators across NGOs and other participating agencies. UNHCR uses MDS as a complement to its use of ClearCheck. UNOPS planned to pilot its participation in MDS in early 2024. In accordance with General Assembly resolution 77/278, the Secretariat is exploring “whether ClearCheck database and the Misconduct Disclosure Scheme can complement each other.” The World Food Program (WFP) and IOM are developing a multilingual multimedia package of accessible information on protection from SEA for beneficiaries. In 2023, the UN Secretariat piloted a reinforcement training package for uniformed commanders, in cooperation with Member States. It provides targeted training support for commanders on conduct and discipline, with a focus on the prohibition of SEA. The package will be rolled out in 2024.	The OSCE appointed PSEA focal points in April 2023 to raise awareness of Staff Instruction 32 and provide guidance on how to prevent and respond to incidents. In May 2023, the OSCE revised its contractual arrangements with external providers, including the General Conditions of Contract for both goods and services, as well as the standard Implementing Partner Agreement. These revisions now incorporate clauses mandating contractors to implement suitable measures for preventing and addressing SEA by their employees or any individuals engaged in providing services to the OSCE.	In July 2023, NATO adopted its new policy on combating trafficking in human beings. The aim of this new policy was to provide a coherent, consistent, and integrated political framework for NATO’s role in combating trafficking in human beings. This policy applies to all NATO personnel in all Alliance operations, missions, and activities, wherever NATO operates, from peacetime to crisis and conflict, including stabilization and post-conflict, and should be considered within the broader framework policies and guidance within NATO, including the wider Human Security Approach and Guiding Principles. This Security Approach allows for a more comprehensive view of the human environment, consequently enhancing operational effectiveness and contributing to lasting peace and security.
Links for Additional Information

Relevant International Conventions

The chart below shows the Ratification, Accession (a), or Acceptance (A) of relevant international conventions for those countries that have ratified, acceded to, or accepted any such conventions between April 2023 and March 2024. A complete list that includes the status of all of the countries covered by the Trafficking in Persons Report is available at: https://www.state.gov/international-conventions-relevant-to-combating-trafficking-in-persons/

Country	UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons (2000)	Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography (2000)	Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict (2000)	ILO Convention 29, Forced Labour (1930)	ILO Protocol of 2014 to the Forced Labour Convention	ILO Convention 105, Abolition of Forced Labour (1957)	ILO Convention 182, Elimination of Worst Forms of Child Labour (1999)	ILO Convention 189, Domestic Workers (2011)
Brunei-Darussalam	2020 (a)	2006	2016	2024	_	_	2008	_
Mexico	2003	2002	2002	1934	2024	1959	2000	2020
Seychelles	2004	2012	2010	1978	_	1978	1999	2024
Uganda	2024	2001	2002	1963	_	1963	2001	_

International, Regional, and Sub-Regional Organizations Combating Trafficking in Persons

For the 2024 Trafficking in Persons Report, the Framework Documents and other Relevant Guidance section has been consolidated to show only documents published during the reporting year: April 1, 2023 – March 31, 2024. If you would like to review documents from previous years, please refer to the 2023 Trafficking in Persons Report .


	(2023) UN General Assembly Resolution on Improving the coordination of efforts against trafficking in persons (A/RES/78/228) (2023) (A/78/119) (2023) HRC Resolution on Trafficking in Persons, especially women and children (A/HRC/RES/53/9) (2023) (2023) (2023) (2024)	UN Special Rapporteur on Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children UN Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Slavery UN Special Rapporteur on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography
https://www.ilo.org	(2023) (2023) (2024) (2024) (2024) (2024)
	(2023)
(EU/Horn of Africa Migration Route Initiative)	(2023) (2024)
	(2023) (2023) (2023) (2023) (2024)	ASEAN Senior Officials Meeting on Transnational Crime
	(2023) (2023) (2023) (2023)	Bali Process Working Group on Trafficking in Persons
	No relevant Framework Documents or other Relevant Guidance were published during the reporting period.
(in Russian only)	No relevant Framework Documents or other Relevant Guidance were published during the reporting period.
	No relevant Framework Documents or other Relevant Guidance were published during the reporting period.	United Nations Action for Cooperation against Trafficking in Persons Regional COMMIT Task Force
	(2023) (2023) (2024) (2024)	Task Force against Trafficking in Human Beings Expert Group on Children at Risk Task Force Against Trafficking in Human Beings
	(2023) (2023) (2023) (2024) (2024) (2024) (2024)	Group of Experts on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings
	(2023) (2023) (2023)	The ECOWAS Regional Network of National Focal Institutions Against Trafficking in Persons Plus Anti-Trafficking Unit
	(2024) (2024)	EU Anti-Trafficking Coordinator EU Network of National Rapporteurs and Equivalent Mechanisms EU Civil Society Platform against Trafficking in Human Beings Coordination Group of the EU agencies working against trafficking in human beings
	(updated in 2023) (2024) (2024)
	No relevant Framework Documents or other Relevant Guidance were published during the reporting period.
	(2023) (2023) (2024) (2024)	Department of Public Security and Department against Transnational Organized Crime
	(2023) (2024) (2024)	OECD Task Force on Countering Illicit Trade
	No relevant Framework Documents or other Relevant Guidance were published during the reporting period.
	(2023) (2023) (2023) (2023) (2023) (2023) (2024) (2024) (2024) (2024)	Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights International Survivors of Trafficking Advisory Council
	No relevant Framework Documents or other Relevant Guidance were published during the reporting period.	The Liaison Officers Network to Combat Migrant Smuggling and Trafficking in Persons
	(2023) (2023)

