example extended essay economics

IB Economics EE examples

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International Baccalaureate (IB)

IB students around the globe fear writing the Extended Essay, but it doesn't have to be a source of stress! In this article, I'll get you excited about writing your Extended Essay and provide you with the resources you need to get an A on it.

If you're reading this article, I'm going to assume you're an IB student getting ready to write your Extended Essay. If you're looking at this as a potential future IB student, I recommend reading our introductory IB articles first, including our guide to what the IB program is and our full coverage of the IB curriculum .

IB Extended Essay: Why Should You Trust My Advice?

I myself am a recipient of an IB Diploma, and I happened to receive an A on my IB Extended Essay. Don't believe me? The proof is in the IBO pudding:

If you're confused by what this report means, EE is short for Extended Essay , and English A1 is the subject that my Extended Essay topic coordinated with. In layman's terms, my IB Diploma was graded in May 2010, I wrote my Extended Essay in the English A1 category, and I received an A grade on it.

What Is the Extended Essay in the IB Diploma Programme?

The IB Extended Essay, or EE , is a mini-thesis you write under the supervision of an IB advisor (an IB teacher at your school), which counts toward your IB Diploma (learn more about the major IB Diploma requirements in our guide) . I will explain exactly how the EE affects your Diploma later in this article.

For the Extended Essay, you will choose a research question as a topic, conduct the research independently, then write an essay on your findings . The essay itself is a long one—although there's a cap of 4,000 words, most successful essays get very close to this limit.

Keep in mind that the IB requires this essay to be a "formal piece of academic writing," meaning you'll have to do outside research and cite additional sources.

The IB Extended Essay must include the following:

• A title page
• Contents page
• Introduction
• Body of the essay
• References and bibliography

Additionally, your research topic must fall into one of the six approved DP categories , or IB subject groups, which are as follows:

• Group 1: Studies in Language and Literature
• Group 2: Language Acquisition
• Group 3: Individuals and Societies
• Group 4: Sciences
• Group 5: Mathematics
• Group 6: The Arts

Once you figure out your category and have identified a potential research topic, it's time to pick your advisor, who is normally an IB teacher at your school (though you can also find one online ). This person will help direct your research, and they'll conduct the reflection sessions you'll have to do as part of your Extended Essay.

As of 2018, the IB requires a "reflection process" as part of your EE supervision process. To fulfill this requirement, you have to meet at least three times with your supervisor in what the IB calls "reflection sessions." These meetings are not only mandatory but are also part of the formal assessment of the EE and your research methods.

According to the IB, the purpose of these meetings is to "provide an opportunity for students to reflect on their engagement with the research process." Basically, these meetings give your supervisor the opportunity to offer feedback, push you to think differently, and encourage you to evaluate your research process.

The final reflection session is called the viva voce, and it's a short 10- to 15-minute interview between you and your advisor. This happens at the very end of the EE process, and it's designed to help your advisor write their report, which factors into your EE grade.

Here are the topics covered in your viva voce :

• A check on plagiarism and malpractice
• Your reflection on your project's successes and difficulties
• Your reflection on what you've learned during the EE process

Your completed Extended Essay, along with your supervisor's report, will then be sent to the IB to be graded. We'll cover the assessment criteria in just a moment.

We'll help you learn how to have those "lightbulb" moments...even on test day!  

What Should You Write About in Your IB Extended Essay?

You can technically write about anything, so long as it falls within one of the approved categories listed above.

It's best to choose a topic that matches one of the IB courses , (such as Theatre, Film, Spanish, French, Math, Biology, etc.), which shouldn't be difficult because there are so many class subjects.

Here is a range of sample topics with the attached extended essay:

• Biology: The Effect of Age and Gender on the Photoreceptor Cells in the Human Retina
• Chemistry: How Does Reflux Time Affect the Yield and Purity of Ethyl Aminobenzoate (Benzocaine), and How Effective is Recrystallisation as a Purification Technique for This Compound?
• English: An Exploration of Jane Austen's Use of the Outdoors in Emma
• Geography: The Effect of Location on the Educational Attainment of Indigenous Secondary Students in Queensland, Australia
• Math: Alhazen's Billiard Problem
• Visual Arts: Can Luc Tuymans Be Classified as a Political Painter?

You can see from how varied the topics are that you have a lot of freedom when it comes to picking a topic . So how do you pick when the options are limitless?

How to Write a Stellar IB Extended Essay: 6 Essential Tips

Below are six key tips to keep in mind as you work on your Extended Essay for the IB DP. Follow these and you're sure to get an A!

#1: Write About Something You Enjoy

You can't expect to write a compelling essay if you're not a fan of the topic on which you're writing. For example, I just love British theatre and ended up writing my Extended Essay on a revolution in post-WWII British theatre. (Yes, I'm definitely a #TheatreNerd.)

I really encourage anyone who pursues an IB Diploma to take the Extended Essay seriously. I was fortunate enough to receive a full-tuition merit scholarship to USC's School of Dramatic Arts program. In my interview for the scholarship, I spoke passionately about my Extended Essay; thus, I genuinely think my Extended Essay helped me get my scholarship.

But how do you find a topic you're passionate about? Start by thinking about which classes you enjoy the most and why . Do you like math classes because you like to solve problems? Or do you enjoy English because you like to analyze literary texts?

Keep in mind that there's no right or wrong answer when it comes to choosing your Extended Essay topic. You're not more likely to get high marks because you're writing about science, just like you're not doomed to failure because you've chosen to tackle the social sciences. The quality of what you produce—not the field you choose to research within—will determine your grade.

Once you've figured out your category, you should brainstorm more specific topics by putting pen to paper . What was your favorite chapter you learned in that class? Was it astrophysics or mechanics? What did you like about that specific chapter? Is there something you want to learn more about? I recommend spending a few hours on this type of brainstorming.

One last note: if you're truly stumped on what to research, pick a topic that will help you in your future major or career . That way you can use your Extended Essay as a talking point in your college essays (and it will prepare you for your studies to come too!).

#2: Select a Topic That Is Neither Too Broad nor Too Narrow

There's a fine line between broad and narrow. You need to write about something specific, but not so specific that you can't write 4,000 words on it.

You can't write about WWII because that would be a book's worth of material. You also don't want to write about what type of soup prisoners of war received behind enemy lines, because you probably won’t be able to come up with 4,000 words of material about it. However, you could possibly write about how the conditions in German POW camps—and the rations provided—were directly affected by the Nazis' successes and failures on the front, including the use of captured factories and prison labor in Eastern Europe to increase production. WWII military history might be a little overdone, but you get my point.

If you're really stuck trying to pinpoint a not-too-broad-or-too-narrow topic, I suggest trying to brainstorm a topic that uses a comparison. Once you begin looking through the list of sample essays below, you'll notice that many use comparisons to formulate their main arguments.

I also used a comparison in my EE, contrasting Harold Pinter's Party Time with John Osborne's Look Back in Anger in order to show a transition in British theatre. Topics with comparisons of two to three plays, books, and so on tend to be the sweet spot. You can analyze each item and then compare them with one another after doing some in-depth analysis of each individually. The ways these items compare and contrast will end up forming the thesis of your essay!

When choosing a comparative topic, the key is that the comparison should be significant. I compared two plays to illustrate the transition in British theatre, but you could compare the ways different regional dialects affect people's job prospects or how different temperatures may or may not affect the mating patterns of lightning bugs. The point here is that comparisons not only help you limit your topic, but they also help you build your argument.

Comparisons are not the only way to get a grade-A EE, though. If after brainstorming, you pick a non-comparison-based topic and are still unsure whether your topic is too broad or narrow, spend about 30 minutes doing some basic research and see how much material is out there.

If there are more than 1,000 books, articles, or documentaries out there on that exact topic, it may be too broad. But if there are only two books that have any connection to your topic, it may be too narrow. If you're still unsure, ask your advisor—it's what they're there for! Speaking of advisors...

Don't get stuck with a narrow topic!

#3: Choose an Advisor Who Is Familiar With Your Topic

If you're not certain of who you would like to be your advisor, create a list of your top three choices. Next, write down the pros and cons of each possibility (I know this sounds tedious, but it really helps!).

For example, Mr. Green is my favorite teacher and we get along really well, but he teaches English. For my EE, I want to conduct an experiment that compares the efficiency of American electric cars with foreign electric cars.

I had Ms. White a year ago. She teaches physics and enjoyed having me in her class. Unlike Mr. Green, Ms. White could help me design my experiment.

Based on my topic and what I need from my advisor, Ms. White would be a better fit for me than would Mr. Green (even though I like him a lot).

The moral of my story is this: do not just ask your favorite teacher to be your advisor . They might be a hindrance to you if they teach another subject. For example, I would not recommend asking your biology teacher to guide you in writing an English literature-based EE.

There can, of course, be exceptions to this rule. If you have a teacher who's passionate and knowledgeable about your topic (as my English teacher was about my theatre topic), you could ask that instructor. Consider all your options before you do this. There was no theatre teacher at my high school, so I couldn't find a theatre-specific advisor, but I chose the next best thing.

Before you approach a teacher to serve as your advisor, check with your high school to see what requirements they have for this process. Some IB high schools require your IB Extended Essay advisor to sign an Agreement Form , for instance.

Make sure that you ask your IB coordinator whether there is any required paperwork to fill out. If your school needs a specific form signed, bring it with you when you ask your teacher to be your EE advisor.

