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111 X-Ray Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

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X-rays are a powerful tool used in the medical field to diagnose and treat various conditions. They provide detailed images of the inside of the body, helping doctors to pinpoint issues and develop treatment plans. With such a wide range of uses, there are countless essay topics that can be explored when it comes to x-rays. Here are 111 x-ray essay topic ideas and examples to get you started.

The history of x-rays and their discovery by Wilhelm Roentgen.
The different types of x-ray imaging techniques, such as CT scans and MRIs.
The role of x-rays in diagnosing bone fractures and injuries.
How x-rays are used in dentistry to detect cavities and oral health issues.
The risks and benefits of regular x-ray screenings for cancer detection.
The use of x-rays in veterinary medicine for diagnosing animal health issues.
X-ray technology advancements and how they have improved medical imaging.
The ethical considerations of using x-rays on pregnant women and children.
The impact of x-ray technology on the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
X-ray imaging in sports medicine and its role in diagnosing sports injuries.
The potential dangers of excessive x-ray exposure and how it can be minimized.
How x-rays are used in forensics to identify human remains and solve crimes.
The use of x-rays in industrial settings to inspect and test materials.
X-rays in archeology and how they are used to study ancient artifacts.
The role of x-rays in diagnosing and treating lung diseases such as pneumonia.
The development of portable x-ray machines and their impact on healthcare in remote areas.
X-ray imaging in the aerospace industry for inspecting aircraft components.
The use of x-rays in food safety inspections to detect contaminants.
The future of x-ray technology and potential advancements in medical imaging.
X-rays in space exploration and how they are used to study celestial objects.
The use of x-rays in art restoration to analyze and preserve paintings.
X-ray imaging in paleontology and how it is used to study dinosaur fossils.
The role of x-rays in detecting and treating arthritis and joint diseases.
X-ray technology in the automotive industry for inspecting vehicle components.
The use of x-rays in detecting and treating kidney stones and urinary tract issues.
X-ray imaging in ophthalmology for diagnosing eye diseases and injuries.
The impact of x-rays on environmental research and pollution detection.
X-rays in geology and how they are used to study the composition of rocks.
The use of x-rays in detecting and treating gastrointestinal issues such as ulcers.
X-ray technology in the military for detecting hidden explosives and weapons.
The role of x-rays in diagnosing and treating brain tumors and neurological disorders.
X-ray imaging in the field of psychology for studying brain activity and mental health.
The use of x-rays in detecting and treating skin conditions such as melanoma.
X-rays in the field of genetics and how they are used to study DNA structures.
The impact of x-ray technology on the field of anthropology and human evolution.
X-ray imaging in the field of architecture for inspecting building structures.
The use of x-rays in studying climate change and its effects on the environment.
X-rays in the field of astronomy for studying stars and galaxies.
The role of x-rays in detecting and treating thyroid disorders.
X-ray technology in the field of robotics for inspecting mechanical components.
The use of x-rays in studying plant biology and photosynthesis.
X-ray imaging in the field of marine biology for studying underwater ecosystems.
The impact of x-rays on the field of nanotechnology and materials science.
X-rays in the field of zoology for studying animal anatomy and behavior.
The role of x-rays in detecting and treating liver diseases.
X-ray technology in the field of computer science for developing imaging algorithms.
The use of x-rays in studying climate patterns and weather systems.
X-ray imaging in the field of architecture for designing earthquake-resistant structures.
The impact of x-ray technology on the field of robotics and automation.
X-rays in the field of entomology for studying insect anatomy and evolution.
The role of x-rays in detecting and treating blood disorders.
X-ray technology in the field of cybersecurity for detecting security threats.
The use of x-rays in studying the effects of pollution on human health.
X-ray imaging in the field of nutrition for studying food composition.
The impact of x-ray technology on the field of artificial intelligence and machine learning.
X-rays in the field of ecology for studying ecosystems and biodiversity.
The role of x-rays in detecting and treating hormonal disorders.
X-ray technology in the field of education for teaching medical imaging techniques.
The use of x-rays in studying the effects of climate change on wildlife.
X-ray imaging in the field of architecture for designing sustainable buildings.
The impact of x-ray technology on the field of renewable energy and green technology.
X-rays in the field of sociology for studying social structures and behavior.
The role of x-rays in detecting and treating autoimmune diseases.
X-ray technology in the field of transportation for inspecting vehicle safety.
The use of x-rays in studying the effects of globalization on human health.
X-ray imaging in the field of urban planning for designing healthy cities.
The impact of x-ray technology on the field of mental health and wellness.
X-rays in the field of political science for studying government structures and policies.
The role of x-rays in detecting and treating metabolic disorders.
X-ray technology in the field of sports science for studying athletic performance.
The use of x-rays in studying the effects of social media on mental health.
X-ray imaging in the field of economics for studying market trends and consumer behavior.
The impact of x-ray technology on the field of education and learning.
X-rays in the field of philosophy for studying human consciousness and identity.
The role of x-rays in detecting and treating genetic disorders.
X-ray technology in the field of fashion for designing sustainable clothing.
The use of x-rays in studying the effects of technology on human relationships.
X-ray imaging in the field of literature for analyzing narrative structures.
The impact of x-ray technology on the field of music and sound engineering.
X-rays in the field of history for studying past civilizations and cultures.
The role of x-rays in detecting and treating psychological disorders.
X-ray technology in the field of engineering for designing innovative solutions.
The use of x-rays in studying the effects of social inequality on health outcomes.
X-ray imaging in the field of anthropology for studying human evolution.
The impact of x-ray technology on the field of communication and media studies.
X-rays in the field of law for studying legal structures and justice systems.
The role of x-rays in detecting and treating developmental disorders.
X-ray technology in the field of architecture for designing inclusive spaces.
The use of x-rays in studying the effects of globalization on cultural identity.
X-ray imaging in the field of psychology for studying cognitive processes.
The impact of x-ray technology on the field of environmental science and conservation.
X-rays in the field of sociology for studying social movements and activism.
The role of x-rays in detecting and treating social anxiety disorders.
X-ray technology in the field of education for designing inclusive curricula.
The use of x-rays in studying the effects of climate change on mental health.
X-ray imaging in the field of political science for studying power dynamics.
The impact of x-ray technology on the field of gender studies and identity.
X-rays in the field of economics for studying economic inequalities.
The role of x-rays in detecting and treating trauma-related disorders.
X-ray technology in the field of sociology for studying social structures and hierarchies.
The use of x-rays in studying the effects of gentrification on mental health.
X-ray imaging in the field of architecture for designing inclusive spaces.
The impact of x-ray technology on the field of urban planning and development.
X-rays in the field of anthropology for studying cultural identities and traditions.
The role of x-rays in detecting and treating substance abuse disorders.
X-ray technology in the field of education for designing inclusive classrooms.
The use of x-rays in studying the effects of globalization on cultural heritage.
X-ray imaging in the field of sociology for studying social inequalities.
The impact of x-ray technology on the field of environmental justice and sustainability.
X-rays in the field of psychology for studying mental health disparities.
The role of x-rays in detecting and treating post-traumatic stress disorders.

