jollibee case study conclusion

• No category

Jollibee - An In-Depth Analysis of Operational Excellence, Supply Chain Management, E-commerce Strategies, and Future Trends

Related documents

Add this document to collection(s)

You can add this document to your study collection(s)

Add this document to saved

You can add this document to your saved list

Suggest us how to improve StudyLib

(For complaints, use another form )

Input it if you want to receive answer

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to  upgrade your browser .

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

• We're Hiring!
• Help Center

JOLLIBEE FOODS CORPORATION: INTERNATIONAL EXPANSION A CASE STUDY

Jollibee Foods Corporation (JFC) is the most successful fast food chain in the Philippines. It started out as an ice cream parlor owned by the Tan family, headed by Tony Tan Caktiong (TTC) as President. Brought about by oil crisis which doubled the price of ice cream, JFC diversified into hamburgers in the year 1977.

Related Papers

Cyril Jude M Cornelio

A look at the strategy of Jollibee in its expansion to international markets, providing the Filipino diaspora (through labor exportation and resettlement) and globalization trends as context for this marketing strategy. For the partial fulfillment of English 10 - Writing as Thinking, under Prof. Paolo Manalo of the UP Department of English and Comparative Literature.

•   We're Hiring!
•   Help Center
• Find new research papers in:
• Health Sciences
• Earth Sciences
• Cognitive Science
• Mathematics
• Computer Science
• Academia ©2024

• Harvard Business School →
• Faculty & Research →
• November 2016
• HBS Case Collection

Jollibee Foods Corporation

• Format: Print
• | Language: English
• | Pages: 24

About The Author

Boris Groysberg

More from the authors.

• Faculty Research

The Big Five, Performance, & Hiring

Do companies overvalue external talent, chris ernst: purpose, people, progress.

• The Big Five, Performance, & Hiring  By: Boris Groysberg and Robin Abrahams
• Do Companies Overvalue External Talent?  By: Boris Groysberg and Robin Abrahams
• Chris Ernst: Purpose, People, Progress  By: Boris Groysberg

• Predictive Analytics Workshops
• Corporate Strategy Workshops
• Advanced Excel for MBA
• Powerpoint Workshops
• Digital Transformation
• Competing on Business Analytics
• Aligning Analytics with Strategy
• Building & Sustaining Competitive Advantages
• Corporate Strategy
• Aligning Strategy & Sales
• Digital Marketing
• Hypothesis Testing
• Time Series Analysis
• Regression Analysis
• Machine Learning
• Marketing Strategy
• Branding & Advertising
• Risk Management
• Hedging Strategies
• Network Plotting
• Bar Charts & Time Series
• Technical Analysis of Stocks MACD
• NPV Worksheet
• ABC Analysis Worksheet
• WACC Worksheet
• Porter 5 Forces
• Porter Value Chain
• Amazing Charts
• Garnett Chart
• HBR Case Solution
• 4P Analysis
• 5C Analysis
• NPV Analysis
• SWOT Analysis
• PESTEL Analysis
• Cost Optimization

Jollibee Foods Corp. (B): Global Focus

• Strategy & Execution / MBA EMBA Resources

Next Case Study Solutions

• Selling Ready-to-Drink Tea in Southeast Asia: C2 Green Tea in Indonesia (C) Case Study Solution
• Canyon Ranch, Spanish Version Case Study Solution
• Arcos Dorados: How to Lead and From Where Case Study Solution
• Planet Starbucks (B) Case Study Solution
• Environmental Quality International in SIWA Case Study Solution

Previous Case Solutions

• Choice Hotels International--1995 Case Study Solution
• Meizhou Dongpo Restaurant Group Case Study Solution
• Novotel Suvarnabhumi Airport Hotel: Aligning Development with Operation Case Study Solution
• Planet Starbucks (A) Case Study Solution
• El Castillo: The Eco-Fairy Castle Case Study Solution

Predictive Analytics

June 8, 2024

Popular Tags

Case study solutions.

Case Study Solution | Assignment Help | Case Help

Jollibee foods corp. (b): global focus description.

Supplements the (A) case.

Case Description Jollibee Foods Corp. (B): Global Focus

Strategic managment tools used in case study analysis of jollibee foods corp. (b): global focus, step 1. problem identification in jollibee foods corp. (b): global focus case study, step 2. external environment analysis - pestel / pest / step analysis of jollibee foods corp. (b): global focus case study, step 3. industry specific / porter five forces analysis of jollibee foods corp. (b): global focus case study, step 4. evaluating alternatives / swot analysis of jollibee foods corp. (b): global focus case study, step 5. porter value chain analysis / vrio / vrin analysis jollibee foods corp. (b): global focus case study, step 6. recommendations jollibee foods corp. (b): global focus case study, step 7. basis of recommendations for jollibee foods corp. (b): global focus case study, quality & on time delivery.

100% money back guarantee if the quality doesn't match the promise

100% Plagiarism Free

If the work we produce contain plagiarism then we payback 1000 USD

Paypal Secure

All your payments are secure with Paypal security.

300 Words per Page

We provide 300 words per page unlike competitors' 250 or 275

Free Title Page, Citation Page, References, Exhibits, Revision, Charts

Case study solutions are career defining. Order your custom solution now.

Case Analysis of Jollibee Foods Corp. (B): Global Focus

Jollibee Foods Corp. (B): Global Focus is a Harvard Business (HBR) Case Study on Strategy & Execution , Texas Business School provides HBR case study assignment help for just $9. Texas Business School(TBS) case study solution is based on HBR Case Study Method framework, TBS expertise & global insights. Jollibee Foods Corp. (B): Global Focus is designed and drafted in a manner to allow the HBR case study reader to analyze a real-world problem by putting reader into the position of the decision maker. Jollibee Foods Corp. (B): Global Focus case study will help professionals, MBA, EMBA, and leaders to develop a broad and clear understanding of casecategory challenges. Jollibee Foods Corp. (B): Global Focus will also provide insight into areas such as – wordlist , strategy, leadership, sales and marketing, and negotiations.

Case Study Solutions Background Work

Jollibee Foods Corp. (B): Global Focus case study solution is focused on solving the strategic and operational challenges the protagonist of the case is facing. The challenges involve – evaluation of strategic options, key role of Strategy & Execution, leadership qualities of the protagonist, and dynamics of the external environment. The challenge in front of the protagonist, of Jollibee Foods Corp. (B): Global Focus, is to not only build a competitive position of the organization but also to sustain it over a period of time.

Strategic Management Tools Used in Case Study Solution

The Jollibee Foods Corp. (B): Global Focus case study solution requires the MBA, EMBA, executive, professional to have a deep understanding of various strategic management tools such as SWOT Analysis, PESTEL Analysis / PEST Analysis / STEP Analysis, Porter Five Forces Analysis, Go To Market Strategy, BCG Matrix Analysis, Porter Value Chain Analysis, Ansoff Matrix Analysis, VRIO / VRIN and Marketing Mix Analysis.

Texas Business School Approach to Strategy & Execution Solutions

In the Texas Business School, Jollibee Foods Corp. (B): Global Focus case study solution – following strategic tools are used - SWOT Analysis, PESTEL Analysis / PEST Analysis / STEP Analysis, Porter Five Forces Analysis, Go To Market Strategy, BCG Matrix Analysis, Porter Value Chain Analysis, Ansoff Matrix Analysis, VRIO / VRIN and Marketing Mix Analysis. We have additionally used the concept of supply chain management and leadership framework to build a comprehensive case study solution for the case – Jollibee Foods Corp. (B): Global Focus

Step 1 – Problem Identification of Jollibee Foods Corp. (B): Global Focus - Harvard Business School Case Study

The first step to solve HBR Jollibee Foods Corp. (B): Global Focus case study solution is to identify the problem present in the case. The problem statement of the case is provided in the beginning of the case where the protagonist is contemplating various options in the face of numerous challenges that Jollibee Foods is facing right now. Even though the problem statement is essentially – “Strategy & Execution” challenge but it has impacted by others factors such as communication in the organization, uncertainty in the external environment, leadership in Jollibee Foods, style of leadership and organization structure, marketing and sales, organizational behavior, strategy, internal politics, stakeholders priorities and more.

Step 2 – External Environment Analysis

Texas Business School approach of case study analysis – Conclusion, Reasons, Evidences - provides a framework to analyze every HBR case study. It requires conducting robust external environmental analysis to decipher evidences for the reasons presented in the Jollibee Foods Corp. (B): Global Focus. The external environment analysis of Jollibee Foods Corp. (B): Global Focus will ensure that we are keeping a tab on the macro-environment factors that are directly and indirectly impacting the business of the firm.

What is PESTEL Analysis? Briefly Explained

PESTEL stands for political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal factors that impact the external environment of firm in Jollibee Foods Corp. (B): Global Focus case study. PESTEL analysis of " Jollibee Foods Corp. (B): Global Focus" can help us understand why the organization is performing badly, what are the factors in the external environment that are impacting the performance of the organization, and how the organization can either manage or mitigate the impact of these external factors.

How to do PESTEL / PEST / STEP Analysis? What are the components of PESTEL Analysis?

As mentioned above PESTEL Analysis has six elements – political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal. All the six elements are explained in context with Jollibee Foods Corp. (B): Global Focus macro-environment and how it impacts the businesses of the firm.