#4: Pick an Advisor Who Will Push You to Be Your Best

Some teachers might just take on students because they have to and aren't very passionate about reading drafts, only giving you minimal feedback. Choose a teacher who will take the time to read several drafts of your essay and give you extensive notes. I would not have gotten my A without being pushed to make my Extended Essay draft better.

Ask a teacher that you have experience with through class or an extracurricular activity. Do not ask a teacher that you have absolutely no connection to. If a teacher already knows you, that means they already know your strengths and weaknesses, so they know what to look for, where you need to improve, and how to encourage your best work.

Also, don't forget that your supervisor's assessment is part of your overall EE score . If you're meeting with someone who pushes you to do better—and you actually take their advice—they'll have more impressive things to say about you than a supervisor who doesn't know you well and isn't heavily involved in your research process.

Be aware that the IB only allows advisors to make suggestions and give constructive criticism. Your teacher cannot actually help you write your EE. The IB recommends that the supervisor spends approximately two to three hours in total with the candidate discussing the EE.

#5: Make Sure Your Essay Has a Clear Structure and Flow

The IB likes structure. Your EE needs a clear introduction (which should be one to two double-spaced pages), research question/focus (i.e., what you're investigating), a body, and a conclusion (about one double-spaced page). An essay with unclear organization will be graded poorly.

The body of your EE should make up the bulk of the essay. It should be about eight to 18 pages long (again, depending on your topic). Your body can be split into multiple parts. For example, if you were doing a comparison, you might have one third of your body as Novel A Analysis, another third as Novel B Analysis, and the final third as your comparison of Novels A and B.

If you're conducting an experiment or analyzing data, such as in this EE , your EE body should have a clear structure that aligns with the scientific method ; you should state the research question, discuss your method, present the data, analyze the data, explain any uncertainties, and draw a conclusion and/or evaluate the success of the experiment.

#6: Start Writing Sooner Rather Than Later!

You will not be able to crank out a 4,000-word essay in just a week and get an A on it. You'll be reading many, many articles (and, depending on your topic, possibly books and plays as well!). As such, it's imperative that you start your research as soon as possible.

Each school has a slightly different deadline for the Extended Essay. Some schools want them as soon as November of your senior year; others will take them as late as February. Your school will tell you what your deadline is. If they haven't mentioned it by February of your junior year, ask your IB coordinator about it.

Some high schools will provide you with a timeline of when you need to come up with a topic, when you need to meet with your advisor, and when certain drafts are due. Not all schools do this. Ask your IB coordinator if you are unsure whether you are on a specific timeline.

Below is my recommended EE timeline. While it's earlier than most schools, it'll save you a ton of heartache (trust me, I remember how hard this process was!):

• January/February of Junior Year: Come up with your final research topic (or at least your top three options).
• February of Junior Year: Approach a teacher about being your EE advisor. If they decline, keep asking others until you find one. See my notes above on how to pick an EE advisor.
• April/May of Junior Year: Submit an outline of your EE and a bibliography of potential research sources (I recommend at least seven to 10) to your EE advisor. Meet with your EE advisor to discuss your outline.
• Summer Between Junior and Senior Year: Complete your first full draft over the summer between your junior and senior year. I know, I know—no one wants to work during the summer, but trust me—this will save you so much stress come fall when you are busy with college applications and other internal assessments for your IB classes. You will want to have this first full draft done because you will want to complete a couple of draft cycles as you likely won't be able to get everything you want to say into 4,000 articulate words on the first attempt. Try to get this first draft into the best possible shape so you don't have to work on too many revisions during the school year on top of your homework, college applications, and extracurriculars.
• August/September of Senior Year: Turn in your first draft of your EE to your advisor and receive feedback. Work on incorporating their feedback into your essay. If they have a lot of suggestions for improvement, ask if they will read one more draft before the final draft.
• September/October of Senior Year: Submit the second draft of your EE to your advisor (if necessary) and look at their feedback. Work on creating the best possible final draft.
• November-February of Senior Year: Schedule your viva voce. Submit two copies of your final draft to your school to be sent off to the IB. You likely will not get your grade until after you graduate.

Remember that in the middle of these milestones, you'll need to schedule two other reflection sessions with your advisor . (Your teachers will actually take notes on these sessions on a form like this one , which then gets submitted to the IB.)

I recommend doing them when you get feedback on your drafts, but these meetings will ultimately be up to your supervisor. Just don't forget to do them!

The early bird DOES get the worm!

How Is the IB Extended Essay Graded?

Extended Essays are graded by examiners appointed by the IB on a scale of 0 to 34 . You'll be graded on five criteria, each with its own set of points. You can learn more about how EE scoring works by reading the IB guide to extended essays .

• Criterion A: Focus and Method (6 points maximum)
• Criterion B: Knowledge and Understanding (6 points maximum)
• Criterion C: Critical Thinking (12 points maximum)
• Criterion D: Presentation (4 points maximum)
• Criterion E: Engagement (6 points maximum)

How well you do on each of these criteria will determine the final letter grade you get for your EE. You must earn at least a D to be eligible to receive your IB Diploma.

Although each criterion has a point value, the IB explicitly states that graders are not converting point totals into grades; instead, they're using qualitative grade descriptors to determine the final grade of your Extended Essay . Grade descriptors are on pages 102-103 of this document .

Here's a rough estimate of how these different point values translate to letter grades based on previous scoring methods for the EE. This is just an estimate —you should read and understand the grade descriptors so you know exactly what the scorers are looking for.

Here is the breakdown of EE scores (from the May 2021 bulletin):

How Does the Extended Essay Grade Affect Your IB Diploma?

The Extended Essay grade is combined with your TOK (Theory of Knowledge) grade to determine how many points you get toward your IB Diploma.

To learn about Theory of Knowledge or how many points you need to receive an IB Diploma, read our complete guide to the IB program and our guide to the IB Diploma requirements .

This diagram shows how the two scores are combined to determine how many points you receive for your IB diploma (3 being the most, 0 being the least). In order to get your IB Diploma, you have to earn 24 points across both categories (the TOK and EE). The highest score anyone can earn is 45 points.

Let's say you get an A on your EE and a B on TOK. You will get 3 points toward your Diploma. As of 2014, a student who scores an E on either the extended essay or TOK essay will not be eligible to receive an IB Diploma .

Prior to the class of 2010, a Diploma candidate could receive a failing grade in either the Extended Essay or Theory of Knowledge and still be awarded a Diploma, but this is no longer true.

Figuring out how you're assessed can be a little tricky. Luckily, the IB breaks everything down here in this document . (The assessment information begins on page 219.)

40+ Sample Extended Essays for the IB Diploma Programme

In case you want a little more guidance on how to get an A on your EE, here are over 40 excellent (grade A) sample extended essays for your reading pleasure. Essays are grouped by IB subject.

• Business Management 1
• Chemistry 1
• Chemistry 2
• Chemistry 3
• Chemistry 4
• Chemistry 5
• Chemistry 6
• Chemistry 7
• Computer Science 1
• Economics 1
• Design Technology 1
• Design Technology 2
• Environmental Systems and Societies 1
• Geography 1
• Geography 2
• Geography 3
• Geography 4
• Geography 5
• Geography 6
• Literature and Performance 1
• Mathematics 1
• Mathematics 2
• Mathematics 3
• Mathematics 4
• Mathematics 5
• Philosophy 1
• Philosophy 2
• Philosophy 3
• Philosophy 4
• Philosophy 5
• Psychology 1
• Psychology 2
• Psychology 3
• Psychology 4
• Psychology 5
• Social and Cultural Anthropology 1
• Social and Cultural Anthropology 2
• Social and Cultural Anthropology 3
• Sports, Exercise and Health Science 1
• Sports, Exercise and Health Science 2
• Visual Arts 1
• Visual Arts 2
• Visual Arts 3
• Visual Arts 4
• Visual Arts 5
• World Religion 1
• World Religion 2
• World Religion 3

What's Next?

Trying to figure out what extracurriculars you should do? Learn more about participating in the Science Olympiad , starting a club , doing volunteer work , and joining Student Government .

Studying for the SAT? Check out our expert study guide to the SAT . Taking the SAT in a month or so? Learn how to cram effectively for this important test .

Not sure where you want to go to college? Read our guide to finding your target school . Also, determine your target SAT score or target ACT score .

As an SAT/ACT tutor, Dora has guided many students to test prep success. She loves watching students succeed and is committed to helping you get there. Dora received a full-tuition merit based scholarship to University of Southern California. She graduated magna cum laude and scored in the 99th percentile on the ACT. She is also passionate about acting, writing, and photography.

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Economics Extended Essay Guide: Everything You Need to Learn

by  Antony W

April 18, 2024

This guide covers everything you need to learn before you write an IB Economics Extended Essay.

We look at the definition, structure, assessment criteria, topic selection, data collection, analysis and evaluation, and reflection.

What is an IB Economics Extended Essay?

An Economics Extended Essay is a 4,000-word autonomous, self-directed report based on a topic of personal interest. This project allows you to:

• Improve your research skills.
• Apply economic theories to a real-world issue.
• Analyze and evaluate the outcomes of your study.

The essay requires 40 hours of preparation and writing. Moreover, you’ll get help from your school-based supervisor throughout this period. The result should be a clear and well-organized analytical essay.

To write a comprehensive Economics EE, you must dedicate time to conduct in-depth research to collect meaningful and reliable data you can use to analyze the context of your theory and research issue.