(2023)

UN General Assembly Resolution on Improving the coordination of efforts against trafficking in persons (A/RES/78/228) (2023)

(A/78/119) (2023)

HRC Resolution on Trafficking in Persons, especially women and children (A/HRC/RES/53/9) (2023)

(2023)

(2024)

UN Special Rapporteur on Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children

UN Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Slavery

UN Special Rapporteur on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography

https://www.ilo.org

(2023)

(2024)

(2023)

(EU/Horn of Africa Migration Route Initiative)

(2023)

(2024)

(2023)

(2024)

ASEAN Senior Officials Meeting on Transnational Crime

(2023)

Bali Process Working Group on Trafficking in Persons

No relevant Framework Documents or other Relevant Guidance were published during the reporting period.

(in Russian only)

No relevant Framework Documents or other Relevant Guidance were published during the reporting period.

United Nations Action for Cooperation against Trafficking in Persons

Regional COMMIT Task Force

(2023)

(2024)

Task Force against Trafficking in Human Beings

Expert Group on Children at Risk

Task Force Against Trafficking in Human Beings

(2023)

(2024)

Group of Experts on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings

(2023)

The ECOWAS Regional Network of National Focal Institutions Against Trafficking in Persons Plus

Anti-Trafficking Unit

(2024)

EU Anti-Trafficking Coordinator

EU Network of National Rapporteurs and Equivalent Mechanisms

EU Civil Society Platform against Trafficking in Human Beings

Coordination Group of the EU agencies working against trafficking in human beings

(updated in 2023)

(2024)

No relevant Framework Documents or other Relevant Guidance were published during the reporting period.

(2023)

(2024)

Department of Public Security and Department against Transnational Organized Crime

(2023)

(2024)

OECD Task Force on Countering Illicit Trade

No relevant Framework Documents or other Relevant Guidance were published during the reporting period.

(2023)

(2024)

Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings

Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights

International Survivors of Trafficking Advisory Council

No relevant Framework Documents or other Relevant Guidance were published during the reporting period.

The Liaison Officers Network to Combat Migrant Smuggling and Trafficking in Persons

(2023)

Annual Report to Congress on the Use of Child Soldiers under Section 405(c) of the Child Soldiers Prevention Act of 2008

This report is submitted in accordance with section 405(c) of the Child Soldiers Prevention Act of 2008 (22 U.S.C. 2370c-2(c)) (CSPA). Section 1 lists the countries identified as being in violation of the standards under the CSPA in 2023. Section 2 provides a description and the amounts of assistance withheld pursuant to section 404(a) of the CSPA. Section 3 provides a list of waivers or exceptions exercised under the CSPA. Section 4 contains the justifications for such waivers. Section 5 provides a description and the amounts of assistance provided to countries pursuant to such waivers.

Section 1. Countries in Violation of the Standards Under the CSPA in 2023.

The Secretary of State identified the following countries as having governmental armed forces, police, or other security forces or government-supported armed groups that recruited or used child soldiers within the meaning of section 404(a) of the CSPA during the reporting period of April 1, 2022 – March 31, 2023: Afghanistan, Burma, Central African Republic (CAR), Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Egypt, Eritrea, Iran, Libya, Mali, Russia, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan, Syria, Türkiye, Venezuela, and Yemen.

Section 2. Description and Amount of Assistance Withheld Pursuant to Section 404(a).