How to do PESTEL Analysis for Jollibee Foods Corp. (B): Global Focus

To do comprehensive PESTEL analysis of case study – Jollibee Foods Corp. (B): Global Focus , we have researched numerous components under the six factors of PESTEL analysis.

Political Factors that Impact Jollibee Foods Corp. (B): Global Focus

Political factors impact seven key decision making areas – economic environment, socio-cultural environment, rate of innovation & investment in research & development, environmental laws, legal requirements, and acceptance of new technologies.

Government policies have significant impact on the business environment of any country. The firm in “ Jollibee Foods Corp. (B): Global Focus ” needs to navigate these policy decisions to create either an edge for itself or reduce the negative impact of the policy as far as possible.

Data safety laws – The countries in which Jollibee Foods is operating, firms are required to store customer data within the premises of the country. Jollibee Foods needs to restructure its IT policies to accommodate these changes. In the EU countries, firms are required to make special provision for privacy issues and other laws.

Competition Regulations – Numerous countries have strong competition laws both regarding the monopoly conditions and day to day fair business practices. Jollibee Foods Corp. (B): Global Focus has numerous instances where the competition regulations aspects can be scrutinized.

Import restrictions on products – Before entering the new market, Jollibee Foods in case study Jollibee Foods Corp. (B): Global Focus" should look into the import restrictions that may be present in the prospective market.

Export restrictions on products – Apart from direct product export restrictions in field of technology and agriculture, a number of countries also have capital controls. Jollibee Foods in case study “ Jollibee Foods Corp. (B): Global Focus ” should look into these export restrictions policies.

Foreign Direct Investment Policies – Government policies favors local companies over international policies, Jollibee Foods in case study “ Jollibee Foods Corp. (B): Global Focus ” should understand in minute details regarding the Foreign Direct Investment policies of the prospective market.

Corporate Taxes – The rate of taxes is often used by governments to lure foreign direct investments or increase domestic investment in a certain sector. Corporate taxation can be divided into two categories – taxes on profits and taxes on operations. Taxes on profits number is important for companies that already have a sustainable business model, while taxes on operations is far more significant for companies that are looking to set up new plants or operations.

Tariffs – Chekout how much tariffs the firm needs to pay in the “ Jollibee Foods Corp. (B): Global Focus ” case study. The level of tariffs will determine the viability of the business model that the firm is contemplating. If the tariffs are high then it will be extremely difficult to compete with the local competitors. But if the tariffs are between 5-10% then Jollibee Foods can compete against other competitors.

Research and Development Subsidies and Policies – Governments often provide tax breaks and other incentives for companies to innovate in various sectors of priority. Managers at Jollibee Foods Corp. (B): Global Focus case study have to assess whether their business can benefit from such government assistance and subsidies.

Consumer protection – Different countries have different consumer protection laws. Managers need to clarify not only the consumer protection laws in advance but also legal implications if the firm fails to meet any of them.

Political System and Its Implications – Different political systems have different approach to free market and entrepreneurship. Managers need to assess these factors even before entering the market.

Freedom of Press is critical for fair trade and transparency. Countries where freedom of press is not prevalent there are high chances of both political and commercial corruption.

Corruption level – Jollibee Foods needs to assess the level of corruptions both at the official level and at the market level, even before entering a new market. To tackle the menace of corruption – a firm should have a clear SOP that provides managers at each level what to do when they encounter instances of either systematic corruption or bureaucrats looking to take bribes from the firm.

Independence of judiciary – It is critical for fair business practices. If a country doesn’t have independent judiciary then there is no point entry into such a country for business.

Government attitude towards trade unions – Different political systems and government have different attitude towards trade unions and collective bargaining. The firm needs to assess – its comfort dealing with the unions and regulations regarding unions in a given market or industry. If both are on the same page then it makes sense to enter, otherwise it doesn’t.

Economic Factors that Impact Jollibee Foods Corp. (B): Global Focus

Social factors that impact jollibee foods corp. (b): global focus, technological factors that impact jollibee foods corp. (b): global focus, environmental factors that impact jollibee foods corp. (b): global focus, legal factors that impact jollibee foods corp. (b): global focus, step 3 – industry specific analysis, what is porter five forces analysis, step 4 – swot analysis / internal environment analysis, step 5 – porter value chain / vrio / vrin analysis, step 6 – evaluating alternatives & recommendations, step 7 – basis for recommendations, references :: jollibee foods corp. (b): global focus case study solution.

• sales & marketing ,
• leadership ,
• corporate governance ,
• Advertising & Branding ,
• Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) ,

Amanda Watson

Leave your thought here

© 2019 Texas Business School. All Rights Reserved

USEFUL LINKS

Follow us on.

Subscribe to our newsletter to receive news on update.

Dark Brown Leather Watch

$200.00 $180.00

Dining Chair

$300.00 $220.00

Creative Wooden Stand

$100.00 $80.00

2 x $180.00

2 x $220.00

Subtotal: $200.00

Free Shipping on All Orders Over $100!

Wooden round table

$360.00 $300.00

Hurley Dry-Fit Chino Short. Men's chino short. Outseam Length: 19 Dri-FIT Technology helps keep you dry and comfortable. Made with sweat-wicking fabric. Fitted waist with belt loops. Button waist with zip fly provides a classic look and feel .

• TOP CATEGORIES
• AS and A Level
• University Degree
• International Baccalaureate
• Uncategorised
• 5 Star Essays
• Study Tools
• Study Guides
• Meet the Team
• Business Studies
• Case Studies and Analysis

Case study of The Jollibee Foods Corporation

• Introduction

Jollibee Foods Corporation widely known as Jollibee is a  chain based in the . Founded by Tony Tan Caktiong, a Filipino Chinese in year 1975.  It is an American-style fast-food restaurant with Filipino-influenced dishes specializing in burgers, spaghetti, chicken and some local Filipino dishes. Currently it is the biggest fast-food chain in the country, it also has locations in the , , , , ,  and . Jollibee is also the name of their , a large  in a ,  and chef's .

As of December 2007, Jollibee has become one of the biggest fast-food chains in the world with more than 600 stores worldwide and total sales of more than $1 billion, where out of that figure about 500 restaurants are located in the Philippines itself.

 and his family opened a Magnolia Ice Cream parlor at  in  with Jolibe as the original name. Sometime in 1978, Tony Tan and his brothers and sisters, being partners, engaged the services of a management consultant in the person of Manuel C. Lumba. Consultant Lumba shifted the business focus from ice cream to hamburgers, after his studies showed that a much larger market was waiting to be exploited. Lumba became Tony Tan's first business and management mentor. Lumba next re-formed the name Jolibe to Jolly Bee and made the two words form a single name Jollibee, but changed the "y" to an "i". The Jollibee mascot was conceptualized by Lumba inspired by local and foreign children's books. Lumba next created the product name "Yumburger" as well as the name "Chickenjoy". He had the company incorporated in order to benefit from incorporation and leased a house on Main St. in Cubao, Quezon City as the first headquarters. Lumba also formulated a long-term marketing strategy, listing up a number of consumer promotions and traffic building schemes. Tony Tan stressed that developing internal strengths was critical. The stores were re-designed, the service transformed into a full self-service, fast-food operation with drive thrus. Not long after, Tony Tan and Manny Lumba went on an observation tour in the United States, attended food service and equipment conventions. Tony Tan placed Manny Lumba in charge of franchise development.

In , the company acquired , a similar type of restaurant operated in the Philippines,  allowing Jollibee to be part of the oriental quick service restaurant segment. Similarly, Jollibee also acquired  on , another popular fast-food restaurant in the Philippines.

This is a preview of the whole essay

In , the company acquired the franchise of . This further expanded its penetration in the food service industry particularly in the  cafe-bakery, a growing segment of the Philippine food market. In September of 2006, the company acquired the remaining 50% stake of Delifrance Asia Ltd. in Baker Fresh Foods Phils., Inc. (BFFPI). This means BFFPI is now a wholly owned subsidiary of Jollibee and that the listed food giant has the exclusive rights to operate Delifrance outlets in the country. "The acquisition involved a restructuring of all advances by Jollibee and Delifrance Asia amounting to P130 million into equity," a public statement said. Jollibee added that the strong sales posted by Delifrance encouraged it to buy out its partner.

The corporate actions in buying out the minority shareholders in Greenwich Pizza (20%) and Delifrance (50%) were the prelude to a plan to integrate Greenwich Pizza, Chowking and Delifrance brands under one corporate entity. Under this plan, merging of the subsidiaries will be implemented by having Greenwich Pizza Corp. and BFFPI folded into Chowking Food Corp. The surviving entity will be renamed Fresh N' Famous Foods, Inc.  No new shares will be issued as the assets of Greenwich and BFFPI will be injected into Fresh 'N Famous as additional paid-in capital.

Along with its Philippine brands, the company also runs a Chinese fast food chain, , in mainland , and a popular  chain from  called  (Spring Water Hall). Chun Shui Tang teahouse opened a branch on    on June 30, . On , , Jollibee launched its pilot restaurant "Tio Pepe's Karinderia" in Edsa Central in Mandaluyong, to professionalize the Philippine carinderia business.