IB Economics Extended Essay Structure

Your Economics EE should feature a title page, table of contents, introduction, methodology, main body, conclusion, bibliography, and appendices.

• Title Page: Write the title of the essay, the EE research question , subject, and word count.
• Table of Contents: Make sure each section mentioned in your table of contents has corresponding page numbers.
• Introduction: Explain the focus of the essay, the scope of the research, and your line of argument.
• Main Body: Write reasoned arguments for the issue under investigation. Use subheadings for methodology, analysis, discussion, and evaluation.
• Conclusion: Communicate what you’ve achieved. Mention the limitation of your research and note what your research question couldn’t answer.
• Bibliography:   Cite all the EE sources to demonstrate that you engaged in in-depth research and that you care about academic integrity.

IB Economics Extended Essay Assessment Criteria

The assessment criteria for an extended essay in economics examine focus and method, knowledge and understanding, critical thinking, presentation, and engagement. The following table is a complete summary of the marking scheme.

Economics Extended Essay Topic Selection

The best economics EE topic is the one that you find interesting enough to explore, as long as the focus remains on the fundamentals of economic concepts.

We strongly suggest you choose a topic that allows you to apply economic theories, methods and instruments present in the curriculum. Remember, the assignment requires you to conduct secondary research. However, you may also conduct pertinent original research depending on the topic you choose.

Your topic should:

• Be historical. However, your focus should be on a research issue that’s no more than five years old.
• Allow you to use economic theories and concepts to answer your research question.
• Provide opportunities for critical analysis of the information and data collected.
• Allow enough room for analysis while sticking to the scope of the essay. 

Don’t choose a broad topic because the essay needs critical and reflective thinking and analysis on something specific. And don’t pick an excessively narrow theme because you may not have access to specific data.

So choose your topic wisely, making sure that it isn’t too wide or too narrow to fit within the scope of the EE’s requirements.

Data Collection in Economics Extended Essay

You have to conduct original research on topics covered in the economics curriculum. Therefore, spend just enough time establishing value for your topic in microeconomics, macroeconomics or the global economy.

Doing original research goes a long way to show that the title and the research question is an issue unanswered by secondary sources.

If you’ve decided to write an EE on microeconomics, you may have to use primary research in the form of surveys, questionnaires, or interviews with pertinent businesspeople direct to the study subject.

Themes from macroeconomics and the global economy require more secondary research in the form of data extraction from published academic papers, historical records, government publications, newspaper/online articles, and statistical databases.

Analysis and Evaluation in Economics EE

The analysis of your economics extended essay can only be effective if you use pertinent economic theories to analyze data collected.

You have to incorporate applicable economic theories, models, and methods in your research’s findings.

For example, you can exhibit critical analysis and evaluation by a sound assessment and judgment of the amount to which the applicable economic theory is beneficial in addressing your research question .

If you cannot establish relevant connections between your selected topic and the research question, avoid establishing knowledge claims based on economic theories, models, and instruments.

Criterion C of the assessment instrument requires you to provide precise findings for each analyzed point, and there has to be interim conclusions throughout your writing.

Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the limitations of your own research, flaws in the economic theories, and underlying assumptions of the models utilized when developing your arguments. Also, evaluate the extent to which an economic theory may or may not describe your topic.

IB Economics EE Reflection Session 

Being reflective is one of the IB learner profile characteristics, and it is now a formal requirement of the EE evaluation criteria.

IB uses the Reflections on Planning and Progress Form (RPPF), which has a 6-point value, to evaluate reflections. This is a substantial amount of points, which can determine the distinction between two grades on the final examination.  

As part of the EE requirements, you will be required to hold three mandatory reflection sessions with your supervisor, and each of these reflection sessions appear on the official RPPF.

Reflection in the EE focuses on the process of the assignment itself.

Consider the following areas of reflection for each portion of the RPPF:

• How did you overcome the problems, setbacks, and barriers you encountered, and what did you learn in the process?
• Which of the IB learner profile characteristics apply to you?
• What did you learn, and did new views emerge?  

The maximum word count for all three reflections is 500. You must write the reflection in your own word and pertain only to your personal learning journey throughout the course.

About the author 

Antony W is a professional writer and coach at Help for Assessment. He spends countless hours every day researching and writing great content filled with expert advice on how to write engaging essays, research papers, and assignments.

2016-2017 IB Extended Essay: Sample IB EE's

• Workshop 1: Getting started
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IB Extended Essay Topics: Economics

As someone with a background in the International Baccalaureate (IB) program, I’ve come to appreciate the unique challenges and opportunities it presents, especially regarding the IB DP Economics Extended Essay (EE). From my extensive experience, I can say that choosing the right topic is an essential step in achieving a high score. That’s why I’m happy to share some ideas on engaging and researchable IB Economics Extended Essay topics.

The Basics of an Economics Extended Essay

Let’s talk about what an Economics EE involves. According to the general IB criteria, this essay requires you to conduct independent research on a topic of interest in Economics, culminating in a 4,000-word paper. From my perspective, the beauty of IB DP Economics EE lies in its ability to explore complex global issues through the lens of economic theory and principles.

In my experience, the most successful economics EEs are born from a genuine passion for the subject matter. Here’s a non-exhaustive list of considerations that might help to choose a topic:

• Aim for a topic that reflects ongoing discussions within the field of economics. It could range from the impact of blockchain technology on financial markets to the economic consequences of climate change policies.
• Ensure sufficient data is available to support your research. Topics with accessible and reliable data sources allow for a more in-depth analysis and a stronger argument.
• Choose a topic that allows you to apply economic theories and concepts. It may involve analyzing market structures, evaluating economic policies, or exploring consumer behavior factors.
• Your topic should spark curiosity and engagement. Writing about something you’re genuinely interested in can make the research process more enjoyable and fulfilling.
• Consider the feasibility of your topic within the given word count and time constraints. Find a topic broad enough to explore in depth but narrow enough to be thoroughly analyzed within 4,000 words.

A high-grade economics EE doesn’t just summarize data or describe an economic situation. It critically engages with economic theories and models to analyze that data. It might involve applying the concepts of supply and demand, elasticity, market structures, or the theories of consumer choice to your chosen topic.

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Extended Essay Topics in Economics: The Best Ideas

As mentioned above, creating an engaging and rigorous IB Extended Essay in Economics starts with choosing a theme for investigation. Below are some topics and research questions spanning various aspects of economics.

These ideas can inspire and guide IB students in their quest for a fascinating research project:

• The Impact of COVID-19 on Small Businesses in New York City . How have small businesses in New York City adapted to the economic challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic?
• Cryptocurrencies and the Global Economy . How do Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies influence global trade and financial markets?
• Sustainable Agriculture and Economic Development in India . Can sustainable agriculture significantly contribute to economic development in India?
• The Economics of Renewable Energy in Germany . How cost-effective are renewable energy sources compared to traditional fossil fuels in Germany?
• Globalization and Local Economies in Mexico . What is the impact of globalization on Mexico’s manufacturing sector?
• Minimum Wage and Employment Rates in the UK Retail Industry . How does introducing a minimum wage affect employment rates in the UK retail industry?
• Economic Implications of Climate Change Policies in the European Union . How have climate change policies impacted economic growth in the European Union?
• Consumer Behavior and E-commerce in China . How has the proliferation of online shopping platforms like Alibaba changed consumer behavior in China?
• Market Structure and Competition in the Telecommunications Industry of South Korea . How does the market structure affect consumer prices and service quality in South Korea’s telecommunications industry?
• Income Inequality and Economic Growth in Brazil . Does income inequality hinder economic growth in Brazil?
• The Economics of Education and Its Impact on Economic Growth in Finland . How does the level of education affect economic growth in Finland?
• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Economic Development in Vietnam . What role does FDI play in Vietnam’s economic development?
• Tourism Economics and Economic Development in Thailand . How does tourism contribute to the economic development of Thailand?
• Economic Impact of Health Crises on the Healthcare Sector in Italy. What are the long-term economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on Italy’s healthcare sector?
• Technology Startups and Economic Growth in Silicon Valley, USA . How do technology startups contribute to economic growth in Silicon Valley?
• Trade Policies and Agricultural Exports in Kenya . How do trade policies affect agricultural exports in Kenya?
• Inflation and Consumer Purchasing Power in Argentina . How does inflation affect consumer purchasing power in Argentina?
• The Gig Economy and Labor Markets in the United States . How does the gig economy impact traditional labor markets in the United States?
• Public Debt and Economic Stability in Greece . How does high public debt affect economic stability in Greece?
• Economic Sanctions and Their Effectiveness Against Iran . How effective are economic sanctions in achieving political objectives against Iran?
• Gender Inequality in the Workforce and Economic Development in Japan . What impact does gender inequality have on economic development in Japan?
• Economics of Recycling and Waste Management Policies in Sweden . How does the economics of recycling impact waste management policies in Sweden?
• Housing Markets and Economic Cycles in Canada . How do housing markets affect economic cycles in Canada?
• Impact of Social Media on Consumer Spending Among Teenagers in the United States . How does social media influence consumer spending habits among teenagers?
• The Role of Microfinance in Poverty Reduction in Bangladesh . How effective is microfinance in reducing poverty in Bangladesh?
• The Economic Effects of Urbanization in Lagos, Nigeria . How does rapid urbanization affect economic development and living standards in Lagos?
• Brexit and the UK’s Financial Services Sector . What has been Brexit’s impact on London as a global financial hub?
• The Economics of Plastic Ban Policies in Rwanda . How have plastic ban policies impacted the environment and economy in Rwanda?
• The Role of Women Entrepreneurs in Economic Development in Jordan . How do women entrepreneurs contribute to economic growth and job creation in Jordan?
• Impact of Digital Currency on Traditional Banking in Sweden . How is the rise of digital currency affecting traditional banking services in Sweden?
• Agricultural Subsidies and Food Security in India . How do agricultural subsidies impact food security and farmer welfare in India?
• Economic Impact of Cultural Tourism in Kyoto, Japan . What role does cultural tourism play in Kyoto’s economy?
• Child Labor and Economic Growth in Pakistan . How does child labor affect economic growth and development in Pakistan?
• The Effectiveness of Anti-Smoking Policies on Public Health Expenditures in Australia . Have anti-smoking policies significantly reduced public health expenditures in Australia?
• The Gig Economy and Urban Transportation in New York City . How has the gig economy transformed urban transportation in New York City?
• Renewable Energy Adoption and Job Creation in Germany . How has the shift towards renewable energy affected job creation in Germany?
• The Economic Consequences of Ageing Populations in Japan . What are the economic challenges and opportunities faced by an aging population in Japan?
• The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Manufacturing Jobs in China . How is artificial intelligence reshaping the manufacturing sector and employment in China?
• The Influence of Social Media Marketing on Consumer Spending in the Fashion Industry . How does social media marketing influence consumer spending in the fashion industry?
• Water Scarcity and Economic Development in Egypt . How does water scarcity impact agricultural productivity and economic development in Egypt?
• The Economics of Space Exploration . What are the economic benefits and costs of investing in space exploration?
• Impact of Sports Events on Local Economies . Case Study of the Olympics in Tokyo: How do major sports events like the Olympics affect the local economy of the host city?
• Sustainable Fishing Practices and Economic Viability in Norway . How do sustainable fishing practices impact the economy and environment in Norway?
• The Role of E-commerce in Rural Development in China . How does e-commerce contribute to economic development in rural areas of China?
• Economic Impacts of Natural Disasters in the Philippines . How do natural disasters affect economic growth and recovery in the Philippines?
• The Relationship Between Social Inequality and Economic Growth in South Africa . How does social inequality affect economic growth in South Africa?
• The Effect of International Sanctions on North Korea’s Economy . How have international sanctions impacted North Korea’s economy?
• Economic Benefits of Bilingualism in Canada . How does bilingualism contribute to economic opportunities in Canada?
• The Impact of Veganism on the Meat Industry in the United States . How is the rise of veganism affecting the meat industry and economy in the United States?
• Mobile Banking and Financial Inclusion in Kenya . How has mobile banking contributed to financial inclusion and economic development in Kenya?