In conclusion, x-rays have a wide range of applications in various fields beyond just medicine. By exploring different essay topics related to x-ray technology, you can gain a deeper understanding of how this powerful tool impacts our world in countless ways. Whether you are interested in science, technology, art, or social issues, there is a fascinating x-ray topic waiting for you to explore.

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Essay on X Rays

Students are often asked to write an essay on X Rays in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on X Rays

Introduction.

X-rays are a type of radiation called electromagnetic waves. They are used in medicine to create images of the inside of the body.

X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Roentgen, a German scientist. He won a Nobel Prize for his discovery.

Use in Medicine

In medicine, X-rays are used to see broken bones, cavities in teeth, and other health issues. They help doctors diagnose and treat patients.

While X-rays are helpful, too much exposure can be harmful. That’s why protective measures, like lead aprons, are used during X-ray procedures.

250 Words Essay on X Rays

Introduction to x-rays.

X-rays, a form of electromagnetic radiation, have revolutionized the field of medicine since their discovery by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen in 1895. They possess the unique ability to penetrate through human tissue, making them invaluable for non-invasive diagnostic imaging.

Physics Behind X-Rays

X-rays are produced when high-energy electrons collide with a metal target. The sudden deceleration of electrons results in the emission of X-rays, a phenomenon known as Bremsstrahlung. Moreover, when these high-energy electrons displace inner-shell electrons of the target metal atoms, characteristic X-rays are emitted.

Medical Applications

In medicine, X-rays are primarily used for imaging internal body structures. The differential absorption of X-rays by different tissues allows the visualization of bones and organs. In addition, X-rays are used in radiation therapy for cancer treatment, where they destroy malignant cells while sparing surrounding healthy tissue.

Risks and Safety

Despite their benefits, X-rays carry potential risks. They can cause ionization and damage to living cells, leading to mutations and cancer. Therefore, it’s crucial to limit exposure and use protective shielding.

Future of X-Rays

In conclusion, X-rays, while presenting certain risks, remain an essential tool in medical diagnostics and treatment. Their evolving technology continues to push the boundaries of non-invasive medical procedures, underscoring their enduring relevance in modern medicine.

500 Words Essay on X Rays

X-rays, a significant discovery in the field of medical science, have revolutionized the way we diagnose and treat various diseases. Discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen in 1895, X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation, similar to light rays but with higher energy levels.

The Physics of X-Rays

X-rays are generated in an X-ray tube where high-energy electrons collide with a metal target, typically tungsten. When these electrons strike the target, their kinetic energy is converted into X-ray photons through two processes: characteristic and Bremsstrahlung radiation. The majority of X-rays are produced via Bremsstrahlung radiation, where electrons are deflected by the nucleus of the tungsten atom, leading to a change in direction and speed, and thus a release of energy in the form of X-rays.

Medical Applications of X-Rays

X-rays in cancer treatment.

