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Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal (GSP) is the official journal of The International Association of Genocide Scholars (IAGS) . IAGS is a global, interdisciplinary, non-partisan organization that seeks to further research and teaching about the nature, causes, and consequences of genocide, and advance policy studies on prevention of genocide. IAGS, founded in 1994, meets to consider comparative research, important new work, case studies, the links between genocide and other human rights violations, and prevention and punishment of genocide.

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Too Little, Too Late: The ICC and the Politics of Prosecutorial Procrastination in Georgia Marco Bocchese

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Atrocity Prevention in the Digital Era: Adapting Norms, Laws, and Code to Changes in the Ways Atrocities Are Committed David J. Simon, Samhitha Josyula, Joshua Lam, and Julian D. Melendi

Security or Vulnerability? The Optics of Data in the Humanitarian Sphere Nicole M. Bennett and Hamid Ekbia

A Personal Autobiographical Essay on the Origins and Beginning Years of Genocide Studies, and Some Reflections on the Field Today Israel W. Charny

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The long-term health consequences of genocide: developing GESQUQ - a genocide studies checklist

• Jutta Lindert 1 , 2 ,
• Ichiro Kawachi 3 ,
• Haim Y. Knobler 4 ,
• Moshe Z. Abramowitz 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ,
• Sandro Galea 5 ,
• Bayard Roberts 6 ,
• Richard Mollica 7 &
• Martin McKee 6  

Conflict and Health volume  13 , Article number:  14 ( 2019 ) Cite this article

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Genocide is an atrocity that seeks to destroy whole populations, leaving empty countries, empty spaces and empty memories, but also a large health burden among survivors is enormous. We propose a genocide reporting checklist to encourage consistent high quality in studies designed to provide robust and reliable data on the long term impact of genocide.

An interdisciplinary (Public Health, epidemiology, psychiatry, medicine, sociology, genocide studies) and international working committee of experts from Germany, Israel, the United States, and the United Kingdom used an iterative consensus process to develop a genocide studies checklist for studies of the long term health consequences.

We created a list of eight domains (A Ethical approval, B External validity, C Misclassification, D Study design, E Confounder, F Data collection, G Withdrawal) with 1–3 specific items (total 17).

The genocide studies checklist is easy to use for authors, journal editors, peer reviewers, and others involved in documenting the health consequences of genocide.

Genocides have brought immeasurable suffering to millions of people in the 20th and the early years of the twenty-first century. [ 1 , 2 ] They have attracted the attention of researchers from a range of disciplines, including epidemiologists, historians, political scientists, psychologists, anthropologists, demographers, and others, with genocide studies emerging as a distinct body of scholarship. Each discipline offers important perspectives on a phenomenon whose horror is beyond the imagination of most people. The impact of genocide continues long after the killing has ended, leaving lifelong scars on survivors and, potentially, their offspring. [ 2 ] Yet, as revealed in a recent systematic review, this research has taken a wide variety of approaches and produced heterogeneous, and, in some cases, conflicting findings, suggesting a range of consequences between severe long term impact and no impact. [ 2 ] This conflicting evidence leads to several conclusions.

First, genocide - as defined in the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 9th of December 1948 as General Assembly Resolution 260 (III, article 2) - can take many forms, from the semi-organized chaos of Rwanda systematic murder of Jews by Nazis and/or their allies in the Genocide termed the Holocaust, with differences in exposures to mass atrocities (e.g. duration, types of genocidal acts). The Convention defines genocide as an attempt “to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group.” Genocidal acts include “killing members of the group; [and] causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group”, and deliberately inflicting “conditions of life, calculated to bring about [a group’s] physical destruction in whole or in part; imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; [and] forcibly transferring children of the group to another group”. [ 3 ] These definitions suggest a breadth of exposures that can be associated with genocide. Table  1 lists those events that have been designated officially by the United Nations as genocides, as well as the range of estimates of those killed and the percentages of the target populations affected.

A second concern relates to methodological differences among studies. For example, studies reviewing the mental health impact of genocides have investigated a variety of outcomes, including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia [ 4 , 5 ], suicide [ 6 , 7 ], post-traumatic stress as well post-traumatic growth. Some studies documented a negative impact, while others found resilience or no association notwithstanding immense cruelties to which survivors had been exposed. [ 8 ] Some of this variability may be due to the methodological challenges inherent in conducting studies on populations affected by genocide. Some are common to any epidemiological research and include recruitment bias, measurement error, and the need to adjustment for potential confounding. Attempts to attribute symptoms to the experience of genocide may be complicated by confounding factors unrelated to the genocide, such as discrimination in another country due to migration or poverty. [ 9 ] Other factors, however, are specific to genocide research. One is memoralization, whereby groups valorize, marginalize, or disable acts of remembrance, or forgetting. [ 10 , 11 ] Anthropological research has reported how some genocide survivors or children of survivors challenge the pathologizing construct of long term impact of genocides. It can be politically expedient to pathologize the long term consequences of genocide, or, conversely, to deny the long term impacts of genocides as part of an attempt to relieve the perpetrator from responsibility for having committed genocide. Disorders associated with genocide are therefore subject to the influence of various interests, institutions, and political interests.

The need for clear, transparent, and reliable reporting of research has led to important initiatives such as the Strengthening Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology Statement (STROBE). [ 12 ] The STROBE statement, published in 2007, is an evidence-based 22 item set of recommendations for reporting observational studies (cohort studies, case-control studies, and cross-sectional studies) and has been credited with improvements in quality of reporting. [ 13 ] However, the STROBE statement is designed to apply to all observational studies, [ 8 ] and it does not adequately capture some of the key challenges inherent in post-genocide research.

Seeking to address this shortcoming, an international group of experts (JL, MZA, HJK, SG, RM, BR, MMcK, IK) with a specific interest in genocide and health worked together on a systematic review. [ 2 ] Important gaps in STROBE that were specific to studies of genocide and health were identified and agreement was reached that an extension of STROBE was warranted. Thus, the QUALITY ASSESSMENT TOOL FOR QUANTITATIVE GENOCIDE STUDIES (GESUQ) initiative was established as an international collaborative project to address these issues. Herein, we propose recommendations for reporting genocide and related research.

First, we searched for any existing reporting guideline covering long term impacts of genocide. Second, we sought relevant evidence regarding the quality of reporting. Neither search yielded any results. Third, we identified experts (i.e., methodologists, psychiatrists, epidemiologists, and genocide experts) who could advise on potential sources of bias, from relevant genocide projects and reference documents. They were then asked for recommendations. Fourth, the group met in person and via Skype meetings to agree the wording of the statements. Stakeholders reviewed the statements and provided feedback. The final checklist and this explanatory document were drafted by the three members of the working committee. During two face-to-face and three skype meetings, members of the group discussed the input received and prepared new versions that were circulated until consensus on all items was reached.

Items in the GESUQ checklist

The complete GESUQ checklist is provided in the Additional file 1 . In the following sections we explain the rationale for choosing items A-H in GESUQ.