On , , Jollibee CEO  announced that it bought the    Hongzhuangyuan (which has 33 branches in ) for US $50.5 million. Jollibee has also acquired -based Yonghe King chain on  for $ 22.5 million and now operates 1,385 , ,  and    in the Philippines with over 200 branches in other . On , , Jollibee opened a new outlet in G-8, G-9 Jia Ning Na Mall,  City, China, owned and operated by Kuai Le Feng, a wholly owned subsidiary of JFC. It earlier operated a franchised store in  from 1998 to 2002.  Jollibee has also acquired Taiwanese restaurant chain Lao Dong for 61.1 million pesos (1.37 million dollars).

2.0 Jollibee’s Corporate Vision and Mission Statement

        Jollibee’s vision is fairly simple, that is,

“ to serve great tasting food, bringing the joy of eating to everyone.”

While the mission statement is as follows.

“We are the best tasting QSR (Quick Service Restaurant) with the most endearing brand that has ever been. We will lead in product taste at all times. We will provide FSC execellence (Food, Service & Cleanliness) in every encounter. Happiness in every moment and by year 2020, with over 4000 stores worldwide. Jollibee is truly a global brand (and the Filipino will be admired worldwide”

3.0Revenue and experiences in countries outside the Philippines

        Jollibee group has recorded a revenue of 51.55pisos, equivalent to RM5.155 billion while the net profit is at 2.363 pisos which is equivalent to RM2.363 million. With a revenue to net profit ratio of 2.5. In the 20 th  century, it had actually ventured into partnership in other countries such as Singapore, Taiwan, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia and Malaysia but failed due to lake of proper partnership arrangement. And as of current year, other than the Philippines, it operated in the United States, Brunei Darul Salam, Hong Kong and Vietnam.

4.0 Attempted Questions

4.1 What is the key success factors for Jollibee Food Corporation (JFC)?

        4.1.1 Superior menu line-up.

        Basically the menus provided by Jollibees are quite similar to what is offered by McDonald. But the differences are, Jollibees offer noodles and rice meals to cater for Asians which is neglected by McDonald. On top of that, in term of pricing, for example, a comparison between a similar burger offered by Jollibee is US1.20 cheaper than the one in McDonald.

        4.1.2 Creative marketing programs

        For Jollibee, the four strategic marketing tactic to increase sales are, firstly, they offer delivery services within certain areas around the restaurant, which is similar to what Pizza Huts had. This, has indirectly increase sales to cater for those who were not able to come to the restaurant, and the privilege of enjoying Jollibee’s food in the comfort of their offices or houses and offer of convenience in the eyes of consumers.

        4.1.3 Efficient manufacturing and logistics facilities

        Jollibee’s production site is clean, efficient and located strategically surrounding their chain of restaurant. It is semi-automated and raw materials such as buns, chickens, beef and cheese are supplied fresh from the local market. They are processed within 24 hours and sent to the restaurants to be cooked for sale.

        4.1.4 Well-trained teams.

        There was no information on how the employees are trained but as evidence, the company had received many awards, such as "Best at Consumer Goods" in Asia’s Best Managed Companies poll survey by Euromoney Magazine Recognized by Forbes Asia Magazine as one of the 200 "Best Under a Billion" companies in Asia in year 2005. Tony Tan Caktiong, CEO & President of Jollibee Food Corporation, was awarded 2004 World Entrepreneur of the Year by Earnst & Young The Most admired corporation in the Philippines by Asian Wall Street Journal Revoiew 200 (formerly Far Eastern Economic Review 200) for 7 consecutive years (1998-2004) and in year 2003, The Most Admired Corporation in the Philippines by the Far Eastern Economic Review for 6 consecutive years (1998-2003) The Asia Money Magazine adjudged JFC as the country’s "Best Small Company" based on market capitalization for 2 consecutive years (2002-2003).  

        All the above can be proof of how well employees are trained to serve customers. As employees are front liners for the company.  

        4.1.5 Culture of integrity and humility

         Jollibee has had a long history of giving back to the community. With its involvement in worthwhile projects like Sa Aklat Sisikat, a reading program; Nurture the Future, a community-based feeding program; the Values Program of the Department of Education; and Habitat for Humanity, Jollibee has continually shown its commitment to building happy children and communities. With the establishment of the Jollibee Foundation in December 2004, Jollibee along with the rest of the Jollibee Foods Corporation (JFC) hopes to make its efforts in giving back to the community more organized, strategic and impact-oriented. The Jollibee Foundation envisions a future where Filipinos are able to enjoy and sustain a quality life defined by dignity, purpose, health and happiness; and where Filipinos actively participate in community and nation-building. Its objective: to work with Filipinos that they may reach their highest potential the same way Jollibee did. Jollibee call this “jollifying”—sharing the innovation and the values, and taking the expertise and tools that have made the company what it is today and passing it on to the people Jollibee Foods Corporation most ascribes its very success to: the everyday Filipino. This strategy of public relationship has further enhanced Jollibee’s international image.

        4.1.6 Fun and family like restaurant environment.

        Setting for the environment of Jollibee’s restaurant is such that all members of the family can gather and enjoy good meal. This implies that the more people come to the restaurant, the more expenses and hence translating into higher sales. Families are encouraged to have birthday parties hosted in Jollibee.

4.2 Question 2

Where is Jollibee Food Corporation vulnerable? What should it watch out for?

        4.2.1        International fast food chain

        Due to a fast pace world, modern life is getting tougher and more challenging for working people. Fast food business was born to cater for this group of people. Currently, McDonald, Kentucky  Fried Chicken or famously known as KFC, Pizza Huts, Burger King, Jollibee and other market players are competing with each other to gain market share.

• Other local food restaurants

Fast food restaurants, due to their image and restaurant comfortable setting, normally are charging higher price tag compared to the local delicacies. Jollibee too, is not spared from this scenario. Customers visiting fast food chain are mostly those of the middle class categories. Lower income earners would consider visiting Jollibee a luxury patronage while at the higher end, the rich and famous would prefer premium hotels or restaurants.

• Operation management

For fast food operation, efficiency and freshness of products are vital for the success. For Jollibee to be successful internationally, supply chain is one of the main criteria that the corporation should watch out for. For example, suppliers of bun and bread, meat, chicken, vegetables, beverage and others must be supplied at the right time, assuring freshness at manageable cost to come up with profit margin.

• Growing concern and conscious on health food

Fast food are generally considered as junk food by health concerned customers. They are said to be the main cause of over weighted children, and the cause of main sickness such as high blood, diabetes and others. Soft drinks are the major beverage served which is one of the major concern. Therefore, Jollibee should consider come out with healthier food which would cater to local needs internationally.

5.0 Question 3

What recommendation would you make to their senior marketing executives going forward? What should they be sure to do with their marketing?

        In view that since the early 1980, Jollibee was trying to expand its international business in many countries which include Singapore, Taiwan, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia and Malaysia but all ended up in failure. The was mainly due to unclear partnership agreement resulting in misunderstanding and partners taking advantage on Jollibee. Therefore, the following recommendation are given to Jollibee to assure the success in future.

• To choose the right partner and right location to go global

Jollibee should be careful in choosing partners. This is can be further enhanced by interviewing and having background check on prospect partners to

Document Details

• Word Count 2131
• Page Count 9
• Level AS and A Level
• Subject Business Studies

Related Essays

Case study of the Unilever Company

Case study - How well is Whole Foods Market performing from a strategic per...

Samsung Strategic Management Case study

Google in China case study

Business Management & Marketing

Swot analysis of jollibee.

Swot analysis of Jollibee. Jollibee Food Corporation is a Filipino fast-food chain multinational company. Tony Tan Caktiong is the founder of the fast-food Jollibee brand, and he laid the foundation of the company in January 1978. The headquarter of the company is in Jollibee Plaza, Ortigas Center, Pasig, Philippines.

Jollibee’s main products and services are;

• Kid’s meal
• Breakfasts,
• Coffee, Fries,
• Hamburgers.

According to an estimate, the  annual revenue  of Jollibee in 2022 was  2.8  billion Philippine pesos, and it has increased by  128.8% . Out of which, the net income of the company has increased by 351.7%. However, the company employed  12,831  employees in 2022 to manage its worldwide operations. The fast-food brand has  5900  location points across the globe.

Jollibee’s top competitors are; 

• Burger King ,
• In-N-Out Burgers,
• White Castle,
• Whataburger,
• Chick-fil-A,
• A&W Restaurants,
• Jack in the Box,
• Church’s Chicken, 
• McDonald’s , 
• Starbucks , 
• Nestle , 

Today, we’ll discuss the swot analysis of Jollibee. It’s going to focus on the internal and external factors impacting the world’s leading fast-food chain brand. Here’s the swot analysis of Jollibee as follows;

Strengths of Jollibee 

Customers loyalty.

Jollibee has built a strong database of loyal customers over the years. It’s because of the consistency of the services that the company has maintained over time.

24 Hours Service

Jollibee is one of the few companies that provide fast food services  24  hours a day. Whether it’s early morning or late at night, the brand would remain open to serve its customers. However, the company hires employees for multiple shifts and keeps rotating them.

Distribution Network

Jollibee is the largest fast-food chain brand in the Philippines. According to an estimate, the company has  1500  stores across the country, 70 in North America, and a total  of 1130  stores across the world. However, the company makes sure that all the stores have enough supply of food to serve customers.

The company is operating in business in countries like  UAE ,  Saudi Arabia ,   Vietnam ,  Singapore ,  Malaysia ,  Canada ,  USA ,  UK ,   Italy ,  Thailand ,  Australia ,  Japan , and many others countries.