No security assistance subject to section 404(a) of the CSPA was planned to be provided to Afghanistan, Burma, Eritrea, Iran, Mali, Russia, Rwanda, South Sudan, Syria, or Venezuela in fiscal year (FY) 2024.

Section 3. List of Waivers or Exceptions Exercised under Section 404(a).

On September 15, 2023, the President determined that it is in the national interest of the United States to waive the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to Egypt; to waive, in part, the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to Türkiye for International Military Education and Training (IMET) and Peacekeeping Operations (PKO) assistance, issuance of direct commercial sales (DCS) licenses, and support provided pursuant to 10 U.S.C. 331 and 10 U.S.C. 333, to the extent that the CSPA would restrict such assistance or support; to waive, in part, the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to Libya and Somalia to allow for the provision of IMET and PKO assistance, and support provided pursuant to 10 U.S.C. 331 and 10 U.S.C. 333, to the extent that the CSPA would restrict such assistance or support; to waive, in part, the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to the Democratic Republic of the Congo to allow for the provision of IMET and PKO assistance and issuance of DCS licenses in connection with the reexport of transport aircraft, to the extent that the CSPA would restrict such assistance; to waive, in part, the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to the Central African Republic and Yemen to allow for the provision of IMET and PKO assistance, to the extent that the CSPA would restrict such assistance; and to waive the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA to allow for the issuance of DCS licenses related to other U.S. government assistance for the above countries and, with respect to the Russian Federation, solely for the issuance of DCS licenses in connection with the International Space Station (ISS). The President has further certified that the governments of the above countries are taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers.

Section 4. Justifications for Waivers and Exceptions.

Pursuant to section 404(c) of the Child Soldiers Prevention Act of 2008 (CSPA) (22 U.S.C. 2370c-1(c)), the President has determined that it is in the national interest of the United States to waive the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to Egypt; to waive, in part, the application of the prohibition with respect to the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Libya, Somalia, Türkiye, and Yemen, including to allow for the issuance of direct commercial sales (DCS) licenses related to other U.S. government assistance for these countries that is not subject to the prohibition in section 404(a); and, with respect to Russia, to waive, in part, the application of the prohibition solely for DCS licenses in connection with the International Space Station. The President has further certified that the governments of the above countries are taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers. The justification for this determination and certification with respect to each country is set forth in this Memorandum.

The Central African Republic (CAR)

The President has determined it is in the national interest of the United States to waive, in part, the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to CAR to allow for the provision of International Military Education and Training (IMET) and Peacekeeping Operations (PKO) assistance and has certified that the CAR Government (CARG) is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers.

Armed groups in CAR continue to threaten civilians and pose a longstanding risk to stability. The waiver for PKO and IMET assistance for CAR will support the professionalization of the military to better provide security to the people of CAR while respecting human rights and international humanitarian law (IHL). Additionally, IMET programming allows the United States to invest in CAR military officers to promote professional military education and foster relationships with foreign military personnel rooted in democratic values.

The CARG is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers through meaningful engagement with U.S. and UN officials in seeking assistance to eradicate trafficking in persons, including the recruitment or use of child soldiers by CAR security forces and armed groups. Recent efforts have included the adoption of a national plan to counter trafficking in children, government directives prohibiting the presence of children around military bases, and collaboration with the UN and implementing partners to reintegrate children affected by conflict.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)

The President has determined it is in the national interest of the United States to waive, in part, the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to DRC to allow for the provision of IMET and PKO assistance and issuance of licenses for DCS in connection with the reexport of transport aircraft and has certified that the Government of the DRC (GDRC) is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers.

The proliferation of armed groups amidst ongoing conflict in eastern DRC continues to threaten security and stability for the people of the DRC. IMET and PKO assistance for the DRC enables the United States to continue professionalization efforts of the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC) by enhancing its capacity to provide security within its territory while respecting human rights and IHL. IMET and PKO assistance provide mechanisms to support security sector governance reforms and training in areas such as military justice, civil-military relations, respect for human rights and IHL, military engineering, and resource management and logistics, which enhance security and help make the FARDC a more transparent, accountable institution.

The GDRC is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers through sustained commitment to implement its 2012 Action Plan to end and prevent the recruitment and use of child soldiers in partnership with the UN. Additionally, in 2022 the GDRC adopted a national strategy for the implementation of the Demobilization, Disarmament, Community Recovery and Stabilization Program, which signals an important step in prioritizing children affected by armed conflict, particularly in eastern DRC.

The President has determined it is in the national interest of the United State to waive, in full, the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to Egypt and has certified that the Government of Egypt is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers.