A. Ethical approval

Research on the impact of genocide must adhere to same ethical standards that guide all other research. [ 14 ] This includes that all research participants have the capacity to provide informed consent. As in other research, investigators should maintain the principles of approval of research by institutional review boards (IRBs) respecting not only confidentiality and privacy but the importance of expertise in genocide research within the research team, including the specific genocide-related challenges that exist. Among these challenges are extra provisions to minimize harm to human subjects (e.g. the potential for retaliation from those who perpetrated the genocide), and extra steps to provide medical resources / referral to people still suffering from lingering mental health effects. Given the particular risk of causing distress by asking questions about past events in this vulnerable population there is a need to ensure mechanisms for referral information for mental health support. These ethical questions are especially difficult in situations in which genocide perpetrators, genocide victims, and genocide bystanders are forced to live together even after the genocide (e.g. in the case of Rwanda [ 15 ]).

B. External validity and selection bias

In genocide studies as in other epidemiological studies, attention to sampling methods is crucial. Often in the early aftermath of genocide, health studies either comprise only convenience samples or clinical samples (populations that manifest some kind of pathology, i.e. post-traumatic symptoms) and have sought and obtained care. This is understandable given the challenges of recruitment but is likely to introduce bias as such participants go through several stages of selection and thus, both in practice and theory, may differ from participants drawn from random samples of those exposed. Random sampling should therefore be used. Where this is not possible, analyses should include appropriate weighting. This can avoid the challenge of biased estimates of the incidence and prevalence of certain disorders (e.g., Posttraumatic Stress Disorder). Given the difficulty of random sampling in many settings, alternative methods such as respondent driven sampling may be useful adjuncts. [ 16 ]

It is important to recognize the inevitable scope for survivor bias, both in terms of surviving the events in question and their sequelae. Consequently, and to a greater degree with genocide than many other exposures, any sample will not be representative of all those exposed.

C. Avoiding misclassification

Any flaw in measuring exposure, outcome, or covariates can overestimate or underestimate the true value of the association. [ 17 , 18 , 19 ] This is a challenge in many areas of epidemiology, but is especially so with genocide. Does exposure include direct and indirect exposure (such as the death of family members or friends, and if so, in the presence or absence of the subject)? How is the duration of exposure measured? Reporting of genocide exposure should include the nature, intensity, and length of exposure. This assessment of exposure could draw on approaches adopted in other areas of epidemiology, such as the job-exposure matrix used in occupational epidemiology. [ 20 , 21 ] Accordingly, assessment of exposure should be quantified systematically. For example, one could inquire about direct personal experiences of genocide (e.g. whether one’s relatives were killed). But in genocide research it is also relevant to assess exposure to genocide even if someone was not directly affected - i.e. there may be spillover effects of genocide in a community. [ 22 ] In genocide research both direct and indirect exposures are of interest. Research on the impact of genocide on subsequent generations creates additional challenges, in measuring both the nature and timing of exposure. [ 2 , 5 ] Our guidelines seek to guide researchers to be explicit about why the exposure measurement was carried out in a certain way.

Genocide studies seek accuracy in reporting the incidence, prevalence, and burden of disease so avoiding diagnostic errors is crucial. It is essential to understand the psychometric properties of health measures used among those affected by genocide. Expressions of suffering due to genocide may differ by populations. In the area of mental health, the DSM-5 [ 23 ] emphasizes the need for measures that capture culturally grounded concepts of distress, [ 24 ] something that is largely missing from genocide studies so far.

D. Study design

Most genocide studies will, inevitably, be retrospective and observational, e.g. case-control or cohort studies. The selection of controls is a major challenge as they should resemble, as closely as possible, those who experienced the genocide without themselves being exposed. The objective of genocide studies therefore is to find an unexposed control group that resembles the exposed group as closely as possible. For example, in studies of the health effects of the Holocaust, investigators have compared Jews who emigrated to Israel before and after the Holocaust. However, even this design poses challenges, since there will be many unobserved factors that could confound the comparison being made, e.g. those who escaped before the Holocaust may have had more extensive social networks to help them escape, and stronger social networks would make such individuals more resilient to adverse mental health effects.

Research undertaken in Israel has used the National Population Register. This is a unique resource for genocide studies. [ 4 ] However, should such a situation arise in the future, the ability to use a similar resource will depend upon the nature of consent given at enrolment, the degree of anonymisation, and the data protection laws in place in the country concerned.

F. Confounders

If the question of interest involves identifying the causal effects of genocide experience on mental health outcomes, the investigator must identify (and control for) factors that influence the probability of both the exposure and the outcome being studied. For example, in a study of exposure to genocide and the outcome of poor mental health, socioeconomic disadvantage could be a confounder. Someone disadvantaged in this way may be less able to escape the that would make a person less able to escape the direct and indirect effects of genocide, for example because of fewer material resources. However, there is also a well-recognized association between disadvantage and adverse mental health outcomes. It is good epidemiological practice to control for confounders but it is also important not to over control. Thus, genocide is often the final end-result of many decades (perhaps even centuries) of unjust treatment of a particular group in society. Hence, a confounder such as “low socioeconomic status” may itself represent an effect of the underlying injustice which preceded genocide. For example, immediately before and during the Holocaust, many Jewish children and adolescents were excluded from studies in public schools. One would not control for “confounding” by educational attainment in this instance, because interruption of schooling is part of the exposure (the Holocaust) that we are trying to understand. Likewise, the experience of escaping from the genocide constitutes a part of the exposure.

There are several approaches to addressing these issues, including the thorough review of the literature and use of methods such as directed acyclic graphs (DAGs), [ 25 ] multivariable regression to help adjust for potential confounders and structural equation modelling (path analysis). [ 26 ]

F. Data collection methods

Data can be collected in ad hoc surveys or, in rare cases, as with the Israeli National Population Register, from routine sources, as noted above. Valid and reliable assessment of exposures and outcomes requires carefully developed instruments, which have ideally been evaluated in different cultural settings. The attributes (e.g. recall period, question/response format) and mode of administration (e.g. interviewer-, self-administered) of existing instruments are extremely varied and many have not been evaluated for use in different cultural contexts or age groups.

In summary, there are substantial challenges in epidemiological studies of survivors of mass atrocities, crimes against humanity, and genocide. However, data are needed to better serve this population. The GESUQ guidelines are a first step to better understand the mental health impact of mass atrocities, crimes against humanity, and genocide. These proposed guidelines are specific to observational genocide research and serve as starting point for improving epidemiological research on the impact of violence on health. GESUQ was created as a guide for authors, journal editors, peer reviewers, and other stakeholders to encourage researchers to improve the quality and completeness of reporting in genocide and war epidemiology. To our knowledge, our guidelines are the first to have been proposed for use specifically in genocide studies. As with other reporting guidelines, these complement the instructions in editorial and review processes to ensure a clear and transparent account of the research conducted. Experts we contacted generally welcomed the initiative and provided constructive feedback. The checklist will subsequently be translated into other languages, and disseminated widely. Ongoing feedback is encouraged to improve it.

While GESUQ represents our best attempt to reflect the interest and priorities of stakeholders and the interested public in genocide research, we recognize that the methods used in observational health research are changing rapidly, and the availability of different types of data for such research is expanding. For example, mobile health applications (mHealth apps) are becoming widely available for smartphones and wearable technologies. While there is limited experience so far with these data sources in genocide research, we anticipate rapid growth in the near future. Additionally, health care providers in for instance Israel offer good registry data on more outcomes than government data that can be linked to Holocaust exposure without sample selection.