Quality Food

Jollibee offers quality and tasty food to its customers worldwide. Its unique taste is no less than other global brands. The brand has a secret recipe for the preparation of its food items. It allows the company to provide the same quality food everywhere.

Recognized Brand

The main focus of Jollibee is to satisfy the taste of customers, and the brand doesn’t divert its focus from its customers. That’s why customers recognize the brand when they’re shopping.

Jollibee offers a variety of food items to its customers and they range from Spaghetti, hamburger, mouth-watering yum burger, and coffee to tasty chickenjoy. The company follows the successfully tested recipe for the preparation of all of its food items.

Brand Value

According to an estimate by  Forbes , Jollibee ranks at the 239th position of the World’s Best Employer of 2020. However, the company comprised under the category of Asia’s Fab 50 Companies in 2016.

Weaknesses of Jollibee 

No technology.

Jollibee is still using the old methods of food cooking; they’re good but time-consuming and efficient. The company hasn’t adopted the latest methods of tech-automated cooking. It would make the company’s operation efficient.

Limited Marketing

Jollibee follows a very limited marketing channel for the promotion of its food items. It’s no doubt Jollibee is a multinational brand. But not many people have heard of the brand name because of the limited or no marketing.

Pricey Food

Jollibee charges premium prices for its food items. Many people are very cautious about prices especially when they’re buying food. That’s why they avoid buying Jollibee’s products because of overpricing.

Say No to Fast Food

A vast majority of people don’t prefer fast food because it causes obesity and other health issues. The lack of preference of many people impacts the sale of the company.

Opportunities available to Jollibee 

Global expansion.

There are many food-loving nations that would love to change their tastes. Therefore, Jollibee should expand its market and launch its products in various countries worldwide.

The global economic crisis has caused the lockdown and shutdown of businesses. It has increased the trend of online ordering and home delivery food service. Therefore, Jollibee should adopt technology and launch its online food ordering platform, and partner up with delivery service providers.

Product Innovation  

It’s no doubt Jollibee offers a unique taste. There are many customers who like vegan food, diet food, don’t like carrying cash, etc. Therefore, the company should come up with innovative food ideas to target diet-conscious customers. It would help the fast-food brand to expand its product portfolio and increase sale.

Threats Jollibee has to face 

Healthy diet trends.

People have become very cautious about their diet and health and they’re saying no to unhealthy fast food. Such trends are very harmful to the business of Jollibee. The company shouldn’t waste any more time launching its new product targeting health-cautious customers.

Competitors

McDonald’s , Starbucks , Burger King , Unilever , Chipotle , and Nestle are some of the main competitors of Jollibee. They have a great market share, global operations, and loyal customers. Most importantly, they use various marketing and promotional campaigns to engage with their customer’s markets. Their international market presence makes it difficult for the brand to expand.

Economic Crisis

The pandemic and global economic crisis have shut down all types of outdoor, gathering, and fun activities. That’s why the annual revenue and net income of Jollibee have dropped by 28.01% and 257.52% .

Conclusion: Jollibee Swot Analysis Example Company

After an in-depth study of the swot analysis of Jollibee, we have concluded that Jollibee is indeed the world’s leading fast-food chain brand. Limited use of technology, increasing competition, lockdown, and social distancing are some of the main challenges. Jollibee should launch an online food ordering service and expand its business and product portfolio; while keeping in mind the internal strengths weaknesses; external opportunities threats of Filipino food brand swot analysis example company.

Ahsan Ali Shaw is an accomplished Business Writer, Analyst, and Public Speaker. Other than that, he’s a fun loving person.

Related Posts

SWOT Analysis of Baskin Robbins 

SWOT Analysis of Siemens 

SWOT Analysis of BMS 

• Search Menu
• Sign in through your institution
• Volume 2024, Issue 6, June 2024 (In Progress)
• Volume 2024, Issue 5, May 2024
• Bariatric Surgery
• Breast Surgery
• Cardiothoracic Surgery
• Colorectal Surgery
• Colorectal Surgery, Upper GI Surgery
• Gynaecology
• Hepatobiliary Surgery
• Interventional Radiology
• Neurosurgery
• Ophthalmology
• Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
• Otorhinolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery
• Paediatric Surgery
• Plastic Surgery
• Transplant Surgery
• Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery
• Upper GI Surgery
• Vascular Surgery
• Author Guidelines
• Submission Site
• Open Access
• Reasons to Submit
• About Journal of Surgical Case Reports
• Editorial Board
• Advertising and Corporate Services
• Journals Career Network
• Self-Archiving Policy
• Journals on Oxford Academic
• Books on Oxford Academic

Article Contents

Introduction, case report, conflict of interest, patient consent, ethical approval, informed consent.

• < Previous

Heterotopic pancreas in Meckel’s diverticulum causing perforation in an infant: a case report

• Article contents
• Figures & tables
• Supplementary Data

Junjie Zhou, Hongbin Zhang, Qianming Xiang, Fabiao Dong, Luyun Sun, Heterotopic pancreas in Meckel’s diverticulum causing perforation in an infant: a case report, Journal of Surgical Case Reports , Volume 2024, Issue 5, May 2024, rjae375, https://doi.org/10.1093/jscr/rjae375

• Permissions Icon Permissions

Perforation of Meckel’s diverticulum caused by heterotopic pancreas is a rare condition. Despite recent improvements in imaging studies, Meckel”'s diverticulitis and heterotopic pancreas are difficult to diagnose preoperatively and are often diagnosed during autopsy or laparotomy. Symptomatic patients are typically >1 year, and cases of infants displaying symptoms are rarely reported. We report a rare case of heterotopic pancreas in Meckel’s diverticulum causing perforation in an infant. In cases of infants presenting with unexplained acute abdominal pain, there should be a high index of suspicion for congenital gastrointestinal malformations. Prompt action in the form of exploratory laparotomy or laparoscopy is crucial to prevent the escalation of complications and to definitively confirm the diagnosis.

Heterotopic pancreas (HP) is defined as pancreatic tissue without anatomical or vascular connection to the pancreas. The true incidence of HP remains uncertain due to its asymptomatic nature in most patients, often discovered incidentally during autopsy [ 1 ]. HP can manifest throughout the gastrointestinal tract and other organs. The most commonly reported locations include the stomach (25.5%), duodenum (27.7%), proximal jejunum (15.9%), Meckel’s diverticulum (MD) (5.3%), and ileum (2.8%) [ 2 ].

MD stands out as the most prevalent congenital anomaly within the digestive system. It occurs in ~2% to 3% of the general population [ 3 ]. The lining of this diverticulum predominantly comprises ectopic gastric mucosa. However, in a minority of instances, ~6% of all MD cases, pancreatic tissue may also be present [ 4 ].

In extensive studies, ~85% of patients with HP exhibit no symptoms, with lesions often incidentally identified during procedures conducted for other indications [ 5 ]. Pediatric series present varying findings, with some authors indicating symptomatic cases in 8% of instances，while others report symptoms in >60% of patients with HP [ 5 , 6 ]. However, symptomatic patients are typically older than one year, and cases of infants displaying symptoms are rarely reported [ 1 ]. The imaging features of HP and MD lacks specificity. It’s difficult to diagnose preoperatively and are often diagnosed after laparotomy. Here, we report a rare case of heterotopic pancreas in MD causing perforation in an infant with coexisting chronic appendicitis.

A 7-month-old male infant was admitted to our hospital presenting with persistent crying and fever over the past 2 days. The maximum recorded temperature was 39.5°C. Two days prior, the patient received medical attention at another hospital’s outpatient department, where X-ray and ultrasound examinations were performed, both yielding reports of no abnormalities. Despite receiving anti-inflammatory treatment, the patient’s condition did not improve, prompting further evaluation and treatment in our department.

After admission，the patient underwent a physical examination revealed abdominal distension accompanied by tenderness and localized guarding in the right lower quadrant. Abdominal X-ray revealed partial small intestinal pneumatosis expansion in the left middle upper abdomen and right middle lower abdomen, alongside multiple air-fluid levels, suggestive of a potential ileus ( Fig. 1 ). Laboratory tests showed a white blood cell count of 3.99 × 10 9 /L and a C-reactive protein level of 154.33 mg/L.

X-ray revealed partial small intestinal pneumatosis expansion alongside multiple air-fluid levels.

Following admission, the patient underwent a regimen of treatments comprising fasting, gastrointestinal decompression, and anti-inflammatory therapy. CT scan of the abdomen revealed suspicion of slight expansion with gas and fluid accumulation in some loops of the small bowel, accompanied by a small amount of intra-abdominal fluid.

After 48 hours of treatment, the patient continued to exhibit recurrent fever, ongoing infection, and localized peritoneal irritation, prompting the initiation of an emergent exploratory laparotomy. Upon initiation of the procedure, a significant volume of turbid pus was observed to discharge from the abdominal cavity. A perforated MD was identified ~30 cm proximal to the ileocecal valve. The base of the diverticulum was stenosed and connected to the cavity by a long pedicle, with a perforation noted at the apex ( Fig. 2 ). Subsequently, diverticulectomy and repair of the bowel wall were performed. Examination of the appendix revealed pus accumulations on the serosal surface, accompanied by mild inflammation, leading to its resection.

The shape of diverticulum.

The patient commenced oral intake three days following the operation and was discharged seven days later. The postoperative pathology report indicated chronic diverticulitis with ectopic pancreatic mucosa and chronic appendicitis ( Figs 3 and 4 ).