Egypt is an important U.S. partner in counterterrorism, anti-trafficking, and regional security operations, which advance both U.S. and Egyptian security. The decades-long defense partnership is a pillar for regional stability and key to securing peace with Israel, supporting the Multinational Force and Observers missions, and enhancing security of the Suez Canal. Since 1978, the United States has provided more than $54 billion in military assistance for Egypt, which has contributed to Egypt’s capabilities to protect and defend its land, air, and maritime borders and to confront an evolving terrorist threat, including in the Sinai Peninsula.

The Government of Egypt is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers, even as the scope and intensity of the counterterrorism fight in the Sinai continues to see a significant downturn; 2023 is on track to report the lowest levels of violence in the Sinai since the conflict began in 2011. The U.S. government is not aware of the Egyptian military, police, or other security forces recruiting or using child soldiers. Consistent with Egypt’s domestic laws and its obligations under the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict, the Egyptian government effectively prohibits persons under the age of 18 from being forcibly recruited into the armed forces. The Government of Egypt provides critical influence in addressing the recruitment or use of child soldiers by tribal militias, and the U.S. government will continue to engage the Egyptian government regarding reports of recruitment of child soldiers by government-supported Sinai tribal forces.

The President has determined it is in the national interest of the United States to waive, in part, the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to Libya to allow for the provision of IMET and PKO assistance and DoD support provided pursuant to 10 U.S.C. 331 and 10 U.S.C. 333 and has certified that the Government of National Unity (GNU) in Libya is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers.

The U.S. government selected Libya as a priority country for implementation of the U.S. Strategy to Prevent Conflict and Promote Stability. The Department of State further assesses that in Libya the most durable solution to the unlawful recruitment of child soldiers, including by GNU-aligned units and the self-styled Libyan National Army, is a negotiated political settlement that ends Libya’s instability and the cycles of conflict. IMET assistance will facilitate English language proficiency to improve interoperability and promote civil-military relations, including civilian control of a unified military. PKO assistance will build upon the October 2020 ceasefire and support U.N. efforts to advance Libya’s transition to a unified, democratically elected, and inclusive political system based on respect for human rights. PKO provides the U.S. government a tool to support UNSMIL in its ceasefire monitoring function. Department of Defense support will build the capacity of Libyan military institutions in support of progress towards civilian-controlled, accountable, defense institutions that uphold human rights, combat terrorism, and address security challenges.

The GNU is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers through engagement with the UN and the U.S. government in the context of our recurring bilateral Security Dialogue. Through cooperation with UNSMIL, representatives of the Libyan 5+5 Joint Military Commission, comprised of senior military officers from both the east and west, engage with UNICEF on preventing child soldier recruitment. The U.S. government is not aware of the GNU’s military, police, or other governmental security forces recruiting or using child soldiers. Further, GNU security sector leaders provide critical influence to prevent and end the recruitment or use of child soldiers by armed groups in Libya and mitigate the reliance on external forces or groups for internal security.

Russian Federation

The President has determined it is in the national interest of the United State to waive, in part, the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to the Russian Federation to allow for issuance of licenses for DCS solely in connection with the International Space Station (ISS) and has certified that the Government of the Russian Federation is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers.

It is in the U.S. national interest to work with Russia to maintain the safety of ISS operations. Maintaining longstanding U.S.-Russia ISS operations requires the ability to issue DCS licenses for defense articles and defense services in support of the ISS until the planned termination of its operation, which the National Aeronautics and Space Administration estimates will be in 2030. This waiver will allow such activities to continue and will enable the issuance of licenses necessary to support the safe operation of the ISS, U.S.-Russia integrated crew missions to the ISS, and the safety of U.S. and other personnel onboard the ISS.

The Russian Federation is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers. In accordance with the Russian Federation’s Law on the Ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict of 2008, the Government of the Russian Federation effectively prohibits persons under the age of 18 from being forcibly recruited into the armed forces.

The President has determined it is in the national interest of the United States to waive, in part, the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to Somalia to allow for the provision of IMET and PKO assistance, and DoD support provided pursuant to 10 U.S.C. 331 and 10 U.S.C. 333 and has certified that the Federal Government of Somalia (FGS) is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers.