The nature of genocide poses some obvious limitations on the conduct of associated research. First, while we have described this instrument as one for use in genocide studies, the international community has shown a great reluctance to use the term “genocide” because of the implications, in particular the “responsibility to protect”. However, the issues we have discussed in developing this instrument will be equally applicable in many situations involving large scale killings that are not subsequently labelled as genocide. Second, it will continue to be extremely difficult to collect data in real time and any attempt to do so would face a myriad of methodological and ethical challenges, as was apparent in studies seeking to quantify the death toll in post-invasion Iraq. Consideration of these issues goes beyond the scope of this paper.

Conclusions

We have created GESUQ in the form of a checklist, trying to take account of and learn from existing guidelines. While we anticipate that GESUQ will change as research methods evolve, these guidelines should encourage better reporting of research over the coming years. With implementation by authors, journal editors, and peer reviewers, we anticipate that GESUQ will improve transparency, reproducibility, and completeness of reporting of research on genocide and health and, especially, much-needed research on evidence-based interventions for genocide affected populations.

Abbreviations

Prof. Bayard Roberts

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide

Directed acyclic graphs

Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Genocide Studies

Prof. Haim Y. Knobler

Prof. Ichiro Kawachi

Institutional review boards

Prof. Jutta Lindert

Mobile health applications

Prof. Martin McKee

Dr. Moshe Z. Abramowitz

Prof. Richard Mollica

Socioeconomic status

Prof. Sandro Galea

Strengthening Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology Statement

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Linda Wulkau for helping to edit the manuscript.

The study was done without any additional funding.

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Jutta Lindert & Moshe Z. Abramowitz

Women’s Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA

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Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel

Haim Y. Knobler & Moshe Z. Abramowitz

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Contributions

JL drafted the manuscript together with MM. All authors contributed with methodological expertise to the project. All authors contributed in writing. All authors added content and specific examples. All authors discussed the guidelines and decided upon standards. Furthermore, Jl, HYL, MA and TV provided expertise in the field of mass trauma and epidemiology. All authors revised and edited the manuscript critically for important intellectual content of the material. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jutta Lindert .

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Bayard Roberts is co-Editor-in-Chief of Conflict and Health . He was not involved in handling this manuscript.

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Additional file

Additional file 1:.

Quality assessment tool for quantitative genocide studies. (DOCX 32 kb)

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Lindert, J., Kawachi, I., Knobler, H.Y. et al. The long-term health consequences of genocide: developing GESQUQ - a genocide studies checklist. Confl Health 13 , 14 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-019-0198-9

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• How is genocide different from mass murder? Or terrorism?
• How are genocide and other acts of mass violence humanly possible?
• What choices do people make that allow collective violence to happen?
• What makes it possible for neighbor to turn against neighbor?
• What are the different reasons sited for leading to genocide? (ie. poverty, religious or ethnic differences)
• Who decides if it is genocide or civil unrest?
• Is there any remedy for genocide?
• Can the United States take an active role in preventing genocide?
• Why do leaders scapegoat particular groups?
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Home — Essay Samples — History — Genocide

Essays on Genocide

Brief description of genocide.

Genocide refers to the deliberate and systematic extermination of a particular group based on their ethnicity, religion, or nationality. It is a crucial topic for understanding the darkest aspects of human history and the devastating impact on societies and individuals.

Importance of Writing Essays on This Topic

Essays on genocide are essential for shedding light on historical atrocities, promoting awareness, and encouraging critical thinking about human rights and social justice. They provide a platform for academic exploration and personal reflection on the causes, consequences, and prevention of genocide.

Tips on Choosing a Good Topic

• Focus on a specific case study or historical event to provide a detailed analysis.
• Consider exploring the psychological, sociological, and political aspects of genocide.
• Choose a topic that resonates with your personal interests and values for a more impactful essay.

Essay Topics

• The Holocaust: Examining the systematic extermination of Jews during World War II.
• The Rwandan Genocide: Analyzing the ethnic conflict and mass killings in Rwanda.
• The Armenian Genocide: Understanding the Ottoman Empire's persecution of Armenians.
• Genocide and International Law: Evaluating the effectiveness of legal frameworks in preventing genocide.
• Genocide and Propaganda: Exploring the role of propaganda in inciting mass violence.
• Genocide and Gender: Examining the impact of genocide on women and gender-based violence.
• The Psychology of Perpetrators: Investigating the mindset and motivations of those responsible for genocide.
• Genocide Prevention Strategies: Assessing the effectiveness of international interventions and peacekeeping.
• The Role of Media in Genocide: Analyzing media influence and reporting during genocidal events.
• The Aftermath of Genocide: Exploring the long-term effects on survivors and affected communities.

Concluding Thought

Writing essays on genocide provides an opportunity to engage with complex historical and ethical issues, contributing to a deeper understanding of the past and the pursuit of a more just and peaceful future. Dive into this critical topic and let your voice be heard through thoughtful and insightful essay writing.

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80 Rwandan Genocide Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best rwandan genocide topic ideas & essay examples, 📌 interesting topics to write about rwandan genocide, 🔎 good research topics about rwandan genocide.

