essay topics on diabetes

271 Diabetes Essay Topics, Research Questions, & Presentation Titles

If you’re looking for diabetes-related research topics, you’re at the right place! StudyCorgi has prepared a list of interesting diabetes thesis topics, presentation titles, and essay ideas to write about. Read on to discover the most engaging diabetes project titles and research questions!

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• Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes
• Reflection on Diabetes Program
• Comparison of Type 1 and 2 Diabetes
• Diabetes: Causes and Effects of Disease
• Diabetes and Diabetic Foot
• Diabetes Management in Primary Care
• The Ageing and Diabetes Care
• Caring for Patients With Diabetes This paper contains recommendations on caring for patients with diabetes mellitus, mainly providing a warm welcome to the patient in the clinic.
• Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 Discussion Diabetes mellitus type 1, normally known as Type 1 Diabetes, is a type of diabetes that is caused by the lack of insulin resulting from the destruction of insulin-producing cells.
• Type 2 Diabetes in a 50-Year-Old Male This paper contains a description and analysis of vulnerability and an appropriate holistic care plan for a 50-year-old male with type 2 diabetes.
• Diabetes Type 2 Self-Management Education The concept of diabetes self-management comprises several activities aimed to alleviate disease symptoms: medication intake, physical exercise, and diet.
• Diabetes Type 2 Treatment and Health Promotion The purpose of this paper is to develop evidence-based management and a plan for a patient with diabetes type 2 and describe health promotion and possible follow-up.
• Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Nursing Practice Gestational diabetes mellitus is widely debated as one of the controversial and less-researched medical conditions. Nurses play an important role in the treatment of GDM.
• Diabetes: Types, Causes, Symptoms and Cures Diabetes mellitus is a group of endocrine diseases that develop as a result of an absolute or relative deficiency of the hormone insulin.
• Diabetes in Children: The Prevalence and Prevention The Canadian Pediatric Association has laid down several recommendations in order to prevent the spread of the disease: encouraging physical activities, and a healthy diet, etc.
• Diabetes Patient and Holistic Nursing Intervention The nurse-led diabetes intervention and care management is an effective method of treatment for the acute problems caused by the illness and prevention of the adverse outcomes.
• Homeostatic Imbalance and Diabetes Symptoms The choice of treatment methods for diabetes mellitus depends on the type of disease, but any form of the disease requires a compulsory diet, exercise, and physical activity.
• Diabetes Type 1 and Type 2 and Its Causes This paper analyzes the causes of diabetes. They vary depending on genetic makeup, family history, ethnicity, health, and environmental factors.
• Pathophysiology of Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus Diabetes insipidus is a type of diabetes that is characterized by a reduced production of the ADH (antidiuretic hormone) also known as vasopressin in the body.
• Type II Diabetes: Disease Analysis Diabetes is one of the diseases that can cause several complications on patients. Evidence has revealed that diabetic complication range from stroke, heart disease or death.
• Diabetes Mellitus Overview and Analysis Diabetes which is medically referred to as diabetes mellitus, is a metabolic disorder that occurs due to the lack of production or action of insulin in the body.
• Diabetes Mellitus and Its Pathophysiology Diabetes mellitus is a disease that results in the increase of sugar level in the blood due to the inability of the body to produce sufficient insulin.
• Nutrition Impact in Developing Type II Diabetes Mellitus Type II diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease that affects the production and use of insulin in the body facilitating the uptake of glucose (blood sugar).
• Clinical Narrative: Conversation With a 30-Years-Old Woman With Diabetes This clinical narrative will outline a conversation with a patient that prompted a reflection about a nurse of the future.
• Diabetes Mellitus Self-Management The paper indicates a rising trend in diabetes mellitus diagnosis. Individuals who were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes need information on self-management.
• Diabetes: Anatomy and Physiology This paper analyses how diabetes affects the various body parts and the treatment and prevention methods. It is a condition that causes difficulties.
• Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus in Low-Income Communities: An Ethical Aspect Poor quality of life leads to widespread diabetes mellitus, especially among low-income communities. It creates an ethical dilemma that requires the attention of the authorities.
• Impacts of Nutrition on the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus The purpose of this article is to highlight the contribution of nutrition to Type 2 diabetes mellitus – the most prevalent type of diabetes amid adults.
• Transition’s Impact for Patients With Diabetes The process of transition plays an important role in ensuring that the health care needs of a patient are adequately met after they have been discharged from a hospital.
• Metformin for Type 2 Diabetes Patients Metformin is not metabolized by the organism: research in patients shows that the drug is excreted unaltered in the urine with not metabolites identified.
• Evidence-Based Practice in Diabetes Nursing Care While all nurses should be familiar with the importance of evidence-based practice in enhancing patient outcomes, few have received formal education on how to implement it.
• Role of Physical Activity in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes The paper analyzes facts on the interlinkages between metabolic outcomes, physical activity levels in patients with type 2 diabetes, and strategies.
• Type 1 Diabetes in Children: Genetic and Environmental Factors The prevalence rate of type 1 diabetes in children raises the question of the role of genetic and environmental factors in the increasing cases of this illness.
• Diabetes: Etiology and Expected Treatment Options This paper is a diabetes case study of a patient who has type I diabetes and has not been managing her blood sugars since she’s been ill and unable to keep any food down.
• Diabetes Mellitus: Cost-Effective Solution for India At present, a large number of people are experiencing health complications due to a sedentary lifestyle, lack of physical activities, poor nutritional habits, and SUD.
• Digital Health Interventions for Adults With Type 2 Diabetes “Digital health interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes” is aimed to determine the patients’ perceptions about the diabetes self-management education (DSME) limitation.
• Diabetes Mellitus of Type I vs. Type II Unhealthy eating habits, obesity, and an inactive lifestyle are the most common associations with diabetes. These factors are among the main reasons for developing Type 2 diabetes.
• Which Type of Diabetes Begins in Childhood or Adolescence?
• Can Coffee Reduce the Risk of Diabetes?
• How Does a Child Get Childhood Diabetes?
• What Factor Is Most Predictive of Successful Compliance With Diabetes Treatment?
• Can Exercising and Dieting Prevent People From Type 2 Diabetes?
• What Is a Health Promotion Strategy for Diabetes?
• How Can We Prevent Diabetes in Children?
• What Are the Risk Factors and Complications of Diabetes?
• Can Food Stamps Help to Reduce Medicare Spending on Diabetes?
• How Is Childhood Diabetes Effectively Managed?
• What Affects the Quality of Life for People With Type 1 Diabetes?
• Does Diabetes Affect Cardiovascular Health?
• Can a Child Get Diabetes From Eating Too Much Sugar?
• What Are the 7 Steps to Control Diabetes?
• How Can Diabetes Management Be Improved?
• What Are the Components of a Successful Diabetes Care Team?
• Can Diabetes Go Away if You Lose Weight?
• When Does Type 1 Diabetes Need Insulin?
• What Is the Average Lifespan of a Person With Type 2 Diabetes?
• Can Type 2 Diabetes Be Controlled Without Medication?
• What Are Some of the Latest Advances in the Treatment of Diabetes?
• Does Stress Cause Gestational Diabetes?
• How Has Treatment for Diabetes Changed Over the Years?
• Can a Child Live a Normal Life With Diabetes?
• What Is the Best Way to Manage Diabetes?
• Childhood Diabetes in Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia has one of the highest diabetes prevalence rates in the world. Five-year research determines that Saudi Arabia has an adult diabetes prevalence rate of 23.7%.
• Social Epidemiology: Diabetes Mellitus in Australian Indigenous People People are advised to engage in physical activity, take a balanced diet, avoid stress, and reduce food and drinks with high levels of sugar.
• Reducing Diabetic Foot Incidence and Its Related Complications Complications arising from the diabetic foot are caused by deep infections and gangrene, which increase the risk of the amputation of the lower limb.
• The Type II Diabetes in Obese Children Approximately 10% of school-going children aged between 5 years and 17 years can be described to be obese; a quarter of them are at a heightened risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
• Diabetes Self-Management Education in Elderly This project proposal depicts the major details of the study aimed at improving the health outcomes of older adults suffering from diabetes through the provision of training.
• Type-2 Diabetes: Condition and Resources Analysis Type-2 diabetes is an increasingly prevalent health issue in the US, and its early onset has an aggressive disease phenotype and leads to unfavorable long-term prognosis.
• Insulin Pump Therapy in Diabetes This paper explores a study conducted by Johnson, Copper, Jones, and Davis to determine the long-term effect of using insulin pump therapy in the treatment of type 1 diabetes in children.
• Improving Diabetes Lifestyle Diabetes is one of the health conditions affecting many people in different corners of the world. Individuals and family members affected by the condition should lead healthy lives.
• Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes The development of hypertension and diabetes stems from the use of Glucocorticoid medications. Glucocorticoids increases blood glucose production in the liver.
• Type 2 Diabetes: Diabetes in Canada Type 2 diabetes is a disease that presents a great danger to the life of a human being, and there is currently no cure for it.
• Obesity, Diabetes and Self-Care The paper discusses being overweight or obese is a high-risk factor for diabetes mellitus and self-care among middle-aged diabetics is a function of education and income.
• Evidence-Based Practice Project on Diabetes A fundamental component of early Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treatment is patient education, which in turn sets the foundation for effective treatment.
• Annotated Bibliography to Health Literacy, Self-Care and Patients With Diabetes This annotated bibliography covers topics related to health literacy, self-care, and glycemic control among others in patients with diabetes.
• Prevention of Type II Diabetes This article is devoted to the prevention of type 2 diabetes: the factors that can trigger the disease, as well as the categories of people who are at risk, are considered.
• Type 1 Diabetes in Children Type 1 diabetes is a major problem among young members of the population because they become infringed from their earliest years.
• Care Plan For the Patient With the Type 2 Diabetes The patients with the diagnosis of Diabetes type 2 require complex care of the professionals in different spheres, of the so-called diabetes care team.
• Diabetes Conference as a Scholarly Activity I chose to attend a conference on diabetes held by Baptist Health South Florida, a non-profit medical organization. Diabetes is a too broad topic to be explained in a single day.
• Diabetes in African American Patients This research project addresses the implications of diabetes for African American patients and reviews the possible ways of treating it.
• Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Treatment and Management Type 1 diabetes mellitus is associated with different complications. The disease can occur naturally and make it impossible for many patients to lead quality lives.
• Type 2 Diabetes Patients Care Plan The current paper dwells on the elaboration of a care plan for type 2 diabetes patients. The mortality rates connected to type 2 diabetes grow bigger with every other year.
• Insulin Pharmacological Effects in Diabetes Management Insulin is a protein-peptide hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas. This paper describes pharmacological properties and the effects of insulin in diabetes management.
• Type II Diabetes in Evidence-Based Pharmacology In this paper, diabetes mellitus (DM type 2) will be reviewed through a synthesis of relevant information about its pathophysiology, genomic issues, diagnosis, and treatment.
• Diabetes in Evidence-Based Nursing Practice The paper analyzes “Diabetic Foot Ulcer: An Evidence-Based Treatment Update” and “Assessment of Diabetes-Related Knowledge among Nursing Staff in a Hospital Setting”.
• Diabetes Mellitus Type II: Diagnosis and Treatment Type II diabetes is caused by a combination of amplified tissue struggle to insulin, scarce insulin emission, or the surplus secretion of glucagon.
• A Diabetes-Related PICOT (Research) Question The study of the PICOT question involves the search and systematization of sources to find the most relevant evidence.
• Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes A nurse should not recommend medical treatment for excess weight to a patient who has not tried traditional methods of treatment.
• The Role Exercise Plays in Diabetes Prevention The paper states that exercise has a critical role in preventing diabetes. It helps control cholesterol, weight, blood glucose, and blood pressure.
• Ketones Diet and Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus The paper synthesizes evidence-based practices in nursing that can equip care providers with the necessary knowledge to educate diabetic patients.
• Healthy Lifestyle Program Impact on Type 2 Diabetes Patients The purpose of the paper is comparing the clinical results of exercise program implementation and conventional therapy in terms of type 2 diabetes interventions.
• Aspects of the Epidemiology of Diabetes The paper discusses the epidemiology of diabetes. It provides information about diabetes mellitus, explains the types of it, and shows how it varies.
• Significance of the Diabetes Issue The paper states that diabetes is a severe health issue characterized by a high spread level and a range of symptoms that require constant monitoring.
• Diabetes Disease, Its Prevention and Treatment This paper states that the critical element of achieving success in the precluding of diabetes and its complications appears to be the prevention of diabetes.
• The Diabetes Epidemic in the United States Diabetes is one of the most common autoimmune diseases in the United States. This is a pressing issue for the nation, especially for nurses and doctors.
• Diabetes: Types, Causes, and Complications Diabetes is a serious and dangerous disease that, if untreated, can cause severe health problems or lead to death. There are several types of diabetes.
• Diabetes: Causes, Treatment, and Magnitude The importance of such problem as diabetes is obvious. This disease is the fastest growing in the world at the moment, taking a significant burden on healthcare professionals.
• Social Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes: Ecosocial Perspective The diaTribe Foundation aims to address the urgent issue of increased diabetes prevalence among racial minorities, who have poor awareness of diabetes.
• Habits to Prevent Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes The paper aims to raise awareness among various racial groups in Las Vegas about good preventive habits that prevent the development of type 2 diabetes.
• What is the role of gut microbiota in the development of insulin resistance?
• How to improve the accuracy of continuous glucose monitoring systems?
• What are the long-term effects of bariatric surgery for diabetes management?
• How does sleep quality influence glycemic control?
• How can telemedicine enhance diabetes care?
• What is the impact of diabetes on cognitive function and brain health?
• What are the best practices for diabetes prevention in children?
• What are the barriers to older adults’ diabetes self-management?
• How does gestational diabetes affect maternal and fetal health?
• How does continuous glucose monitoring impact patients’ quality of life?
• Type 2 Diabetes Prevention in Racial Minorities: Lifestyle Changes To help diabetic patients control weight loss, well-trained nurses need to promote education on healthy diets and physical activities.
• Incretin Mimetic Drugs for Type 2 Diabetes In patients with type 2 diabetes, there is a significant decrease in the incretin effect and a decrease in insulin secretion in response to an oral load.
• Discussion: Diabetes in the United States Diabetes diagnoses are more common in individuals who have completed high school or earned a GED, or have some college education than in those who hold a bachelor’s degree or higher.
• Diabetes Patient Case Study: Endocrinology Mr. X’s situation can be analyzed through the lens of social determinants. The first determinant is health care access and quality.
• The Current Trends of Patients With Diabetes The study aims to observe the current trends of patients with diabetes aged sixty-five or older within the selected healthcare setting.
• Interventions Preventing Diabetes Development The patient was diagnosed with prediabetes three months ago. Possible interventions to prevent the development of diabetes type two were unable to succeed.
• Diabetes Health Care Information Collection This work aims at proposing a method of collecting information associated with diabetes, such as demographics, medications used, and other data.
• Reaching Optimal Health With Type 2 Diabetes To combat the symptoms of this disease and its consequences, it is necessary to adjust nutrition, which will normalize the level of insulin in the human body.