Beyond diagnostics, X-rays play a crucial role in cancer treatment through radiation therapy. High-energy X-rays are used to destroy cancer cells, slowing or stopping their growth. The therapy aims to maximize the dose to cancerous tissues while minimizing exposure to healthy tissues, a balance achieved through sophisticated treatment planning and delivery techniques.

Risks and Safety Measures

Conclusion: the future of x-rays.

In conclusion, X-rays have profoundly impacted medical science, offering invaluable diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities. As we continue to refine and innovate these technologies, the benefits of X-rays will undoubtedly expand, promising better patient care and outcomes.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

Apart from these, you can look at all the essays by clicking here .

X-Ray Radiology Techniques and Applications in Medicine Essay

To find inspiration for your paper and overcome writer’s block
As a source of information (ensure proper referencing)
As a template for you assignment

Introduction

X-ray absorption in medicine, risks associated with x-rays in medicine imaging, reference list.

X-rays are “electromagnetic radiation of exactly the same nature as light, but much shorter than light wavelength” (Künzel, Okuno, Levenhagen and Umisedo, 2013). X-ray images are generally found in most health facilities such as orthopaedic, dentist, and chiropractor departments. X-ray radiology techniques have been effective forms of managing cancer through imaging processes. The method is cost effective and easy to use in emergencies. However, the efficacy of an X-ray technique depends on the image quality, which relies on the X-ray absorption through the exposed tissues. There are different X-ray procedures, such as computed tomography. Computed tomography uses a contrast agent that is “injected directly into the blood stream followed by immediate imaging” (Künzel et al., 2013). The role of a contrast agent is to enhance attenuation of the X-ray procedure in the area of the targeted body part.

In X-ray imaging, a number of things take place. When light strikes an object, the object, tissue in this case will absorb, reflect, transmit, or refract light (fig. 1). X-ray transmission depends on photons of light. The absorbed photons usually never pass through the tissue. Reflected photons also do not gain access to the inside of the object. Instead, they turn back towards the source of light. Still, transmitted photons pass through the object. Refracted photons also pass through the object, but the object usually changes the rays as they leave.

X-ray found its application in medicine because of its abilities to pass through the body. Any object that is between the X-ray tube and a thin plain film normally produces a shadow that creates a negative image. The procedure has been effective because tissues of the body have abilities to absorb X-ray, but at different rates. However, the challenge has been that most tissues of the body normally consist of water. This makes the resulting image to look similar during X-ray processes. Radiographers have generally identified few tissues, which have distinct differences from one another in terms of X-ray absorption.

Knowledge of electromagnetic spectrum and X-ray spectrum are imperative for many diagnostic X-ray imaging usages. This also includes dose calculation and energy decomposition (Duan, Wang, Yu, Leng and McCollougha, 2011). Radiographers have noted the rise in estimates that involve patient doses during CT procedures. In addition, knowledge in clinical dual-energy has also become critical for radiographers. This results from the high photon flux, which makes it difficult to estimate or measure spectra from the X-ray tube of the scanner. Radiographers have relied on indirect approaches in order to estimate the level of spectrum during transmission. Duan and colleagues noted that there were a number of methods applied in estimating CT spectra, but they concluded that the “expectation maximisation (EM) method was an accurate and a robust method of solving the spectrum measurement problem” (Duan et al., 2011).

The bremsstrahlung process (radiation generation) results in the production of polyenergetic X-ray output. However, it is important to determine attenuation qualities of the X-ray beam through measurable methods. Seiber and Boone note that measurement of “the x-ray beam intensity is performed using ionisation chamber dosimeters, which are comprised of electronics, a voltage source, and separate air-filled chambers of known volume” (Seiber and Boone, 2005). During the ionisation process, “electrodes gather and evaluate electronic charges that emanate from the x-ray–induced ionisation of air molecules within the chamber” (Seiber and Boone, 2005). About 33 eV is the mean amount of energy that an atom air needs to ionise a pair of ion, which consists of a positive atom and a negative electron. On the other hand, X-ray exposure shows the quantity of electron charges released in a given volume of air. Radiation dose shows the amount of absorbed energy during X-ray procedures in every unit mass. In X-ray exposure, the dose that the patient receives is normally ten percent less relative to air karma that is evaluated in the chamber of ionisation, mainly in mGy. Seiber and Boone observe that an “accurate measurement of x-ray beam attenuation needs to exclude scattered radiation, and this requires the use of so-called “good geometry” (Seiber and Boone, 2005). The approach applicable in a good geometry is a clear collimation of the X-ray beam. This restricts the beam to the outer side of the system. The system must be at a considerable distance from the attenuator, which could be about 20 cm in order to eliminate any possibilities of scattered X-rays entering the ion system.