• ❓ Rwandan Genocide Essay Questions
• Genocide in the “Ghost of Rwanda” Documentary In the colonial process, the Hutus were discriminated by the colonial power, which was Belgium with the help of the Tutsi.
• Rwandan Conflict as a Deep-Rooted and Identity-Based Conflict Many causes are examined as well as circumstances that led to the development of conflict or rather genocide that took place in 1994 which led to loss of hundred of thousands of lives, displacement of […]
• Hotel Rwanda’: The 1994 Rwandan Genocide’s History Besides, the assassination of the 1994 president, who belonged to ethnic Tutsi, was one of the main causes; the Hutus accused the Tutsis of having been responsible for the president’s assassination.
• Rwanda Genocide: “Shake Hands with the Devil” by Dallaire Romeo This paper will examine the issue in highlighting the theme that the main purpose of the book was to let the world know of its callousness and lack of precaution while the horrible and immoral […]
• The Rwandan Conflict and Social Network Approaches The structures and/or rules that the parties involved use to assemble and make interpretations of the conflicts provide a way in which people use the messages to achieve their goals concerning the issue of conflicts.
• Comparison of Genocide in Rwanda and Nazi Germany The proponents of the emancipation movement called the Rwandan Patriotic Front returned to the country in the fall 1990 to live within the population of Tutsi.
• Genocide Factors in Rwanda and Cambodia By the start of the last decade of the 20th Century, animosity between the Hutus and the Tutsis had escalated with the former accusing the latter of propagating socioeconomic and political inequalities within the country.
• Rwanda Genocide: Process and Outcomes It will describe the Tutsi-favored political system and land distribution system that contributed to the occurrence of the Genocide. The Europeans were of the opinion that the Tutsi did not originate from the region.
• Ethnic Conflicts and Misrepresentation of Rwandan Hutus Many people see the core of the conflict in the period of European colonization of Africa and especially the first part of the 20th century, when European nationalism spread all over the world.
• Stories of Rwanda’s Recovery From Genocide Today, the killers and the victims of the genocide live side by side, and the government focuses on finding the effective measures and legacies to overcome the consequences of the genocide and to state the […]
• The Rwandan Genocide: Hutus and Tutsi Ethnic Hatred People have always believed that the ethnic hatred between the Hutus and the Tutsi was the core cause of the genocide.
• The History of the Genocide in the Rwandan The Rwandan civil war led to the signing of the Arusha Accord that compelled the Rwandan government, which Hutu dominated, to form a government of national unity by incorporating marginalized Tutsi and the Hutu who […]
• In-class Reaction Paper: Rwandan Genocide The book offers a detailed description of the events that took place in the 1994 Rwandan genocide as told by the survivors of the massacre.
• Genocide in Rwanda: Insiders and Outsiders The paper will look into the Rwandese pre genocide history, factors that led to the genocide, the execution of the genocide and impacts of the genocide.
• The Main Factors That Influenced the Rwandan Genocide
• Causes and Events of the Rwandan Genocide and African Holocaust
• Hutu Tutsi Hutu Rwandan Genocide
• The Rwandan Genocide Was a One Hundred Day Slaughter
• Rwandan Genocide and the Lack of International Intervention
• Global Rwandan Genocide and Approximate
• Reaction of World on the Rwandan Genocide
• The Nature of Ethnic Civil Wars: Case Study of Rwandan Genocide
• Evidence From the 1994 Rwandan Genocide
• The Nuremberg Trials About Rwandan Genocide
• Lessons Learnt From the Rwandan Genocide
• Comparing Genocide, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Bosnian Genocide
• The Conflict With Rwandan Genocide Survivors
• Historical Representation of the Rwandan Genocide in “Murambi: The Book of Bones”
• Why Canadians Are Blame for the Rwandan Genocide
• Similarities and Differences Between the Rwandan Genocide and the Holocaust
• Propaganda and Conflict: Evidence From the Rwandan Genocide
• The Rwandan Genocide and Ethnic Conflict
• European Intervention in the Rwandan Genocide
• The Rwandan Genocide and Its Effects on Rwanda’s Society
• Crime Against Humanity and Peace – Rwandan Genocide
• The Causes and Consequences of the Rwandan Genocide
• Belgian and French Influence on the Rwandan Genocide
• Surviving the Genocide: The Impact of the Rwandan Genocide on Child Mortality
• Legal and Non-legal Responses to the Rwandan Genocide
• Propaganda for Mass Kill: Like the Rwandan Genocide
• The Political Causes of the Rwandan Genocide
• The Role of Responsibility in the Rwandan Genocide
• Rwandan Genocide Speech From the Perspective of the Victim
• State Capacity and Violence: Evidence From the Rwandan Genocide
• Intervention in the Rwandan Genocide
• Human Rights and Intervention in the Rwandan Genocide
• History of Ethnic Violence and the Rwandan Genocide
• Blaming Western Nations for Rwandan Genocide
• What Was the Cause of the Rwandan Genocide
• The United Nations and International Community Fail to Prevent the Rwandan Genocide
• Main Problems and Consequences of the Rwandan Genocide
• Local Economic Conditions and Participation in the Rwandan Genocide

❓Rwandan Genocide Essay Questions

• What Is the Rwandan Genocide?
• Why Did the US Not Help Rwanda?
• How Did Rwandan Genocide Start?
• Why Did No One Intervene in the Rwandan Genocide?
• How Did the United Nations Respond to the Rwandan Genocide?
• What Music Was Dedicated to the Rwandan Genocide?
• What Are the Causes of Rwandan Genocide?
• How Did Rwandan Recover From the Rwandan Genocide?
• Why Did the United States Not Want to Get Involved in Rwandan Genocide?
• What Brought the Rwandan Genocide to an End?
• How Did the Rwandan Genocide Start?
• How Did the World Help Rwanda During the Rwandan Genocide?
• How Long Did the Genocide in Rwanda Last?
• How Many People Died During the Rwandan Genocide?
• Who Was Convicted by the International Criminal Tribunal After the Rwandan Genocide?
• What Films Are Dedicated to the Rwandan Genocide?
• What Rights Were Violated in the Rwandan Genocide?
• How Many People Fled the Country During the Rwandan Genocide?
• What Was the Effect of the Rwandan Genocide?
• How Did the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe React to the Rwandan Genocide?
• Who Is to Blame for the Rwandan Genocide?
• How Was the Rwandan Genocide Carried Out?
• Why Was Rwandan Genocide So Vicious?
• What Are the Consequences of Rwandan Genocide?
• How Did the Rwandan Genocide Affect the Economy?
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In the Israel-Hamas war, accusations of an Israeli “genocide” against the people of Gaza have created fierce debate and, consequently, warrant a reappraisal of the meaning of the term. Far from the historical and legal definition of the word, accusations of genocide against Israel have transformed the very essence of the word. This is lexical warfare. In the age of social media, it has proven effective.

A Brief History of Genocide

Polish lawyer Raphael Lemkin first coined the term genocide (‘race-killing’) in his 1944 book  Axis Rule in Occupied Europe. Lemkin’s notable one-man campaign provided the conceptual framework for a particular kind of mass killing with no prior unique mechanism of legal redress.

The term genocide was first incorporated on Lemkin’s suggestion into the post-WW2 indictment of the German Major War Criminals.

On December 9 , 1948, the crime of genocide was established by the UN General Assembly’s adoption of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide . In it, genocide is defined as acts causing severe physical and mental harm with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group.  Under the treaty, signatories are compelled to prevent and punish acts of genocide. Notably, the establishment of intent is central to prosecuting the crime of genocide.

Intent in Nazi Germany

In the context in which the term was first established, intent was easy to prove. In 1935, the German Nazi Party passed the Nuremberg Race Laws . In the aggregate, these laws provided legal cover and policy justification for discrimination against Jews. Over the course of the next several years, a series of additional policies were enacted, ultimately leading to the concept of Judenrein — the cleansing of the Jewish people. The Nuremberg Laws and ensuing policy clearly established the intent of the Nazis to destroy the Jewish people.

The Nuremberg Laws emerged in the aftermath of the war amid international efforts to make sense of the state-sanctioned killings of six million Jewish people. As a prominent example, the Hart-Fuller debate of 1958 centered on the fundamental nature of law and its relationship to morality. Using Nazi Germany as a prime example, H.L.A. Hart argued from a legal positivist perspective that law and morality are separate. In contrast, Lon Fuller — representing a natural law perspective — contended that law inherently contains moral elements. This debate is relevant here because it grappled with the legal and moral implications of the Nazi regime’s actions, including the Nuremberg Laws. It raised critical questions about whether unjust laws can still be considered valid and how legal systems should respond to state-sanctioned atrocities like those committed under Nazi rule.

The schism between legal positivism and natural law is nowhere more apparent than how morally abhorrent legal systems are treated. Nazi law is considered an example of legal positivism. But even the positivist Hart ultimately conceded that some laws are too evil to be obeyed. The international crime of genocide is an example of natural law.

Understood this way, genocide conveys a kind of crime placed at the apex of criminality. It was meant to be the sort of crime barely imaginable that, once observed, would shock the consciousness of humanity. It was meant to describe the worst man-made action possible. It provided a ceiling of human depravity, and as a bounded concept, the law would create the kind of punishment that would fit the crime.

Diluting Genocide

Over time, the meaning of genocide has been diluted by overuse, as poignantly illustrated by Russian President Vladimir Putin’s invocation of “genocide” as justification to invade Ukraine.

Since the Hamas attacks of October 7, genocide has come to be treated as a derogatory epithet against Israel as it tries to navigate the near-impossible battle space of Gaza.