• Effects of Diabetes on Quality of Care in Massachusetts The patient involved was a male relative who is diabetic and receives treatment at the Massachusetts General Hospital.
• Epidemic of Type 2 Diabetes Among Hispanic Males Diabetes is a disease with a very high prevalence of 19% among Hispanic males. It is more common among Hispanics than all other races.
• Role of Genes in Diabetes Development Diabetes is a global pandemic whose effects cause immeasurable burden to the globe. About ten percent of the world’s population suffers from diabetes currently.
• Symptoms of Type I Diabetes The paper discusses the possible symptoms inherent to diabetes. They are unmotivated weak, have drowsiness, persistent thirst, and have dry mouths.
• Diabetes Mellitus: Information Collection This work aims at reviewing legislative considerations, collecting information and its life cycle, which are associated with diabetes.
• Type 1 Diabetes and Appropriate Therapeutic Diet The food intake and knowledge needed can be related to the education and subsequent application of the therapeutic diet.
• Type 2 Diabetes: Study Purpose, Design and Results Study results showed the developed glucose control and prompted variations in the muscle that are associated with improvement in metabolic wellbeing in type two diabetes patients.
• Evidence-Based Practices to Reduce the Risks of Diabetes A person’s lifestyle can directly affect their health in various ways. An unhealthy lifestyle can lead to a diverse range of diseases later in life.
• Supporting Patients With Diabetes in U.S. The central problem that this essay raises describes the characteristics of the U.S. health care system in supporting patients with diabetes.
• Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Etiology Decreased insulin sensitivity in the muscle, tissue, and liver leads to increased insulin production by beta cells of the pancreas.
• Diabetes: Community Teaching The community setting is the Adult Day Care Center, yet this teaching plan also applies to hospitals and clinics with a high influx of diabetes patients.
• Type 2 Diabetes Management in Primary School Children The care plan for children with type 2 diabetes implies meeting specific objectives for managing the condition of this population group in the context of educational facilities.
• Awareness on Diabetes Causes and Treatment The need to increase awareness of diabetes causes and treatment is the reason why precisely this disease is chosen for this study.
• Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Among Children and Adolescents The increase of T2DM among children and adolescents in the last five years has surfaced in parallel with a surprising rise in the number of young people who are obese.
• Diabetes: Overview of the Problem and Treatment The percentage of people who have diabetes has increased lately due to the sedentary lifestyle that many individuals select.
• The Importance of Diabetes Prevention Education Diabetes has become a significant threat to society that’s why the annotated bibliography was selected to ensure that readers can acquire information regarding the disease.
• Scientific Method: The Risk of Contracting Diabetes The paper discusses that drinking coffee may reduce the risk of contracting diabetes. The control group produced a significant increase in blood sugar levels.
• Problem of Diabetes in the Elderly Despite the efforts made by health care organizations around the world, the number of people with diabetes is expected to grow.
• Educating the Client on Diabetes Medications In order to ascertain the reasons for polypharmacy, an interview was conducted with a client who takes several medications at once.
• Diabetes in African Americans and Effectiveness of Educational Sessions According to the Diabetes Research Institute Foundation, over a tenth of the population has diabetes and related conditions, and the number of new cases continues to rise rapidly.
• Management of Type 2 Diabetes Metformin is an antihyperglycemic drug prescribed to patients with type 2 diabetes to increase their glucose tolerance.
• Australian Government Policy Response to Diabetes Mellitus Type II It is highly necessary to inform the health officer trainees about the main constraints and challenges that should be considered to handle the problem of diabetes pandemic.
• Diabetes Community Health Programs in Florida The discussion examines how the quality of life in Florida correlates with diabetes and proposed a powerful program for dealing with diabetes in children.
• Diabetes Prevention Lessons in the Community This paper discusses the problem of diabetes prevention in the community, elaborates the teaching plans to help all stakeholders affected by the diabetes problem.
• Understanding Biostatiscal Principles with Diabetes This paper is meant to review the effectiveness of Biostatistics applied by the information/news medium in communicating diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2 related information.
• Patient Engagement in Type 2 Diabetes The presented research is not exactly in line with the existing literature since it does not demonstrate a statistically significant effect of the selected method by Smith et al.
• Community Obesity and Diabetes: Mississippi Focus Study The paper provides a detailed discussion of the correct method to be used in the state of Mississippi to control and avoid obesity and diabetes issues.
• Endocrine Disorders: Diabetes Mellitus This artticle describes Diabetes Mellitus, its etiology, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and nursing considerations.
• Weight Training and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Men Should research in media if the claim that little exercise is adequate to minimize the risk of type two diabetes.
• Microbiome matters: the link between gut microbiota and diabetes.
• Diabetes and the aging brain: cognitive impacts on older adults.
• Addressing cultural disparities in diabetes care.
• The complex relationship between diabetes and heart health.
• The influence of stress on diabetes development.
• Beyond blood sugar: the multi-organ effects of diabetes.
• The benefits of a plant-based diet for diabetes.
• Can type 2 diabetes be reversed?
• Unique challenges of adults with latent autoimmune diabetes.
• Diabetes and reproductive health: the impact on fertility.
• Childhood Diabetes in Saudi Arabia: The Prevalence of Type 1 Diabetes Among Children Diabetes is one of the major chronic ailments facing children in Saudi Arabia. This trend has been observed in recent years.
• Community Prevention: Type 2-Diabetes in California Community-based programs on prevention and control of type 2-diabetes will incorporate approximately four intensive and core sessions that will be offered every year.
• Diabetes Education Skills for Low Grade Literacy Patients This article is a guide for nurses to help them explain diabetes to patients with low medical literacy in simple terms.
• Reducing the Incidence of Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Foot in the Veteran Population The research proposes to use a comprehensive education program to reduce the incidence of diabetes mellitus and diabetic foot in the Veteran population.
• Type 1 Diabetes: Characteristics, Epidemiology Type 1 diabetes exhibits different characteristics depending on the person suffering from the disease, place, and time.
• Smartphone Role in Type 2 Diabetes Self-Management The current research paper endeavors to explore mat-analysis studies and past research studies on the role played by smartphones in type 2 diabetes self-management.
• Smartphone Application and Diabetes Reminder Management The proposed intervention implies the implementation of smartphone applications aimed at managing diabetes, the intervention has a lot of advantages.
• Diabetes Insipidus: Causes, Treatment, Pathophysiology The lack of sufficient antidiuretic hormone in the body results in diabetes insipidus. Diabetes insipidus can be managed by taking high amounts of fluids to keep the body hydrated.
• Type II Diabetes: Pathophysiology, Initial Signs, Symptoms, This paper discusses pathophysiology associated with type 2 diabetes, initial signs, symptoms, and type of vascular changes that occur early in type II diabetes.
• Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes Guidelines The research paper recommends that ADA and other health bodies should customize DSME so that it can suit the needs of diverse patients in different unique communities.
• Type 1 and 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Inhaled Insulin Therapy The paper will focus on glycaemic control for patients with diabetes mellitus and will attempt to identify whether the use of inhaled insulin is beneficial for these patients.
• The Diabetes Study of Northern California The population-based study shows that Latinos in the United States are disproportionately affected by diabetes type-2 and have poor glycemic control.
• Lived Experience of Diabetes Among Older, Rural People The implied research question is, “what are the most significant issues associated with the self-management of diabetes among the elderly?”
• Diabetes Diagnosis: The Use of Magnetic Nanoparticles This paper will discuss the use of magnetic nanoparticles in the diagnosis of diabetes, its application in the children population, and its relevance to the nursing profession.
• “Bariatric Surgery v. Conventional Medical Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes” by Mingrone This paper critiqued a study “Bariatric surgery versus conventional medical therapy for type 2 diabetes” that aimed to compare traditional medical therapy and bariatric surgery.
• Depression Intervention Among Diabetes Patients The research examines the communication patterns used by depression care specialist nurses when communicating with patients suffering from diabetes.
• The New Jersey Diabetes Prevention and Control Program The aim of the New Jersey Diabetes Prevention and Control Program is to mitigate the high level of type II diabetes in the target population, through education on lifestyle.
• Type 2 Diabetes Patients and Self-Administer Insulin The importance of patient education to facilitate primary health care skills and knowledge in vulnerable populations has been broadly addressed in scholarly literature.
• Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Pathophysiology This paper explains Type 1 diabetes. The causes, symptoms, therapeutic procedures, and management procedures of the disease are also explained.
• Diabetes and Tuberculosis: Review of Articles in Nursing This paper discusses articles in nursing about different issues related to diabetes, trends in prevalence and control, and also about tuberculosis treatment.
• Reduction of Kidney Failure Due to Diabetes This proposal aims to outline the project’s matter for future advanced practice because of the prevalence of chronic kidney disease and its vast economic and health consequences.
• Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus This article discusses in detail how type 2 diabetes develops over time in patients with metabolic syndrome, focusing on the pathophysiological changes that occur.
• Diabetes Type 2 and Related Lifestyle Challenges Diabetes is continuously becoming a big challenge. There is more than one type of diabetes: type 2 seems to be the most challenging one.
• Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Foot Evaluation The research proposes to use a comprehensive education program to reduce incidences of diabetes mellitus and diabetic foot in the population.
• Screening and Management of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes Guidelines Health care systems across the world are employing diverse screening strategies and criteria in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus among the population.
• Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus in Low-Income Communities The present paper offers a review of literature on the major reasons for diabetes prevalence in low-income communities.
• Diabetes: Danger Factors Analysis Diabetes is one of the most common diseases that older people are most affected by it. Danger factors include many points.
• Nursing Diabetes and Obesity Patients Nursing diabetes and obese patients are regarded as one of the most serious problems of contemporary nursing practices.
• Increasing Diabetes Infections Among the Hispanic Populations The article’s objective is centered around establishing whether chronic stress makes US Hispanics more susceptible to diabetes.
• Study of the Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 Diabetes mellitus is a disease that affects many systems in the body; it has both anatomical and biochemical consequences, which are manifested in various ways.
• Type II Diabetes: Treatments Metformin is the most common drug recommended for treating type II diabetes. This drug lowers blood glucose level by reducing the production of insulin.
• Diabetes in American Society To get prepared for diabetes, it is important to learn diabetes triggers, causes, complications, and other characteristics.
• A Peer Group Support in Intervention for Adolescent With Type One Diabetes Adolescents with diabetes usually experience difficulties in their physical, emotional, and social stress emerging from the complex medication regimen they have to comply with.
• Chronic Bronchitis, Heart Failure, Hypertension, and Diabetes Mellitus This paper discusses the symptoms and causes of such diseases as chronic bronchitis, heart failure, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus.
• Diabetes Type 1 and 2 Preventive Measures Diabetes is a common disease that can lead to adverse consequences for humans’ overall health if not treated properly.
• Effects of Intensive Blood-Pressure Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Blood pressure in diabetic patients remains controversial. The uncertainty surrounding its control complicates patients’ care as the risk of future cardiac events grows.
• The Prevalence of Diabetes in the Elderly From 2000 to 2009 The endeavor of this review is to determine the occurrence of diabetes in the American populace for the period spanning 2000 to 2009.
• The Connection Between Apoptosis and Diabetes
• Mobile Apps for Diabetes Mellitus Patients Research
• Diabetes: Preventive Measures and Diagnostics
• Diabetes Care Team Best Practices
• Type II Diabetes Mellitus Overview
• The Role of Significant Others in Adolescent Diabetes, A Qualitative Study by Carroll and Marrero
• Incidence of Diabetes in the United States
• How Diabetes Works: Medical Analysis
• Mexican American Children and Type 2 Diabetes
• Diabetes Chronic Condition Management
• Mindful Eating Intervention and Diabetes Self-Management Intervention
• Patient Education Technology: MySugr Diabetes Logbook
• Diabetes Mellitus and Self-Care Education
• Insulin Pump Therapy in Children with Diabetes
• Evaluation of the Clinical Outcomes of Telehealth for Managing Diabetes
• Impact of Establishing a Communication Network of Family Physicians on Level of Hba1c and FBS in Patients With Diabetes
• Integrative Review on Adherence in Haitians With Diabetes
• Preventing Diabetes and Heart Failure Hospitalizations
• Diabetes Issues in the United States and Florida
• Diabetes Control and Education: Four-Week Project
• Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy in Diabetes Patients
• Bariatric Surgery in Type 2 Diabetes Management
• The Use of Diabetes Self-Management Apps by African-American Women
• Older Rural People with Diabetes: Life Expectancy
• EHR Database Management: Diabetes Prevention
• Diabetes Management for Older Adults in Long-Term Care
• Diabetes Mellitus II: Screening and Statistics
• Type 2 Diabetes: Possible Interventions and Prevention
• Type 2 Diabetes, Risk Factors, Medical Intervention
• Developmental Care for Type 1 Diabetes
• Evidence-Based Practice: Diabetes Prevalence
• Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy and Diabetes
• Educational Programs for Hispanic Patients with Diabetes
• Diabetes Negligence in the Pediatric Population
• Diabetes in Children: Symptoms and Diagnostics
• Foot Ulcers Management in Diabetes Patients
• Diabetes in Adolescents, Social and Medical Issues
• Education Strategies for Elderly Patients with Diabetes
• Diabetes Interventions for Aging African Americans
• Chronic Fatigue in Diabetes
• Diabetes Diagnosis and Classification
• Type II Diabetes Treatment
• Diabetes and High Blood Pressure Patient Teaching
• Diabetes 2 Complications: Neuropathy and Retinopathy
• Weight Gain, Atherosclerosis, Diabetes Relationship
• Prevention or Delay of Type 2 Diabetes
• Risk Assessment Models for Diabetes Complications
• Diabetes Among Hispanics in Miami: Risk Factors
• Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in China
• Diabetes and Status among Immigrants in California
• Chronic Disease: Diabetes Mellitus
• Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Adults
• Diabetes Genetic Risks in Diagnostics
• Patients With Diabetes and Concomitant Diseases’ Risk
• Prevention and Management of Type 2 Diabetes
• Using Dulaglutide in the Treatment of Patients with Diabetes
• Diabetic Nutritional Plan For a 15-Year-Old Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Patient
• Diabetes Treatment: Computer-Based Intervention
• Diabetes: Country Walk Community’s Health Problem
• Wound Care Tests in Diabetes
• Treatment and Advances in Diabetes
• Type II Diabetes: Patient Case Study
• Types of Diabetes Mellitus: Role of Insulin
• Diabetes Mellitus Patients and Supporting Resources
• Diabetes and Its Economic Cost in the United States
• Food Diversion as a Type-2 Diabetes Treatment
• The Most Acute Problems With Patients With Diabetes
• Diabetes in American Adolescents and Its Effects
• Vitamin D Deficiency and Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
• Diabetes and Possible Interventions
• Diabetes and Dementia Relationships and Nursing
• Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Adolescents
• Type 2 Diabetes: Disease Process and Screening
• Overweight Diabetes Patients With Cardiovascular Risk
• Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Integrated Management
• Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
• “Prandial Inhaled Insulin Plus Basal Insulin Glargine Versus Twice Daily Biaspart Insulin for Type 2 Diabetes: A Multicentre Randomised Trial”: Article Review