The pathology result of chronic diverticulitis with ectopic pancreatic mucosa.

The pathology results of chronic appendicitis.

MD typically presents asymptomatically. Nonetheless, it carries an estimated lifetime risk of 4–6% for symptom development, including manifestations such as bleeding, intussusception, inflammation, and perforation. The most common age at presentation is 2 years [ 7 ]. A review reported perforation rate of symptomatic MD is ~0.5% [ 8 ]. While perforation caused by ectopic pancreas is extremely rare in infants.

The etiology of heterotopic pancreas within MD remains unclear. It is postulated that heterotopic pancreatic tissue arises embryonically through either the rotation of the foregut and subsequent fusion of the dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds, or through pancreatic metaplasia of endodermal tissue. The primary presentations of HP include hemorrhage and intussusception in pediatric patients, with documented cases of malignant transformation [ 9 ]. Chemical stimulation and inflammation within pancreas tissue can induce the destruction of mucosa. Pancreatic enzymes, including elastase, may contribute to the corrosion and thinning of vessel walls, ultimately leading to chronic inflammation and eventual perforation.

HP is usually not evident at clinical or imaging examination; rather, it is discernable at microscopic analysis. As observed in our case, HP still need to be confirmed by pathological examination [ 10 ]. Their sensitivity and specificity of CT and MIR to diagnose MD are often low. These modalities may reveal findings suggestive of small-bowel obstruction and intussusception. Distinguishing MD from adjacent small intestine loops can be challenging [ 7 , 11 ]. Previous small sample pilot studies suggested the possibility and advantage of capsule endoscopy in identifying bleeding MD when conventional modalities failed to detect any lesion [ 12 , 13 ]. A recent study even proposed the possibility of treatment under double balloon enteroscopy, such as argon plasma coagulation, balloon dilatation, polypectomy, but more evidence is needed [ 14 ].

Surgical resection for symptomatic MD has garnered consensus. In children with asymptomatic MD, early surgical intervention is advocated based on retrospective multicenter studies, aiming to preempt the development of associated complications in later stages [ 15 ]. This case offers valuable insights for clinical physicians, particularly when encountering similar clinical presentations in children under 2 years old. When imaging examinations fail to provide a conclusive diagnosis, it becomes crucial to consider the possibility of perforation in MD.

Heterotopic pancreas within MD leading to perforation in infants represents an exceedingly rare condition, often posing diagnostic challenges prior to surgical intervention. In cases of infants presenting with unexplained acute abdominal pain, there should be a high index of suspicion for congenital gastrointestinal malformations. Prompt action in the form of exploratory laparotomy or laparoscopy is crucial to prevent the escalation of complications and to definitively confirm the diagnosis.

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Informed consent was obtained from the patient’s parents.

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University.

Persano G , Cantone N , Pani E , et al.    Heterotopic pancreas in the gastrointestinal tract in children: a single-center experience and a review of the literature . Ital J Pediatr   2019 ; 45 : 142 . https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-019-0738-3 .

Google Scholar

Wei R , Wang QB , Chen QH , et al.    Upper gastrointestinal tract heterotopic pancreas: findings from CT and endoscopic imaging with histopathologic correlation . Clin Imaging   2011 ; 35 : 353 – 9 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2010.10.001 .

Choi SY , Hong SS , Park HJ , et al.    The many faces of Meckel's diverticulum and its complications . J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol   2017 ; 61 : 225 – 31 . https://doi.org/10.1111/1754-9485.12505 .

Lindeman RJ , Søreide K . The many faces of Meckel's diverticulum: update on management in incidental and symptomatic patients . Curr Gastroenterol Rep   2020 ; 22 : 3 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s11894-019-0742-1 .

Zhang Y , Sun X , Gold JS , et al.    Heterotopic pancreas: a clinicopathological study of 184 cases from a single high-volume medical center in China . Hum Pathol   2016 ; 55 : 135 – 42 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humpath.2016.05.004 .

Mollitt DL , Golladay ES . Symptomatic gastroduodenal pancreatic rest in children . J Pediatr Surg   1984 ; 19 : 449 – 50 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3468(84)80273-0 .

Hansen CC , Søreide K . Systematic review of epidemiology, presentation, and management of Meckel's diverticulum in the 21st century . Medicine (Baltimore)   2018 ; 97 :1–9, e12154. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000012154 .

Chae H-D . Perforation of Meckel's diverticulum by a chicken bone; preoperatively presenting as bowel perforation . J Korean Surg Soc   2011 ; 80 : 234 – 7 . https://doi.org/10.4174/jkss.2011.80.3.234 .

Yang ZH , Gao JB , Yue SW , et al.    Synchronous ectopic pancreatoblastoma in a child: a case report . J Korean Med Sci   2011 ; 26 : 832 – 5 . https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2011.26.6.832 .

Rezvani M , Menias C , Sandrasegaran K , et al.    Heterotopic pancreas: histopathologic features, imaging findings, and complications . Radiographics   2017 ; 37 : 484 – 99 . https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2017160091 .

Levy AD , Hobbs CM . From the archives of the AFIP. Meckel diverticulum: radiologic features with pathologic correlation . Radiographics   2004 ; 24 : 565 – 87 . https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.242035187 .

Silva M , Cardoso H , Peixoto A , et al.    The role of capsule endoscopy in urgent evaluation of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding: a case series of MECKEL diverticulum . Arq Bras Cir Dig   2018 ; 31 : e1409 . https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-672020180001e1409 .

Krstic SN , Martinov JB , Sokic-Milutinovic AD , et al.    Capsule endoscopy is useful diagnostic tool for diagnosing Meckel's diverticulum . Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol   2016 ; 28 : 702 – 7 . https://doi.org/10.1097/MEG.0000000000000603 .

Olafsson S , Yang JT , Jackson CS , et al.    Bleeding Meckel's diverticulum diagnosed and treated by double-balloon enteroscopy . Avicenna J Med   2012 ; 2 : 48 – 50 . https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-0770.99166 .

Kuru S , Kismet K . Meckel's diverticulum: clinical features, diagnosis and management . Rev Esp Enferm Dig   2018 ; 110 : 726 – 32 . https://doi.org/10.17235/reed.2018.5628/2018 .

• diagnostic imaging
• meckel's diverticulum

Email alerts

Citing articles via, affiliations.

• Online ISSN 2042-8812
• Copyright © 2024 Oxford University Press and JSCR Publishing Ltd
• About Oxford Academic
• Publish journals with us
• University press partners
• What we publish
• New features  
• Open access
• Institutional account management
• Rights and permissions
• Get help with access
• Accessibility
• Advertising
• Media enquiries
• Oxford University Press
• Oxford Languages
• University of Oxford

Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide

• Copyright © 2024 Oxford University Press
• Cookie settings
• Cookie policy
• Privacy policy
• Legal notice

This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only

Sign In or Create an Account

This PDF is available to Subscribers Only

For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.

Official websites use .gov

A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS

A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

CDC Reports A(H5N1) Ferret Study Results

June 7, 2024 —CDC has completed its initial study of the effects of the A(H5N1) bird flu virus from the human case in Texas on ferrets, a model used to assess potential impact on people.

What you need to know

• The A(H5N1) virus from the human case in Texas caused severe illness and death in ferrets. A(H5N1) infection in ferrets has been fatal in the past. This is different from what is seen with seasonal flu, which makes ferrets sick, but is not lethal.
• The A(H5N1) virus from the human case in Texas spread efficiently between ferrets in direct contact but did not spread efficiently between ferrets via respiratory droplets. This is different from what is seen with seasonal flu, which infects 100% of ferrets via respiratory droplets.
• These findings are not surprising and do not change CDC’s risk assessment for most people, which is low. The results do reinforce the need for people who have exposure to infected animals to take precautions and for public health and agriculture communities to continue to work together to prevent the spread of the virus to additional dairy herds and people.

CDC researchers used a ferret model [ 1 ] to better understand the severity of illness and efficiency of transmission of A/Texas/37/2024. For decades, CDC has conducted these types of studies to inform risk assessments of influenza viruses with pandemic potential. CDC used the virus from the human case in Texas which was reported on April 1, 2024, and was associated with sick dairy cow exposure. These are the first publicly reported animal model findings from a virus that infected a human as part of the current multistate outbreak of A(H5N1).

Summary of study findings

The study, completed on Friday, May 31, found that A/Texas/37/2024  virus caused severe disease (100% lethal) in all six ferrets that were infected. This is consistent with what has been found recently in ferret studies with A(H5N1) viruses, including two published studies conducted in the past year. Ferrets infected with A(H5N1) viruses from mink in Spain ( A/mink/Spain/3691-8_22VIR10586-10/2022 ) and from a person in Chile ( A/Chile/25945/2023 ) had severe illness that was either fatal or required euthanasia.

In terms of spread, the CDC ferret study found that the A/Texas/37/2024 virus spread easily among ferrets (3 of 3 ferrets, or 100%) in direct contact with infected ferrets (placed in the same enclosure). However, the virus was less capable of spreading by respiratory droplets, which was tested by placing infected ferrets in enclosures next to healthy ferrets (with shared air but without direct contact). In that situation, only 1 of 3 ferrets (33%) became infected, and there was a one- or two-day delay in transmission with the A/Texas/37/2024 virus compared to transmission with seasonal flu viruses. This suggests that A/Texas/37/2024-like viruses would need to undergo changes to spread efficiently by droplets through the air, such as from coughs and sneezes. CDC is repeating the experiment to confirm the findings and the results of these experiments will be used to inform an ongoing, broader CDC-led influenza risk assessment (IRAT)  on A/Texas/37/2024.