In this context, it is important to remember the central role of intent in the crime of genocide. And genocidal intent is famously difficult to prove. We are witnessing this phenomenon unfold in real-time before the International Criminal Justice (ICJ), where South Africa has brought a genocide case against Israel on behalf of the people of Gaza. In January, the ICJ ordered Israel to take preventative measures to prevent genocide in Gaza. In a dissenting opinion , ICJ Vice President Judge Julia Sebutinde pointed to what she saw as the failure to establish intent to a degree sufficient to invoke the Genocide Convention. She wrote:

South Africa has not demonstrated, even on a prima facie basis, that the acts allegedly committed by Israel, and of which the Applicant complains, were committed with the necessary genocidal intent and that, as a result, they are capable of falling within the scope of the Genocide Convention.

Sebutinde’s message was clear: the problem is not with the meaning of genocide; the problem is with the false assumption that evidence of combat killing is sufficient to prove the requisite intent.

The more a term is used, the more meaningless it becomes, and as a result, the term genocide risks simply being worn out and needs to be replaced.

Israel, Hamas, and the Laws of War

The principles of a just war are commonly held to be a just cause, right intent, net benefit, being declared by a proper authority, being a last resort, being proportional to the means used, and proper conduct.

Proportionality does not mean an equal death count; it means the use of minimally sufficient force to win. The asymmetric death count between Israel and Hamas has, for some, been the basis of a claim that Israel is fighting disproportionately. Israel counters that the complex battle space and the mixing of Hamas members within the civilian population makes target discrimination particularly difficult.

If Israel chose to adopt a policy of genocidal killing, it would look much different than what has transpired. The war between Hamas and Israel is bloody and protracted; it is not genocide. Israel is at war with Hamas; not with the Palestinian people.

Rethinking Genocide

As a modern replacement for genocide, consider the new term that will translate to “extinction killing” — exaleipsicide –— from Greek and Latin.  Extinction is the elimination of a distinct group of people for all time. The international crime of  exaleipsicide will be the intentional elimination of an entire group for all time vis-à-vis the act of murder. To be guilty of extinction killing ,  a person or persons must seek to extinguish a whole group in person, artifact, and ultimately memory as if the group never existed.

Exaleipsicide would thus replace genocide as the apex of criminal depravity and would regain the strength the concept of genocide appears to have lost. Like genocide, exaleipsicide would require proof of intent, and in both cases, such proof may be exceedingly difficult to establish.

What distinguished Nazi atrocities was the enormous and easy-to-follow paper trail of intent. In the period since the establishment of the crime of genocide, the centrality of intent and the standard of proof have seemingly been eroded. Mass killings are terrible, but genocide was meant to describe something much more fundamentally evil. It was the last word in evil action. Suppose we are satisfied that genocide can also describe killing with questionable intent or actions, not at the apex of evil. In that case, we need something even stronger than the crime of genocide. Exaleipsicide will need its own UN convention and a new international tribunal to establish how this will be proven and punished.

Since October 7, groups like Hamas have sought the extinction of Israel and the diaspora Jewish community. This may be an example of exaleipsicide and the legal remedy for a person or person convicted is the permanent inability to commit such a crime.

Israel is not seeking the genocide of Palestinians. After the murder of the six hostages, including American Israeli Hersh Goldberg-Polin, Hamas appears to have changed its tactic. Hamas aims to break the resolve of Israel by killing hostages but pretending they won’t. If the main Hamas objective is to kill the hostages, negotiations will backfire as Hamas will perceive this as a weakness on the part of Israel.

Though decimated, Hamas appears to believe it can win. In the West, Hamas supporters chant, “there’s only one solution: intifada revolution.” From Hamas’s current perspective, anything short of total victory is a total failure.

From the current Israeli perspective, such an implacable enemy can only be dispatched by its destruction, but this result bears no resemblance to genocide.

In the biblical story of the binding of Isaac, an angel sent by God stays the hand of Abraham before he can kill Isaac. In Islamic tradition, Abraham is a prophet; many Muslims believe that in this story, it was Ishmael rather than Isaac. Whether Ishmael or Isaac, the message of this story is clear – God does not want any more human sacrifices.

Joel Zivot is a practicing physician in anesthesiology and intensive care medicine and a senior fellow in ethics at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. Zivot, who also holds a legal master’s degree, is a recognized expert who advocates against the use of lethal injection in the death penalty and is against the use of the tools of medicine as an arm of state power. Follow him on “X”/Twitter @joel_zivot

Anti-apartheid activist Stephen Biko died in police custody

On September 12, 1977, South African anti-apartheid activist Stephen Biko died in police custody after having suffered a massive head injury during interrogation following his arrest. The story of journalist Donald Woods' investigation into the circumstances of Biko's death was the basis of the 1987 film Cry Freedom . Read an address on Stephen Biko delivered by then-South African President Nelson Mandela on the 20th anniversary of Biko's death in 1997.

Supreme Court unanimously rejects state challenge Brown v. Board of Education

On September 12, 1958, the Supreme Court unanimously rejected a state government challenge to Brown vs. The Board of Education of Topeka Kansas, which had overturned segregation. In Cooper vs. Aaron , the State Government of Arkansas challenged the authority of the Court to implement desegregation. The Court responded by forcefully re-asserting its authority and the authority of the federal government over the states.

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The CGP, 1994-2019

The Cambodian genocide of 1975-1979, in which approximately 1.7 million people lost their lives (21% of the country’s population), was one of the worst human tragedies of the last century. As in the Ottoman Empire during the Armenian genocide, in Nazi Germany, and more recently in East Timor, Guatemala, Yugoslavia, and Rwanda, the Khmer Rouge regime headed by Pol Pot combined extremist ideology with ethnic animosity and a diabolical disregard for human life to produce repression, misery, and murder on a massive scale. On July 18, 2007,  Cambodian and international co-prosecutors  at the newly established mixed UN/Cambodian tribunal in Phnom Penh found evidence of “crimes against humanity, genocide, grave breaches of the Geneva Convention, homicide, torture and religious persecution.”  On November 16, 2018, the Cambodian and international judges of the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) ruled that the former Khmer Rouge regime headed by Pol Pot had perpetrated genocide in Cambodia while it held power during 1975-1979. The court convicted Pol Pot’s former deputy, Nuon Chea, and the Khmer Rouge regime’s head of state, Khieu Samphan, of genocide of the ethnic Vietnamese minority of Cambodia, and also convicted Nuon Chea of genocide of the country’s Cham Muslim minority. Both men were also convicted of extermination and various other crimes against humanity, and were sentenced to life imprisonment.  These convictions mean that most of the surviving top leaders of the Democratic Kampuchea (Khmer Rouge) regime have now been jailed, prosecuted, or convicted of crimes they committed when in power in 1975-79. Two died in prison awaiting prosecution or during their trial, but three survived to face judgement and are now serving life sentences.