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StudyCorgi . "271 Diabetes Essay Topics, Research Questions, & Presentation Titles." September 9, 2021. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/diabetes-essay-topics/.

StudyCorgi . 2021. "271 Diabetes Essay Topics, Research Questions, & Presentation Titles." September 9, 2021. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/diabetes-essay-topics/.

These essay examples and topics on Diabetes were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on January 22, 2024 .

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111 Diabetes Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Inside This Article

Living with diabetes can be challenging, but it is important to stay informed and educated about the condition. One way to do this is by writing essays on various topics related to diabetes. If you are looking for inspiration, here are 111 diabetes essay topic ideas and examples to help get you started.

• The history of diabetes and its treatment
• The role of genetics in diabetes
• The differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes
• The impact of diabetes on mental health
• The relationship between diabetes and obesity
• The importance of regular exercise for managing diabetes
• The role of diet in diabetes management
• The prevalence of diabetes in different age groups
• The economic burden of diabetes on healthcare systems
• The link between diabetes and cardiovascular disease
• The impact of diabetes on pregnancy
• The role of insulin in diabetes treatment
• The benefits of continuous glucose monitoring for diabetes management
• The psychological effects of living with diabetes
• The challenges of managing diabetes in children
• The impact of diabetes on vision
• The relationship between diabetes and kidney disease
• The role of technology in diabetes management
• The importance of education in diabetes prevention
• The connection between diabetes and sleep disorders
• The impact of diabetes on wound healing
• The role of stress in diabetes management
• The benefits of support groups for individuals with diabetes
• The relationship between diabetes and nerve damage
• The impact of diabetes on sexual health
• The role of healthcare providers in diabetes management
• The benefits of mindfulness practices for diabetes management
• The connection between diabetes and oral health
• The impact of diabetes on bone health
• The relationship between diabetes and autoimmune diseases
• The role of inflammation in diabetes
• The benefits of weight loss for diabetes management
• The impact of diabetes on skin health
• The connection between diabetes and mental illness
• The role of medication in diabetes management
• The benefits of regular blood glucose monitoring
• The impact of diabetes on exercise performance
• The relationship between diabetes and hormonal imbalances
• The role of dietitians in diabetes management
• The benefits of peer support for individuals with diabetes
• The connection between diabetes and hearing loss
• The impact of diabetes on cognitive function
• The relationship between diabetes and gut health
• The role of physical therapy in diabetes management
• The benefits of yoga for diabetes management
• The impact of diabetes on immune function
• The connection between diabetes and chronic pain
• The role of sleep in diabetes management
• The benefits of acupuncture for diabetes management
• The impact of diabetes on fertility
• The relationship between diabetes and Alzheimer's disease
• The role of occupational therapy in diabetes management
• The benefits of relaxation techniques for diabetes management
• The connection between diabetes and arthritis
• The impact of diabetes on energy levels
• The relationship between diabetes and food allergies
• The role of pharmacists in diabetes management
• The benefits of art therapy for diabetes management
• The connection between diabetes and migraines
• The impact of diabetes on social relationships
• The relationship between diabetes and thyroid disorders
• The role of endocrinologists in diabetes management
• The benefits of chiropractic care for diabetes management
• The connection between diabetes and digestive issues
• The impact of diabetes on self-esteem
• The relationship between diabetes and skin conditions
• The role of dentists in diabetes management
• The connection between diabetes and respiratory issues
• The impact of diabetes on mood disorders
• The relationship between diabetes and allergies
• The role of optometrists in diabetes management
• The benefits of music therapy for diabetes management
• The connection between diabetes and autoimmune diseases
• The relationship between diabetes and chronic pain
• The connection between diabetes and food allergies

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Home — Essay Samples — Nursing & Health — Other Diseases & Conditions — Diabetes

Essays About Diabetes

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The Dangers of Diabetes and The Proper Management of The Disease

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A Research on The Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

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The Types of Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus, commonly known as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level (hyperglycemia) over a prolonged period of time.

Symptoms often include frequent urination, increased thirst and increased appetite.

There are three main types of diabetes mellitus: Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, and Gestational diabetes.

Family history, obesity, lack of exercise, genetics, air pollution, etc.

More than 37 million people in the United States have diabetes, and 1 in 5 of them don’t know they have it. Diabetes is the 7th leading cause of death in the United States. In the last 20 years, the number of adults diagnosed with diabetes has more than doubled as the American population has aged and become more overweight or obese.

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From Research to Reflection: A Step-by-Step Guide to Writing an Essay on Diabetes

Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects millions of people worldwide. It is characterized by high blood glucose levels, which can lead to various complications if left untreated. One of the most significant complications of diabetes is its impact on cardiovascular health.

The link between diabetes and cardiovascular disease is well-established. People with diabetes are two to four times more likely to develop cardiovascular disease than those without the disease.

The reasons for this are complex, but they include that diabetes can damage blood vessels and nerves throughout the body, including those that supply the heart and brain. This can lead to a range of cardiovascular problems, such as heart attacks, strokes, and peripheral artery disease .

We can guarantee you that most people are not even aware of this much information on diabetes. This is why writing an essay on diabetes makes sense.

What’s more, while writing an essay on diabetes, you make yourself aware of this disease and work towards reflecting on it.

Influence Of Diabetes On The Society

Diabetes can have a significant impact on society in a number of ways.

Here are some examples:

• Healthcare costs: Diabetes is a chronic disease that requires ongoing medical care, including regular check-ups, medications, and in some cases, hospitalization. The cost of treating diabetes can be substantial, both for individuals and for society as a whole. In 2017, the total cost of diabetes in the US was estimated to be $327 billion, including direct medical costs and lost productivity.
• Public health: Diabetes is a major public health issue , with an estimated 463 million adults worldwide living with the disease. Diabetes can lead to various health complications, including heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, and blindness. As a result, diabetes is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide.
• Lifestyle changes: Diabetes is closely linked to lifestyle factors such as diet and physical activity. As a result, efforts to prevent or manage diabetes often involve promoting healthy lifestyle habits such as regular exercise and a balanced diet. These lifestyle changes can have a broader impact on society by promoting overall health and well-being.
• Stigma: Diabetes can be stigmatized, with some people blaming individuals with diabetes for their disease. This can lead to discrimination and social isolation, which can have a negative impact on mental health and well-being.
• Education and awareness: Diabetes education and awareness campaigns can play an important role in reducing the impact of diabetes on society. By promoting an understanding of the disease and its risk factors and encouraging early diagnosis and treatment, these campaigns can help to improve health outcomes and reduce healthcare costs.

Diabetes can significantly impact society, both in terms of healthcare costs and public health outcomes. By promoting education and awareness and encouraging healthy lifestyle habits, we can work to reduce the impact of diabetes on individuals and society as a whole.

Why Such A Subject?

While there are many subjects to write essays on, why write an essay on such a difficult subject? Well, when an educational institution asks you to write an essay, they look at your writing skills and try to figure out your personality along with it.

If you are writing about something that can bring change in society, it can impress them. Writing an essay on diabetes will allow you to stand out from all the other students who have submitted essays on almost the same topic.

Below are a few reasons why writing an essay on diabetes is a good idea.

• To Raise Awareness: Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects millions of people worldwide, yet many people are still unaware of its causes, symptoms, and complications. Writing an essay on diabetes can help raise awareness about the disease, its impact on individuals and communities, and the importance of prevention and management.
• To Educate: Diabetes is a complex disease that requires careful management and monitoring. Writing an essay on diabetes can help educate individuals about the different types of diabetes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, and treatment options.
• To Promote Research: There is ongoing research on diabetes, including new treatments and management strategies. Writing an essay on diabetes can help promote research by highlighting the importance of funding and supporting research efforts.
• To Advocate For Change: Writing an essay on diabetes can help advocate for policy changes that improve access to diabetes care, support for those with diabetes, and prevention efforts.
• To Demonstrate Understanding: Writing an essay on diabetes can be an opportunity to demonstrate an understanding of the disease and its impact on individuals and communities. It can also showcase critical thinking skills and research abilities.

Writing an essay on diabetes can help raise awareness, educate, promote research, advocate for change, and demonstrate an understanding of the disease. It can be an important way to promote public health and improve the lives of individuals with diabetes.

A Step-by-Step Guide To Writing An Essay On Diabetes

Writing an essay on diabetes requires thorough research and reflection. You can’t just proceed with a diabetes essay like any normal essay topic. When writing an essay on diabetes, you can’t get wrong with your facts and information. One mistake in your information can affect your whole efforts.

When you are doing research for your essay, ensure that you are picking information from credible resources.

Follow the steps below to write a high-quality essay.

Step 1: Choose A Specific Topic

The topic of diabetes is vast, so it is essential to narrow it down to a specific area you can thoroughly explore in your essay. Consider the audience, the essay’s purpose, and the assignment’s scope. For instance, you could focus on the causes of diabetes, the different types of diabetes, the impact of diabetes on a particular population, or the latest treatment options for diabetes.

Step 2: Conduct Research

Once you have a specific topic, conduct thorough research to gather relevant information from credible sources such as academic journals, government publications, and reputable websites. Take notes on key points, statistics, and quotes that you can use to support your arguments.

Step 3: Develop A Thesis Statement

Based on your research, develop a clear and concise thesis statement that summarizes the main argument of your essay. Your thesis statement should be debatable and provide a roadmap for the rest of your essay.

Step 4: Create An Outline

Use your research and thesis statement to create an outline for your essay. Organize your ideas into logical sections and subsections, and ensure each point supports your thesis statement.

Step 5: Write The Essay

Using your outline as a guide, write your essay. Start with an introduction that provides background information and a clear thesis statement. Use the body paragraphs to present your arguments and support them with evidence from your research. End with a conclusion that restates your thesis and summarizes your main points.

Step 6: Edit And Proofread

After you have written your essay, edit and proofread it carefully to ensure it is clear, concise, and error-free. Check for spelling and grammatical errors, and ensure your ideas flow logically.

Step 7: Reflect On Your Essay

Finally, take some time to reflect on your essay. Consider the strengths and weaknesses of your argument, and think about what you could have done differently. This reflection can help you improve your writing skills and prepare for future assignments.

By following this step-by-step guide, you can write a well-researched and thoughtful essay on diabetes. Remember to choose a specific topic, conduct thorough research, develop a clear thesis statement, create an outline, write the essay, edit and proofread, and reflect on your work.

However, if you find it difficult to write an essay on diabetes, but the opportunity is too good to miss, ask a professional to ‘ write my essay for me ’.

Things To Consider!

Define your purpose.

Before you start writing, it’s important to clarify why you’re writing about diabetes.

Are you trying to educate readers about the disease? Discuss a specific aspect of diabetes research or treatment. Argue for a particular approach to diabetes prevention or management.

Defining your purpose can help guide your writing and ensure that you stay focused on your main goals.

Know Your Audience

Who will be reading your essay? Are they experts in diabetes, or are they general readers who may not be familiar with the disease? Understanding your audience can help you tailor your writing style and language to make your essay as accessible and engaging as possible.

Research Thoroughly

Diabetes is a complex and multi-faceted disease, so it’s important to do your research to ensure you comprehensively understand the topic. Find reputable sources, such as peer-reviewed journals, government websites, or expert organizations like the American Diabetes Association.

Consider Multiple Perspectives

There are many different viewpoints on diabetes, from healthcare providers to patients to public health advocates. When writing your essay, consider different perspectives and present a balanced view of the topic.

Use Clear, Concise Language

Diabetes is a technical topic with many medical terms and concepts that may be unfamiliar to some readers. To make your essay as accessible as possible, try to use clear, concise language that is easy to understand. Use layman’s terms when appropriate, and define any technical terms you use.

Use Examples And Anecdotes

Diabetes can be a dry and technical topic, so using examples and anecdotes can help to bring your writing to life and make it more engaging for readers. Consider including real-life stories of people with diabetes or describing specific research studies or medical interventions in detail.

Edit And Proofread Carefully

Finally, edit and proofread your essay carefully before submitting it. Look for spelling and grammar errors and any unclear or confusing language. Consider having someone else read your essay to get a fresh perspective and catch any mistakes you may have missed.

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New Aspects of Diabetes Research and Therapeutic Development

Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus are advancing at exponential rates, placing significant burdens on health care networks worldwide. Although traditional pharmacologic therapies such as insulin and oral antidiabetic stalwarts like metformin and the sulfonylureas continue to be used, newer drugs are now on the market targeting novel blood glucose–lowering pathways. Furthermore, exciting new developments in the understanding of beta cell and islet biology are driving the potential for treatments targeting incretin action, islet transplantation with new methods for immunologic protection, and the generation of functional beta cells from stem cells. Here we discuss the mechanistic details underlying past, present, and future diabetes therapies and evaluate their potential to treat and possibly reverse type 1 and 2 diabetes in humans.

Significance Statement

Diabetes mellitus has reached epidemic proportions in the developed and developing world alike. As the last several years have seen many new developments in the field, a new and up to date review of these advances and their careful evaluation will help both clinical and research diabetologists to better understand where the field is currently heading.

I. Introduction

Diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disease defined by elevated fasting blood glucose levels due to insufficient insulin production, has reached epidemic proportions worldwide (World Health Organization, 2020 ). Type 1 and type 2 diabetes (T1D and T2D, respectively) make up the majority of diabetes cases with T1D characterized by autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells. The much more prevalent T2D arises in conjunction with peripheral tissue insulin resistance and beta cell failure and is estimated to increase to 21%–33% of the US population by the year 2050 (Boyle et al., 2010 ). To combat this growing health threat and its cardiac, renal, and neurologic comorbidities, new and more effective diabetes drugs and treatments are essential. As the last several years have seen many new developments in the field of diabetes pharmacology and therapy, we determined that a new and up to date review of these advances was in order. Our aim is to provide a careful evaluation of both old and new therapies ( Fig. 1 ) in a manner that we hope will be of interest to both clinical and bench diabetologists. Instead of the usual encyclopedic approach to this topic, we provide here a targeted and selective consideration of the underlying issues, promising new treatments, and a re-examination of more traditional approaches. Thus, we do not discuss less frequently used diabetes agents, such as alpha-glucosidase inhibitors; these were discussed in other recent reviews (Hedrington and Davis, 2019 ; Lebovitz, 2019 ).

Pharmacologic targeting of numerous organ systems for the treatment of diabetes. Treatment of diabetes involves targeting of various organ systems, including the kidney by SGLT2 inhibitors; the liver, gut, and adipose tissue by metformin; and direct actions upon the pancreatic beta cell. Beta cell compounds aim to increase secretion or mass and/or to protect from autoimmunity destruction. Ultimately, insulin therapy remains the final line of diabetes treatment with new technologies under development to more tightly regulate blood glucose levels similar to healthy beta cells. hESC, human embryonic stem cell.

II. Diabetes Therapies

A. metformin.

Metformin is a biguanide originally based on the natural product galegine, which was extracted from the French lilac (Bailey, 1992 ; Rojas and Gomes, 2013 ; Witters, 2001 ). A closely related biguanide, phenformin, was also used initially for its hypoglycemic actions. Based on its successful track record as a safe, effective, and inexpensive oral medication, metformin has become the most widely prescribed oral agent in the world in treating T2D (Rojas and Gomes, 2013 ; He and Wondisford, 2015 ; Witters, 2001 ), whereas phenformin has been largely bypassed due to its unacceptably high association with lactic acidosis (Misbin, 2004 ). Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin lowers blood glucose without provoking hypoglycemia and improves insulin sensitivity (Bailey, 1992 ). Despite these well known beneficial metabolic actions, metformin’s mechanism of action and even its main target organ remain controversial. In fact, metformin has multiple mechanisms of action at the organ as well as the cellular level, which has hindered our understanding of its most important molecular effects on glucose metabolism (Witters, 2001 ). Adding to this, a specific receptor for metformin has never been identified. Metformin has actions on several tissues, although the primary foci of most studies have been the liver, skeletal muscle, and the intestine (Foretz et al., 2014 ; Rena et al., 2017 ). Metformin and phenformin clearly suppress hepatic glucose production and gluconeogenesis, and they improve insulin sensitivity in the liver and elsewhere (Bailey, 1992 ). The hepatic actions of metformin have been the most exhaustively studied to date, and there is little doubt that these actions are of some importance. However, several of the studies remain highly controversial, and there are still open questions.