Radiologists have used X-rays to analyse tissues, which exceptionally have different components in terms of density and characteristics. It is simple to recognise the differences in soft tissues of the bone after the X-ray procedure. However, it has been extremely hard to notice differences that exist in several soft tissues. Usually, the ability of X-rays may be spatial resolution, but X-ray spatial resolutions are normally of high quality than those of ultrasound or MRIs. Orthopaedic procedures relied on X-rays to examine bone fractures as the best method (fig. 3). X-ray films normally have whitish colour, but when X-rays reach the film, they turn dark and reflect the generated image. Excess X-rays on the targeted body part can lead to an extremely dark image. Usually, the bone absorbs or deflects rays, which may not be in the film. Thus, the bone may appear white on the film. Thick bones may result in light images on the film. In osteoporosis, X-rays are not common. The density of the bone has effects on the X-rays. This implies that radiologists should also examine bone density in advanced conditions.

The radiographic image contrast relies on the quality of radiation absorption by the body tissue on focus. In this context, radiographers have introduced various means such as nanoparticles in order evaluate the X-ray image through X-ray spectroscopy (Künzel et al., 2013). Künzel and colleague examined “the spectral changes on X-ray beams transmitted through a gold nanoparticle aqueous solution registered with the X-ray spectrometer because this detector had a good performance in the diagnostic energy range” (Künzel et al., 2013). This study demonstrated that a gold nanoparticle aqueous solution enhanced the rate of X-ray absorption from 20 percent to 60 percent on X-ray beams produced between 20 kV and 120 kV, correspondingly. In addition, they also noted that electron-dense nanoparticles resulted in increased X-ray absorption at low concentration of X-ray beams. Hence, the target body tissue could produce best image contrast.

However, the diagnostic X-ray imaging depends on the attenuation of the X-rays in the body tissues (Seiber and Boone, 2005). In this case, the transmitted and absorbed rays results in the creation of a two-dimensional image. This shows the anatomy of the body tissues.

X-rays may not provide the desired results when examining small fractures in complex body parts and joints. In addition, the procedure may also be challenging in growth plates among young people. In some instances, an MRI could be effective in determining ligament problems or joint defects.

Modern technologies have allowed new imaging machines to store digitised forms of X-ray images. This has been important in emergency situations in which reproduction of such images are necessary for rapid care provisions. Moreover, modern X-ray machines have resulted in fast and easy processes for capturing X-ray images for quick diagnosis. Still, some users have noted that X-ray machines are not expensive relative to other imaging technologies.

When X-rays go through the body tissues, they usually lose some of their energies to the body tissues through the following ways. First, scattering leads to energy loss because the X-ray photon may not have the required amount of energy for electron emission from the atom (1 to 30 keV). Second, in some cases, the X-ray photon may radiate all its energies to electron, which may then leave the atom (1 to 100 keV) due to photoelectric effect. Third, there is also Compton scattering. This process of energy loss involves a collision an X-ray photon with other loose electrons. During the collision, electrons normally acquire energies while the scattered X-ray photon travels in various directions from the area of the collision with a low-level of energy (0.5 to 5 MeV). Finally, pair production also leads to loss of energy in an X-ray photon. For instance, when an X-ray photon with high concentration of energy, which could be greater than 1.02 MeV, enters nucleus with high concentration of electricity, changes may occur in the process of converting such energy into a positron and an electron. The particles destroy each other and result in two photons with high concentration of energy.

There are several risks, which relate to usages of X-ray imaging in the body. Radiographers believe that X-rays that go through the body and strike the film do not have harmful effects on the body tissues because they are transmitted photons. However, it is imperative to note that not all X-rays that go through the body normally pass through to the film. This is important in the production of images. Rays that strike bones and other thick body parts do not pass through to the film. Hence, it is critical for radiographers to understand what happens to X-ray beams that do not leave the body. These X-ray beams retain their high-energy properties within the body because it is difficult for energy to disappear. Rather, this energy finds its way into the body tissues. X-ray beams have abilities to transfer their energies to the body electron, which may result in significant damages to the body cells and organs. Electrons could spread such damages to other cells throughout the body in the process of ionisation. While cell damages could take place in several ways, it could be extremely dangerous when such damages have affected cellular DNA.

Damages to the DNA system change the DNA signal, which may affect new body cells. This may cause tumour in the body. While ionisation takes place during X-ray procedures, the body has the ability to repair some damages. However, conventional X-ray procedures still have greater risks than modern approaches, but the level of risks have declined significantly.

A reduction of X-ray doses results in little radiation, which could reduce cases of cancer in the body. People get radiation from the sun and the environment, but every X-ray procedure result in an exposure of 1/5 th of radiation relative to radiation people get from other sources every year. While this may be safe for users, it is necessary to avoid high rates of exposures and avoid cases of repeated X-ray procedures, particularly during medical procedures. Radiographers must be careful with pregnant women because they must not use X-ray beams near foetus. In such cases, ultrasound has been effective for pregnant women, particularly near the foetus.

Issues regarding damages to biomedical specimens have led to low applications of new discoveries in X-ray tomographic procedures (Fahimian, Mao, Cloetens and Miao, n.d; Langer, Cloetens, Guigay and Peyrin, 2008).