These topics and research questions are intended to promote critical thinking and lay the groundwork for a thorough inquiry into various economic concerns. You can tailor these ideas to your interests and data availability for Extended Essay research.

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You can write an informative and compelling Extended Essay by choosing a topic that aligns with your interests and adhering to the IB’s criteria. Remember, this is an opportunity to research an area of Economics that fascinates you. So approach it enthusiastically, and you’ll get the highest grade. Also, if you need help with Extended Essay writing , just contact our IB writers.

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Navigating the IB Extended Essay in Economics: A Comprehensive Guide

The International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme, with its high academic standards and comprehensive curriculum, has three core components, i.e., EE, CAS, and TOK, along with other subjects. Each component comes with its own challenges. An extended essay is one of those components that consists of a 4,000-word research project that gives students the opportunity to delve deeper into a topic of their choice within the range of IB subject areas. This article will explore a step-by-step process using which students can streamline their IB Extended Essay in Economics with finesse and ease.

• Choosing the Right Topic

Not every topic is going to excite you, so choosing a topic is like exploring many options to find a suitable fit.

Economics is a comprehensive subject, so in order to keep your motivation intact, you should choose a topic that genuinely interests you. Following the herd will lead you to a barren grass with overeating. It’s essential to choose a topic that excites you because you will be spending a significant amount of time on this topic throughout the course. Writing and researching become easy when you already understand the basic premises of the topic that you are choosing. Also, choosing a topic that you can easily relate to in real life is a vantage point. Your topic should be broad enough to allow research and specific enough to allow newness.

• Formulating Your Research Question

After choosing a suitable topic, the next thing to work on is to formulate a specific, clear, and well-defined research question. A research question will form the basis of your entire research and writing. A good research question should have the tendency to solve a current issue in our commercial world. For example, students can talk about the impact of COVID-19 on the granary market.

• Conducting Research

After choosing a suitable topic and relevant research question, the next thing is to plunge into the river of research. This is the first execution stage that forms the foundation of a successful IB Extended Essay in economics. This is the stage where you delve deep into the available literature, research articles, books, scholarly articles, economic databases, and relevant magazines. The credibility and reliability of these sources should not be compromised; therefore, they should be checked properly.

Tip: Make notes of the available literature and the sources from which you have acquired relevant information and evidence, as you will have to cite them in your extended essay.

• Data Collection and Analysis: A Batter for Writing

The next step is to collect data and then make a well-informed evaluation. This should be relevant to your Economics research question from the beginning of the research to the culmination. Data collection typically uses two sources—primary and secondary. This includes interviews, surveys, or statistical evaluations of the existing literature review, etc. Data collection methods should be reliable, and recording techniques should be precise and accurate. In writing an Economics Extended Essay, you will probably deal more with statistical data than empirical data.

The collection of data can only prove meaningful if interpreted properly. No data is relevant without accurate interpretations. Presenting your interpretations using visual representations will enhance the coherency and applicability of your extended essay.

• Structuring Your Essay

Structuring your extended essay is like forming a display for your shop. This is the stage where the execution of your preparations is done.

It is important to consider the structure of your extended essay, as it will enhance the flow and clarity of your essay. Usually, an economics extended essay follows this structure:

Table of Contents

• Introduction
• Existing Literature Review
• Methodology
• Data Presentation and Analysis
• Bibliography
• Appendices, if relevant
• Writing Your Essay

The next step is to add content to the established structure. While writing your extended essay, students should keep in mind the language and relevance of the subject matter. They should use a formal writing style, adhering to IB standards and accurate economic terminology. Unnecessary jargon should be avoided in order to give a simplistic model of your entire research.

The arguments play an important role in the extended essays. Plausible explanations with relevant evidence should be provided and justified. Unnecessary arguments that beat around the bush should be avoided. Adding counterarguments will demonstrate your deeper understanding of the subject matter.

• Citing Sources and Referencing

Plagiarism is a serious offence that should be taken seriously. Giving credit wherever it is due is essential, so proper citation and referencing should form part of your extended essay. Students should use a recognised citation style throughout their essays.

• Seeking Guidance

Help is given to those who ask for it.

Seeking guidance from your IB supervisor or economics teacher is another important thing in the process of writing the IB Extended Essay. The teachers or supervisors can guide you by providing invaluable insights about everything relating to your essay. Constructive criticism will help you refine your arguments and research questions. If you have taken help from people other than your supervisors and teachers, you should also acknowledge them in your essay.

• Editing and proofreading

After completing your initial draft, it is important to revise and edit your essay. You should check for gaps and inconsistencies in your research question, grammar and spelling errors, plausibility in the stated arguments, and the overall flow of the essay. You can also ask your peers to review your essay and provide constructive criticism.

Tip: It’s often helpful to take a break after finishing your first draft and revise it from a fresh perspective.

• Meeting Deadlines

Deadlines are important in order to ensure that your extended essay fulfils the basic requirements of IBDP guidelines. The Extended Essay has several deadlines, beginning from the selection of an essay to the submission of the final draft. Students should be aware of all the deadlines in order to keep up with them.

• Final Thoughts and Reflection: The Way of Learning

After finishing your extended essay, it is important to take some time out to think and reflect on your entire research journey. This will help you critically analyse your strengths and weaknesses to ensure that your future projects do not endure any inconsistencies.

In conclusion, the IB Extended Essay in Economics is a challenging yet rewarding task. It gives students an opportunity to delve deep into the intricacies of a topic of their choice. Although one can feel the burden of this cumbersome task, with proper planning and execution, students can not just excel in it but will also gain invaluable insights in the process of this academic research.

Happy researching and learning!

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Classroom activity

Read the extended essay below, which came from one of my former Economics students.  After doing so, apply the extended essay rubric and justify your marks. My comments are on the next page as well as an annotated copy of the EE.

Title : To what extent does the Palandöken Ski Center actively practise price discrimination?

Word count : 3897 words

Introduction

Erzurum Palandöken Ski Center is an important tourist attraction of Turkey in which there are 22 ski tracks, 5 hotels and about 5000 visitors every day. It is the best ski center in Turkey for skilled skiers because of the steepness of slopes, quality of snow, length of trail etc. This makes Palandöken Ski Centre a popular destination for tourists and the resort welcomes visitors from all over the world, including Turkey.

There are 5 hotels which sell tickets to the ski lifts, rent ski equipment to visitors as well as hotel rooms to the visiting tourists and local people.  For my essay, I will focus on whether the resort hotels use price discrimination as a method of maximising their sales revenues. To investigate this price discrimination, I will compare the prices paid by three different groups of customer – Turkish residents of Erzurum, Turkish people living in other cities of Turkey and foreigners. It is my opinion that the hotels will actively pursue price discrimination, charging lower prices to locally based customers.  This is based on my own experience having spoken to foreign tourists and asking them how much they paid for those items.