One of the first reported specific molecular targets of metformin was mitochondrial complex I of the electron transport chain. Inhibition of this complex results in reduced oxidative phosphorylation and consequently decreased hepatic ATP production (El-Mir et al., 2008 ; Evans et al., 2005 ; Owen et al., 2000 ). As is the case in many other studies of metformin, however, high concentrations of the drug were found to be necessary to depress metabolism at this site (El-Mir et al., 2000 ; He and Wondisford, 2015 ; Owen et al., 2000 ). Also controversial is whether metformin works by activating 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a molecular energy sensor that is known to be a major metabolic sensor in cells, or if not AMPK directly, then one of its upstream regulators such as liver kinase B2 (Zhou et al., 2001 ). Although metformin was shown to activate AMPK in several excellent studies, other studies directly contradicted the AMPK hypothesis. Most dramatic were studies showing that metformin’s actions to suppress hepatic gluconeogenesis persisted despite genetic deletion of the AMPK’s catalytic domain (Foretz et al., 2010 ). More recent studies identified additional or alternative targets, such as cAMP signaling in the liver (Miller et al., 2013 ) or glycogen synthase kinase-3 (Link, 2003 ). Other work showed that the phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 are involved in regulating lipid homeostasis and improving insulin sensitivity after exposure to metformin (Fullerton et al., 2013 ).

Although there are strong data to support each of these pathways, it is not entirely clear which signaling pathway(s) is most essential to the actions of metformin in hepatocytes. Metformin clearly inhibits complex I and concomitantly decreases ATP and increases AMP. The latter results in AMPK activation, reduced fatty acid synthesis, and improved insulin receptor activation, and increased AMP has been shown to inhibit adenylate cyclase to reduce cAMP and thus protein kinase A activation. Downstream, this reduces the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose 6-phosphatase via decreased cAMP response element-binding protein, the cAMP-sensitive transcription factor. Decreased PKA also promotes ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase, liver type activity via fructose 2,6-bisphosphate and reduces gluconeogenesis, as fructose-bisphosphatase 1 is inhibited by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, along with other mechanisms (Rena et al., 2017 ; Pernicova and Korbonits, 2014 ).

More recent work has shown that metformin at pharmacological rather than suprapharmacological doses increases mitochondrial respiration and complex 1 activity and also increases mitochondrial fission, now thought to be critical for maintaining proper mitochondrial density in hepatocytes and other cells. This improvement in respiratory activity occurs via AMPK activation (Wang et al., 2019 ).

Although the liver has historically been the major suspected site of metformin action, recent studies have suggested that the gut instead of the liver is a major target, a concept supported by the increased efficacy of extended-release formulations of metformin that reside for a longer duration in the gut after their administration (Buse et al., 2016 ). An older, but in our view an important observation, is that the intravenous administration of metformin has little or no effect on blood glucose, whereas, in contrast, orally administered metformin is much more effective (Bonora et al., 1984 ). Recent imaging studies using labeled glucose have shown directly that metformin stimulates glucose uptake by the gut in patients with T2D to reduce plasma glucose concentrations (Koffert et al., 2017 ; Massollo et al., 2013 ). Additionally, it is possible that metformin may exert its effect in the gut by inducing intestinal glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) release (Mulherin et al., 2011 ; Preiss et al., 2017) to potentiate beta cell insulin secretion and by stimulating the central nervous system (CNS) to exert control over both blood glucose and liver function. Indeed, CNS effects produced by metformin have been proposed to occur via the local release of GLP-1 to activate intestinal nerve endings of ascending nerve pathways that are involved in CNS glucose regulation (Duca et al., 2015 ). Lastly, several papers have now implicated that metformin may act by altering the gut microbiome, suggesting that changes in gut flora may be critical for metformin’s actions (McCreight et al., 2016 ; Wu et al., 2017 ; Devaraj et al., 2016 ). A new study proposed that activation of the intestinal farnesoid X receptor may be the means by which microbiota alter hyperglycemia (Sun et al., 2018 ). However, these studies will require more mechanistic detail and confirmation before they can be fully accepted by the field. In addition to the action of metformin on gut flora, the production of imidazole propionate by gut microbes in turn has been shown to interfere with metformin action through a p38-dependent mechanism and AMPK inhibition. Levels of imidazole propionate are especially higher in patients with T2D who are treated with metformin (Koh et al., 2020 ).

In summary, the combined contribution of these various effects of metformin on multiple cellular targets residing in many tissues may be key to the benefits of metformin treatment on lowering blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes (Foretz et al., 2019 ). In contrast, exciting new work showing metformin leads to weight loss by increasing circulating levels of the peptide hormone growth differentiation factor 15 and activation of brainstem glial cell-derived neurotropic factor family receptor alpha like receptors to reduce food intake and energy expenditure works independently of metformin’s glucose-lowering effect (Coll et al., 2020 ).

B. Sulfonylureas and Beta Cell Burnout

The class of compounds known as sulfonylureas includes one of the oldest oral antidiabetic drugs in the pharmacopoeia: tolbutamide. Tolbutamide is a “first generation” oral sulfonylurea secretagogue whose clinical usefulness is due to its prompt stimulation of insulin release from pancreatic beta cells. “Second generation” sulfonylureas include drugs such as glyburide, gliclazide, and glipizide. Sulfonylureas act by binding to a high affinity sulfonylurea binding site, the sulfonylurea receptor 1 subunit of the K(ATP) channel, which closes the channel. These drugs mimic the physiologic effects of glucose, which closes the K(ATP) channel by raising cytosolic ATP/ADP. This in turn provokes beta cell depolarization, resulting in increased Ca 2+ influx into the beta cell (Ozanne et al., 1995 ; Ashcroft and Rorsman, 1989 ; Nichols, 2006 ). Importantly, sulfonylureas, and all drugs that directly increase insulin secretion, are associated with hypoglycemia, which can be severe, and which limits their widespread use in the clinic (Yu et al., 2018 ). Meglitinides are another class of oral insulin secretagogues that, like the sulfonylureas, bind to sulfonylurea receptor 1 and inhibit K(ATP) channel activity (although at a different site of action). The rapid kinetics of the meglitinides enable them to effectively blunt the postprandial glycemic excursions that are a hallmark (along with elevated fasting glucose) of T2D (Rosenstock et al., 2004). However, the need for their frequent dosing (e.g., administration before each meal) has limited their appeal to patients.

The efficacy of sulfonylureas is known to decrease over time, leading to failure of the class for effective long-term treatment of T2D (Harrower, 1991 ). More broadly, it is now widely accepted that the number of functional beta cells in humans declines during the progression of T2D. Thus, one would expect that due to this decline, all manner of oral agents intended to target the beta cell and increase its cell function (and especially insulin secretion) will fail over time (RISE Consortium, 2019 ), a process referred to as “beta cell failure” (Prentki and Nolan, 2006 ). Currently, treatments that can expand beta cell mass or improve beta cell function or survival over time are not yet available for use in the clinic. As a result, treatments that may be able to help patients cope with beta cell burnout such as islet cell transplantation, insulin pumps, or stem cell therapy are alternatives that will be discussed below.

C. Ca 2+ Channel Blockers and Type 1 Diabetes

Strategies to treat and prevent T1D have historically focused on ameliorating the toxic consequences of immune dysregulation resulting in autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. More recently, a concerted focus on alleviating the intrinsic beta cell defects (Sims et al., 2020 ; Soleimanpour and Stoffers, 2013 ) that also contribute to T1D pathogenesis have been gaining traction at both the bench and the bedside. Several recent preclinical studies suggest that Ca 2+ -induced metabolic overload induces beta cell failure (Osipovich et al., 2020 ; Stancill et al., 2017 ; Xu et al., 2012 ), with the potential that excitotoxicity contributes to beta cell demise in both T1D and T2D, similar to the well known connection between excitotoxicity and, concomitantly, increased Ca 2+ loading of the cells and neuronal dysfunction. Indeed, the use of the phenylalkylamine Ca 2+ channel blocker verapamil has been successful in ameliorating beta cell dysfunction in preclinical models of both T1D and T2D (Stancill et al., 2017 ; Xu et al., 2012 ). Verapamil is a well known blocker of L-type Ca 2+ channels, and, in normally activated beta cells, it limits Ca 2+ entry into the beta cell (Ohnishi and Endo, 1981 ; Vasseur et al., 1987 ). This would be expected to, in turn, alter the expression of many Ca 2+ influx–dependent beta cell genes (Stancill et al., 2017 ), and the evidence to date suggests it is likely that verapamil preserves beta cell function in diabetes models by repressing thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) expression and thus protecting the beta cell. This is somewhat surprising given the physiologic role of Ca 2+ is to acutely trigger insulin secretion; this process would be expected to be inhibited by L-type Ca 2+ channel blockers (Ashcroft and Rorsman, 1989 ; Satin et al., 1995 ).

Hyperglycemia is a well known inducer of TXNIP expression, and a lack of TXNIP has been shown to protect against beta cell apoptosis after inflammatory stress (Chen et al., 2008a ; Shalev et al., 2002 ; Chen et al., 2008b ). Excitingly, the use of verapamil in patients with recent-onset T1D improved beta cell function and improved glycemic control for up to 12 months after the initiation of therapy, suggesting there is indeed promise for targeting calcium and TXNIP activation in T1D. Use of verapamil for a repurposed indication in the preservation of beta cell function in T1D is attractive due its well known safety profile as well as its cardiac benefits (Chen et al., 2009 ). Although the long-term efficacy of verapamil to maintain beta cell function in vivo is unclear, a recently described TXNIP inhibitor may also show promise in suppressing the hyperglucagonemia that also contributes to glucose intolerance in T2D (Thielen et al., 2020 ). As there is a clear need for increased Ca 2+ influx into the beta cell to trigger and maintain glucose-dependent insulin secretion (Ashcroft and Rorsman, 1990 ; Satin et al., 1995 ), it remains to be seen how well regulated insulin secretion is preserved in the presence of L-type Ca 2+ channel blockers like verapamil in the system. One might speculate that reducing but not fully eliminating beta cell Ca 2+ influx might reduce TXNIP levels while preserving enough influx to maintain glucose-stimulated insulin release. Alternatively, these two phenomena may operate on entirely different time scales. At present, these issues clearly will require further investigation.

D. GLP-1 and the Incretins

Studies dating back to the 1960s revealed that administering glucose in equal amounts via the peripheral circulation versus the gastrointestinal tract led to dramatically different amounts of glucose-induced insulin secretion (Elrick et al., 1964 ; McIntyre et al., 1964 ; Perley and Kipnis, 1967 ). Gastrointestinal glucose administration greatly increased insulin secretion versus intravenous glucose, and this came to be known as the “incretin effect” (Nauck et al., 1986a ; Nauck et al., 1986b ). Subsequent work showed that release of the gut hormone GLP-1 mediated this effect such that food ingestion induced intestinal cell hormone secretion. GLP-1 so released would then circulate to the pancreas via the blood to prime beta cells to secrete more insulin when glucose became elevated because these hormones stimulated beta cell cAMP formation (Drucker et al., 1987 ). The discovery that a natural peptide corresponding to GLP-1 could be found in the saliva of the Gila monster, a desert lizard, hastened progress in the field, and ample in vitro studies subsequently confirmed that GLP-1 potentiated insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner. GLP-1 has little or no significant action on insulin secretion in the absence of elevated glucose (such as might typically correspond to the postprandial case or during fasting), thus minimizing the likelihood of hypoglycemia provoked by GLP-1 in treated patients (Kreymann et al., 1987 ). Although not completely understood, the glucose dependence of GLP-1 likely reflects the requirement for adenine nucleotides to close glucose-inhibited K(ATP) channels and thus subsequently activate Ca 2+ influx–dependent insulin exocytosis. Besides potentiating GSIS at the level of the beta cell, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists also decrease glucagon secretion from pancreatic islet alpha cells, reduce gastric emptying, and may also increase beta cell proliferation, among other cellular actions (reviewed in Drucker, 2018 ; Muller et al., 2019).

Intense interest in the incretins by basic scientists, clinicians, and the pharma community led to the rapid development of new drugs for treating primarily T2D. These drugs include a range of GLP-1R agonists and inhibitors of the incretin hormone degrading enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), whose targeting increases the half-lives of GLP-1 and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and thereby increases protein hormone levels in plasma. GLP-1R agonists have been associated with not only a lowering of plasma glucose but also weight loss, decreased appetite, reduced risk of cardiovascular events, and other favorable outcomes (Gerstein et al., 2019; Hernandez et al., 2018; Husain et al., 2019; Marso et al., 2016a; Marso et al., 2016b ; Buse et al., 2004). Regarding their untoward actions, although hypoglycemia is not a major concern, there have been reports of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer from use of GLP-1R agonists. However, a recent meta-analysis covering four large-scale clinical trials and over 33,000 participants noted no significantly increased risk for pancreatitis/pancreatic cancer in patients using GLP-1R agonists (Bethel et al., 2018).

Ongoing and future developments in the use of proglucagon-derived peptides such as GLP-1 and glucagon include the use of combined GLP-1/GIP, glucagon/GLP-1, and agents targeting all three peptides in combination (reviewed in Alexiadou and Tan, 2020 ). Although short-term infusions of GLP-1 with GIP failed to yield metabolic benefits beyond those seen with GLP-1 alone (Bergmann et al., 2019 ), several GLP-1/GIP dual agonists are currently in development and have shown promising metabolic results in clinical trials (Frias et al., 2017 ; Frias et al., 2020 ; Frias et al., 2018 ). At the level of the pancreatic islet, beneficial effects of dual GLP-1/GIP agonists may be related to imbalanced and biased preferences of these agonists for the gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor over the GLP-1R (Willard et al., 2020 ) and possibly were not simply to dual hormone agonism in parallel. Dual glucagon/GLP-1 agonist therapy has also been shown to have promising metabolic effects in humans (Ambery et al., 2018 ; Tillner et al., 2019 ). Oxyntomodulin is a natural dual glucagon/GLP-1 receptor agonist and proglucagon cleavage product that is also secreted from intestinal enteroendocrine cells, which has beneficial effects on insulin secretion, appetite regulation, and body weight in both humans and rodents (Cohen et al., 2003 ; Dakin et al., 2001 ; Dakin et al., 2002 ; Shankar et al., 2018 ; Wynne et al., 2005 ). Interestingly, alpha cell crosstalk to beta cells through the combined effects of glucagon and GLP-1 is necessary to obtain optimal glycemic control, suggesting a potential pathway for therapeutic dual glucagon/GLP-1 agonism within the islets of patients with T2D (Capozzi et al., 2019a ; Capozzi et al., 2019b ). Although the early results appear promising, more studies will be necessary to better understand the mechanistic and clinical impacts of these multiagonist agents.

E. DPP4 Inhibitors

Inhibition of DPP4, the incretin hormone degrading enzyme, is one of the most common T2D treatments to increase GLP-1 and GIP plasma hormone levels. These DPP4 inhibitors or “gliptins” are generally used in conjunction with other T2D drugs such as metformin or sulfonylureas to obtain the positive benefits discussed above (Lambeir et al., 2008 ). DPP4 is a primarily membrane-bound peptidase belonging to the serine peptidase/prolyl oligopeptidase gene family, which cleaves a large number of substrates in addition to the incretin hormones (Makrilakis, 2019 ). DPP4 inhibitors provide glucose-lowering benefits while being generally well tolerated, and the variety of available drugs (including sitagliptin, saxagliptin, vildagliptin, alogliptin, and linagliptin) with slightly different dosing frequency, half-life, and mode of excretion/metabolism allows for use in multiple patient populations (Makrilakis, 2019 ). This includes the elderly and individuals with renal or hepatic insufficiency (Makrilakis, 2019 ).

Although hypoglycemia is not a concern for DPP4 inhibitor use, other considerations should be made. DPP4 inhibitors tend to be more expensive than metformin or other second-line oral drugs in addition to having more modest glycemic effects than GLP-1R agonists (Munir and Lamos, 2017 ). Finally, meta-analysis of randomized and observational studies concluded that heart failure in patients with T2D was not associated with use of DPP4 inhibitors; however, this study was limited by the short follow-up and lack of high-quality data (Li et al., 2016 ). Thus, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) did recommend assessing risk of heart failure hospitalization in patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease, prior heart failure, and chronic kidney disease when using saxagliptin and alogliptin (Munir and Lamos, 2017 ).

F. Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors

A recent development in the field of T2D drugs are sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, which have an interesting and very different mechanism of action. Within the proximal tubule of the nephron, SGLT2 transports ingested glucose into the lumen of the proximal tubule between the epithelial layers, thereby reclaiming glucose by this reabsorption process (reviewed in Vallon, 2015 ). SGLT2 inhibitors target this transporter and increase glucose in the tubular fluid and ultimately increase it in the urine. In patients with diabetes, SGLT2 inhibition results in a lowering of plasma glucose with urine glucose content rising substantially (Adachi et al., 2000 ; Vallon, 2015 ). These drugs, although they are relatively new, have become an area of great interest for not only patients with T2D (Grempler et al., 2012 ; Imamura et al., 2012 ; Meng et al., 2008 ; Nomura et al., 2010 ) but also for patients with T1D (Luippold et al., 2012 ; Mudaliar et al., 2012 ). Part of their appeal also rests on reports that their use can lead to a statistically significant decline in cardiac events that are known to occur secondarily to diabetes, possibly independently of plasma glucose regulation (reviewed in Kurosaki and Ogasawara, 2013 ). Although the long-term consequences of their clinical use cannot yet be determined, raising the glucose content of the urogenital tract leads to an increased risk of urinary tract infections and other related infections in some patients (Kurosaki and Ogasawara, 2013 ).

Another recent concern about the use of SGLT2 inhibitors has been the development of normoglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Despite the efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors, observations of hyperglucagonemia in patients with euglycemic DKA has led to a number of recent studies focused on SGLT2 actions on pancreatic islets. Initial studies of isolated human islets treated with small interfering RNA directed against SGLT2 and/or SGLT2 inhibitors demonstrated increased glucagon release. These studies were complemented by the finding of elevations in glucagon release in mice that were administered SGLT2 inhibitors in vivo (Bonner et al., 2015 ). Insights into the possible mechanistic links between SGLT2 inhibition, DKA frequency, and glucagon secretion in humans may relate to the observation of heterogeneity in SGLT2 expression, as SGLT2 expression appears to have a high frequency of interdonor and intradonor variability (Saponaro et al., 2020 ). More recently, both insulin and GLP-1 have been demonstrated to modulate SGLT2-dependent glucagon release through effects on somatostatin release from delta cells (Vergari et al., 2019 ; Saponaro et al., 2019 ), suggesting potentially complex paracrine effects that may affect the efficacy of these compounds.

On the other hand, several recent studies question that the development of euglycemic DKA after SGLT2 inhibitor therapy may be through alpha cell–dependent mechanisms. Three recent studies found no effect of SGLT2 inhibitors to promote glucagon secretion in mouse and/or rat models and could not detect SGLT2 expression in human alpha cells (Chae et al., 2020 ; Kuhre et al., 2019 ; Suga et al., 2019 ). A fourth study demonstrated only a brief transient effect of SGLT2 inhibition to raise circulating glucagon concentrations in immunodeficient mice transplanted with human islets, which returned to baseline levels after longer exposures to SGLT2 inhibitors (Dai et al., 2020 ). Furthermore, SGLT2 protein levels were again undetectable in human islets (Dai et al., 2020 ). These results could suggest alternative islet-independent mechanisms by which patients develop DKA, including alterations in ketone generation and/or clearance, which underscore the additional need for further studies both in molecular models and at the bedside. Nevertheless, SGLT2 inhibitors continue to hold promise as a valuable therapy for T2D, especially in the large segment of patients who also have superimposed cardiovascular risk (McMurray et al., 2019; Wiviott et al., 2019; Zinman et al., 2015).

G. Thiazolidinediones

Once among the most commonly used oral agents in the armamentarium to treat T2D, thiazolidinediones (TZDs) were clinically popular in their utilization to act specifically as insulin sensitizers. TZDs improve peripheral insulin sensitivity through their action as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ agonists, but their clinical use fell sharply after studies suggested a connection between cardiovascular toxicity with rosiglitazone and bladder cancer risk with pioglitazone (Lebovitz, 2019 ). Importantly, an FDA panel eventually removed restrictions related to cardiovascular risk with rosiglitazone in 2013 (Hiatt et al., 2013 ). Similarly, concerns regarding use of bladder cancer risk with pioglitazone were later abated after a series of large clinical studies found that pioglitazone did not increase bladder cancer (Lewis et al., 2015 ; Schwartz et al., 2015 ). However, usage of TZDs had already substantially decreased and has not since recovered.

Although concerns regarding edema, congestive heart failure, and fractures persist with TZD use, there have been several studies suggesting that TZDs protect beta cell function. In the ADOPT study, use of rosiglitazone monotherapy in patients newly diagnosed with T2D led to improved glycemic control compared with metformin or sulfonylureas (Kahn et al., 2006). Later analyses revealed that TZD-treated subjects had a slower deterioration of beta cell function than metformin- or sulfonylurea-treated subjects (Kahn et al., 2011). Furthermore, pioglitazone use improved beta cell function in the prevention of T2D in the ACT NOW study (Defronzo et al., 2013; Kahn et al., 2011). Mechanistically, it is unclear if TZDs lead to beneficial beta cell function through direct effects or through indirect effects of reduced beta cell demand due to enhanced peripheral insulin sensitivity. Indeed, a beta cell–specific knockout of PPAR γ did not impair glucose homeostasis, nor did it impair the antidiabetic effects of TZD use in mice (Rosen et al., 2003 ). However, other reports demonstrated PPAR-responsive elements within the promoters of both glucose transporter 2 and glucokinase that enhance beta cell glucose sensing and function, which could explain beta cell–specific benefits for TZDs (Kim et al., 2002 ; Kim et al., 2000 ). Furthermore, TZDs have been shown to improve beta cell function by upregulating cholesterol transport (Brunham et al., 2007 ; Sturek et al., 2010 ). Additionally, use of TZDs in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of T1D augmented the beta cell unfolded protein response and prevented beta cell death, suggesting potential benefits for TZDs in both T1D and T2D (Evans-Molina et al., 2009 ; Maganti et al., 2016 ). With a now refined knowledge of demographics in which to avoid TZD treatment due to adverse effects, together with genetic approaches to identify candidates more likely to respond effectively to TZD therapy (Hu et al., 2019 ; Soccio et al., 2015 ), it remains to be seen if TZD therapy will return to more prominent use in the treatment of diabetes.

H. Insulin and Beyond: The Use of “Smart” Insulin and Closed Loop Systems in Diabetes Treatment

Due to recombinant DNA technology, numerous insulin analogs are now available in various forms ranging from fast acting crystalline insulin to insulin glargine; all of these analogs exhibit equally effective insulin receptor binding. Most are generated by altering amino acids in the B26–B30 region of the molecule (Kurtzhals et al., 2000 ). The American Diabetes Association delineates these insulins by their 1) onset or time before insulin reaches the blood stream, 2) peak time or duration of maximum blood glucose–lowering efficacy, and 3) the duration of blood glucose–lowering time. Insulin administration is independent of the residuum of surviving and/or functioning beta cells in the patient and remains the principal pharmacological treatment of both T1D and T2D. The availability of multiple types of delivery methods, i.e., insulin pens, syringes, pumps, and inhalants, provides clinicians with a solid and varied tool kit with which to treat diabetes. The downsides, however, are that 1) hypoglycemia is a constant threat, 2) proper insulin doses are not trivial to calculate, 3) compliance can vary especially in children and young adults, and 4) there can be side effects of a variety of types. Nonetheless, insulin therapy remains a mainstay treatment of diabetes.

To eliminate the downsides of insulin therapy, research in the past several decades has worked toward generating glucose-sensitive or “smart” insulin molecules. These molecules change insulin bioavailability and become active only upon high blood glucose using glucose-binding proteins such as concanavalin A, glucose oxidase to alter pH sensitivity, and phenylboronic acid (PBA), which forms reversible ester linkages with diol-containing molecules including glucose itself (reviewed in Rege et al., 2017 ). Indeed, promising recent studies included various PBA moieties covalently bonded to an acylated insulin analog (insulin detemir, which contains myristic acid coupled to Lys B29 ). The detemir allows for binding to serum albumin to prolong insulin’s half-life in the circulation, and PBA provided reversible glucose binding (Chou et al., 2015 ). The most promising of the PBA-modified conjugates showed higher potency and responsiveness in lowering blood glucose levels compared with native insulin in diabetic mouse models and decreased hypoglycemia in healthy mice, although the molecular mechanisms have not yet been determined (Chou et al., 2015 ).

An additional active area of research includes structurally defining the interaction between insulin and the insulin receptor ectodomain. Importantly, a major conformational change was discovered that may be exploited to impair insulin receptor binding under hypoglycemic conditions (Menting et al., 2013 ; Rege et al., 2017 ). Challenges in the design, testing, and execution of glucose-responsive insulins may be overcome by the adaptation of novel modeling approaches (Yang et al., 2020 ), which may allow for more rapid screening of candidate compounds.

Technologies have also progressed in the field of artificial pancreas design and development. Currently two “closed loop” systems are now available: Minimed 670G from Medtronic and Control-IQ from Tandem Diabetes Care. Both systems use a continuous glucose monitor, insulin pump, and computer algorithm to predict correct insulin doses and administer them in real time. Such algorithm systems also take into account insulin potency, the rate of blood glucose increase, and the patient’s heart rate and temperature to adjust insulin delivery levels during exercise and after a meal. In addition, so-called “artificial pancreas” systems have also been clinically tested, which use both insulin and glucagon and as such result in fewer reports of hypoglycemic episodes (El-Khatib et al., 2017 ). These types of systems will continue to become more popular as the development of room temperature–stable glucagon analogs continue, such as GVOKE by Xeris Pharmaceuticals (currently available in an injectable syringe) and Baqsimi, a nasally administered glucagon from Eli Lilly.

I. Present and Future Therapies: Beta Cell Transplantation, Replication, and Immune Protection

1. islet transplantation.

The idea to use pancreatic allo/xenografts to treat diabetes remarkably dates back to the late 1800s (Minkowski, 1892 ; Pybus, 1924 ; Williams, 1894 ). Before proceeding to the discovery of insulin (together with Best, MacLeod, and Collip), Frederick Banting also postulated the potential for transplantation of pancreatic tissue emulsions to treat diabetes in dog models in a notebook entry in 1921 (Bliss, 1982 ). Decades later, Paul Lacy, David Scharp, and colleagues successfully isolated intact functional pancreatic islets and transplanted them into rodent models (Kemp et al., 1973 ). These studies led to the initial proof of concept studies for humans, with the first successful islet transplant in a patient with T1D occurring in 1977 (Sutherland et al., 1978 ). A rapid expansion of islet transplantation, inspired by these original studies led to key observations of successfully prolonged islet engraftment by the “Edmonton protocol” whereby corticosteroid-sparing immunosuppression was applied, and islets from at least two allogeneic donors were used to achieve insulin independence (Shapiro et al., 2000 ). More recent work has focused on improving upon the efficiency and long-term engraftment of allogeneic transplants leading to more prolonged graft function (to the 5-year mark) and successful transplantation from a single islet donor (Hering et al., 2016; Hering et al., 2005 ; Rickels et al., 2013 ). Critical to these efforts to improve the success rate was the recognition that the earlier generation of immunosuppressive agents to counter tissue rejection was toxic to islets (Delaunay et al., 1997 ; Paty et al., 2002 ; Soleimanpour et al., 2010 ) and that more appropriate and less toxic agents were needed (Hirshberg et al., 2003 ; Soleimanpour et al., 2012 ).

Certainly, islet transplantation as a therapeutic approach for patients with T1D has been scrutinized due to several challenges, including (but not limited to) the lack of available donor supply to contend with demand, limited long-term functional efficacy of islet allografts, the potential for re-emergence of autoimmune islet destruction and/or metabolic overload-induced islet failure, and significant adverse effects of prolonged immunosuppression (Harlan, 2016 ). Furthermore, although islet transplantation is not currently available for individuals with T2D, simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation in T2D had similar favorable outcomes to simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation in T1D; therefore, islet-kidney transplantation may eventually be a feasible option to treat T2D, as patients will already be on immunosuppressors (Sampaio et al., 2011 ; Westerman et al., 1983 ). An additional significant obstacle is the tremendous expense associated with islet transplantation therapy. Indeed, the maintenance, operation, and utilization of an FDA-approved and Good Manufacturing Practice–compliant islet laboratory can lead to operating costs at nearly $150,000 per islet transplant, which is not cost effective for the vast majority of patients with T1D (Naftanel and Harlan, 2004 ; Wallner et al., 2016 ). At present, the focus has been to obtain FDA approval for islet allo-transplantation as a therapy for T1D to allow for insurance compensation (Hering et al., 2016; Rickels and Robertson, 2019 ). In the interim, the islet biology, stem cell, immunology, and bioengineering communities have continued the development of cell-based therapies for T1D by other approaches to overcome the challenges identified during the islet transplantation boom of the 1990s and 2000s.

2. Pharmacologic Induction of Beta Cell Replication

Besides transplantation, progress in islet cell biology and especially in developmental biology of beta cells over several decades raised the additional possibility that beta cell mass reduction in diabetes might be countered by increasing beta cell number through mitogenic means. A key method to expand pancreatic beta cell mass is through the enhancement of beta cell replication. Although the study of pancreatic beta cell replication has been an area of intense focus in the beta cell biology field for several decades, only recently has this seemed truly feasible. Seminal studies identified that human beta cells are essentially postmitotic, with a rapid phase of growth occurring in the prenatal period that dramatically tapers off shortly thereafter (Gregg et al., 2012 ; Meier et al., 2008 ). The plasticity of rodent beta cells is considerably higher than that of human beta cells (Dai et al., 2016 ), which has led to a renewed focus on validation of pharmacologic agents to enhance rodent beta cell replication using isolated and/or engrafted human islets (Bernal-Mizrachi et al., 2014 ; Kulkarni et al., 2012 ; Stewart et al., 2015 ). Indeed, a large percentage of agents that were successful when applied to rodent systems were largely unsuccessful at inducing replication in human beta cells (Bernal-Mizrachi et al., 2014 ; Kulkarni et al., 2012 ; Stewart et al., 2015 ). However, several recent studies have begun to make significant progress on successfully pushing human beta cells to replicate.

Several groups have reported successful human beta cell proliferation, both in vitro and in vivo, in response to inhibitors of the dual specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A). These inhibitors include harmine, INDY, GNF4877, 5-iodotubericidin, leucettine-42, TG003, AZ191, CC-401, and more specific, recently developed DYRK1A inhibitors (Ackeifi et al., 2020 ). Although DYRK1A is conclusively established as the important mediator of human beta cell proliferation, comprehensively determining other cellular targets and if additional gene inhibition amplifies the proliferative response is still in process. New evidence from Wang and Stewart shows dual specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1B to be an additional mitogenic target and also describes variability in the range of activated kinases within cells and/or levels of inhibition for the many DYRK1A inhibitors listed above (Ackeifi et al., 2020 ). Interestingly, opposite to these human studies, earlier mouse studies from the Scharfmann group demonstrated that Dyrk1a haploinsufficiency leads to decreased proliferation and loss of beta cell mass (Rachdi et al., 2014b ). In addition, overexpression of Dyrk1a in mice led to beta cell mass expansion with increased glucose tolerance (Rachdi et al., 2014a ).