X-ray medical imaging relies on several factors. These include variations in the attenuation of the X-ray beams by the target body tissues, transmitted X-ray absorption, the changing of the absorbed X-ray energy into light for visibility, and the processing and presentation of the X-ray image on the film either on ‘hard’ or ‘soft’ copy on a light emissive display.

The loss of X-ray beam energy may cause damages to the body tissues. While modern technologies have reduced such risks, X-ray procedures still present risks to patients. Hence, radiographers should avoid multiple X-ray procedures whenever possible.

Duan, X, Wang, J, Yu, L, Leng, S and McCollougha, C 2011, ‘CT scanner x-ray spectrum estimation from transmission measurements’ , Medical Physics, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 993–997.

Fahimian, P, Mao, Y, Cloetens, P and Miao, J, n.d, Low dose x-ray phase-contrast and absorption CT using Equally-Sloped Tomography . Web.

Künzel, R, Okuno, E, Levenhagen, and Umisedo, N 2013, ‘Evaluation of the X-Ray Absorption by Gold Nanoparticles Solutions’ , ISRN Nanotechnology, vol. 2013, no. 865283, pp. 1-5.

Langer M, Cloetens P, Guigay J P and Peyrin F 2008, ‘Quantitative comparison of direct phase retrieval algorithms in in-line phase tomography’, Medicine Physics, vol. 35, pp. 4556-66.

Seiber, A and Boone, J 2005, ‘X-Ray Imaging Physics for Nuclear Medicine Technologists. Part 2: X-Ray Interactions and Image Formation’, Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 1-16.

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by Chris Woodford . Last updated: October 31, 2022.

Photo: Once X rays had to be treated like old-fashioned photographs. Now, they're as easy to study and store as digital photographs on computer screens. Photo by Kasey Zickmund courtesy of U.S. Air Force.

What are X rays?

Artwork: The electromagnetic spectrum, with the X-ray band highlighted in yellow over toward the right. You can see that X rays have shorter wavelengths, higher frequencies, and higher energy than most other types of electromagnetic radiation, and don't penetrate Earth's atmosphere. Their wavelengths are around the same scale as atomic sizes. Artwork courtesy of NASA (please follow this link for a bigger and clearer version of this image).

Artwork: Lead is a heavy element that you'll find toward the bottom of the periodic table: its atoms contain lots of protons and neutrons, so they're very dense and heavy. Lead is very good at stopping X rays.

What are X rays used for?

Photo: Taking a dental X ray with modern, digital technology. This equipment uses low-power (and therefore safer) X rays and instead of the dentist having to develop an old-fashioned photo, the results show up almost instantly on their computer screen. Photo by Matthew Lotz courtesy of US Air Force .

Photo: A typical CT scanner. The patient lies on the bed, which slides through the hole in the donut-shaped scanner behind. The scanner unit contains one or more rotating X-ray sources and detectors. Photo by Francisco V. Govea II courtesy of US Air Force and Wikimedia Commons .

Photo: Using digital X ray equipment (left) to check the contents of a suspicious package (on the floor, right). Photo by Jonathan Pomeroy courtesy of US Air Force .

Photo: Nondestructive X ray testing is one way to inspect planes without taking them apart. Here, a plane has just been tested in a lead-lined hangar at Randolph US Air Force Base, Texas. The warning signs you can see on the door indicate the potential dangers from the X rays. Photo by Steve Thurow courtesy of US Air Force.

Photo: Studying semiconductor materials with X-ray spectroscopy. Photo by Jim Yost courtesy of US DOE/NREL .

Photo: X-ray image of the Sun produced by the Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT). Photo courtesy of NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA-GSFC) .

How are X rays produced?

How were x rays discovered.

Photo: Wilhelm Röntgen's X-ray photograph of his wife's hand. Note the rings! Photo believed to be in the public domain, courtesy of the National Library of Medicine's Images from the History of Medicine (NLM) collection and the National Institutes of Health .

19th century

20th century.

Illustration: A typical Coolidge tube. Artwork courtesy of the Wellcome Collection published under a Creative Commons (CC BY 4.0) licence .

Photo: The Chandra X-ray telescope just before it was released from the Space Shuttle Columbia on on July 23, 1999. Photo courtesy of NASA/JSC

21st century

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Production of X-rays

Detection of x-rays.

What did Marie Curie accomplish?
What awards did Marie Curie win?

Marie Curie, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics (1903) and Chemistry (1911).

Production and detection of X-rays

There are three common mechanisms for the production of X-rays: the acceleration of a charged particle, atomic transitions between discrete energy levels, and the radioactive decay of some atomic nuclei. Each mechanism leads to a characteristic spectrum of X-ray radiation.