Foreign terrorist organizations including al-Shabaab continue to threaten security and stability for the people of Somalia. The waiver for IMET and PKO assistance for Somalia enables the United States to continue professionalization efforts of the Somali National Army (SNA) by enhancing their capacity to provide security within their territory while respecting human rights and IHL. Further, a waiver for support provided by the Department of Defense pursuant to 10 U.S.C. 331 and 10 U.S.C. 333 will allow for U.S. government assistance to build the Somali military’s capacity to conduct effective, sustained counterterrorism operations against al-Shabaab and help reinforce U.S. values, including those related to preventing and ending the unlawful recruitment or use of child soldiers.

The FGS is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers through sustained commitment to implement its 2019 “road map” to accelerate progress on its 2012 Action Plan on ending the recruitment and use of children by the Somali National Armed Forces in partnership with the UN. The SNA’s Child Protection Unit continued to make progress in implementing screening procedures, training, and disseminating media to prevent the recruitment and use of child soldiers. The FGS also continued implementation of standard operating procedures for the handover of children allegedly associated with armed groups.

The President has determined it is in the national interest of the United States to waive, in part, the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to Türkiye for IMET and PKO assistance, issuance of DCS licenses, and DoD support provided pursuant to 10 U.S.C. 331 and 10 U.S.C. 333 and has certified that the Government of Türkiye is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers.

Türkiye has been an important U.S. security partner and valued NATO Ally since 1952, regulating passage, in accordance with international law, through the straits of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles, which link the Black Sea with the Mediterranean. Further, Türkiye’s military capability and geographic location are vital to the United States’ integrated deterrence strategy and ability to respond to regional events including with respect to counterterrorism, humanitarian assistance, and disaster relief operations. Türkiye’s support, including defense and security cooperation, to NATO Allies and partners deters malign influence in the region. This waiver will assist in maintaining NATO cohesion and continued interoperability, bolster regional security, and advance bilateral cooperation.

The Government of Türkiye is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers, including those present in elements of the Syrian National Army receiving support from the Government of Türkiye. The United States is not aware of the Turkish military, police, or other security forces recruiting or using child soldiers. Consistent with Türkiye’s domestic laws and its obligations under the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict, the Turkish military effectively prohibits persons under the age of 18 from being forcibly recruited into the armed forces. Further, the Government of Türkiye provides critical influence in addressing the problem of child soldiers with respect to the Syrian National Army.

The President has determined that it is in the national interest of the United States to waive, in part, the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to Yemen to allow for provision of IMET and PKO assistance and has certified that the Government of the Republic of Yemen (ROYG) is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers.

It is in the U.S. national interest to support UN-led efforts to achieve an inclusive negotiated political resolution to the conflict in Yemen. The waiver for IMET assistance for Yemen enables the United States to continue to support professionalization and interoperability efforts of the Yemeni Armed Forces (YAF) by enhancing their capacity to provide inclusive security within their territory while respecting human rights and IHL. Further, this waiver will improve the YAF’s capacity to conduct effective, sustained counterterrorism operations, ensuring freedom of navigation through the Bab Al-Mandeb Strait, and securing the space for restoring effective governance institutions.

The ROYG is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers through sustained commitment to implement its 2018 “road map” to accelerate progress on its 2014 Action Plan to end and prevent the recruitment of children by Yemeni Armed Forces in partnership with the UN. The ROYG established child protection units within all military regions, issued directives banning child recruitment, and conducted numerous senior government field visits to monitor the implementation of screening procedures to prevent child recruitment and remove children from military units.

Section 5. Description and Amount of Assistance Provided Pursuant to a Waiver.

The information provided below only includes assistance obligated as of April 20, 2024. Additional assistance will be obligated during FY 2024.

Central African Republic

International Military Education Training $101,124

As of April 20, 2024, IMET funding was obligated for the following activity: professional military education and training.

Democratic Republic of the Congo

International Military Education Training $177,238

International Military Education Training $1,352,782

International Military Education Training $31,284

Peacekeeping Operations $31,917,530.44

As of April 20, 2024, PKO funding was obligated for Somali National Army and Somali Ministry of Defense for the following activities:

logistical support; advisory support; equipment; and program oversight.

10 U.S.C. 333 $4 ,668,640.56

As of April 20, 2024, 333 funding was obligated for the following activities: training and equipment.

International Military Education Training $182,098

International Military Education Training $339,662

As of April 20, 20, 2024, IMET funding was obligated for the following activity: professional military education and training.

GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS

ASEAN	Association of Southeast Asian Nations
GBV	Gender-based Violence
ECOWAS	Economic Community of West African States
EU	European Union
EUROPOL	European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation
FARC	Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
GRETA	Council of Europe’s Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings
IDP	Internally displaced person
ILO	International Labour Organization
INTERPOL	International Criminal Police Organization
IOM	International Organization for Migration
ISIS	Islamic State of Iraq and Syria
IUU	Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated
LGBTQI+	Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and Intersex
MOU	Memorandum of Understanding
NAP	National Action Plan
NGO	Nongovernmental organization
NRM	National Referral Mechanism
SOPs	Standard Operating Procedures
OAS	Organization of American States
OSCE	Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
UN	United Nations
UNHCR	United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
UNICEF	United Nations Children’s Fund
UNODC	United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
UN TIP Protocol (Palermo Protocol)	Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime

Notes: Local currencies have been converted to U.S. dollars ($) using the currency exchange rates reported by the U.S. Department of the Treasury on December 31, 2023.

Acknowledgments

The Staff of the Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons Is:

Mekhribon Abdullaeva

Sylvia Amegashie

Katrina Askew-Alston

Andrea Balint Garza

Shonnie R. Ball

Suzanne Balson

Matt Becker

Getoria Berry

Brooke Beyer

Caris Boegl

Michelle C. Bloom

Alexandria Boling

Katherine Borgen

Gregory Borgstede

Kelsey Brennan

Joshua Bull

Carla M. Bury

Renée Callender

Jessica Cisneros

Kate Cooper

Camila Crowley

Reena Dalwadi

Sarah Davis

Steven Davis

Anca DiGiacomo

Daniel Evensen

Anna Fraser

Lauren Frey

Mark Forstrom

Lucia Gallegos

Beatriz Garcia Velazquez

Brianna Gehring

Chauna Gibson

Natasha Greenberg

Andrew Grimmer

Takiyah Golden

Denise Harrison

Jocelyn Harrison

Emmanuel Hector

Caitlin B. Heidenreich

Ashley Hernandez

J. Brett Hernandez

Matthew Hickey

Crystal Hill

Megan Hjelle-Lantsman

Jennifer M. Ho

Marta Hoilman

Ariana Holly

Moira Honohan

Renee Huffman

Veronica Jablonski

Harold Jahnsen

Sarah Jennings

Devin Johnson

Maurice W. Johnson

Kari A. Johnstone

Chelsea Kaser

Patrick Kelly

Emily Korenak

Kendra L. Kreider

Mary Lagdameo

Valery Lavigne

James Lensen-Callas

Rebecca Lesnak

Abigail Long

Samantha Lord

Jean McAnerney

Cameron Malcom

Bryan Marcus

LaTina Marsh

Sunny Massa

Kerry McBride

Rendi McCoy

Tamara McCoy

Maura K. McManus

Leah F. Meyer

Rebecca Morgan

Ericka Moten

Ryan Mulvenna

Dan Muncaster

Cristina Narvaez

Amy O’Neill Richard

Zury Palencia

Lauren Parnell

Ashlei Perry

Marissa Pietrobono

Sanjana Polapragada

Justin D. Pollard

David Rabinovich

Patrick Read

Andrea E. Reed

Casey Risko

Angie Rivas

Amy Rustan Haslett

Manith Sarik

Aram Schvey

Tori Jamese Scott-Senghor

Adrienne Sgarlato

Jessica Singh

Stephen Shade

Kaela Shear

Soumya Silver

Cornelius Slayton

Susan Snyder

Megan Stalder

Latoshae Summers

Desirée Suo Weymont

Jamie Sutter

Francesca J. Tadle

Atsuki Takahashi

James Taylor

Anna Thiessen

Cecilia Thompson

Juan Jose Tierjo

Wanda Toney

Andrea Ugolini

Melissa Verlaque

Matthew Villemain

Myrna E. Walch

Frances Wallman

Bianca Washington

Pauline Werner

Danielle (Nikki) Wetsel

Terry Whenry

Sharifa White

Joshua Williams

Willow Williamson

Joshua Youle

Salia Zouande

Special thanks to Brian Piaquadio, Julia Maruszewski, LeGrand Latney, Kimberly Ross, and the creative services team at Global Publishing Solutions. Special thanks also to the ECA Bureau and technical project managers Tasha Wilkinson and Ed Williams.

Special thanks to Bukola Oriola, Dawn Schiller, Christine Cesa, Jeri Moomaw, Harold D’Souza, Jessa Crisp, Jill Brogdon, Megan Lundstrom, Rafael Bautista, Tanya Gould, and other subject matter experts with lived experience of human trafficking from the Department of State’s Human Trafficking Expert Consultant Network for their contributions to the TIP Report.