Although important differences in beta cell proliferative capacity have been shown between human and rodent species, there are also significant differences in the mitogenic capacity of beta cells from juvenile, adult, and pregnant individuals. This demonstrates that proliferative stimuli appear to act within the complex islet, pancreas, and whole-body environments unique to each time point. For example, the administration of the hormones platelet-derived growth factor alpha or GLP-1 result in enhanced proliferation in juvenile human beta cells yet are ineffective in adult human beta cells (Chen et al., 2011 ; Dai et al., 2017 ). This has been shown to be due to a loss of platelet-derived growth factor alpha receptor expression as beta cells age but appears to be unrelated to GLP-1 receptor expression levels (Chen et al., 2011 ). Indeed, the GLP-1 receptor is highly expressed in adult beta cells, and GLP-1 secretion increases insulin secretion, as detailed previously; however, the induction of proliferative factors such as nuclear factor of activated T cells, cytoplasmic 1; forkhead box protein 1; and cyclin A1 is only seen in juvenile islets (Dai et al., 2017 ). Human studies using cadaveric pancreata from pregnant donors also showed increased beta cell mass, yet lactogenic hormones from the pituitary or placenta (prolactin, placental lactogen, or growth hormone) are unable to stimulate proliferation in human beta cells despite their ability to produce robust proliferation in mouse beta cells (reviewed in Baeyens et al., 2016 ). Experiments overexpressing mouse versus human signal transducer and activator of transcription 5, the final signaling factor inducing beta cell adaptation, in human beta cells allows for prolactin-mediated proliferation revealing fundamental differences in prolactin pathway competency in human (Chen et al., 2015 ). Overcoming the barrier of recapitulating human pregnancy’s effect on beta cells through isolating placental cells or blood serum during pregnancy may result in the discovery of a factor(s) that facilitates the increase in beta cell mass observed during human pregnancy.

Mechanisms that stimulate beta cell proliferation have also been discovered from studying genetic mutations that result in insulinomas, spontaneous insulin-producing beta cell adenomas. The most common hereditary mutation occurs in the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) gene. Indeed, administration of a MEN1 inhibitor in addition to a GLP-1 agonist (which cannot induce proliferation alone) is able to increase beta cell proliferation in isolated human islets through synergistic activation of KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase downstream signals (Chamberlain et al., 2014 ). Interestingly, MEN1 mutations are uncommon in sporadic insulinomas, yet assaying genomic and epigenetic changes in a large cohort of non-MEN1 insulinomas found alterations in trithorax and polycomb chromatin modifying genes that were functionally related to MEN1 (Wang et al., 2017 ). Stewart and colleagues hypothesized that changes in histone 3 lysine 27 and histone 3 lysine 4 methylation status led to increased enhancer of zeste homolog 2 and lysine demethylase 6A, decreased cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C, and thereby increased beta cell proliferation, among other phenotypes. They also proposed that these findings help to explain why increased proliferation always occurs despite broad heterogeneity of mutations found between individual insulinomas (Wang et al., 2017 ).

Although factors that induce proliferation are continuing to be discovered, there are drawbacks that still limit their clinical application. Harmine and other DYRK1A inhibitors are not beta cell specific, nor have all their cellular targets been determined (Ackeifi et al., 2020 ). Targeting other pathways to induce human beta cell proliferation such as modulation of prostaglandin E2 receptors (i.e., inhibition of prostaglandin E receptor 3 alone or in combination with prostaglandin E receptor 4 activation) showed promising increases in proliferative rate yet suffers from the same lack of specificity (Carboneau et al., 2017 ). Induction of proliferation may also come at the expense of glucose sensing as in insulinomas, which have an increased expression of “disallowed genes” and alterations in glucose transporter and hexokinase expression (Wang et al., 2017 ). A further untoward consequence that must be avoided is the production of cancerous cells through unchecked proliferation. Finally, increasing beta cell mass through low rates of proliferation may increase the pool of functional insulin-secreting cells in T2D, but without additional measures, these beta cells will still ultimately be targeted for immune cell destruction in T1D.

3. Beta Cell Stress Relieving Therapies

Metabolic, inflammatory, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress contribute to beta cell dysfunction and failure in both T1D and T2D. Although reduction of metabolic overload of beta cells by early exogenous insulin therapy or insulin sensitizers can temporarily reduce loss of beta cell mass/function early in diabetes, a focus on relieving ER and inflammatory stress is also of interest to preserve beta cell health.

ER stress is a well known contributor to beta cell demise both in T1D and T2D (Laybutt et al., 2007 ; Marchetti et al., 2007 ; Marhfour et al., 2012 ; Tersey et al., 2012 ) and a target of interest in the prevention of beta cell loss in both diseases. Preclinical studies suggest that the use of chemical chaperones, including 4-phenylbutyric acid and tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), to alleviate ER stress improves beta cell function and insulin sensitivity in mouse models of T2D (Cnop et al., 2017 ; Ozcan et al., 2006 ). Furthermore, TUDCA has been shown to preserve beta cell mass and reduce ER stress in mouse models of T1D (Engin et al., 2013 ). Interestingly, TUDCA has shown promise at improving insulin action in obese nondiabetic human subjects, yet beta cell function and insulin secretion were not assessed (Kars et al., 2010 ). A clinical trial regarding the use of TUDCA for humans with new-onset T1D is also ongoing ( {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT02218619","term_id":"NCT02218619"}} NCT02218619 ). However, a note of caution regarding use of ER chaperones is that they may prevent low level ER stress necessary to potentiate beta cell replication during states of increased insulin demand (Sharma et al., 2015 ), suggesting that the broad use of ER chaperone therapies should be carefully considered.

The blockade of inflammatory stress has long been an area of interest for treatments of both T1D and T2D (Donath et al., 2019 ; Eguchi and Nagai, 2017 ). Indeed, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which block cyclooxygenase, have been observed to improve metabolic control in patients with diabetes since the turn of the 20th century (Williamson, 1901 ). Salicylates have been shown to improve insulin secretion and beta cell function in both obese human subjects and those with T2D (Fernandez-Real et al., 2008; Giugliano et al., 1985 ). However, another NSAID, salsalate, has not been shown to improve beta cell function while improving other metabolic outcomes (Kim et al., 2014 ; Penesova et al., 2015 ), possibly suggesting distinct mechanisms of action for anti-inflammatory compounds. The regular use of NSAIDs to enhance metabolic outcomes is also often limited to the tolerability of long-term use of these agents due to adverse effects. Recently, golilumab, a monoclonal antibody against the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha, was demonstrated to improve beta cell function in new-onset T1D, suggesting that targeting the underlying inflammatory milieu may have benefits to preserve beta cell mass and function in T1D (Quattrin et al., 2020). Taken together, both new and old approaches to target beta cell stressors still remain of long-term interest to improve beta cell viability and function in both T1D and T2D.

3. New Players to Induce Islet Immune Protection

Countless researchers have expended intense industry to determine T1D disease etiology and treatments focused on immunotherapy and tolerogenic methods. Multiple, highly comprehensive reviews are available describing these efforts (Goudy and Tisch, 2005 ; Rewers and Gottlieb, 2009 ; Stojanovic et al., 2017 ). Here we will focus on the protection of beta cells through programmed cell death protein-1 ligand (PD-L1) overexpression, major histocompatibility complex class I, A, B, C (HLA-A,B,C) mutated human embryonic stem cell–derived beta cells, and islet encapsulation methods.

Cancer immunotherapies that block immune checkpoints are beneficial for treating advanced stage cancers, yet induction of autoimmune diseases, including T1D, remains a potential side effect (Stamatouli et al., 2018 ; Perdigoto et al., 2019 ). A subset of these drugs target either the programmed cell death-1 protein on the surface of activated T lymphocytes or its receptor PD-L1 (Stamatouli et al., 2018 ; Perdigoto et al., 2019 ). PD-L1 expression was found in insulin-positive beta cells from T1D but not insulin-negative islets or nondiabetic islets, leading to the hypothesis that PD-L1 is upregulated in an attempt to drive immune cell attenuation (Osum et al., 2018 ; Colli et al., 2018 ). Adenoviral overexpression of PD-L1 specifically in beta cells rescued hyperglycemia in the NOD mouse model of T1D, but these animals eventually succumbed to diabetes by the study’s termination (El Khatib et al., 2015 ). A more promising report from Ben Nasr et al. ( 2017 ) demonstrated that pharmacologically or genetically induced overexpression of PD-L1 in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells inhibited beta cell autoimmunity in the NOD mouse as well as in vitro using human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from patients with T1D.

As mentioned above, islet transplantation to treat T1D is limited by islet availability, cost, and the requirement for continuous immunosuppression. Islet cells generated by differentiating embryonic or induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells could circumvent these limitations. Ideally, iPS-derived beta cells could be manipulated to eliminate the expression of polymorphic HLA-A,B,C molecules, which were found to be upregulated in T1D beta cells (Bottazzo et al., 1985 ; Richardson et al., 2016 ). These molecules allow peptide presentation to CD8+ T cells or cytotoxic T lymphocytes and may lead to beta cell removal. Interestingly, remaining insulin-positive cells in T1D donor pancreas are not HLA-A,B,C positive (Nejentsev et al., 2007; Rodriguez-Calvo et al., 2015 ). However, current differentiation protocols are still limited in their ability to produce fully glucose-responsive beta cells without transplantation into animal models to induce mature characteristics. Additionally, use of iPS-derived beta cells will still lead to concerns regarding DNA mutagenesis resulting from the methods used to obtain pluripotency or teratoma formation from cells that have escaped differentiation.

Encapsulation devices would protect islets or stem cells from immune cell infiltration while allowing for the proper exchange of nutrients and hormones. Macroencapsulation uses removable devices that would help assuage fears surrounding mutation or tumor formation; indeed, the first human trial using encapsulated hESC-derived beta cells will be completed in January 2021 ( {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT02239354","term_id":"NCT02239354"}} NCT02239354 ). Macroencapsulation of islets prior to transplantation using various alginate-based hydrogels has historically been impeded by a strong in vivo foreign body immune response (Desai and Shea, 2017 ; Doloff et al., 2017 ; Pueyo et al., 1993 ). More recently, chemically modified forms of alginate that avoid macrophage recognition and fibrous deposition have been successfully used in rodents and for up to 6 months in nonhuman primates (Vegas et al., 2016 ). Indeed, Bochenek et al. ( 2018 ) successfully transplanted alginate protected islets for 4 months without immunosuppression in the bursa omentalis of nonhuman primates demonstrating the feasibility for this approach to be extended to humans. It remains to be seen if these devices will be successful for long-term use, perhaps decades, in patients with diabetes.

III. Summary

Although existing drug therapies using classic oral antidiabetic drugs like sulfonylureas and metformin or injected insulin remain mainstays of diabetes treatment, newer drugs based on incretin hormone actions or SGLT2 inhibitors have increased the pharmacological armamentarium available to diabetologists ( Fig. 1 ). However, the explosion of progress in beta cell biology has identified potential avenues that can increase beta cell mass in sophisticated ways by employing stem cell differentiation or enhancement of beta cell proliferation. Taken together, there should be optimism that the increased incidence of both T1D and T2D is being matched by the creativity and hard work of the diabetes research community.

Abbreviations

Authorship contributions.

Wrote and contributed to the writing of the manuscript: Satin, Soleimanpour, Walker

This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) [Grant R01-DK46409] (to L.S.S.), [Grant R01-DK108921] (to S.A.S.), and [Grant P30-DK020572 pilot and feasibility grant] (to S.A.S.), the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF) [Grant CDA-2016-189] (to L.S.S. and S.A.S.), [Grant SRA-2018-539] (to S.A.S.), and [Grant COE-2019-861] (to S.A.S.), and the US Department of Veterans Affairs [Grant I01 BX004444] (to S.A.S.). The JDRF Career Development Award to S.A.S. is partly supported by the Danish Diabetes Academy and the Novo Nordisk Foundation.

https://doi.org/10.1124/pharmrev.120.000160

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Essay on Diabetes for Students and Children

500+ words essay on diabetes.

Diabetes is a very common disease in the world. But people may never realize, how did they get diabetes and what will happen to them and what will they go through. It may not be your problem but you have to show respect and care for the one who has diabetes. It can help them and also benefited you to know more about it and have a better understanding of it. Diabetes is a metabolic disorder which is identified by the high blood sugar level. Increased blood glucose level damages the vital organs as well as other organs of the human’s body causing other potential health ailments.

Types of Diabetes

Diabetes  Mellitus can be described in two types:

Description of two types of Diabetes Mellitus are as follows

1) Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is classified by a deficiency of insulin in the blood. The deficiency is caused by the loss of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. This type of diabetes is found more commonly in children. An abnormally high or low blood sugar level is a characteristic of this type of Diabetes.

Most patients of type 1 diabetes require regular administration of insulin. Type 1 diabetes is also hereditary from your parents. You are most likely to have type 1 diabetes if any of your parents had it. Frequent urination, thirst, weight loss, and constant hunger are common symptoms of this.

2) Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by the inefficiency of body tissues to effectively respond to insulin because of this it may be combined by insulin deficiency. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the most common type of diabetes in people.

People with type 2 diabetes mellitus take medicines to improve the body’s responsiveness to insulin or to reduce the glucose produced by the liver. This type of diabetes mellitus is generally attributed to lifestyle factors like – obesity, low physical activity, irregular and unhealthy diet, excess consumption of sugar in the form of sweets, drinks, etc.

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Causes of Diabetes

By the process of digestion, food that we eat is broken down into useful compounds. One of these compounds is glucose, usually referred to as blood sugar. The blood performs the job of carrying glucose to the cells of the body. But mere carrying the glucose to the cells by blood isn’t enough for the cells to absorb glucose.

This is the job of the Insulin hormone. Pancreas supply insulin in the human body. Insulin acts as a bridge for glucose to transit from blood to the body cells. The problem arises when the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin or the body cells for some reason do not receive the glucose. Both the cases result in the excess of glucose in the blood, which is referred to as Diabetes or Diabetes Mellitus.

Symptoms of Diabetes

Most common symptoms of diabetes are fatigue, irritation, stress, tiredness, frequent urination and headache including loss of strength and stamina, weight loss, increase in appetite, etc.

Levels of Diabetes

There are two types of blood sugar levels – fasting blood sugar level and postprandial blood sugar level. The fasting sugar level is the sugar level that we measure after fasting for at least eight hours generally after an overnight fast. Blood sugar level below 100 mg/dL before eating food is considered normal. Postprandial glucose level or PP level is the sugar level which we measure after two hours of eating.

The PP blood sugar level should be below 140 mg/dL, two hours after the meals. Though the maximum limit in both the cases is defined, the permissible levels may vary among individuals. The range of the sugar level varies with people. Different people have different sugar level such as some people may have normal fasting sugar level of 60 mg/dL while some may have a normal value of 90 mg/dL.

Effects of Diabetes

Diabetes causes severe health consequences and it also affects vital body organs. Excessive glucose in blood damages kidneys, blood vessels, skin resulting in various cardiovascular and skin diseases and other ailments. Diabetes damages the kidneys, resulting in the accumulation of impurities in the body.

It also damages the heart’s blood vessels increasing the possibility of a heart attack. Apart from damaging vital organs, diabetes may also cause various skin infections and the infection in other parts of the body. The prime cause of all type of infections is the decreased immunity of body cells due to their inability to absorb glucose.

Diabetes is a serious life-threatening disease and must be constantly monitored and effectively subdued with proper medication and by adapting to a healthy lifestyle. By following a healthy lifestyle, regular checkups, and proper medication we can observe a healthy and long life.