In terms of direct contact spread, the mink virus from Spain caused efficient spread (100%) among ferrets. The study using the Chile virus found 75% spread by direct contact among ferrets. While the findings related to respiratory transmission were similar in that there was no efficient respiratory spread, there were differences in terms of whether any respiratory spread was observed or not. The study cited previously using A/mink/Spain/3691-8_22VIR10586-10/2022 found 37.5% transmission by respiratory droplets. The study using A/Chile/25945/2023 found no transmission by respiratory droplets. The most recent CDC findings are more consistent with the findings with the mink virus from Spain than the virus from Chile. (Additional information about ferret transmission findings with avian influenza is available below.)

Conclusion and risk assessment

Taken together, these findings underscore that the A(H5N1) viruses spreading in poultry, dairy cows, and other animals with sporadic human infections pose a serious potential public health risk and could cause serious illness in people. While the three cases of A(H5N1) in the United States have been mild, it is possible that there will be serious illnesses among people.

Findings from this study are largely consistent with recent A(H5N1) studies in ferrets, as well as past reports of serious human illness resulting from this virus. These findings also suggest; however, that current A(H5N1) viruses would need to undergo genetic changes to spread more easily via respiratory droplets, which is reassuring. Efficient respiratory droplet spread, like what is seen with seasonal influenza viruses, is needed for sustained person-to-person spread to happen. These findings do not change CDC’s immediate risk assessment for the general public who do not have animal exposures, which is low.

Respiratory droplet spread compared

There have been several prior respiratory droplet spread in ferrets with avian influenza viruses. Selected studies:

• A study done using the avian influenza A(H7N9) virus (which has the highest pandemic risk assessment score  on CDC’s Influenza Risk Assessment Tool (IRAT) ) found that “A/Hong Kong/125/2017” spread easily among ferrets in the same enclosure but only 1 of 3 ferrets in the adjacent enclosure became via respiratory droplets in that study.
• A 2006 CDC study summarized results of a ferret study on A/Hong Kong/486/97 , an A(H5N1) virus isolated from a human case in 1997. That study found respiratory droplet spread occurred in 2 of the 3 ferrets (66%). At that time, A(H5N1) viruses had caused probable person-to-person spread. That older 1997 A(H5N1) virus did not emerge to spread efficiently among people. Person-to-person spread has not been observed with A(H5N1) viruses since 2007.
• The previously mentioned 2024 study evaluated an A(H5N1) virus that caused an outbreak among mink at a mink farm in Spain (“ A/mink/Spain/3691-8_22VIR10586-10/2022 ”) and found that respiratory droplet spread occurred in 3 out of 8 ferrets (37.5%). Of note, this study used a side-to-side airflow methodology; by contrast, CDC uses a top-to-bottom airflow approach. Despite the differences in methods, the results from this study were similar to those found in the CDC study.
• The most recently published CDC A(H5N1) ferret study was conducted on a virus from a human A(H5N1) case in Chile. Investigators found efficient direct contact spread, but no respiratory droplet spread.
• On the lowest end of the pandemic risk assessment scale, another ferret study looked at the effects of a low pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N9) virus (A/chicken/Tennessee/17-007431-3/2017) isolated from a multistate poultry outbreak in the United States with no human infections. There was inefficient spread in the direct contact model, with only 1 of 3 co-housed ferrets becoming infected. Because spread in the direct contact model was inefficient, spread by respiratory droplets was not studied.

Background on Ferret Studies

Ferrets are considered the best small mammal for studying influenza virus infection and transmission and are commonly used as a tool to inform public health risk assessments of emerging influenza viruses. In these studies, ferrets are experimentally infected and followed to assess severity of illness. To test the ability of the virus to spread, infected ferrets are exposed to healthy ferrets in different settings. Understanding the disease characteristics of novel influenza viruses and their capacity to spread is a critical component of any public health response.

[1] These studies are approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Descargo de responsabilidad: Es posible que en este sitio encuentre algunos enlaces que le lleven a contenido disponible sólo en inglés. Además, el contenido que se ha traducido del inglés se actualiza a menudo , lo cual puede causar la aparición temporal de algunas partes en ese idioma hasta que se termine de traducir (generalmente en 24 horas). Llame al 1-800-CDC-INFO si tiene preguntas sobre la influenza estacional, cuyas respuestas no ha encontrado en este sitio. Agradecemos su paciencia.

To receive email updates about this page, enter your email address:

• Swine/Variant
• Influenza in Animals

Exit Notification / Disclaimer Policy

• The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website.
• Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website.
• You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link.
• CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website.

• Open access
• Published: 29 May 2024

Using 2% PVPI topical solution for serial intravitreous injections and ocular surface findings: a case control study

• José Henrique Casemiro 1 ,
• Ana Paula Miyagusko Taba Oguido 2 &
• Antonio Marcelo Barbante Casella 3  

International Journal of Retina and Vitreous volume  10 , Article number:  41 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

102 Accesses

Metrics details

The use of povidone-iodine for ocular surface asepsis is widespread for intravitreal injections. They became frequent procedures, leading to serial exposure of patients’ eyes to iodinated solutions. In this study, we investigate the changes in the ocular surface in patients submitted to repeated use of povidine for intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF asepsis, analyzing Ocular Surface Disease Index, non-invasive break up time, blinking quality, lipid layer, meniscus height and osmolarity.

This case-control study included 34 individuals (68 eyes), 14 males, 20 females aged 48 to 94. Inclusion criteria were individuals who received application of 2% povidone-iodine eyedrops for intravitreal injections treatment with the non-treated contralateral eye used as control. Ocular surface examinations were performed at a single occasion. A pre-intravitreal injection asepsis protocol with povidone-iodine was applied. All statistical analysis was performed using the STATA® 18.0 Software and a p-value = 0.05 was considered as the statistical significance value in all tests.

The median number of IVIs in treated eyes was 12 (range 6–20). The results in treated eyes compared with untreated eyes were respectively : median OSDI 16 (IQR 6–39) and 12.5 (IQR 8–39) ( p  = 0.380); mean NIBUT 10.30 (SD ± 2.62) and 10.78 (SD ± 2.92) ( s, p  = 0.476); median blinking quality 100 (IQR 100) and 100 (IQR 100 ) (%, p  = 0.188); median lipid layer 87 (IQR 77–90) and 86 (IQR 74–100) (nm, p  = 0.451); median meniscus height 0.22 (IQR 0.19-0,31) and 0.24 (IQR 0.20–0.27) (mm, p  = 0.862), median Meibomian gland atrophy 33 (IQR 24–45) and 31.5 (IQR 25–39) (%, p  = 0.524); and mean osmolarity 306.6 (SD ± 21.13) and 313.8 (SD ± 29) (mOsm, p  = 0.297). There was no statistically significant relationship between the repetitive use of 2% iodinated solution and signs or symptoms compatible with dry eye syndrome in this group of patients.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that 2% povidone iodine is a safe and efficacious agent for ocular surface antisepsis during intravitreal injections, not leading to substantial ocular surface modifications. This conclusion supports the continued use of povidone iodine in routine ophthalmic procedures without increased risk of inducing dry eye syndrome.

The use of povidone iodine (PVPI) for ocular surface asepsis is widespread, both for surgical procedures and intravitreal injections [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Surgeries for cataracts, glaucoma, and intravitreal injections have become common and frequent procedures in ophthalmology, leading to the serial exposure of patients’ eyes to iodine solutions [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. These changes are directly associated with dry eye syndrome [ 11 , 12 ].

In particular, studies have demonstrated that intravitreal injections used to treat diabetic macular edema or age-related macular degeneration result in significant changes in the ocular surface, leading to dry eye syndrome and damage to homeostasis of the ocular surface [ 5 , 11 , 13 , 14 ].

Dry eye syndrome is a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface characterized by the loss of tear film homeostasis, hyperosmolarity, inflammation, damage and neurosensory abnormalities [ 11 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. Its etiology is variable, ranging from nonspecific inflammation of the ocular surface to direct chemical or physical aggression, infections, and autoimmune diseases [ 11 , 12 , 15 , 19 ].

In addition to the most common symptoms, burning sensation, itching, speck, eye redness, excess tearing reflex, brightness sensitivity, and quality of vision loss are also frequent findings that affect efficiency at work and the quality of life of patients [ 11 , 12 , 15 , 19 , 20 ].

This study aimed to observe changes in the ocular surface and tear film due the serial use of 2% PVPI, the gold standard drug for asepsis of the ocular surface. As it is well known that pre-injection antisepsis of the ocular surface with PVPI has a toxic effect on the corneal epithelium, the aim is to identify changes in the tear film and ocular surface and avoid serious problem like dry eye syndrome [ 11 , 12 , 21 , 22 ].