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Lesson Note on Civic Education JSS 1 Second Term
Civic Education Lessons for Secondary School. SCHEME OF WORK CIVIC EDUCATION JSS1 SECOND TERM. WEEK TOPIC. 1 Revision of Last Term's Work. 2 Citizenship. Causes and Effects of Falsehood and Theft. 3 Process of Becoming a Citizen of a Country. Causes and Effects of Murder and Rape. 4&5 Rights and Duties of Citizens.
Civic Education Lesson Note JSS 1 Second Term
Civic Education JSS1 Second Term - Edudelight Lesson note. SCHEME OF WORK CIVIC EDUCATION FOR 2ND TERM JSS 1. WEEK: TOPICS: 1: Revision of last term work: 2: Citizenship: 3: Process of becoming a citizenship of a country: 4: Right and Duties of Citizens. 5: Differences Between Rights And Duties Of Citizen: 6:
Civic Education Scheme Of Work For JSS 1 (1st Term, 2nd Term & 3rd Term
The scheme of work for Civic Education in JSS 1 (Junior secondary school one) for 2024/2025 academic session is out. Please be informed that this scheme of work has been made available and free for all teachers in secondary schools in Nigeria by schoolings. Civic Education is a subject made compulsory by the ministry of education to be offered ...
Civic Education Lesson Note For JSS1 (Second Term) 2024
Please note that Civic Education lesson note for JSS1 provided here for Second Term is approved by the Ministry of Education based on the scheme of work. I made it free for tutors, parents, guardians, and students who want to read ahead of what is being taught in class. Recommended: Peaceland COE Acceptance Fee for Fresh Students 2024/2025 ...
Civic Education JSS1 Second Term
This document outlines the civic education curriculum for JSS1 students in the second term. It covers topics such as citizenship, rights and duties of citizens, and causes and effects of issues like falsehood, theft, murder and rape. The topics will be covered over 5 weeks. In week 2, it defines citizenship and describes the different types of citizenship such as citizenship by birth ...
Second Term JSS1 Civic Education Scheme of Work
Welcome great EduPodian, here is your Second Term JSS1 Civic Education Scheme of Work and the excerpt of the Second Term JSS1 Civic Education Lesson Note. Scheme of Work: Citizenship refers to the relationship which exists between an individual and the country he lives. A citizen is expected to obey the law of the land and perform certain ...
Civic Education Scheme of Work for JSS1 Federal
STUDENTS' ACTIVITIES. 1. Meaning and Importance or Functions of Civic Education. Definition of Civic Education: a subject that teaches a child to understand and fulfill his rights and responsibilities as a citizen. Importance: Improves the quality of governance, educates citizens on their rights, improves quality of government etc.
PDF Second Term E-learning Note Subject: Civic Education Class: Jss1 Scheme
Fundamentals of Civic Education For Basic 7 (JSS1) pg 49-50 General Evaluation/ Revision Question 1. Define the term Rape 2. List 5 uses and effects of Rape and Murder WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT 1. The term rape is sometimes used interchangeably with the term_____ [A]Love [B]. Sexual Assault[C].Indiscipline [D]. Failure 2.
Week 2
CIVIC EDUCATION CLASS - JSS 1 SCHEME OF WORK FOR 2ND TERM WEEKTOPICS1Revision of last term work 2Citizenship3Process of becoming a citizenship of a country4Right and Duties of Citizens.5Differences Between Rights And Duties Of Citizen6 Importance Of citizens' rights and duties7-8Types Of Human Rights9Consequences of non-performance of obligations10 - 11Revision 12Examination WEEK 2 Topic :
Second Term Scheme of Work for Jss1 Civic Education Lesson Note
Below are the 2022 complete JSS1 Second Term Civic Education Lesson Note. Week 2. Topic: Citizenship. Citizenship. Citizenship can be defined as the relationship between an individual and its state or nation involving the individual's full political membership in the state as well as permanent allegiance to it.
Second Term Scheme of Work for Civic Education Jss 1(Basic 7)
Second Term Jss1 Civic Education Scheme of work Lagos State. Types of value II - cooperation-meaning factors, promoting cooperation, attributes, beliefs and types. Types of values III - self-reliance, meaning basis and attributes. Benefits of self-reliance & consequences of undiscovered talents and undeveloped skills.
Civic Education Scheme of Work for Junior Secondary School (JSS 1)