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Essay on Diabetes

Students are often asked to write an essay on Diabetes in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Diabetes

What is diabetes.

Diabetes is a chronic disease where the body can’t control blood sugar levels. This happens because the body either doesn’t make enough insulin or can’t use it properly.

Types of Diabetes

There are two main types: Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1 is when the body doesn’t produce insulin. Type 2 is when the body doesn’t use insulin well.

Managing Diabetes

Diabetes can be managed through a healthy diet, regular exercise, and medication. Regular check-ups are also important to monitor blood sugar levels.

The Impact of Diabetes

If not managed, diabetes can lead to serious health problems like heart disease, kidney disease, and vision loss.

Also check:

• Speech on Diabetes

250 Words Essay on Diabetes

Introduction.

Diabetes, a chronic metabolic disorder, is characterized by an increased level of glucose in the blood. It arises due to the body’s inability to produce or effectively utilize insulin, a hormone responsible for glucose regulation.

Etiology of Diabetes

Diabetes is classified into two major types: Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune disorder, is a result of the body’s immune system attacking insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. On the other hand, Type 2 diabetes, the more prevalent form, is primarily associated with insulin resistance and often linked to obesity and sedentary lifestyle.

Impact and Management

Diabetes can lead to severe complications like heart disease, kidney failure, and blindness if left unmanaged. Management involves lifestyle modifications, including a healthy diet, regular physical activity, and medication or insulin therapy as needed.

Prevention and Future Research

Prevention strategies for Type 2 diabetes involve promoting healthier lifestyles and early detection. For Type 1 diabetes, research is still ongoing to understand its triggers. Advances in technology and medicine, such as artificial pancreas systems and islet cell transplantation, show promise for future diabetes management.

Diabetes, a global health crisis, requires comprehensive understanding and management strategies. With ongoing research and advancements, the future holds potential for improved diabetes care and prevention.

500 Words Essay on Diabetes

Introduction to diabetes.

Diabetes is a chronic health condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It is characterized by an elevated level of glucose in the blood, which can lead to a variety of health complications if not properly managed. The disease occurs when the body fails to produce enough insulin or is unable to effectively use the insulin it produces, resulting in glucose build-up.

There are primarily two types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the body’s immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. This type is less common and usually develops early in life. Type 2 diabetes, on the other hand, is more prevalent and typically develops in adulthood. It occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn’t produce enough to maintain a normal glucose level.

Risk Factors and Symptoms

Several factors increase the risk of developing diabetes, including genetics, obesity, lack of physical activity, and poor diet. Additionally, certain ethnic groups are at a higher risk.

Diabetes often presents with symptoms such as frequent urination, excessive thirst, unexplained weight loss, constant hunger, blurry vision, and fatigue. However, many people with Type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed as the symptoms can be subtle and develop slowly.

Management and Treatment

While there is currently no cure for diabetes, it can be effectively managed with a combination of lifestyle changes and medication. Regular exercise, a balanced diet, and maintaining a healthy weight are crucial for managing both types of diabetes.

For Type 1 diabetes, insulin injections or use of an insulin pump are necessary. Type 2 diabetes can often be managed with lifestyle changes and oral medication, but insulin may be required as the disease progresses.

Complications and Prevention

If left uncontrolled, diabetes can lead to serious health complications, including heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, and nerve damage. Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels, along with routine medical check-ups, are essential to avoid these complications.

Prevention strategies for Type 2 diabetes include regular physical activity, a healthy diet, maintaining a normal body weight, and avoiding tobacco use. Early detection through regular health screenings is also critical, as early treatment can prevent or delay the onset of complications.

Diabetes is a significant global health concern that requires concerted efforts for effective management and prevention. Understanding the disease, its risk factors, and the importance of early detection can go a long way in reducing the impact of this chronic condition. Through lifestyle changes and medical intervention, individuals with diabetes can lead healthy and fulfilling lives.

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188 Diabetes Research Topics & Essay Examples

📝 diabetes research papers examples, 💡 essay ideas on diabetes, 👍 good diabetes essay topics to write about, 🏆 best diabetes essay titles, 🎓 simple research topics about diabetes, ❓ diabetes research questions.