My essay will be based firstly on secondary research where I will outline the theory behind price discrimination and secondly, I will conduct a series of short interviews and surveys to collect my data. I intend to test my thesis and answer the question:

 “To what extent does the Palandöken Ski Centre actively practise price discrimination?”

The reason why I have chosen this topic is because I have been a keen skier since I was 8 years old and I have been skiing for 9 years. I also enjoy speaking to foreigners and sharing experiences with them.  I will enjoy working on this essay.

Methodology

In writing this essay, I intend to complete the following:                                                    

Firstly, I will complete my secondary research where I will summarise ‘Price Discrimination’.  After completing my secondary research I will start my primary research which will be based on surveys of customers at the ski centre as well as interviews with hotel owners and the salesmen who rent ski equipment.  I will start by going to Palandöken Ski Centre to check the price of accommodation, ski equipment and ski lifts.

I will record this data and then choose 10 people from Erzurum, 10 from other cities of Turkey (who are here as tourists) and 10 foreigners. Then I will ask this sample to fill in a short questionnaire where they will detail the price that each paid for their accommodation, ski lifts and ski equipment.

Finally, I will make a table to record all the data. This data table will help me to compare the results and decide whether my results support my hypothesis or not.  I intend to use the data as the basis for my in depth questionnaires, which will also help me to form my conclusions.

Lastly, having collected all of my data I will attempt to reach a conclusion as to the question: “To what extent does the Palandöken Ski Centre actively practise price discrimination?”

What is Price Discrimination?

Price discrimination is the way of selling in which the producer charges different prices to different consumers for the exact same product or service. For example a cinema may charge a lower price for students but a higher price for the adults.  In this case there is a price discrimination caused by the age of the two consumers. For a producer there should be three conditions which are listed below so that the producer can be able to price discriminate:

• To be able to price discriminate easily, the producer should have the price-setting ability. The more price-setting ability the producer has, the easier to price discriminate. Price discrimination generally occurs in imperfect markets rather than the perfect competition. That is why price discrimination mostly occurs in monopoly and oligopoly.This is because the more competitive the market and the more firms in the industry, the less ability each firm has to control prices – i.e. they become price takers, not price makers.
• A product with inelastic demand would generally be easier to price discriminate. This is because the more important a product is to a consumer, then the easier it to charge them higher prices. So another condition for price discrimination is that the consumers should have different price elasticities of demand for the product.
• The third condition is that the producer must be able to separate the consumers so that the segment(s) that pays a lower price for a product must not be able to resell the product on to a customer paying a higher price for the same product.

In order for producers to price discriminate, they must be able to separate the different markets by using the ways listed below:

• Time: Some consumers may be ready to pay higher prices at some certain times. For example a hotel may have more visitors at weekend rather than weekdays so the producer, in this case the hotel room, may charge lower prices at weekdays but higher prices at weekend. If the hotel can set the price correctly and discriminate the price well, they can maximise their revenue.
• Age: Different ages may pay different prices for the exact same product or service. For example an airline company may charge less to a child than an adult for the flight ticket. The reason is that children has lower income so that their demand for the flight ticket is more price elastic.
• Income: Some firms may change prices according to the income level of the customer. Under this method, people with higher incomes (e.g foreign tourists) would pay more than people with lower incomes (Erzurum residents). Another example might be a university charging lower tuition fees for a student with lower income and higher tuition fees for a student with higher income.
• Types of the consumer: A firm that sells their product to the different consumers charges different prices to these consumers. Firms determine different rates for the different types of the consumer and these rates are determined with respect to the elasticities of demand of the consumer. For example ski resorts may charge different prices to foreign tourists than local consumers, because the hotel believes that foreign tourists and local residents have different PEDs, i.e. tourists are simply more willing and able to purchase the hotel at a higher price than the local resident.

In order to discriminate the price, at least three of the above conditions above should exist; if not price discrimination will not be possible. Generally people think that sales promotion is also a type of price discrimination but actually it is the shrewd attitude of the seller in order to attract the customers. For example nightclubs’ idea of taking the girls in with a lower price is actually a way for them to attract more boys to come in their nightclubs. In this sense sales promotion is not included to price discrimination.

Types of Price Discrimination

There are three levels of price discrimination to be considered:

First Degree Discrimination

For the Figure 1.1, to the right, the trader sells the product to different consumers at different prices. If that trader sells his product with the price where MC=MR, he would receive a revenue which is only the pale blue area but if the trader sells his products by discriminating the price, selling with higher prices to tourists, he will also get the dark blue triangle as a revenue. In this case the hotel will charge higher prices during the peak season when demand is higher and less during the off peak season.  This method effectively charges different prices for the same hotel room, depending on the time of the season that they want it.

Second Degree Discrimination

This is basically charging different prices depending on the quantity consumed.  (Philips, 1999)

For the Figure 1.2 the GSM company decreases the price if the user sends more than 50 messages per month. Normally if the price stays the same GSM Company should get only the pale blue rectangle as a revenue but by discriminating the price they could also earn the dark blue rectangle as a profit.  Relating this method of discrimination to my essay, the hotel would charge a lower daily rate to visitors staying longer periods. As the consumers are willing and able to stay more, then the hotel will charge these consumers less per night which will help hotel to maximise their profits. In my research the quantity stands for the number of nights that consumers will stay.

Third Degree Discrimination

This means charging different prices depending on a particular market segment, e.g. age profile, income group, time of use.  examples of each are shown on the diagrams below:

Here in figure 1.3, above the cinema knows that students have more price elastic demand for going to the cinema because they have lower income. I.e. they are more sensitive to price than people in fulltime employment.  In this sense they charge lower prices to students, by contrast they charge higher to adults since they have higher income. In this example the student price would be 7.5 TL and the adult price 10.25.  Both prices are higher than the marginal cost of the ticket at 5TL.  If the cinema did not price discriminate they would have to charge either 7.5 TL and miss out on additional revenue from adults or charge 10.25 and have lower demand from students.  In this way consumer surplus is reduced and profits are raised as the cinema is filled with discounted tickets, rather than having this segment ignore the cinema.

Investigation

How can palandoken resort hotels use price discrimination.

It is my belief that Palandöken hotels are able to use first, second and third degree price discrimination because they are able to separate the market.  For my essay I will presume that there are three different types of customer – local residents (people living in Erzurum), Turkish tourists from Istanbul, Izmir and other wealthy Turkish cities as well as foreign (i.e. non-Turkish speaking) tourists.

The reason why foreigners cannot simply get Turkish people to purchase their hotel rooms is that the identity card of the customers are needed during the check in process. This is really important for hotels since they separate their market in this process. The identity card gives enough information about the nationality of the customer so that hotels are getting information in order to practise third degree price discrimination. This process enables hotels to separate the Erzurum residents from Istanbul and other wealthy Turkish cities’ residents. Distinguishing them from foreigners is very easy.  They are looking at the hometown of the customer and trying to offer the best price, based on what they believe customers are willing and able to pay.

Primary Research Findings

The survey that I completed in Palandöken Ski Center shows the price discrimination clearly. Data tables are created and shown below:

Finally the last table shows the prices paid by foreign tourists:

Note: Subjects with (*) near them are taken towards the end of the season. (March 15, 2015)

The Following tables are illustrated in the following three graphs:

Average percentage change of the above data is as follows calculated by the formula:

average price of a hotel room paid by foreigners - average price paid for the same room by local residents / average price paid by local residents x 100 will provide us with the average level of discrimination paid by foreign tourists at the ski hotels.

In this investigation, there had been 10 sample prices for each of the 3 types of costumers: Local residents, people from different cities and foreigners. All the data are from two different weeks in which one of them is taken during the ski season and the other one is taken towards the end of the ski season. (Marked with “*” sign.)

According to the results, in the ski season, people from other cities of Turkey pay approximately same price (0%) with the local residents. On the other hand, foreigners pay approximately 18.2796% more than the local residents. Towards the end of the season this percentage falls to 8.4507%.

Data tables above have shown that customers have paid different prices for the same product or service at a given time. This shows that hotels are practising the price discrimination depending on the criteria listed in the introduction part. According to the tables above there are two factors that the hotels use to separate the markets: Income, based on the nationality of the customers and the time, based on the ski season when more or less customers are willing and able to pay for their goods and services.

Starting from the income of the customers, results show that local people pay the least price compared to the people from other cities and the foreigners. This result depends on the fact that local people earn less than the rest of the country and foreigners because of the cheaper living standards as a result of the geographical position of Erzurum which is the east part of the Turkey.

People from the other cities of Turkey pay slightly more than the local residents. This result depends on the fact that as you go from east to west part of the Turkey, the living standards rise and causes an increase in the wages. As a result of a difference in wages, hotel management sets different prices for the customers coming from different parts of the Turkey. Within the results of the people from other cities of Turkey, the hypothesis of “the prices rise as you go from east to west” is supported. In fact, not the geographical position of the city but the importance of the city and living standards determine the price of the hotels. According to the results taken from the questionnaire, people in Istanbul which is the most well-known and expensive city of Turkey pay more than anyone in the Turkey as a result of the highest wages in the country. Ankara is the second city that pays more than other cities of Turkey. This is because Ankara is the capital city of Turkey and like İstanbul, Ankara is also an expensive city which is a result of higher wages. Rest of the results for the other cities of Turkey, the prices are approximately same with the local residents which might seem a little bit strange. According to the price discrimination logic, people from different cities of Turkey other than Erzurum are supposed to pay more than the local residents. Probably; since the skiing is a luxury activity, hotel management thinks that local people who prefer to lodge in the hotel although they have their house in the city are willing and able to pay more for the goods and services of the hotel; so the hotel management considers these customers as customers who came from the other cities of Turkey and charge the same as the other people pay.