In the theory of classical electromagnetism, accelerating electric charges emit electromagnetic waves. In the most common terrestrial source of X-rays, the X-ray tube , a beam of high-energy electrons impinges on a solid target. As the fast-moving electrons in the beam interact with the electrons and nuclei of the target atoms, they are repeatedly deflected and slowed. During this abrupt deceleration, the beam electrons emit bremsstrahlung (German: “braking radiation”)—a continuous spectrum of electromagnetic radiation with a peak intensity in the X-ray region. Most of the energy radiated in an X-ray tube is contained in this continuous spectrum. Far more powerful (and far larger) sources of a continuum of X-rays are synchrotron particle accelerators and storage rings. In a synchrotron, charged particles (usually electrons or positrons ) are accelerated to very high energies (typically billions of electron volts) and then confined to a closed orbit by strong magnets. When the charged particles are deflected by the magnetic fields (and hence accelerated via the change in their direction of motion), they emit so-called synchrotron radiation —a continuum whose intensity and frequency distribution are determined by the strength of the magnetic fields and the energy of the circulating particles. Specially designed synchrotron light sources are used worldwide for X-ray studies of materials.

In an X-ray tube, in addition to the continuous spectrum of radiation emitted by the decelerating electrons, there is also a spectrum of discrete X-ray emission lines that is characteristic of the target material. This “ characteristic radiation” results from the excitation of the target atoms by collisions with the fast-moving electrons. Most commonly, a collision first causes a tightly bound inner-shell electron to be ejected from the atom; a loosely bound outer-shell electron then falls into the inner shell to fill the vacancy. In the process, a single photon is emitted by the atom with an energy equal to the difference between the inner-shell and outer-shell vacancy states. This energy difference usually corresponds to photon wavelengths in the X-ray region of the spectrum. Characteristic X-ray radiation can also be produced from a target material when it is exposed to a primary X-ray beam. In this case, the primary X-ray photons initiate the sequence of electron transitions that result in the emission of secondary X-ray photons.

In 1913 the English physicist Henry Moseley discovered a simple relationship between the wavelengths of the X-ray emission lines from a target and the atomic number of the target element—the wavelengths are inversely proportional to the square of the atomic number . Known as Moseley’s law, this relationship proved to be a definitive tool in the determination of atomic numbers in the early days of atomic physics . X-ray fluoresence techniques, in which the wavelengths of characteristic X-rays are recorded following the excitation of a target, are now commonly used to identify the elemental constituents of materials.

X-ray emission is sometimes a by-product of a nuclear transformation . In the process of electron capture , an inner-shell atomic electron is captured by the atomic nucleus, initiating the transformation of a nuclear proton into a neutron and lowering the atomic number by one unit ( see radioactivity: Types of radioactivity ). The vacant inner-shell orbit is then quickly filled by an outer-shell electron, producing a characteristic X-ray photon. The relaxation of an excited nucleus to a lower-energy state also sometimes results in the emission of an X-ray photon. However, the photons emitted in most nuclear transitions of this type are of even higher energy than X-rays—they fall into the gamma-ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum .

Many astronomical sources of X-rays have been discovered over the past 50 years; collectively they are a rich resource of information about the universe ( see X-ray sources ). X-rays are emitted by the Sun’s hot corona (outer atmosphere) and by the coronas of other ordinary stars in the Milky Way Galaxy . Many binary star systems emit copious X-rays; the strongest such sources produce, in the X-ray region alone, more than 1,000 times the entire energy output of the Sun. Supernova remnants are also strong sources of X-rays, which are sometimes associated with synchrotron radiation produced by high-energy charged particles circulating in intense magnetic fields and sometimes with atomic emissions from extremely hot gases (in the range of 10 million kelvins). Powerful extragalactic sources of X-rays, including active galaxies, quasars, and galactic clusters, are currently under intense scientific scrutiny; in some cases the exact mechanisms of X-ray production are still uncertain or unknown. As the Earth’s atmosphere strongly absorbs X-rays, astronomical observations in the X-ray region must be made from orbiting satellites. The launch of the Chandra X-Ray Observatory in 1999 greatly advanced the observational capabilities of X-ray astronomy ( see telescope: X-ray telescopes ).

Photographic film was used by Röntgen as one of the first X-ray detectors, and this simple technique remains in wide use in medical applications. The process of exposure is initiated by X-ray photons ionizing radiation-sensitive silver halide crystals in an emulsion on the film surface; the resulting photochemical change of the affected crystals darkens the exposed area ( see radiation measurement: Photographic emulsions ).

Photographic techniques, while much improved upon since the time of Röntgen and still extremely useful for qualitative applications, are not well-suited for more quantitative measurements of X-ray intensities and spectral content. A number of more effective detection methods have been developed. In a Geiger-Müller tube, or Geiger counter , incoming X-ray photons ionize atoms in a gas-filled volume. An applied high voltage induces further ionizations from collisions between liberated electrons and neutral atoms, creating an avalanche of charged particles and a large electrical pulse that is easily detected. More sophisticated detection schemes based on the ionization of gas atoms can discriminate between X-rays of different energies ( see radiation measurement: Proportional counters ). Other common detection schemes rely on the ability of X-rays to produce visible fluorescence in crystals ( see scintillation counter ) and charge separation in semiconductors ( see radiation measurement: Semiconductor detectors ).