Since 1994, the  award-winning  Cambodian Genocide Program, a project of the Genocide Studies Program at Yale University’s  MacMillan Center for International and Area Studies , has been studying these events to learn as much as possible about the tragedy, and to help determine who was responsible for the crimes of the Pol Pot regime. In Phnom Penh in 1996, for instance, we obtained access to the 100,000-page archive of that defunct regime’s security police, the Santebal. This material has been microfilmed by Yale University’s Sterling Library and made available to scholars worldwide. As of January 2008, we have also compiled and published 22,000 biographic and bibliographic records, and over 6,000 photographs, along with documents, translations, maps, and an extensive list of CGP books and research papers on the genocide, as well as the CGP’s newly-enhanced, interactive  Cambodian Geographic Database, CGEO , which includes data on: Cambodia’s 13,000 villages; the 115,000 sites targeted in 231,00 U.S. bombing sorties flown over Cambodia in 1965-75, dropping half a million or more tons of munitions; 158 prisons run by Pol Pot’s Khmer Rouge regime during 1975-1979, and 309 mass-grave sites with an estimated total of 19,000 grave pits; and 76 sites of post-1979 memorials to victims of the Khmer Rouge.

To examine these, and other information we have discovered, click on one of the links on the sidebar.

For a more detailed introduction to the CGP,  click here .

Yale assistance to Documentation Center of Cambodia, 1995-2005 ( DC-Cam) .

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What can I do?

Genocide is overwhelming to think about. For most, it is easy to think, “What can I do about genocide? I’m just one person.” However, there is something you can do. The answer is in how you interact with the people in your own community. People are able to justify perpetrating genocide because they categorize people different than themselves as “others” or less human. By getting to know your neighbors and treating them with respect, we believe it becomes harder to consider people different than you as less human. By expanding our understanding of our neighbors, it becomes harder for the idea of genocide as a solution to take hold. You can join us in the first step of this work by rejecting language and actions that seek to classify people as less than human and instead adopting inclusive attitudes to build relationships with people different than ourselves. Please help fund our work.

“Do your little bit of good where you are; it’s those little bits of good put together that overwhelm the world.”  –Desmond Tutu

105 Genocide Essay Topics We Have to Remember

When you read articles or books about genocides, you have only one question in your mind: “Why do people do that?” It’s hard to believe that human beings can do something that horrible to others. Unfortunately, perpetrators of genocides use their imagination and intellect for the wrong reasons and forget about compassion, humanism, and love.

The number of victims of genocide runs in the tens of millions. The majority of these people died not of hunger or diseases. They met their end facing the cruelest creatures on our planet — human beings. Our list of genocide essay topics does not cover all of the recognized genocides, but the ones with the highest death tolls. We haven’t included topics about the Holocaust , as there is a separate list about it.

Armenian Genocide essay topics

• Was the Armenian Genocide real?
• The causes and justifications of the Armenian Genocide.
• Why does the Turkish government deny the Armenian Genocide?
• Compare and contrast the Armenian Genocide and the genocide against Jews during World War II.
• The consequences of the Armenian Genocide for modern Turkey.
• Compare and contrast the Darfur genocide and the Armenian Genocide.
• Why do countries such as Great Britain, the USA, and Israel refuse to use the term “genocide” regarding the Armenian Holocaust?
• Is the number of the Armenian population in a particular country a decisive factor when it comes to the recognition of genocide?
• What are the consequences of the Armenian Genocide for Armenian culture?
• What major historical events preceded the Armenian Genocide, and how did they influence this tragedy?

Rwandan genocide essay topics

• How could the Rwandan genocide have been prevented?
• What would you do if you were present during the Rwandan genocide?
• What role did the Vatican and the Church play in the Rwandan genocide?
• What was the reaction of the international community to the Rwandan genocide? Was it enough?
• How does the Rwandan community cope with the consequences of the genocide today?
• The political and economic consequences of the Rwandan genocide.
• Rape as a method of genocide in Rwanda.
• Analyze the Rwandan genocide based on the article about the ten stages of genocide by Dr. Gregory H. Stanton.
• Why was the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda a failure?
• Was the genocide of Tutsis in Rwanda a response to the mass killings of Hutus in 1972?
• Why did the same region in Africa (Uganda, Burundi, and Rwanda) face two genocides in less than thirty years?
• How does the memory of the Rwandan genocide generate contemporary controversies and commemorations?
• How does the Holocaust relate to the Rwandan genocide?
• Was the Rwandan genocide a result of the colonial legacy?
• What were the main reasons for the Rwandan genocide?
• Explain the difference between two ethnic groups: Hutu and Tutsi. Was this difference the main cause of the genocide?
• What were the Arusha Accords about? Why weren’t they effective?
• Compare and contrast the genocides in Rwanda and Bosnia: reasons, implementation, consequences.
• How do you understand the expression “violence breeds violence”? Explain your point of view using the example of the Tutsi and Hutu genocides.
• The consequences of the Rwandan genocide for the African continent.

Genocide essay topics: genocides in the history of the Americas

• Should the USA interfere if the genocide takes place in another country?
• Can we use the term “genocide” when regarding the interactions of Native Americans and Europeans?
• Is Christopher Columbus a national hero or the pioneer of genocide?
• How did the Geneva Conventions of the 1960s affect the life of Native Nations of North America?
• The genocide of Native Americans in the Indian residential schools in Canada.
• What were the main causes of the Guatemalan genocide?
• What signs of the genocide did slavery in the United States have?
• How did the genocide in Haiti (1804) affect the US Civil War?
• Did European invaders commit genocide in the Americas?
• Analyze the main stages of the Guatemalan genocide.

Genocide argumentative essay topics on genocides in the history of Europe

• How would Marx and Engels explain the causes of the Holodomor?
• Why can the Holodomor be considered genocide?
• Why can the Srebrenica massacre be considered genocide?
• Was the Bosnian genocide inevitable during the Bosnian War in 1992-1995?
• What was the reaction of the United Nations to the Bosnian genocide?
• Why did the Bosnian genocide happen?
• Were Jews the only victims of the Nazi genocide?
• What international laws did the Kosovo genocide violate?
• Why is the genocidal nature of the Great Hunger in Ireland and the Holodomor in Ukraine questioned?
• Compare and contrast the Kazakh famine (1930-1933) and the Holodomor (1932-1933). Although these tragedies were a result of the same regime, their causes and consequences were not similar.

Genocide essay topics: genocides in Asian history

• Official and non-official reasons for the deportation of the Chechens and Ingush.
• Analyze the Nanking Massacre as a genocidal campaign of Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War.
• Why did the international community fail to prevent the Tamil genocide by the Sri Lankan government?
• Compose a reflection essay on the movie “First They Killed My Father” (2017).
• Why did it take so long to recognize the Anfal campaign as Kurdish genocide?
• Explain the term “cultural genocide.” Use the example of Japanese policy in Korea in 1910-1945.
• Compare and contrast the policies of genocide implemented by the governments under the rule of Adolf Hitler and Pol Pot.
• How did the Khmer Rouge regime use children?
• The signs of genocide in the Syrian Civil War.
• The consequences of the Syrian Civil War for European countries.

Genocide argumentative essay topics: genocides in Africa, Australia, and Haiti

• The Darfur genocide: the first genocide of the 21st century.
• The main causes of the Darfur genocide.
• The consequences of the genocide in Darfur.
• How does the genocide in Congo differ from other known genocides?
• Can the Ethiopian Red Terror be considered genocide?
• What consequences have genocides in Africa had for African cultures?
• Can systematic Indigenous child removal in Australia during the Stolen Generations be classified as a genocidal act?
• Did Australian Aboriginal genocide take place?
• Why can the 1804 Haiti massacre be considered a unique historical event?
• Could the 1804 Haiti massacre be justified?