CIVIC EDUCATION JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL (JSS 1) SECOND TERM . 1. REVISION OF LAST TERM'S WORK . 2. CITIZENSHIP. I. Define Citizenship. II. List the Types of Citizenship e. G. By birth, Registration and Naturalization . 3. PROCESS OF BECOMING A CITIZEN OF A COUNTRY. I. Describe the Process of Becoming a Citizen. II.
JSS1 Civic Education Lesson Note (Second Term) 2024
The lesson note for JSS1 Civic Education second term is now available for Tutors, parents, guardians and students who have been searching for an accurate and updated 2024 note. Please note that the second term lesson note is curled out from the approved scheme of work for Junior Secondary school. So you can do your verification as well and ...
Civic Education Scheme of Work for JSS1, JSS2, JSS3
Civic Education Scheme of Work for Junior Secondary School. Below is a broad JSS1 first term scheme of work week 1-6 showing Topic, Performance objective, Teacher activities, Teaching and Learning resources. Civ. Education Teacher can teach with this, while student can used it to study and read ahead of class topic. WK.
Civic Education Lesson Note For SS1 (Second Term) 2024
Citizenship education aims at achieving the goals below: 1.To prepare the students and the youth for leadership role. 2.To develop the interest of the students towards the growth of their country. 3.To enable citizens acquire relevant knowledge about the affairs of a politically organized society at all levels.
CIVIC EDUCATION EXAM QUESTIONS FOR JSS1 SECOND TERM
1. a) Explain three obligations of citizens. (b) State four consequences of Non-performance of obligation by citizens. 2. (a) Identify five importance of rights and duties of citizens in a state. 3. (a) Define citizenship. (b) List and explain five types of citizenship. (c) State five process of becoming a citizen.
Download Lagos State Scheme of Work Junior Secondary Schools (JSS 1
JSS 3 CIVIC EDUCATION, Civic Education Scheme of Work for Junior Secondary Schools (JSS 3) SOCIAL STUDIES . CHRISTIAN RELIGIOUS STUDIES. JSS 1 CRS, ... Second Term Exam Questions. Third Term Exam Questions. SCHOOL CALENDARS. 2023/2024 Academic Calendar. 2022/2023 Academic Calendar.
2nd Term Ss1 Civic Education Scheme of Work and Note
SECOND TERM E- NOTES S.S.1. CIVICS EDUCATION WEEK 1: Revision of last term's work WEEK 2-3: Cultism Meaning and characteristics Different cult groups, origin and reasons for cultism, The government's and society's positions on cultism. Preventive measures WEEK 4 - 5: Law and order Manifestations of law and orderliness Importance of orderliness ...
JSS1 Civic education Lesson Notes
Meaning of Civic Education 2. Importance of Civic Education 3. Different Ways of Learning Civic Education 4. Meaning of Values 5. Importance of Values 6. Sources of Values 7. Levels of Manifestation of Values 8. Factors that Promote a Good Values System 9. Meaning of Honesty 10. Attributes of Honesty 11. Benefits of Honesty 12. Consequences of ...
Government Approved Scheme Of Work For Junior Secondary ...
Scheme of work for junior secondary schools in Nigeria are practically the same for both private and public secondary schools in Nigeria ranging from JSS1 to JSS3, that is, the scheme of work for a private school is the same with that of public or government owned secondary schools, principals and teachers in secondary schools in Nigeria are to adhere to the approved scheme of work as mandated ...
Civic Education JSS1
On this page you will find all civic education courses for jss1 class. Kindly let us know in the comment section below. Skip to content. Classes. JSS 1; JSS 2; JSS 3; SS 1; SS 2; SS 3; Primary 1; Primary 2; Primary 3; Primary 4; Primary 5; Primary 6; Menu. Classes. ... Second Term 1 of 10 FREE Meaning of Self - Reliance ...
JSS1 second Term Civic Education Notes
SECOND TERM E-LEARNING NOTE. SUBJECT: CIVIC EDUCATION CLASS: JSS1. SCHEME OF WORK. WEEK TOPIC. 1 Revision of Last Term's Work. 2 Citizenship. Meaning. Types. Causes and Effects of Falsehood and Theft.
JSS1 SECOND TERM
SECOND TERM MATHEMATICS SCHEME OF WORK FOR JSS1/BASIC 7. Lagos state Mathematics scheme of work for Jss1 first term - Edudelight.com scheme, Nigeria Junior Secondary School Mathematics Curriculum Second…. Read More ». Lessonplan.
2024 Trafficking in Persons Report
The term "forced child labor" describes forced labor schemes in which traffickers compel children to work. Traffickers often target children because they are more vulnerable. Although some children may legally engage in certain forms of work, forcing or coercing children to work remains illegal.

scheme of work civic education jss1 second term

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