A case-control study was conducted at the Ophthalmology and Psicology Clinic (APMTO MD) in Londrina, Paraná. The patients were recruited from the Retina and Vitreous Institute (AMBC MD) in Londrina, Paraná. The study included 34 individuals (68 eyes). 14 males, 20 females, aged 48 to 94 years. All participants signed the informed consent form, which allowed their participation in the study. Inclusion criteria were individuals who received application of 2% PVPI eyedrops for anti-VEGF IVIs treatment with the contralateral eye used as control, that had not been treated with any topical medication during the same period of applications and good comprehension of the Ocular Questionnaire Surface Disease Index (OSDI). Exclusion criteria were patients who could not understand the OSDI questionnaire; patients using antidepressant medicine, diuretics, sympathomimetics, eye drops for glaucoma, or eye lubricants; people with allergies to iodine; unfavorable clinical conditions to undergo the examination procedures for the study; inappropriate test quantity and quality; unsatisfactory images or unsatisfactory and inadequate data.

The study was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee Involving Human Beings of the State University of Londrina by N. 5.300.176.

The individuals underwent directed clinical and ophthalmological analysis, received explanations about the study, used their data, and signed consent forms. All clinical measures were performed using the IDRA equipment (SBSSISTEMI, Orbasano, Torino, Italy), at which time the OSDI questionnaire was also applied and tear osmolarity was collected using the I-PEN ® (I-MED PHARMA INC. Dollard-des-Ormeaux, QC, Canada). All examinations and administration of the questionnaire were performed by the same professional. No drops or medications that could cause changes in any subsequent measurements were used.

The variables analyzed were age, sex, date of the last PVPI application, number of PVPI applications, OSDI questionnaire, tear osmolarity, NBUT, tear film interferometry, tear meniscus height, percentage of meibomian gland loss, and blink quality. The sequence of procedures obeyed the following order: Explanation to the subject regarding the exams and questionnaire to which he would be submitted, guidance to the patient not to identify in any way the eye being treated and the eye not treated during data collection, nor during the questionnaire OSDI; patient positioning in the IDRA® equipment; capture of blinking quality video images; capture of tear film interferometry; capture of images to measure the height of the tear meniscus and immediate measurement; capture of tear film (NBUT); image capture for the percentage of meibomian gland loss by everting the lower eyelid with a cotton swab; positioning the patient outside the IDRA equipment; application of the I-PEN® electrode to capture tear osmolarity in the lower conjunctiva, first in the right eye, and subsequently in the left eye; application of the OSDI questionnaire.

All statistical analyses were performed using STATA® 18.0 Software and p-values ≤ 0.05 indicated statistical significance.

The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to verify data normality. Data that did not follow a normal distribution were analyzed using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test and were described as means and as medians and interquartile ranges. Data that showed normality were analyzed using the Student’s T test and presented as means and standard deviations. Descriptive, quantitative, and multivariate analyses compared treated (case) and untreated (control) eyes.

The average number of IVIs in treated eyes was 12 (range 6–20). The results in treated eyes compared with untreated eyes were respectively: median OSDI 16 (IQR 6–39) and 12.5 (IQR 8–39) ( p  = 0.380); mean NIBUT 10.30 (SD ± 2,62) and 10.78 (SD ± 2.92) ( s, p  = 0.476); median blinking quality 100 (IQR 100) and 100 (IQR 100 ) (%, p  = 0.188); median lipid layer 87 (IQR 77–90) and 86 (IQR 74–100) (nm, p  = 0.451); median meniscus height 0,22 (IQR 0.19–0.31) and 0.24 (IQR 0.20–0.27) (mm, p  = 0.862), median Meibomian gland athrophy 33 (IQR 24–45) and 31.5 (IQR 25–39) (%, p  = 0.524); and mean osmolarity 306.6 (SD ± 21.13) and 313.8 (SD ± 29) (mOsm, p  = 0.297).). The results revealed that the use of 2% PVPI did not affect the analyzed variables in a statistically significant way. All data is summarized on Table  1 .

These results are disposable on fig 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 and 9 as annexed.

Histogram showing the days of last application of IVIS ( intravitreal injections ) in treated eyes and the density showing the proportion of eyes in each period of time

Histogram showing the number of application ov IVIS ( intravitreal injections ) in treated eyes and the density showing the proportion of eyes in each amount of number of applications

Blue box plot showing score OSDI ( Ocular Surface Disease Index ) in treated eyes comparing with pink box plot showing score OSDI in fellow eyes

Blue box plot showing NIBUT ( non invasive break up time ) in seconds in treated eyes comparing with pink box plot showing NIBUT in seconds in fellow eyes

Blue box plot showing blink quality in treated eyes comparing with pink box plot showing blink quality in fellow eyes

Blue box plot showing lipid layer in treated eyes comparing with pink box plot showing lipid layer in fellow eyes

Blue box plot showing meniscus height in milimeters in treated eyes comparing with pink box plot showing meniscus height in milimeters in fellow eyes

Blue box plot showing Meibomian gland loss in treated eyes comparing with pink box plot showing Meibomian gland loss in fellow eyes

Blue box plot showing tear osmolarity in miliosmoles in treated eyes comparing with pink box plot showing osmolarity in miliosmoles in fellow eyes

Through multivariate analysis, we obtained some interesting outcomes as follows:

When controlling for NIBUT, meibomian gland atrophy, number of applications, and days of the last application according to treatment, sex was an important variable in explaining the variability in the OSDI score (coef = 15.63 | p-value = 0.003). On average, controlling for the abovementioned variables, being female contributed to an increase in the OSDI to 15.63 points.

After controlling for meniscus height and age according to treatment, tear osmolarity contributed significantly to variability in the lipid layer (coef = -0.266, p  = 0.004). In this sense, the addition of one unit in tear osmolarity led to a -0.266 drop in the lipid layer.

After controlling for meniscus height, OSDI, days since the last application, age, and sex according to the treatment, these factors contributed significantly to the variability in the lipid layer [(coef = 0.562 | p-value = 0.004) (coef = − 5.622 | p-value = 0.048)]. In this sense, the addition of one year of age led to a decrease of -0.562 on average. For the same treatment group, female sex led to a decrease of -5,622.

Age, lipid layer, meniscus height, sex according to treatment, age according to treatment, and sex were important factors for explaining the variability in tear osmolarity.

We noticed that a greater age correlated with lower tear osmolarity. However, being in the treated group reduced the decrease in tear osmolarity with advancing age.

Being female implied higher tear osmolarity. However, the increase in tear osmolarity was smaller in the treated group.

A greater height of the lipid layer and meniscus correlated with lower tear osmolarity.

The present study showed that the use of topical PVPI at 2% did not cause significant damage to the ocular surface when the findings of the ocular surface and tear film analyses were used.

Our results contradict some existing data indicating the toxicity of long-term iodine use on the ocular surface; we found two statistically relevant results that the application of iodine may improve the stability of the tear film in the elderly and women, since the eyes in older individuals and female patients that received iodine showed a smaller increase in tear osmolarity [ 4 , 14 , 23 , 24 ].

Moreover, the results of this study corroborated some hypotheses that the use of PVPI could be positive in some dry eye disease diagnostic features, such as the improvement of the tear film meniscus height and the decrease of the tear film osmolarity [ 25 , 26 ].

A localized anti-inflammatory surface effect of the anti-VEGF agent used in intravitreous injections should be considered and assessed in further studies [ 22 , 25 ].

The literature review also shows that there was an improvement in the tear function of some patients who used iodine in ocular asepsis [ 25 , 26 , 27 ], perhaps due to an antimicrobial action preventing the proliferation of bacterial flora that could produce harmful enzymes or cause meibomitis and blepharitis [ 25 , 26 , 28 ].

The cell regeneration mechanism might have satisfactorily recomposed the ocular surface or the tear homeostasis might have compensates for the damage caused by iodine in the cells in question; furthermore, these are just hypotheses.

We also determined that the risk factors for dry eye disease, age and female sex [ 10 , 16 , 29 , 30 ], were associated with the observed clinical data: greater ages lower the height of the tear meniscus, the greater the tear osmolarity, and the smaller the lipid layer of the tear film. The female sex was also associated with higher OSDI scores and fewer tear film lipid layers.

Regardless of the cause or consequence, the osmolarity and lipid layer of the tear film were inversely proportional.

Through multivariate analysis, we determined that the risk factors for dry eye syndrome, age, and female sex correlated with worse results in the tear meniscus measurement tests, OSDI questionnaire, and tear film interferometry, corroborating the literature implicating them as risk factors for dry eye disease [ 20 , 30 , 31 ].

Moreover, due to the sample size, false negatives, or simply because in practice, iodine in the amount and frequency used does not lead to histological damage that may reflect functional changes. The results did not discourage the use of iodine for ocular asepsis but also did not indicate its use for protocols with higher concentrations or more applications than those used in current protocols.

The strengths of the study are as follows: the same patient was the control and treated group, avoiding any environmental or medical bias. The number of injections administered was higher than that reported in other studies. No drops were used during the examination to avoid artificial changes to the tear film.

The limitations of this study were as follows: the study had a small sample size of 34 patients, resulting in 68 eyes being analyzed, which may have caused an analysis bias when using these data in the general population. We must remember that the analyzed population was from southern Brazil and had mostly descended from Italian, German, Spanish, and Portuguese immigrants; therefore, these data may only reflect the specific epidemiology of this population. The meibomian glands analyzed were located in the inferior tarsus.