Foreigners are the customers who pay the highest prices for the hotels. This can be explained by the price elasticity of demand theory. The theory says that quantity demanded for a product or service responses to the change in price. In this investigation, it is known that tourists have lower price elasticity than the people from other cities of Turkey and the local people. This means tourists’ demand for the hotels will have a slight change for the increase in prices of the hotels. A lower PED is caused by the same theory of the people who live in the big and expensive cities of Turkey and the local people: Foreign people earn more money compared to the people in Turkey and also the difference in the currency provides them a chance to have a more valuable money in Turkey. When the foreigners are compared within themselves, it can be seen that American people pay more money than any other foreigners which shows that American people have the least price elasticity. Most of the customers from the European countries pay the same prices because of a similar price elasticities. Only Russian customer pays less than the other European countries probably because of the wide range of skiing opportunities in Russia. Hotel management sets a different and a cheaper price for the Russian people in order to attract them for their hotels instead of the hotels in Russia. The customer from the England is an exceptional sample in which he is capable of talking in Turkish. Normally, a British customer is supposed to pay a price similar to the American; however the hotel management set a lower price closer to the local people in order to appeal the customer.

The other factor that hotels use to price discriminate is the time of the year. The data in the tables show that towards the end of the skiing season the prices are lower than the normal skiing season. Price elasticity of demand theory can be used to explain the discrimination applied according to the time. In a normal season, there is a very high demand for the hotels so that although prices are very high, customers are willing and able to pay for the higher prices. Excess demand for the hotel rooms provides a chance for the hotel management to raise the price for their hotels by a logic that customers are ready to pay more. However, towards the end of the season, demand for the hotel room falls and this causes an excess supply. As a result of an excess supply, hotels lower the prices in order to attract more customers even if it is the end of the skiing season.

Having identified what I believe is evidence of price discrimination I wanted to test my theory by interviewing the manager of one of the most popular hotels, which I arranged on.

The manager of the Dedeman Hotel stated that they have 4 types of booking which are the ways of communicating with customers in order to practise price discrimination:

• Online booking
• Booking by telephone
• Booking in the hotel (Face to face)
• Regular Customers

He stated that it is very important for them to be able to practise price discrimination. A closer look at the booking types shows that the hotel charges different prices to different customers. For the online booking they reserve a limited number of rooms and the price for the rooms are determined transiently by the online receptionist according to the number of remaining rooms. For example a price of a room in the online booking can be 200 Turkish Liras when there are 10 rooms left and the price can go up to 250 when there is only 1 room left.  This would be similar to first degree price discrimination, as the airlines do.  Mr. Akca, the manager of the hotel, said that the prices for online booking are determined in a meeting of the board of directors and then applied in the booking websites such as “www.booking.com“ , “www.trivago.com” etc.

However the same process does not work for the booking by telephone. While people are booking for their rooms by telephone, the receptionist firstly asks where they are calling from in order to separate the customers. Mr. Akca says that after they have learned the hometown of the consumer, they are considering whether the hometown is wealthy or not and only then do they inform the consumers about the price.  He outlined that there is not much difference in price between customers from Erzurum or customers from other Anatolian cities however they do apply a small difference if they are calling from Ankara, İstanbul and Izmir.  These customers pay more and this difference comes from the income level of these cities, which are generally higher than the income of people from Erzurum or other Anatolian cities. In this sense the hotel believes that they are more willing and able to pay higher prices than the Anatolian cities’ customers.

While people are booking the hotel face to face, the prices go a little bit up. Mr. Akca explains this situation with these words: “When people come here for booking, we consider that they have only a few alternatives that is why they have to pay whatever the price we charge them is. As hotel administration we charge higher prices than normal but as always the price is negotiable. If they bargain with us, we may decrease the prices about 10-20 Turkish lira less.”

He also says that if the customer is a foreigner, they are charged more than the Turkish customers. According to Mr. Akca the reason for this is because foreigners have a lower price elasticity than Turkish customers which means they are willing and able to pay higher prices. The higher wages in foreign countries means that they are spending more money than Turkish customers and because of this reason they are ready to pay more for their rooms. Mr. Akca also says that they are charging different prices to different customers from different countries, meaning that Americans or people from the Middle East would pay more than Europeans who are more difficult to overcharge. 

This can be explained by differing price elasticities. He uses these words to explain this situation: “We all know that Americans earn more than everyone else including Europeans and this means they can pay more than everyone else.” According to what Mr. Akca says the board of management determines some prices for the foreigners by considering the national income of these consumers.  They give a decision-making-authority to the receptionists so that they can increase the prices about 10 to 20 Turkish liras.

The last type of customer is the regular customer such as pharmaceutical representatives. Mr. Akca says that for the regular customers they are generally charging the exact same price for the rooms and they do not practise the price discrimination for them.

According to the overall results of this investigation and the answers taken from the interview, it can be seen that hotels have different methods to maximise their profits. In order to use the advantages of price discrimination, they are separating their consumers and practising the price discrimination. In other words, they charge consumers the highest price that they are willing and able to pay so that they get the maximum profit that they can get.

Improvements

The investigation has shown that ski resorts in the Palandöken Mountain practise price discrimination to get the maximum profit. Data taken from the consumers in the resorts have proven that price discrimination occurs. However for this investigation, only 10 data for each type of consumers are used which is the weakness of this investigation. Small sample may cause the danger of one or two rogue results and falsely skewing the figures. If there could be more than 10 data, there might be more accurate results that show whether price discrimination occurs or not; but the investigation has supported the limited data by the interview made by the hotel manager so that the manager has also mentioned the price discrimination. All the data used in this investigation are taken from only 1 of the ski resorts in Palandöken so that all the price are similar; however if there could be the data of the other hotels, the price discrimination within hotels can also be observed.

Since the investigation is limited to 4000 words, it might be normal to have 10 data for each, however the investigation is opened to the improvements in order to see the price discrimination logic and the way that producers/hotels use to maximise their profits.

Appendix - Sample Questionnaire

This is the script of the questions that I have asked to the consumers of the hotels in the Palandöken Ski Centre to learn about the way hotels use to practise price discrimination:

Bilkent Erzurum Laboratory School

Economics Extended Essay Questionnaire

1: Where are you from?

2: How much do you pay for the hotel per night? (Including the ski lifts and ski equipments)

3: Do you think the hotel practise price discrimination?

This is the interview that I have made with the hotel manager to learn about the way hotels use to practise price discrimination. This is translated from the original and oral conversation.

Me: Hello Mr. Akca! I am here to learn about price discrimination that is practised by the hotels. Firstly, let me ask you whether you practise price discrimination or not? If yes, can you tell me about the way you follow for practising the price discrimination?

Mr. Akca: Of course we do. Price discrimination is something that is legal in the economy. As a hotel that has a wide range of tourist attraction from all around the world, we do practise price discrimination to make as much profit as we can. The most important thing about the price discrimination is that you should be able to practise price discrimination. We, as the Board of Directors of the hotel, have a meeting at the beginning of every week to talk about the profits and the prices. In these meetings, we are trying to find appropriate prices for the hotels in order to maximise our profits. During these meetings, we consider the price discrimination and we try to set the prices according to the price discrimination concepts. Let me explain these concepts from the booking ways of our hotels. We have 4 types of booking in our hotel: Online booking, booking by telephone, booking in the reception desk, regular bookings. Let me start with the online booking: In the meetings, we set a certain number of rooms that are reserved for the online booking. While people try to book from the websites like trivago.com etc., the online receptionist set different prices according to the number of rooms left for the online booking. As the number of rooms reserved for the online booking falls, the prices go a little bit up. If the consumers are booking on the telephone, the receptionists have the price-setting ability. They firstly ask where the consumers are calling from and then they set a price for these consumers according to their cities’ or countries’ average wealth level. When it comes to face to face booking where it take place in the reception desk, it becomes easier for us to take the prices up. When people come here for booking, we consider that they have only a few alternatives that is why they have to pay whatever the price we charge them is. As hotel administration we charge higher prices than normal but as always the price is negotiable. If they bargain with us, we may decrease the prices about 10-20 Turkish lira less. The regular consumers like pharmaceutical representatives we always have the same prices so that we do not practise price discrimination for these consumers. In general, I can say that tourists pay more than any other consumers and this is very normal. We all know that Americans earn more than everyone else including Europeans and this means they can pay more than everyone else. We set the price by looking at the wages so that it’s normal for these people to pay more. By considering that you know about the price elasticities, I can say that it is all about the price elasticity of these consumers. That’s all I can say about the hotels, do you have any other question?

Me: No, thank you Mr. Akca.