General genocide essay topics

• Why should the genocides be studied in history classes?
• What is the difference between genocide and war?
• What psychological effect does genocide have on adolescents?
• Sexual violence as a weapon of war and genocide.
• Max Weber’s classification of genocides.
• Compare and contrast the theories regarding genocide created by Weber and Ehrenreich.
• Compare and contrast two genocides on the basis of religion.
• What are the main reasons for the race riots over the course of human history?
• What conditions make non-violent citizens support genocides?
• Why are genocides worse than wars?
• Why do governments start genocides, and why do the populations support them?
• Why doesn’t the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide work?
• What is an effective way to prevent genocides?
• Who is responsible for genocides: those who give the orders or those who carry them out?
• Compare and contrast the terms “genocide” and “ethnocide.”
• How was colonialism a reason for genocides over the course of human history?
• Explain the term “ethnic cleansing.” Is it always a presage of genocide?
• Are international laws on genocide effective?
• Is the use of military force justified regarding prevention or stopping genocide?
• How do forensic anthropologists help to reconstruct the course of genocides?
• Fundamental attribution error as one of the main reasons for racial and religious genocides.
• What human rights are massively violated during genocides?
• The economic effects of genocides on a state in the long run.
• The origin and interpretations of the term “genocide.”
• Are there similarities in the political leaders who begin genocides?
• Are there any strategies of surviving the genocide, or is it pure luck? Use the memoirs of survivors as a source.
• Why do world leaders allow legitimate genocides to happen?
• Social stratification as one of the main reasons for genocides over history.
• Would you support the creation of a world peacekeeping force aimed at deploying and stopping genocides?
• Do world leaders have the interest to stop genocides in other countries?
• What are the main traits of a genocide?
•  Why is the theorizing of genocides complex?
• What are the benefits and dangers of universal jurisdiction regarding genocides?
• Why do the majority of genocides include torture, sexual violence, and public punishment, along with the physical destruction of the victims?
• Is genocide possible in a well-developed country?

The list of genocide essay topics has come to its end. The 105 topics presented here are clearly not enough to cover this dark part of human history. Therefore, we also suggest you to check our list of useful sources. It will help you to compose a well-researched genocide essay.

45 helpful sources on genocide essay topics

• Daniel Goldhagen, “Hitler’s Willing Executioners, Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust”
• David E. Stannard, “The American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World”
• Stephen J. Gould, “The Mismeasure of Man”
• Doris Bergen, “War and Genocide: A Concise History of the Holocaust”
• Deborah Dwork, “Holocaust: A History”
• Saul Friedlander, “Nazi Germany and the Jews 1939-1945: The Years of Extermination”
• Timothy Snyder, “Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin”
• Anne Applebaum, “Gulag”
• Jan Gross, “Neighbors”
• Paul Preston, “The Spanish Holocaust”
• Adam Hochschild, “King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror and Heroism in Colonial Africa”
• Ben Kiernan, “The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia Under the Khmer Rouge, 1975-1979”
• Scott Straus, “The Order of Genocide: Race, Power and War in Rwanda”
• Edward Kissi, “Revolution and Genocide in Ethiopia and Cambodia”
• Norman Naimark, “Stalin’s Genocides”
• Adam Jones, “Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction”
• Ben Kiernan, “Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination From Sparta to Darfur”
• Manus I. Midlarsky, “The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century”
• Philip Spencer, “Genocide Since 1945”
• Greg Grandin, “The Last Colonial Massacre”
• Eric Weitz, “A Century of Genocide: Utopias of Race and Nation”
• Andreas Wimmer, “Nationalist Exclusion and Ethnic Conflict: Shadows of Modernity”
• Michael Mann, “The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Conflict”
• Jared Cohen, “One Hundred Days of Silence: America and Rwanda Genocide”
• Cameron Hazel, “Britain’s Hidden Role in the Rwandan Genocide: The Cat’s Paw”
• Gerard Prunier, “The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide”
• Linda Melvem, “Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwanda Genocide”
• Christian Scherrer, “Genocide and Crisis in Central Africa: Conflict Roots, Mass Violence and Regional War”
• Allan Thompson, “The Media and the Rwanda Genocide”
• Andrew Wallis, “Silent Accomplice: The Untold Story of France’s Role in the Rwandan Genocide”
• Jon Bridgman, “The Revolt of the Hereros”
• John Labadan, “Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Africa”
• Brendan C. Lindsay, “Murder State: California’s Native American Genocide 1846-1873”
• Helmuth Stoecker, “German Imperialism in Africa: From the Beginnings Until the Second World War”
• Jeremy Sarkin-Hughes, “Germany’s Genocide of the Herero”
• Taner Akçam, “From Empire to Republic: Turkish Nationalism and the Armenian Genocide”
• Taner Akçam, “The Young Turks’ Crime Against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire”
• Stephan Astourian, “The Armenian Genocide: An Interpretation”
• Peter Balakian, “The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America’s Response”
• Vahakn Dadrian, “The History of the Armenian Genocide”
• David Bloomfield, “Reconciliation After Violent Conflict: A Handbook”
• Robert Conquest, “The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine”
• Alan Rosenbaum, “Armenian Genocide Denial: The Case Against Turkey”
• Yehuda Bauer, “The Place of the Holocaust in Contemporary History”
• Raymond Kevorkian, “The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History”

Genocide topic paper writing assistance

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110 Genocide Essay Topics

🏆 best essay topics on genocide, ✍️ genocide essay topics for college, 🎓 most interesting genocide research titles, 💡 simple genocide essay ideas, ❓ research questions about genocide.