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Production of X-rays

A current is passed through the tungsten filament and heats it up.
As it is heated up the increased energy enables electrons to be released from the filament through thermionic emission .
The electrons are attracted towards the positively charged anode and hit the tungsten target with a maximum energy determined by the tube potential (voltage).
As the electrons bombard the target they interact via Bremsstrahlung and characteristic interactions which result in the conversion of energy into heat (99%) and x-ray photons (1%).
The x-ray photons are released in a beam with a range of energies ( x-ray spectrum ) out of the window of the tube and form the basis for x-ray image formation.

has a high atomic number (A 184, Z 74)
is a good thermionic emitter (good at emitting electrons)
can be manufactured into a thin wire
has a very high melting temperature (3422°c)
The size of the filament relates to the size of the focal spot. Some cathodes have two filaments for broad and fine focusing

Focusing cup

high melting point
poor thermionic emitter so electrons aren’t released to interfere with electron beam from filament
Negatively charged to focus the electrons towards the anode and stop spatial spreading
Target made of tungsten for same reasons as for filament
Rhenium added to tungsten to prevent cracking of anode at high temperatures and usage
Set into an anode disk of molybdenum with stem
Positively charged to attract electrons
Set at angle to direct x-ray photon beam down towards patient. Usual angle is 5º – 15º

Definitions

Target, focus, focal point, focal spot: where electrons hit the anode
Actual focal spot: physical area of the focal track that is impacted
Focal track: portion of the anode the electrons bombard. On a rotating anode this is a circular path
Effective focal spot: the area of the focal spot that is projected out of a tube

Stationary anode: these are generally limited to dental radiology and radiotherapy systems. Consists of an anode fixed in position with the electron beam constantly streaming onto one small area.

Rotating anode: used in most radiography, including mobile sets and fluoroscopy. Consists of a disc with a thin bevelled rim of tungsten around the circumference that rotates at 50 Hz. Because it rotates it overcomes heating by having different areas exposed to the electron stream over time. It consists of:

Molybdenum disk with thin tungsten target around the circumference
Molybdenum stem, which is a poor conductor of heat to prevent heat transmission to the metal bearings
Silver lubricated bearings between the stem and rotor that have no effect on heat transfer but allow very fast rotation at low resistances
Blackened rotor to ease heat transfer

Heating of the anode

This is the major limitation of x-ray production.

Heat (J) = kVe x mAs

Heat (J) = w x kVp x mAs

kVe = effective kV w = waveform of the voltage through the x-ray tube. The more uniform the waveform the lower the heat production kVp = peak kV mAs = current exposure time product

Heat is normally removed from the anode by radiation through the vacuum and into the conducting oil outside the glass envelope. The molybdenum stem conducts very little heat to prevent damage to the metal bearings.

Heat capacity

A higher heat capacity means the temperature of the material rises only a small amount with a large increase in heat input.

Temperature rise = energy applied / heat capacity

Tube rating

Each machine has a different capacity for dissipating heat before damage is caused. The capacity for each focal spot on a machine is given in tube rating graphs provided by the manufacturer. These display the maximum power (kV and mA) that can be used for a given exposure time before the system overloads. The maximum allowable power decreases with:

Lengthening exposure time
Decreasing effective focal spot size (heat is spread over a smaller area)
Larger target angles for a given effective focal spot size (for a given effective focal spot size the actual focal spot track is smaller with larger anode angles. This means the heat is spread over a smaller area and the rate of heat dissipation is reduced)
Decreasing disk diameter (heat spread over smaller circumference and area)
Decreasing speed of disk rotation

Other factors to take into consideration are:

By using a higher mA the maximum kV is reduced and vice versa.
A very short examination may require a higher power to produce an adequate image. This must be taken into consideration as the tube may not be able to cope with that amount of heat production over such a short period of time.

Anode cooling chart

As well as withstanding high temperatures an anode must be able to release the heat quickly too. This ability is represented in the anode cooling chart. It shows how long it takes for the anode to cool down from its maximum level of heat and is used to prevent damage to the anode by giving sufficient time to cool between exposures.

Anode heel effect

An x-ray beam gets attenuated on the way out by the target material itself causing a decrease in intensity gradually from the cathode to anode direction as there is more of the target material to travel through. Therefore, the cathode side should be placed over the area of greatest density as this is the side with the most penetrating beam. Decreasing the anode angle gives a smaller effective focal spot size, which is useful in imaging, but a larger anode heel effect. This results in a less uniform and more attenuated beam.

** smaller angle = smaller focal spot size but larger anode heel effect **

Window: made of beryllium with aluminium or copper to filter out the soft x-rays. Softer (lower energy) x-ray photons contribute to patient dose but not to the image production as they do not have enough energy to pass through the patient to the detector. To reduce this redundant radiation dose to the patient these x-ray photons are removed.

Glass envelope: contains vacuum so that electrons do not collide with anything other than target.

Insulating oil: carries heat produced by the anode away via conduction.

Filter: Total filtration must be >2.5 mm aluminium equivalent (meaning that the material provides the same amount of filtration as a >2.5 mm thickness of aluminium) for a >110 kV generator

Total filtration = inherent filtration + additional filtration (removable filter)

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Producing an x-ray beam

1. electrons produced: thermionic emission.