Bibliography

Blink, J., & Dorton , I. (2011). IB Economics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Glass, M. (n.d.). Houston Chronicle . Retrieved from Chron : http://smallbusiness.chron.com/3-types-price-discrimination-25634.html

Phlips , L. (1999). The Economics of Price Discrimination. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Wikipedia . (2011). Retrieved from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia : https ://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki /2011_Winter_ Universiade

Grading practise

Now grade the extended essay according to the following essay, using the grading criteria accessed at MyIB

Remember that in order to grade accurately you will need to read each of the bands and starting with band 0, move up until you find the marking band which most accurately fits the essay.  If two bands appear to accurately assess the essay then teachers must use their professional judgement to decide which most accurately fits the criteria:

On the following page I have included both my notes as well as the score this essay was awarded from the IB.  To access this click on: Annotated extended essay sample 2 (grading criteria)

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RE: Research Question and Title of Extended Essay

Please note the statement below from the EE curriculum manager regarding the need to have both a title and a RQ for all subjects. Previous versions of the EE Guide indicated that the title and the RQ should be the same for History, Business Management and Mathematics. This is no longer the case.  All essays, regardless of the subject, need to have both a RQ and a title.

Hi Kathy, 

To answer your question, I am going to quote directly from a response John Royce provided, on this forum, in October in response to a very similar question: (it was a question about using Spanish sources - hence the mention of Spanish)

It is certainly  permissible to use sources which are not in the language of the essay, but translation into the target language is required , one cannot assume that the reader understands the original language.

It is usual to quote the original as well as presenting the translation.  [Do not put quotation marks around your translation, just around the original]

Umberto Eco argues ("in Mouse or rat?") that direct translation may lose meaning, paraphrase or use of different idioms may be required to get the ideas across. Paul Bellos ("Is that a fish in your ear?") makes a similar argument - direct translation may confound meaning... Direct translation may not be ideal - meaning and understanding are preferred - so, not to worry that your student with her good Spanish cannot present a direct translation.

What  must be made clear is that the translations are those of the student;  these are her understandings. Readers can make of that what they will - and if unsure, are presented with the original - they can seek another translation.  A note in the acknowledgements and/or in the introduction to the effect that all translations are those of the writer is ... essential.

In response to the question about the  Bibliography/Works cited, my preference would be to list the source in its original Thai version, but perhaps with the English in brackets, to help the examiner.

Your bibliography will have the entries in Thai characters first in the document. Any in-text citation to Thai sources will be in (Thai characters [English translation]).

Citation in Thai [English translation]

Works Cited Example:

วงษ์ปัญญา, ธนกร [Wongpunya, Thanakorn]. “โรงงานยาสูบรวยแค่ไหน และเอาเงินไปทำอะไรบ้าง.”  [How rich is the Thailand Tobacco Monopoly and where does the money go?] (candidate translation). The Standard, The Standard, 30 Aug. 2018, thestandard.co/thailand-tobacco-monopoly/.

Format of the Extended Essay

Required Formatting

The extended essay should be written in a clear, correct and formal academic style, appropriate to the subject from which the topic is drawn. Given that the extended essay is a formally written research paper, it should strive to maintain a professional, academic look. 

To help achieve this, the following formatting is  required:

• 12-point, readable font (Calibri or Times New Roman);
• double spacing throughout entire Essay;
• page numbering - top right corner;
• no candidate or school name or supervisor name on the title page or page headers.

Submitting the extended essay in the required format will help set the tone of the essay and will aid readability for on-screen assessment by examiners.

Required S tructure

The structure of the essay is very important. It helps students to organize the argument, making the best use of the evidence collected. 

There are six required elements of the final work to be submitted. More details about each element are given in the  “Presentation”  section. Please note that the order in which these elements are presented here is not necessarily the order in which they should be written. 

Six required elements of the extended essay:

• Contents page
• Introduction
• Body of the essay
• References and bibliography -- if MLA "Works Cited" if CSE "References"

1. Required Title Page  

The title page should include  only  the following information: 

• the title of the essay
• the research question
• the subject the essay is registered in (if it is a language essay also state which category it falls into; if a world studies essay also state the theme and the two subjects utilized) 

The upper limit is 4,000 words for all extended essays. 

2. Required Contents Page

A contents page must be provided at the beginning of the extended essay and all pages should be numbered. Please note that an index page is not required and if included will be treated as if it is not present.

3. Required Introduction

The introduction should tell the reader what to expect in the essay. The introduction should make clear to the reader the focus of the essay, the scope of the research, in particular an indication of the sources to be used, and an insight into the line of argument to be taken. 

While students should have a sense of the direction and key focus of their essay, it is sometimes advisable to finalize the introduction once the body of the essay is complete.

4. Required Body of the Essay  (research, analysis, discussion, and evaluation)

The main task is writing the body of the essay, which should be presented in the form of a reasoned argument. The form of this varies with the subject of the essay but as the argument develops it should be clear to the reader what relevant evidence has been discovered, where/how it has been discovered and how it supports the argument. In some subjects, for example, the sciences, sub-headings within the main body of the essay will help the reader to understand the argument (and will also help the student to keep on track). In structuring their extended essay, students must take into consideration the expected conventions of the subject in which their extended essay is registered. 

Once the main body of the essay is complete, it is possible to finalize the introduction (which tells the reader what to expect) and the conclusion (which says what has been achieved, including notes of any limitations and any questions that have not been resolved). 

Any information that is important to the argument  must not  be included in appendices or footnotes/endnotes. The examiner  will not  read notes or appendices, so an essay that is not complete in itself will be compromised across the assessment criteria.

5. Required Conclusion

The conclusion says what has been achieved, including notes of any limitations and any questions that have not been resolved. While students might draw conclusions throughout the essay based on their findings, it is important that there is a final, summative conclusion at the end. This conclusion(s) must relate to the research question posed.

6.  Required References & Bibliography

Students should use their chosen style of academic referencing as soon as they start writing. That way they are less likely to forget to include a citation. It is also easier than trying to add references at a later stage. For more information on this, refer to the guidelines in the IB document  Effective citing and referencing.

Writing the essay takes time but if students have used their Researcher's reflection space and reflection sessions in a meaningful way they should be well prepared to develop their arguments.

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Economics Essay Examples

Ace Your Essay With Our Economics Essay Examples

Published on: Jun 6, 2023

Last updated on: Jan 31, 2024

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Are you struggling to understand economics essays and how to write your own?

It can be challenging to grasp the complexities of economic concepts without practical examples.

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We’ve got the solution you've been looking for. Explore quality examples that bridge the gap between theory and real-world applications. In addition, get insightful tips for writing economics essays.

So, if you're a student aiming for academic success, this blog is your go-to resource for mastering economics essays.

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What is an Economics Essay?

An economics essay is a written piece that explores economic theories, concepts, and their real-world applications. It involves analyzing economic issues, presenting arguments, and providing evidence to support ideas. 

The goal of an economics essay is to demonstrate an understanding of economic principles and the ability to critically evaluate economic topics.

Why Write an Economics Essay?

Writing an economics essay serves multiple purposes:

• Demonstrate Understanding: Showcasing your comprehension of economic concepts and their practical applications.
• Develop Critical Thinking: Cultivating analytical skills to evaluate economic issues from different perspectives.
• Apply Theory to Real-World Contexts: Bridging the gap between economic theory and real-life scenarios.
• Enhance Research and Analysis Skills: Improving abilities to gather and interpret economic data.
• Prepare for Academic and Professional Pursuits: Building a foundation for success in future economics-related endeavors.

Paper Due? Why Suffer? That's our Job!

If you’re wondering, ‘how do I write an economics essay?’, consulting an example essay might be a good option for you. Here are some economics essay examples:

Short Essay About Economics

A Level Economics Essay Examples

Here is an essay on economics a level structure:

Band 6 Economics Essay Examples

Here are some downloadable economics essays:

Economics essay pdf

Economics essay introduction

Economics Extended Essay Examples

In an economics extended essay, students have the opportunity to delve into a specific economic topic of interest. They are required to conduct an in-depth analysis of this topic and compile a lengthy essay. 

Here are some potential economics extended essay question examples:

• How does foreign direct investment impact economic growth in developing countries?
• What are the factors influencing consumer behavior and their effects on market demand for sustainable products?
• To what extent does government intervention in the form of minimum wage policies affect employment levels and income inequality?
• What are the economic consequences of implementing a carbon tax to combat climate change?
• How does globalization influence income distribution and the wage gap in developed economies?

IB Economics Extended Essay Examples 

IB Economics Extended Essay Examples

Economics Extended Essay Topic Examples

Extended Essay Research Question Examples Economics

Tips for Writing an Economics Essay

Writing an economics essay requires specific expertise and skills. So, it's important to have some tips up your sleeve to make sure your essay is of high quality:

• Start with a Clear Thesis Statement: It defines your essay's focus and argument. This statement should be concise, to the point, and present the crux of your essay.
• Conduct Research and Gather Data: Collect facts and figures from reliable sources such as academic journals, government reports, and reputable news outlets. Use this data to support your arguments and analysis and compile a literature review.
• Use Economic Theories and Models: These help you to support your arguments and provide a framework for your analysis. Make sure to clearly explain these theories and models so that the reader can follow your reasoning.
• Analyze the Micro and Macro Aspects: Consider all angles of the topic. This means examining how the issue affects individuals, businesses, and the economy as a whole.
• Use Real-World Examples: Practical examples and case studies help to illustrate your points. This can make your arguments more relatable and understandable.
• Consider the Policy Implications: Take into account the impacts of your analysis. What are the potential solutions to the problem you're examining? How might different policies affect the outcomes you're discussing?
• Use Graphs and Charts: These help to illustrate your data and analysis. These visual aids can help make your arguments more compelling and easier to understand.
• Proofread and Edit: Make sure to proofread your essay carefully for grammar and spelling errors. In economics, precision and accuracy are essential, so errors can undermine the credibility of your analysis.