• Satire of Exclusion and Genocide
• Herero Holocaust Among European Colonial Genocides
• The Genocide in Rwanda 1994
• The Documentary “A Brilliant Genocide”
• Rwandan Genocide Analysis with Foote’s Typologies
• Indian Boarding Schools and Native Americans Genocide
• The Rwandan Genocide and Its Roots
• The Colonization of America as a Native American Genocide This paper argues that the colonization of America can be classified as the genocide of Native Americans as it features the goal of destroying the group.
• Rwandan Genocide: Causes and Outcomes In 1994, the Rwandan genocide occurred during the Civil War and was against the Tutsi ethnicity and led to almost a million victims.
• Social and Psychological Studies of Genocides Social and psychological studies of genocides help explain these processes and understand why people commit immoral acts and are willing to support evil.
• The “Just War” Theory, Genocide and Mass Murder The theory of just war was revived in the late 60s of the twentieth century in the United States due to the desire to find objective moral criteria for assessing the armed force.
• The El Salvador Uprising of 1932 and the Haitian Genocide of 1937 The source offered for analysis speaks of two terrible events, the El Salvador Uprising of 1932 and the Haitian Genocide of 1937.
• Reflections on the Video About Genocide in Darfur The video about Genocide in Darfur, being the medium through which a harsh experience is shown greatly benefits the people who have not been to the scene.
• Individuals Targeted During Genocide in Rwanda The Rwandan genocide remains one of the unspeakable happenings that led to the slaughter of many innocent citizens.
• The Consequences of Darfur Genocide This paper will discuss the origin of the Darfur genocide, its effects on the region, and the attempts to resolve it.
• Human Rights and the Rwandan Genocide In the first half of 1994, Rwanda lost approximately 800,000 citizens due to tribal clashes that led to what is referred to now as the Rwandan Genocide.
• Genocide in the Twentieth Century: Rwandan Case The Rwandan genocide was the result of a conscious encouragement of fear and hatred by the elite, who sought to stay in power.
• The Darfur Genocide: The Causes and the Aspects The Darfur genocide in Western Sudan is considered the first genocide of the 21st century. The goal of this paper is to outline all the issues that shaped the Darfur genocide.
• Terrorism and Genocide: Impact on Populations Victims of terror actions usually recover within a short time, given that terrorist actions are considered moderate stress reactions.
• Rwandan Genocide in “Sometimes in April” The events in Rwanda were captured in the 2005 movie “Sometimes in April”. The movie follows the life of Augustin, a Hutu soldier, married to a Tutsi woman.
• Terrorism and Genocide: Traumatic Impacts The defense centers of excellence for psychological health and traumatic brain injury were launched to help those veterans who feel their lives are at risk psychologically.
• The Armenian Genocide and the Holocaust Comparing the Holocaust and the Armenian Genocide the latter is much simpler in terms of cause, method, and outcome. The Holocaust is the direct result of anti-Semitism.
• Genocidal Activities in American Movies The analysis of the movies Schindler’s List and Sometimes in April that strive to reflect the times of global genocide suffered by nations.
• The Rwanda Genocide and the Colonial Politics The Rwanda genocide was because of negative ethnicity which was brought out by the politicians. Were politicians more careful in what they say and do, such events can be avoided.
• Holocaust and Genocide Analysis The ideology provided by Nazi underlined the descent of the German people from the Aryan race and rejected all other nations.
• “Justifying Genocider” Article by Ter-Matevosyan German society has always been considered a perfect representation of what the impact of racism and intolerance can be in modern society.
• “The Persistence of Genocide” by David Rieff Genocide is an act that affects the lives of people that are meant to endure it. International human rights organizations categorize genocide into two forms.
• Genocide and Mass Killing in “Becoming Evil” by Waller In a rational tone, this editorial seeks to explain Waller’s model for genocide and illustrates how humans get to participate in evil acts.
• Rwandan Genocide: Hutu Hardliners’ Massacre of Tutsis in 1994 The historic Rwandan Genocide, organized by Hutu hardliners, resulted in the merciless murder of approximately one million individuals after a three months rampage in 1994.
• Darfur Genocide Debate: Prunier’s Critique on Western Intervention The article gives a critical view of the war that has been taking place in Darfur. This war has continued for a long time, and it would be right to consider it genocide.
• Genocide and the Communist Revolution in Cuba
• African Genocide and Its Effect on Children
• Child Survival and the Fertility of Refugees in Rwanda After the Genocide
• American Indian Genocide Museum: The Confederate Flag
• Legal and Non-Legal Responses to the Rwandan Genocide
• Differences Between the Armenian Genocide and the Jewish Holocaust
• Conflict, Institutions, and Economic Behavior: Legacies of the Cambodian Genocide
• Religion and the Bosnian Genocide
: Did Religion Play a Significant Role in the Bosnian Genocide?
• Human Rights and Intervention in the Rwandan Genocide
• License for Genocide: International Law Violations and the Bleiburg Massacre at the Close of World War II
• American Manifest Destiny and the Genocide of the American Indian
• Examining the Genocide and the State of Violence in the Modern European Era
• American Passivity: Rwanda Genocide
• Choosing Genocide: Economic Perspectives on the Disturbing Rationality of Race Murder
• Genocide, Dehumanization, and Survival Methods During World War 2
• Armenian Genocide: The First Genocide of the 20th Century
• Post-Traumatic Stress Among the Victims of the Cambodian Genocide and Khmer Rouge Reign
• Discrimination and Genocide Within Societies
• Cambodian Genocide and Its Effect on Cambodia
• Slobodan Milosevic and Genocide in the Former Yugoslavia
• Apache Wars: The Genocide of the Chiricahua Indian Tribe
• Cultural Genocide and Its Impact on American History
• Smile Through the Evils of Genocide!
• Genocide: Nazi Germany and the United States
• Armenian Genocide Accusations Against the Ottomans
• Genocide: The Worst Humanitarian Disaster
• Post World War II: Sexual Violence and Genocide
• Armed Conflict and Schooling: Evidence From the 1994 Rwandan Genocide
• Canada’s “Genocide”: Thousands Taken From Their Homes
• How the Holocaust Compares to One Other Form of Modern Genocide (Kurdish Genocide)
• Economics and Genocide: Choices and Consequences
• Localized Ethnic Conflict and Genocide: Accounting for Differences in Rwanda and Burundi
• Armenian Genocide and Holocaust Comparison
• Serbia and Kosovo: From Myth to Genocide
• Genocide, Racial Science and Human Experimentation
• Factors That Influence the Primary Motivation of Genocide
• Difficulties With Proving the Crime of Genocide on Example of the Case Vasiliauskas. v. Lithuania
• Genocide and Mass Killings in Africa
• Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide in Bosnia
• Crime Against Humanity and Peace – Rwandan Genocide and Others
• Modern Genocide: The Killing Fields of Cambodia
• Genocide Discourses: American and Russian Strategic Narratives of Conflict in Iraq and Ukraine
• Exposing Humanity’s Darkest Sin: Jewish Genocide
• Modern Eastern Europe: The Politics of Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide
• Belgian and French Influence on the Rwandan Genocide
• Slavery and Genocide Against Native Americans
• Genocide During the Bosnian War
• The Armenian Genocide and the Decline of the Ottoman Empire
• Civil War and Genocide in Guatemala
• Genocide: The Holocaust and Holodomor
• How Could the Guatemalan Genocide Have Been Prevented?
• Who Attempted Genocide in World War II?
• Why Didn’t the US Intervene in the Rwandan Genocide?
• What Is the Connection Between Genocide and Social Revolution?
• What Ideas and Beliefs Led to the Armenian Genocide?
• How Many Hutus Died in the Rwandan Genocide?
• What Groups Were Involved in the Cambodian Genocide?
• Does Iran Recognize the Armenian Genocide?
• Why Did Some Us Senators Oppose Signing the Genocide Convention?
• How Pervasive Is Genocide in Human History?
• Which Groups Protected Under the Genocide Convention?
• How Many Countries Have Ratified the Genocide Convention?
• What Role Did the Media Play in the Rwandan Genocide?
• What Does Genocide Mean According to the United Nations?
• What Are Countries That Have Signed the Genocide Convention Obligated to Do?
• How Did the Rwandan Genocide Affect the Country?
• Did Anyone Try to Stop the Cambodian Genocide?
• Was There Media Coverage of the Darfur Genocide?
• What Effect Did the Guatemalan Genocide Have On Today’s Society?
• How Did Other Countries React to the Rwandan Genocide?
• What Is Indigenous Cultural Genocide?
• Why Did the Clinton Administration Deny the Rwandan Genocide?
• What Were the Traumas Caused by the Genocide?
• How Can Some World Powers Support Governments That Commit Genocide?
• Have Been Punished Governments That Commit Genocide?
• What Is the Connection Between Imperialism and Genocide?
• Why Did Pol Pot Commit Genocide?
• What Was the Role of Mass Deportations in the Genocide?
• Why Is Humiliation Such a Central Factor in Genocide?
• How Can Forensic Anthropologists Help Establish the Truth After Genocide?

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These essay examples and topics on Genocide were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on June 22, 2024 .

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