The use of iodine on the ocular surface was not significantly associated with any of the evaluated parameters. There were no statistically significant correlations between the tests applied to the case eyes. The current study indicates that the application of 2% topical povidone-iodine (PVPI) does not inflict significant damage to the ocular surface, as evidenced by the analyses of the ocular surface and tear film. Notable strengths of this study include the use of the same patient as both the control and the treated subject, which minimizes potential biases from environmental or medical factors. Additionally, the absence of any artificial agents during the examination ensures that the tear film remains unaltered.

Contrary to previous concerns regarding the long-term toxicity of iodine on the ocular surface, our findings suggest potential benefits of iodine application in stabilizing the tear film, particularly in older individuals and female patients. This is supported by a smaller increase in tear osmolarity in these groups following iodine application. Furthermore, the study corroborates hypotheses that PVPI may positively affect certain Dry Eye Disease diagnostic features, such as improved tear film meniscus height and reduced tear film osmolarity.

Data availability

No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

Abbreviations

Povidine or polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine

• Intravitreal injections

Vascular endothelial growth factor

Ocular Surface Disease Index

Non invasive break up time

Blink quality

Lipid layer

Standard deviation

Interquartile range

Oakley C, Allen P, Hooshmand J, Vote BJT. PAIN AND ANTISEPSIS AFTER OCULAR ADMINISTRATION OF POVIDONE-IODINE VERSUS CHLORHEXIDINE. Retina. 2018;38:2064–6.

Article   CAS   PubMed   Google Scholar  

Fukuda M, Shibata S, Shibata N, Fujita N, Miyashita H, Tanimura N, et al. Polyvinyl alcohol-iodine induced corneal epithelial injury in vivo and its protection by topical rebamipide treatment. PLoS ONE. 2018;13:e0208198.

Article   PubMed   PubMed Central   Google Scholar  

Grzybowski A, Brona P. Povidone-iodine is still a premium antiseptic measure in ocular surgery. Acta Ophthalmol. 2017;95.

Craig JP, Nichols KK, Akpek EK, Caffery B, Dua HS, Joo C-K, et al. TFOS DEWS II definition and classification report. Ocul Surf. 2017;15:276–83.

Article   PubMed   Google Scholar  

Craig JP, Nelson JD, Azar DT, Belmonte C, Bron AJ, Chauhan SK, et al. TFOS DEWS II Report Executive Summary. Ocul Surf. 2017;15:802–12.

Moss SE. Prevalence of and risk factors for Dry Eye Syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118:1264.

Jiang X, Wang Y, Lv H, Liu Y, Zhang M, Li X. Efficacy of intra-meibomian gland injection of the anti-VEGF agent bevacizumab for the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction with lid-margin vascularity. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2018;12:1269–79.

Article   CAS   PubMed   PubMed Central   Google Scholar  

Kim S, Ahn Y, Lee Y, Kim H. Toxicity of povidone-iodine to the ocular surface of rabbits. BMC Ophthalmol. 2020;20:359.

Malmin A, Thomseth VM, Førland PT, Khan AZ, Hetland HB, Chen X, et al. Associations between serial Intravitreal injections and Dry Eye. Ophthalmology. 2023;130:509–15.

Audelan T, Legrand M, M’Garrech M, Best A-L, Barreau E, Labetoulle M, et al. Vieillissement de la surface oculaire : physiopathologie et conséquences pratiques pour la prise en charge. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2018;41:262–70.

Kanclerz P, Myers WG. Potential substitutes for povidone-iodine in ocular surgery. Eye. 2021;35:2657–9.

Reibaldi M, Avitabile T, Bandello F, Longo A, Bonfiglio V, Russo A, et al. The effectiveness of 0.6% povidone Iodine Eye drops in reducing the Conjunctival bacterial load and needle contamination in patients undergoing Anti-VEGF intravitreal injection: a prospective, randomized study. J Clin Med. 2019;8:1031.

Han SB. Prevalence of Dry Eye Disease in an Elderly Korean Population. Arch Ophthalmol. 2011;129:633.

Silas MR, Schroeder RM, Thomson RB, Myers WG. Optimizing the antisepsis protocol: effectiveness of 3 povidone–iodine 1.0% applications versus a single application of povidone–iodine 5.0%. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2017;43:400–4.

Zhang X, Wang L, Zheng Y, Deng L, Huang X. Prevalence of dry eye disease in the elderly. Medicine. 2020;99:e22234.

Donnenfeld ED, Holland EJ, Solomon KD, Fiore J, Gobbo A, Prince J, et al. A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Fellow Eye Trial of pulse-dosed Difluprednate 0.05% Versus Prednisolone acetate 1% in cataract surgery. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011;152:609–e6171.

Grzybowski A, Kanclerz P, Myers WG. The use of povidone–iodine in ophthalmology. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2018;29:19–32.

Bramantyo T, Roeslani RD, Andriansjah A, Sitorus RS. The efficacy of 1% Chloramphenicol Eye Ointment Versus 2.5% povidone-iodine Ophthalmic Solution in reducing bacterial colony in Newborn Conjunctivae. Asia-Pacific J Ophthalmol. 2015;4:180–3.

Article   CAS   Google Scholar  

Bourcier T, Acosta MC, Borderie V, Borra´s F, Gallar J, Bury T, et al. Decreased corneal sensitivity in patients with Dry Eye. Invest Opthalmology Visual Sci. 2005;46:2341.

Article   Google Scholar  

Niederkorn JY, Kaplan HJ. Rationale for Immune Response and the Eye. Immune Response and the Eye. Basel: KARGER; 2007. pp. 1–3.

Google Scholar  

Saedon H, Nosek J, Phillips J, Narendran N, Yang YC. Ocular surface effects of repeated application of povidone iodine in patients receiving frequent intravitreal injections. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2017;36:343–6.

Beni´tez-del-Castillo JM, Acosta MC, Wassfi MA, Di´az-Valle D, Gegu´ndez JA, Fernandez C et al. Relation between Corneal Innervation with Confocal Microscopy and Corneal Sensitivity with Noncontact Esthesiometry in Patients with Dry Eye. Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science. 2007;48:173.

Yu K, Asbell PA, Shtein RM, Ying G-S. Dry Eye subtypes in the Dry Eye Assessment and Management (DREAM) study: a latent Profile Analysis. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2022;11:13.

Dohlman TH, Lertsuwanroj B, D’Amico DJ, Ciralsky JB, Kiss S. Evaluation of signs and symptoms of ocular surface disease after intravitreal injection. Acta Ophthalmol. 2019;97.

Zoukhri D. Effect of inflammation on lacrimal gland function. Exp Eye Res. 2006;82:885–98.

Shelanski HASM. PVP-iodine: history, toxicity, and therapeutic uses. J Int Coll Surg. 1956;25:727–34.

CAS   PubMed   Google Scholar  

Kemeny-Beke A, Szodoray P. Ocular manifestations of rheumatic diseases. Int Ophthalmol. 2020;40:503–10.

Zamora JL. Chemical and microbiologic characteristics and toxicity of povidone-iodine solutions. Am J Surg. 1986;151:400–6.

Mantelli F, Lambiase A, Sacchetti M, Orlandi V, Rosa A, Casella P, et al. Cocaine snorting may induce ocular surface damage through corneal sensitivity impairment. Graefe’s Archive Clin Experimental Ophthalmol. 2015;253:765–72.

Bever GJ, Brodie FL, Hwang DG. Corneal Injury from Presurgical Chlorhexidine Skin Preparation. World Neurosurg. 2016;96:610.e1-610.e4.

Wolffsohn JS, Arita R, Chalmers R, Djalilian A, Dogru M, Dumbleton K, et al. TFOS DEWS II Diagnostic Methodology report. Ocul Surf. 2017;15:539–74.

Download references

Acknowledgements

APMO provided IDRA analysis, and was a contributor to design the study, revised, written and approved the manuscript. AMBC Applied intravitreal injections and provided patients for the study and was a contributor to design the study, revised, written and approved the manuscript.

No grant Money was received for this resesearch.

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Londrina, UEL, Londrina, Brazil

José Henrique Casemiro

Department of Health Sciences, Surgical Clinic, State University of Londrina, UEL, Londrina, Brazil

Ana Paula Miyagusko Taba Oguido

Londrina State University, Avenida Robert Koch, 60, Londrina, Paraná, 86038-440, Brazil

Antonio Marcelo Barbante Casella

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Contributions

JHC analyzed and interpreted patient data, reviewed the literature and was a major contributor to the acquisition of data, interviewed the patients, sponsored supplies, designed the study and written the manuscript. APMO provided IDRA analysis, and was a contributor to design the study, revised, written and approved the manuscript. AMBC Applied intravitreal injections and provided patients for the study and was a contributor to design the study, revised, written and approved the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Antonio Marcelo Barbante Casella .

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate and consent for publication.

Approval for the anonymous analisys of Imaging data and medical records was obtained from the Institutional Review Board.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note.

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article.

Casemiro, J.H., Oguido, A.P.M.T. & Casella, A.M.B. Using 2% PVPI topical solution for serial intravitreous injections and ocular surface findings: a case control study. Int J Retin Vitr 10 , 41 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40942-024-00557-1

Download citation

Received : 11 March 2024

Accepted : 07 May 2024

Published : 29 May 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s40942-024-00557-1

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

• Dry eye disease
• Povidone iodine
• Ocular surface disease

International Journal of Retina and Vitreous

ISSN: 2056-9920

• Submission enquiries: Access here and click Contact Us
• General enquiries: [email protected]