These tips can help make your essay writing journey a breeze. Tailor them to your topic to make sure you end with a well-researched and accurate economics essay.

To wrap it up , writing an economics essay requires a combination of solid research, analytical thinking, and effective communication. 

You can craft a compelling piece of work by taking our examples as a guide and following the tips.

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World Studies Extended Essay: Global Themes

• Introduction
• Getting Started
• Global Themes
• Interdisciplinary Research
• What Makes Up a "Discipline"?
• Evaluating the Insights of Academic Disciplines
• Multiple Forms of Integration
• Evaluating Your Essay
• Common Stumbling Blocks
• Examples of Globally Conscious Students

World Studies Global Themes

Conflict, peace, and security Culture, language, and identity Environmental and/or economic sustainability Equality and inequality Health and development Science, technology and society

Conflict, peace, and security

Culture, language, and identity, environmental and/or economic sustainability, equality and inequality, health and development, science, technology and society, wsee documents.

WSEE Subject Guide and worksheets

• IB EE Subject Guide - World Studies, 2018
• Making Meaningful Connections Use this worksheet to help you think about your research plans: the concepts or methods your will be using, the global topic you're focusing on, and the academic disciplines you will be using.

RRS (Researcher's Reflection Space)

• Sample Prompts for the WSEE RRS What should you write in your RRS? Use these questions and prompts to help you think through the various stages of the research for your WSEE: your initial ideas, your thoughts and reflections during the process, and your conclusions.
• RRS Example B - World Studies

RPPF (Researcher's Planning and Progress Form) examples:

• RPPF Example 5 - World Studies
• RPPF Example 7 - World Studies

IB Extended Essay Guide & Timeline

Check the Extended Essay guide for specific guidance on completing the various steps in the research and writing process of the EE, and  these documents:

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• About Adverse Childhood Experiences
• Risk and Protective Factors
• Program: Essentials for Childhood: Preventing Adverse Childhood Experiences through Data to Action
• Adverse childhood experiences can have long-term impacts on health, opportunity and well-being.
• Adverse childhood experiences are common and some groups experience them more than others.

What are adverse childhood experiences?

Adverse childhood experiences, or ACEs, are potentially traumatic events that occur in childhood (0-17 years). Examples include: 1

• Experiencing violence, abuse, or neglect.
• Witnessing violence in the home or community.
• Having a family member attempt or die by suicide.

Also included are aspects of the child’s environment that can undermine their sense of safety, stability, and bonding. Examples can include growing up in a household with: 1

• Substance use problems.
• Mental health problems.
• Instability due to parental separation.
• Instability due to household members being in jail or prison.

The examples above are not a complete list of adverse experiences. Many other traumatic experiences could impact health and well-being. This can include not having enough food to eat, experiencing homelessness or unstable housing, or experiencing discrimination. 2 3 4 5 6

Quick facts and stats

ACEs are common. About 64% of adults in the United States reported they had experienced at least one type of ACE before age 18. Nearly one in six (17.3%) adults reported they had experienced four or more types of ACEs. 7

Preventing ACEs could potentially reduce many health conditions. Estimates show up to 1.9 million heart disease cases and 21 million depression cases potentially could have been avoided by preventing ACEs. 1

Some people are at greater risk of experiencing one or more ACEs than others. While all children are at risk of ACEs, numerous studies show inequities in such experiences. These inequalities are linked to the historical, social, and economic environments in which some families live. 5 6 ACEs were highest among females, non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native adults, and adults who are unemployed or unable to work. 7

ACEs are costly. ACEs-related health consequences cost an estimated economic burden of $748 billion annually in Bermuda, Canada, and the United States. 8

ACEs can have lasting effects on health and well-being in childhood and life opportunities well into adulthood. 9 Life opportunities include things like education and job potential. These experiences can increase the risks of injury, sexually transmitted infections, and involvement in sex trafficking. They can also increase risks for maternal and child health problems including teen pregnancy, pregnancy complications, and fetal death. Also included are a range of chronic diseases and leading causes of death, such as cancer, diabetes, heart disease, and suicide. 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

ACEs and associated social determinants of health, such as living in under-resourced or racially segregated neighborhoods, can cause toxic stress. Toxic stress, or extended or prolonged stress, from ACEs can negatively affect children’s brain development, immune systems, and stress-response systems. These changes can affect children’s attention, decision-making, and learning. 18

Children growing up with toxic stress may have difficulty forming healthy and stable relationships. They may also have unstable work histories as adults and struggle with finances, jobs, and depression throughout life. 18 These effects can also be passed on to their own children. 19 20 21 Some children may face further exposure to toxic stress from historical and ongoing traumas. These historical and ongoing traumas refer to experiences of racial discrimination or the impacts of poverty resulting from limited educational and economic opportunities. 1 6

Adverse childhood experiences can be prevented. Certain factors may increase or decrease the risk of experiencing adverse childhood experiences.

Preventing adverse childhood experiences requires understanding and addressing the factors that put people at risk for or protect them from violence.

Creating safe, stable, nurturing relationships and environments for all children can prevent ACEs and help all children reach their full potential. We all have a role to play.

• Merrick MT, Ford DC, Ports KA, et al. Vital Signs: Estimated Proportion of Adult Health Problems Attributable to Adverse Childhood Experiences and Implications for Prevention — 25 States, 2015–2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019;68:999-1005. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6844e1 .
• Cain KS, Meyer SC, Cummer E, Patel KK, Casacchia NJ, Montez K, Palakshappa D, Brown CL. Association of Food Insecurity with Mental Health Outcomes in Parents and Children. Science Direct. 2022; 22:7; 1105-1114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2022.04.010 .
• Smith-Grant J, Kilmer G, Brener N, Robin L, Underwood M. Risk Behaviors and Experiences Among Youth Experiencing Homelessness—Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 23 U.S. States and 11 Local School Districts. Journal of Community Health. 2022; 47: 324-333.
• Experiencing discrimination: Early Childhood Adversity, Toxic Stress, and the Impacts of Racism on the Foundations of Health | Annual Review of Public Health https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090419-101940 .
• Sedlak A, Mettenburg J, Basena M, et al. Fourth national incidence study of child abuse and neglect (NIS-4): Report to Congress. Executive Summary. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health an Human Services, Administration for Children and Families.; 2010.
• Font S, Maguire-Jack K. Pathways from childhood abuse and other adversities to adult health risks: The role of adult socioeconomic conditions. Child Abuse Negl. 2016;51:390-399.
• Swedo EA, Aslam MV, Dahlberg LL, et al. Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences Among U.S. Adults — Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2011–2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2023;72:707–715. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7226a2 .
• Bellis, MA, et al. Life Course Health Consequences and Associated Annual Costs of Adverse Childhood Experiences Across Europe and North America: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Lancet Public Health 2019.
• Adverse Childhood Experiences During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Associations with Poor Mental Health and Suicidal Behaviors Among High School Students — Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey, United States, January–June 2021 | MMWR
• Hillis SD, Anda RF, Dube SR, Felitti VJ, Marchbanks PA, Marks JS. The association between adverse childhood experiences and adolescent pregnancy, long-term psychosocial consequences, and fetal death. Pediatrics. 2004 Feb;113(2):320-7.
• Miller ES, Fleming O, Ekpe EE, Grobman WA, Heard-Garris N. Association Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes. Obstetrics & Gynecology . 2021;138(5):770-776. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000004570 .
• Sulaiman S, Premji SS, Tavangar F, et al. Total Adverse Childhood Experiences and Preterm Birth: A Systematic Review. Matern Child Health J . 2021;25(10):1581-1594. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-021-03176-6 .
• Ciciolla L, Shreffler KM, Tiemeyer S. Maternal Childhood Adversity as a Risk for Perinatal Complications and NICU Hospitalization. Journal of Pediatric Psychology . 2021;46(7):801-813. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsab027 .
• Mersky JP, Lee CP. Adverse childhood experiences and poor birth outcomes in a diverse, low-income sample. BMC pregnancy and childbirth. 2019;19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2560-8 .
• Reid JA, Baglivio MT, Piquero AR, Greenwald MA, Epps N. No youth left behind to human trafficking: Exploring profiles of risk. American journal of orthopsychiatry. 2019;89(6):704.
• Diamond-Welch B, Kosloski AE. Adverse childhood experiences and propensity to participate in the commercialized sex market. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2020 Jun 1;104:104468.
• Shonkoff, J. P., Garner, A. S., Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health, Committee on Early Childhood, Adoption, and Dependent Care, & Section on Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics (2012). The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress. Pediatrics, 129(1), e232–e246. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-2663
• Narayan AJ, Kalstabakken AW, Labella MH, Nerenberg LS, Monn AR, Masten AS. Intergenerational continuity of adverse childhood experiences in homeless families: unpacking exposure to maltreatment versus family dysfunction. Am J Orthopsych. 2017;87(1):3. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000133 .
• Schofield TJ, Donnellan MB, Merrick MT, Ports KA, Klevens J, Leeb R. Intergenerational continuity in adverse childhood experiences and rural community environments. Am J Public Health. 2018;108(9):1148-1152. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304598 .
• Schofield TJ, Lee RD, Merrick MT. Safe, stable, nurturing relationships as a moderator of intergenerational continuity of child maltreatment: a meta-analysis. J Adolesc Health. 2013;53(4 Suppl):S32-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.05.004 .

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

ACEs can have a tremendous impact on lifelong health and opportunity. CDC works to understand ACEs and prevent them.