• Healthcare Concern: High Rate of Diabetes The primary health concern for Eatonville’s diverse population is a high rate of diabetes. Approximately 24% of residents are suffering from the condition.
• Patient Teaching Plan: Type II Diabetes The patient's genetic history strongly suggests a risk of developing type II diabetes. Hypertension is a common condition among many of its members.
• Diabetes Self-Management Education Evidence suggests that web-based education initiatives positively correlate with self-management outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes.
• Diabetes Types and Drug Treatments This paper explores the four types of diabetes, medication applied to manage type 1, and the effects that the condition has on individuals' lives.
• Diabetes Education for Hispanic Patients This article discusses the question of is continuing patient education effective in improving HgBA1C in diabetic Hispanic patients.
• Hispanics With Diabetes Mellitus This paper discusses the issue of how effectively does diabetes education improves health outcomes in Hispanics with diabetes mellitus.
• The Church's Diabetes Self-Management Education Program The main goal of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of a multi-faceted church-based diabetes self-management education program. The researchers assessed the impact of this intervention.
• Various Diabetes Management Activities Diabetes management includes different activities. Education and support are basic aspects of any treatment plan because the disease requires daily monitoring and control performed by a patient.
• Educational Programs for Patients With Diabetes The effectiveness of educational programs for patients with diabetes is still a relevant issue. Different specialists claim that diabetes self-management education does not adequately address the problems.
• Diabetes Education Programs for Patients Problems related to diabetes are especially relevant for Latin Americans. There are different methods to address such a problem. One of the most effective approaches is educational programs.
• Silent Myocardial Infarction and Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Patients who are diagnosed with diabetes mellitus type 2 often die from silent myocardial infarction and heart failure.
• Diabetes Mellitus: Educational Plan This paper will outline an education plan for homebound elderly with diabetes. The plan aims to reinforce the population’s understanding of the condition and improve their self-care behaviors.
• Diabetes and Hypertension Patient's Healthcare Plan This paper presents the healthcare plan of a 49-year-old white woman with a history of type 2 diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and migraine headaches.
• Diabetes Prevention in Hispanic Populations Hispanic people face a considerably higher risk of type 2 diabetes due to the lack of knowledge about the condition and poor access to care.
• Enhancing Diabetes Self-Management The study by George and Thomas was aimed at revealing how the aged (65 years and above) diagnosed with insulin-dependent diabetes and living in rural areas perceive self-management.
• Type 2 Diabetes Patient's Support Needs To reduce the probability of contracting type 2 diabetes, it is strongly advisable for the patient to find more information about the disease and possible ways of its prevention.
• Useful Interventions in Treating Diabetes Diabetes is a chronic disease that mainly affects the older population. This paper discusses useful interventions that have been shown to yield better results.
• Obesity, Hypertension, Diabetes Type 2: Assessment Obesity plays a substantial role in adipocytokine dysregulation which is suggested to be a pathogenic trigger of insulin resistance and other diabetes-related problems.
• Treatment of Patient: Risk of Diabetes and Hypertension The risk of diabetes is to be reduced with the help of a diet. To evaluate the effectiveness, keep track of BMI and blood sugar level.
• Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetes and Hypertension The advantageous method to evaluate the intervention's efficiency is activity log. This element contains all the information about the patient's activities and progresses.
• Pathophysiology: Diabetes Type 1 and 2 Diabetes is an autoimmune disease; the immune system of the body attacks the beta cells of the pancreas, which results in the elimination of insulin production.
• Measuring the Global Burden of Disease Community members should identify the best sources of statistical information in order to understand the major illnesses affecting them.
• Diabetes Evidence-Based Treatment Outcomes Diabetes is associated with a decline in health-related quality of life, so after the intervention, it is reasonable to expect improvements in several areas.
• Elderly Education on Diabetes: Study Design This paper is meant to study the effect of post-discharge self-management education promotions and techniques for elderly patients with diabetes on health outcomes.
• Managing the Daily Life of Individuals With Diabetes The suggested teaching plan covers the topic of primary prevention and health promotion. The health problem it comprises is diabetes.
• A High Risk Of Type 2 Diabetes The purpose of the paper is to overview the type 2 diabetes , describe an evidence-based intervention related to the modifiable risk factor, and suggest a teaching plan for the patient.
• Hypertension and Type II Diabetes Mellitus Pathophysiology The clinical findings and physical examination of the patient provide evidence that prove the development of right-sided heart failure.
• Diabetes Patient: The Impact of Chronic Illness The interview indicates that the patient has accepted her disease and manages it. She is aware of her condition and controls her blood glucose level regularly.
• The Prevention and Control the Type-2 Diabetes Type 2 diabetes is a widespread health issue that affects many people around the world regardless of age and gender.
• Diabetes: Disease Analysis Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease. There are three types of diabetes, such as type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes.
• Teaching Patients to Live with Diabetes The lesson informs patients about possible behavioral changes associated with diabetes and prepares them to live under new conditions, requirements and restrictions.
• Diabetes Management and Pharmacological Effects The research paper provides pharmacological effects of herbal supplements and metformin medication in the management of diabetes and nursing implications.
• Epidemiology Topics for Signature Assignment The topic of diabetic retinopathy is relevant to my future career as I will seek to encourage every patient with diabetes to have an eye examination regularly.
• Cardiovascular Issues in Hispanic Diabetes Patient This paper discusses the disease processes and produces a treatment plan for a 59-year-old Hispanic male with type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure.
• Chronic Renal Failure: Prevention and Treatment in Diabetic Patients Chronic renal failure (CRF), which is the final stage of chronic kidney disease, is a condition when kidneys fail to perform their function and respond to the needs of a body.
• Benefits of the Ketogenic Diet in Diabetic Patients The goal of this study is to verify the benefits of ketogenic diets in diabetic patients. The objectives included searching the literature for recent articles on the use of ketogenic diets in diabetes.
• The Issue of Diabetes in Native Americans The paper contributes to efforts for improving the quality of care for Native American patients diagnosed with or at risk for diabetes.
• Diabetes Documentation for Non-Medical Individuals This essay looks at how diabetes has been documented for non-medical individuals over the decades. Examples will be drawn from the poem Diabetes by James Dickey.
• Effectiveness of Pragmatic Lifestyle Interventions for the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes The studies show that even small changes in lifestyle and physical activity may significantly facilitate the condition of a patient with diabetes.
• The Management of Diabetes in Children The management of diabetes in children needs comprehensive understanding owing to the age of patients and the complexity that comes with the disease.
• Diabetes Prevention: Plan of Care As a lifestyle and dietary choices are central to diabetes prevention and management, it is critical to develop a plan of care for the use in health delivery to this population.
• Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Type 2 diabetes is one of the primary health concerns of the American healthcare system. The prevalence of the disorder is likely to remain unchanged or even increase due to population aging.
• Geriatric Diabetes Management: Evidence-Based Project The presence of diabetes may provoke several complications such as an increase in the levels of blood sugar and blood glucose.
• Genetics of Type 2 Diabetes The patient involved in the assessment should pay attention to his diet as a modifiable risk factor associated with type 2 diabetes.
• Patient Education: Prepare to Live with Diabetes Living with diabetes is not an easy task. Unfortunately, no cure can be offered to patients in order to eliminate it completely.
• Diabetes Signs, Screening and Treatment Diabetes is among the most common endocrine disorders among adults. The condition can be successfully managed using a combination of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic approaches.
• Diabetes Monitor Health Application: Patient Guide The Diabetes Monitor health application records, analyzes, and controls the development of diabetes, reminds of blood glucose tests and the prescribed medicine.
• Nutritional Recommendations for Pediatric Diabetes The issue of children who have diabetes has gained a lot of attention in recent years due to the overwhelming number of consequences that influence their health on a daily basis.
• Diabetes: Causes and Effects Diabetes is the ailment in which there is lack of the production and improper utilization of insulin in the body.
• Diabetic Patient's Education on Insulin Injections The nursing case study is about Juan Duran, a Mexican-American who was prescribed to take insulin injections but was not instructed in how to perform them.
• Diabetes in Adolescents: Research Critique The following topics are discussed in this essay: protection of human participants, data collection, data management and analysis, findings, and interpretation of findings.
• Diabetes Mellitus: Recent Research and Clinical Findings Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease, so it can not be completely treated; only properly managed, this is why the reliable method of diagnostics is a great tool for fighting it.
• The Negative Impact of Diabetes on Pregnancy This paper aims to raise awareness about the negative impact of diabetes on pregnancy and how this impact can be mitigated.
• Poor Diabetes Control in Miami-Dade County, Florida Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects a patient’s blood sugar level and leads to a range of negative consequences.
• The Family-Based Education for Adult Patients with T2DM: Positive Effects The purpose of this review is to determine whether family-based education improves glycemic control and health-related quality of life in adult patients with T2DM.
• “Depression, Anxiety, and Stress in Diabetes” by Chlebowy In the article, Chlebowy et al. examined one’s ability to manage diabetes type 2 and possible complications in the form of depression, anxiety, and stress.
• The Treatment of Foot Ulcers in Diabetic Patients: Case Study The treatment of foot ulcers in diabetic patients is characterized by several restrictions and precautionary measures.
• Evidence-Based Practice Interventions for Diabetes: CLC Assignment in Nursing Looking for evidence-based practice interventions for diabetes? ➤ Read our project paper example to ✅ learn about mobile health interventions in diabetes care.
• Diabetes and Hypertension Avoiding Recommendations It is vital to develop a system of health recommendations that would promote the prevention of diabetes in Hispanic Americans.
• About Diabetes Treatment The article is a summary of the literature on the most recent findings for effective type 2 diabetes management strategies with a focus on patient engagement.
• Prevalence of Diabetes in Minority Populations This paper examines how nurse specialists could cope with the progression of diabetes in minority populations, such as Hispanics.
• COPD, Heart Failure, Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus The paper aims to address health problems associated with high blood pressure and diabetes mellitus. It involves analyzing patients’ lifestyles.
• Type 2 Diabetes in Aged Indigenous Australians The prevalence of diabetes 2 is common amongst the indigenous Australian people. The trend can be attributed to the genetic susceptibility amongst these people.
• Resistin and Its Potential Effects on Insulin Resistance The paper explores the physiological effects of the gut hormone Resistin. In the study conducted at The Penn Diabetes Center, resistin was first discovered as a 12 kDa polypeptide.
• The Global Prevalence of Diabetes in the World This document explores diabetes’ occurrence, causes, and the people more affected around the world, discusses symptoms of the disease and corrective measures to deal with it.
• Management of Foot Ulcers for People with Diabetes Diabetes-related complications are responsible for diabetic foot ulceration and amputation. Cases of lower limb amputation have increased because of diabetes.
• Patient Illness Trajectory From Diabetes Diagnosis to Hemodialysis in Taiwan The article reviews a study that examined diabetic patients' perceptions of their health and the importance of such information for nurses in the treatment of the disease.
• Diabetes Prevention Program Review This report aims to review the curriculum for the Diabetes Prevention Program that is offered by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in preventing diabetes
• Diabetes Mellitus: The Key Aspects Diabetes mellitus signifies a chronic, lifetime condition that affects the aptitude of the body to consume the glucose in the blood.
• Prevention of Medication Errors in Diabetic Patients in Home Health Services The paper seeks to point out how medical errors can be prevented in-home care and hence lead to improved health outcomes in-home care for diabetic patients.
• Diabetes Risk Factors in Adolescents Diabetes is a common disease among young people in the USA. Dietary practices and a sedentary lifestyle are the main risk factors for the development of type II diabetes.
• How To Protect an Infant Born to a Diabetic Mother This paper evaluates an effective care plan to be given to the baby as a way of mitigating the risks of an infant born of a diabetic mother contracting the disease.
• Care Plan Development: Treating Diabetes Mellitus This study discusses my role as a nurse in the examination of the health of an individual having diabetes and the provision of medical care.
• Diabetes: Obesity in Children This paper will discuss obesity in children and the management strategies that may help to reduce cases of overweight among the kids.
• Type 2 Diabetes Effect on African American Community The paper focuses on an effective learning program that will create awareness about Type 2 diabetes so that members can avoid behavior that may put them at the risk.
• A Study of Juvenile Type 1 Diabetes in the Northwest of England Juvenile type 1 diabetes mellitus is the form of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus that occurs in children and adolescents.
• Healthy People 2020 Initiative Goals in Miami, FL The three population-based communicable diseases analyzed are HIV/AIDS, STDs, and Diabetes. The community considered is Miami, FL 33155.
• Diabetes Mellitus: Resources Diabetes resource centers provide information that aids in learning the best manner of preventing and managing the illness.
• Support for Diabetes Using Technology by Hunt et al. Although technology applications can be used in the self-management of diabetes, people need to understand the multifaceted treatment plan.
• Critical Analysis: Diabetes Risk Factors in Adolescents The paper is divided into various sections, as follows: protection of human participants; data collection; data management and analysis; problem statement; interpretation of findings.
• Strengthening Adherence in Patients With Diabetes Strengthening adherence in patients with diabetes could be realized via strong social and family support, the involvement of medical personnel, is also of great assistance.
• Diabetes Type-2 Management and Intervention Plan Better management of type-2 diabetes can help make positive changes in lifestyle and delay or avoid the complications related to this disorder.
• The Coping Skills, Treatment, and Support Aspects of Diabetes Mellitus Chronic disease such as diabetes mellitus is a big blow to the patient. The paper analysis the coping skills, treatment, and support aspects of diabetes mellitus.
• The Insulin Pump Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes The purpose of this paper is to discuss Johnson and the group findings in the context of the existing research the insulin pump therapy and its importance for the nursing practice.
• A Diabetes Diagnosis: Insulin Pump Therapy The current article discusses the long-term results of a diabetes diagnosis known as Insulin Pump Therapy. A large population was used to investigate these outcomes.
• Diabetes Mellitus Management Strategy This paper seeks to identify the most current diabetes management strategy, critically analyzing its findings in terms of its relevance to diabetes management.
• Pharmacological Treatment of Hypertension for Elderly Patients With Diabetes This essay discusses the pathophysiology of hypertension in elderly diabetic patients, pharmacological principles in its management, and general nursing care.
• Diabetes Mellitus and Insulin This paper discusses the structure, synthesis, secretion and metabolism of insulin in association with its major function, which is to regulate blood glucose.
• Treatment for Diabetes Analysis Although the new discoveries of antidiabetic drugs appear on the market, diabetic patients still suffer from diseases and side effects of these discoveries.
• Course Project: Lesson Plan for Diabetes Mellitus The main purpose of the lesson plan is to inform and sensitize more people about the issues associated with diabetes mellitus.
• Diabetes Management and Quality Improvement Initiative The purpose of the diabetes management and quality improvement initiative is to enhance the process of the healthcare provider and the outcome of patients.
• Diabetes Mellitus Type II Diabetes mellitus type II is a chronic metabolic syndrome that affects the body’s sugar metabolism by resisting the stimulation and production of insulin.
• Diabetes and Healthy People 2020 Care Plan This project has identified the patient vulnerable to the selected health issue of diabetes and assessed one’s health status from the point of view of Healthy People 2020.
• Diabetes Resources, Control and Prevention The following project will list three helpful resources for this patient and for all those who need help in diabetes prevention and health promotion.
• Diabetic Diet Management: Patient Education Plan A nurse supporting individuals with diabetes should use education plans to produce the best goals, focus on a wide range of issues such as disease management, exercise, and diet.
• Diabetes Prevention Lesson and Teaching Plan In this paper, the teaching plan will be elaborated to help the community people affected by the diabetes problem improve their health status.
• Diabetes Impact on Direct Care Plan Development A diabetes direct care plan for the people in the community should be based on the data obtained during the screening and evaluation procedures.
• Aspirin Usage for Women with Diabetes For women with diabetes, does the use of low-dose aspirin daily reduce the risk of cardiovascular events within several years in comparison with no usage of low-dose aspirin?
• Type 2 Diabetes: The Ways to Prevent or Delay It This paper aims to describe several ways to prevent or delay type 2 diabetes: adequate diet, physical activity, etc.
• Diabetes and Positive Influence of Physical Exercise Continuous physical exercise helps diabetic patients to reduce their daily need for insulin, attain a healthy body mass index, and lower cardiovascular complications.
• Researching Intervention on Diabetes It is emotionally challenging for adolescents to understand why diabetes is a chronic disease that will accompany them throughout their lives
• Indicators in Black Diabetes Mellitus Type II Patients This paper aims to analyze the importance of the variables and their topicality to the chosen PICOT question about black diabetes mellitus type II patients.
• The BlueStar Diabetes Mobile Health Application The mobile health application "BlueStar Diabetes" is advised for the client to help improve his quality of life and prevent any complications.
• Type 2 Diabetes: Age-Related Changes Type 2 diabetes is a disorder commonly caused by blood sugar imbalance in the body when insulin hormone becomes defective, and mainly results from lifestyle implications.
• Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Coronary Artery Disease The paper demonstrates that type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease (CAD) can cause the symptoms of feeling extremely tired and gaining weight.
• Diabetes and Healthy People 2020 The paper will address diabetes from the point of view of Healthy People 2020 and discuss diabetes' impact on individual health and the overall health of the nation.
• Type 2 Diabetes Prevention: Health Promotion Program The prevention of type 2 diabetes can be accomplished by ensuring that patients exercise, maintain a proper diet, get an annual physical, and participate in lifestyle seminars.
• Diabetes Intervention as Evidence-Based Practice Project The development of artificial pancreas technology provides an opportunity for more effective and safe treatment that is ongoing 24/7.
• Rapid Weight Loss in Elderly Diabetic Patient The paper discusses about measures for diagnostic causes problem of weight loss in diabetic and importance of right diagnostics.
• Quality Healthcare: Measuring NP Performance Out of six domains of care proposed by the National Committee for Quality Assurance, the paper focuses on such domains as the effectiveness of care.
• Diabetes in Children: Policies and Programs Diabetes is a chronic disease, the onset of which is caused due to the lack of insulin produced by the pancreas or organism's inability to use this insulin.
• Reducing Hospital Readmissions Among Diabetes Patients This paper proposes to use several strategies that may not only improve outcomes in patients with diabetes but also reduce related workload and cost burden on the industry.
• Constant Glucose Monitoring in Diabetic Patients The paper discusses the importance of Constant Glucose Monitoring in diabetic patients. It includes that GCM improves treatment satisfaction.
• Health Belief Model in Diabetes Care It is important to note that diabetes is a chronic condition where an individual’s body experiences issues with blood sugar regulations.
• The Type 2 Diabetes Patient Education Knowledge of type 2 diabetes and mortality from this disease will help to raise awareness of patients in this matter.
• A Diabetes Patient's Challenging Experiences The current paper provides one with a better understanding of individuals’ experiences with chronic illnesses and associated vulnerabilities.
• Reducing Hospital Readmissions With Diabetes The current paper will review the ways of reducing frequent hospital readmissions among the population of patients with diabetes.
• Type 2 Diabetes Treatment Plan for Teenager The patient is a female teenager who goes to high school and frequently attends soccer practice, as she is the goalie of the soccer team.
• Factors That Affect the Increase of Type 2 Diabetes Worldwide
• Diabetes Mellitus and Contemporary Naturopathic Medicine
• Glucose Tolerance Tests Accuracy in Diagnosing Diabetes
• Metformin and Biliary Tract Cancer in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
• Diabetes Among Ethnic Minorities and the Aging Population
• Diabetes, Ethnicity, and Genetics
• Type Two Diabetes Mellitus as a Disease That Discriminates Against Lifes
• Medications Adherence and Associated Factors Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Gaza Strip, Palestine
• Obesity and Diabetes: Implications for Brain-Immunometabolism
• Optimizing Exercise for the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
• Obesity and Diabetes: Energy Regulation by Free Fatty Acid Receptors
• Living With Diabetes: The Benefits of a High Fat and Low Carbohydrate Diet
• Sex and Gender Aspects in Diabetes
• Childhood Obesity and Its Correlation With Type 2 Diabetes
• Diabetes Mellitus and Erectile Dysfunctions
• Vegetarian and Vegan Diets on Type 2 Diabetes Management
• Genetic Origins and Interventions of Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
• Understanding Autoimmune Diabetes Through the Prism of the Tri-Molecular Complex
• Mediterranean Diet and Type 2 Diabetes
• Alzheimer’s Disease and Type 2 Diabetes: A Critical Assessment of the Shared Pathological Traits
• Novel Biomarkers for Type 2 Diabetes
• Family-based Diabetes Intervention for Hispanic Adults and Their Family Members
• Type Two Diabetes Mellitus Among African Americans
• Diabetes Alters Activation and Repression of Pro- And Anti-inflammatory Signaling Pathways in the Vasculature
• Diabetes: All About the Disease, Its Causes, Effects, Treatments, and Possible Future Treatments
• Diabetes Health and Prevention for Asian Americans
• Traditional and Alternative Medicine for Type Two Diabetes
• Camel Milk and Its Effects on People With Type One Diabetes
• Diabetes, Pancreatic Cancer, and Metformin Therapy
• Platelet Measurements and Type 2 Diabetes: Investigations in Two Population-based Cohorts
• Gestational Diabetes and How To Treat the Disease During Pregnancy
• Connecting Alzheimer’s Disease With Diabetes Mellitus Through Amyloidogenic Evolvability
• Phosphatidylserine-liposomes Promote Tolerogenic Features on Dendritic Cells in Human Type 1 Diabetes by Apoptotic Mimicry
• Factors That Affect the Health Condition of Diabetes
• Native Americans and the Effects of Diabetes
• Type 1 Diabetes Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatments
• Asian Indians With Prediabetes Have Similar Skeletal Muscle Mass and Function to Those With Type 2 Diabetes
• Diabetes and Complementary and Alternative Therapies
• Diabetes Disease and Its Effect on the Digestive System
• Type One Diabetes and the Consequences
• What Are the Screening Tools for Type 1 Diabetes?
• How Does Insulin Help Diabetes Be Controlled?
• What Is the Prophylaxis To Prevent Type 2 Diabetes?
• How Does Diabetes Not Cause Depression?
• Why Are Approximately 1,800 New Cases of Diabetes Diagnosed in America Every Day?
• Does Alcohol Decrease the Risk of Diabetes?
• What Is the Relationship Between Excess Iron and Type 2 Diabetes?
• Does Overeating Cause Diabetes, Cavities, Acne, Hyperactivity and Make You Fat?
• How Fat and Obesity Cause Diabetes?
• What Is Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus?
• What Are the Effects of Diabetes on the Peripheral Blood Vessels and the Consequences?
• How Diabetes Insipidus Takes Place in the Human Body?
• Cell-Based Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes: Should We Take Hyperglycemia Into Account?
• What Is the Prevalence and Statistics of Diabetes in Australia?
• How Diabetes Mellitus Changes Urine Formation?
• What Is the Public Awareness of Diabetes?
• Can Diabetes Become Preventable?
• What Are the Main Causes and Treatments of Diabetes?
• Can Exercising and Dieting Prevent People From Type 2 Diabetes?
• What Is Pharmacotherapy and How Does It Help in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes?
• Can Coffee Reduce the Risk of Diabetes?
• What Factors Are Involved in the Increasing Prevalence of Type II Diabetes in Adolescents Living in Sub-saharan Africa?
• Is It Possible to Manage Diabetes Through Diet and Weight Control?
• What Is the Relationship Between Depression and Diabetes?
• How Does the Treatment With Insulin Affect Type 2 Diabetes?
• What Is the Relationship Between Genetic Predisposition, Obesity, and the Development of Type 2 Diabetes?
• How to Reduce the Likelihood of Rehospitalization of Patients With Diabetes?
• Why Diabetes Mellitus and How It Affects the United States?
• Does Valproic Acid Have Potential in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus?
• What Is the Relationship Between Genetics and Diabetes?

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Diabetes Essay Examples

Personalized prevention and management of diabetes.

Diabetes is a rising global burden. This noncommunicable disease is a major global public health priority that is placing untenable demands on individuals, their careers, society, and their health system as a whole. This is informative speech outline diabetes disease in which the topic is...

Diabetes: Medical Definition of Disease

Out of the most common diseases in the world that affects people of all ages is diabetes. Many factors can contribute to different people suffering from diabetes, some of them include the lifestyles people to adapt, genetic inheritance, and ethnicity among other reasons. It is...

The Effects of Vitamin D on Type One Diabetes

Type One Diabetes is a disease that affects people of all ages all across the world. Type One Diabetes is a disease that makes one’s pancreas stop working permanently. I have seen it first hand, my younger brother was diagnosed around 6 years ago on...

The Link Between Vitamin a Deficiency and Diabetes Mellitus

Vitamin A is a complex alcohol and is represented by retinol. Its oxidative products retinaldehyde (also called retinal as well as retinene) is also a biologically active compound. Vitamin A is quite heat stable, but it is destroyed at high temperatures in the presence of...

Diabetes Melitus and Its Prevalence in the Philippines

Diabetes is a disease that has reached epidemic proportions over the years. It is caused by the increase of sugar in the bloodstream (hyperglycaemia) due to the pancreas’ failure to produce enough insulin to level it out. It can be classified into three (3) main...

The Connection Between Type 2 Diabetes and Parasitic Infections

Parasitosis affects a huge number of the world population. Both urogenital and IPIs are linked to increasing morbidity, mortality, and serious outcomes. Intestinal parasitosis greatly affects body metabolism, nutrition absorption and gut ecosystem. A complex relationship exists between parasitosis and T2DM. The mechanisms of both...

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the Patient Journey: Case Analysis

Mr Joe Bloggs (The patient will be referred to as ‘Joe Bloggs’ throughout this essay, this is a pseudonym. The clinical area will also not be identified in order to respect confidentiality) is a 56-year-old man with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus. He presented...

Salt Increases the Risk of Diabetes

Salt isn't just a risk factor for diabetes. It can also weaken the heart and irritate the kidneys, favor high blood pressure and promote obesity. Salt is a kind of flavor enhancer. Without salt, many people would not eat half as much. Today hardly anyone...

Nanobots for Glucose Level Monitoring

Diabetes is one of the deadliest disease of the century. Diabetes is a major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, stroke and lower limb amputation. The number of people with diabetes has risen from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014. Tedious...

A Report on Glucose Sensors Devices

Glucose monitoring is a technology that has been used to monitor diabetes for the last thirty years. There has been evolution of glucose, started with glucose measuring methods that used enzymes to determine the content. Nowadays there is plenty of glucose monitoring devices that give...

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About Diabetes

Diabetes is a chronic, metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose (or blood sugar), which leads over time to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves.

Symptoms the need to urinate often, thirst, constant hunger, weight loss, vision changes and fatigue. These symptoms may occur suddenly.

Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, and Gestational diabetes.

Family history, race or ethnicity, obesity, lack of exercise,high blood pressure, genetics, air pollution,polycystic ovary syndrome etc.

About 90-95 percent of people with diabetes have Type 2, while about 5 percent have Type 1, and the remainder have gestational diabetes. It is the number 7 cause of death in the United States. More than 37 million people in the United States have diabetes, and 1 in 5 of them don’t know they have it. In the last 20 years, the number of adults diagnosed with diabetes has more than doubled.

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