A current is applied through the cathode filament, which heats up and releases electrons via thermionic emission. The electrons are accelerated towards the positive anode by a tube voltage applied across the tube. At the anode, 99% of energy from the electrons is converted into heat and only 1% is converted into x-ray photons.

Accelerating potential

The accelerating potential is the voltage applied across the tube to create the negative to positive gradient across the tube and accelerate the electrons across the anode. It is normally 50-150 kV for radiography, 25-40 kV for mammography and 40-110 kV for fluoroscopy. UK mains supply is 230 V and 50 Hz of alternating current. When the charge is negative the accelerating potential is reversed (the cathode becomes positive and the anode becomes negative). This means that the electrons are not accelerated towards the anode to produce an x-ray beam. The ideal waveform for imaging is a positive constant square wave so that the electron flow is continuously towards the anode. We can convert the standard sinusoidal wave into a square wave by rectification.

Full wave rectification: the use of a rectification circuit to convert negative into positive voltage. However, there are still points at which the voltage is zero and most of the time it is less than the maximum kV (kVp). This would lead to a lot of lower energy photons. There are two rectification mechanisms that prevent too many lower energy photons:

Three phase supply: three electrical supplies are used, each applied at a different time. The “ripple” (difference between maximum and minimum current) is about 15% of the kVp.
High frequency generator: this can supply an almost constant potential. The supply is switched on and off rapidly (14kHz) which can then be rectified. They are much more compact than three phase supply and more commonly used.

Effect of rectification on spectrum

Increased mean photon energy – fewer photons of lower energy
Increased x-ray output – stays closer to the maximum for longer
Shorter exposure – as output higher, can run exposure for shorter time to get same output
Lower patient dose – increased mean energy means fewer low energy photons that contribute to patient dose but do not contribute to the final image

Filament current

The current (usually 10 A) heats up the filament to impart enough energy to the electrons to be released i.e. it affects the number of electrons released.

Tube current

This is the flow of electrons to the anode and is usually 0.5 – 1000 mA.

Filament current is applied across the tungsten cathode filament (10 A) and affects the number of electrons released.
Tube current is applied across the x-ray tube from cathode to anode and affects the energy and number of electrons released.

2. X-ray production at the anode

The electrons hit the anode with a maximum kinetic energy of the kVp and interact with the anode by losing energy via:

Elastic interaction: rare, only happens if kVp < 10 eV. Electrons interact but conserve all their energy
Ineleastic interaction: causes excitation / ionisation in atoms and releases energy via electromagnetic (EM) radiation and thermal energy

Interactions

At the anode, electrons can interact with the atoms of the anode in several ways to produce x-ray photons.

Outer shell interaction: low energy EM released and quickly converted into heat energy
Inner shell interaction: produces characteristic radiation
Nucleus field interaction: aka Bremsstahlung

1. Characteristic radiation

A bombarding electron knocks a k-shell or l-shell electron out.
A higher shell electron moves into the empty space.
This movement to a lower energy state releases energy in the form of an x-ray photon.
The bombarding electron continues on its path but is diverted.

It is called “characteristic” as energy of emitted electrons is dependent upon the anode material , not on the tube voltage . Energy is released in characteristic values corresponding to the binding energies of different shells.

For tungsten: Ek – El (aka Kα) = 59.3 keV Ek – Em (aka Kβ) = 67.6 keV

2. Bremsstrahlung

Bombarding electron approaches the nucleus.
Electron is diverted by the electric field of the nucleus.
The energy loss from this diversion is released as a photon ( Bremsstrahlung radiation ).

Bremsstrahlung causes a spectrum of photon energies to be released. 80% of x-rays are emitted via Bremsstrahlung. Rarely, the electron is stopped completely and gives up all its energy as a photon. More commonly, a series of interactions happen in which the electron loses energy through several steps.

Characteristic radiation	Bremsstrahlung
Only accounts for small percentage of x-ray photons produced	Accounts for 80% of photons in x-ray beam
Bombarding electron interacts with inner shell electron	Bombarding electron interacts with whole atom
Radiation released due to electron dropping down into lower energy state	Radiation released due to diversion of bombarding electron as a result of the atomic pull
Radiation released is of a specific energy	Radiation released is of a large range of energies
X-ray photon energy depends on element of target atoms not tube voltage	X-ray photon energy depends on tube voltage

Summary of steps

Filament current applied through tungsten filament at cathode.
Heats up filament to produce enough energy to overcome binding energy of electrons ( thermionic emission ).
Electrons released from filament.
Tube voltage is applied across the x-ray tube.
Electrons, therefore, are accelerated towards positively charged anode, which gives them a certain energy .
The electrons strike the anode and the energy released via interaction with the anode atoms produces x-ray photons .
These x-ray photons leave the x-ray tube through the window in an x-ray beam towards the patient.
They pass through the patient to the detector to produce the x-ray image (this section is covered in the next chapter “Interaction with matter”).

X-ray spectrum

The resulting spectrum of x-ray photon energies released is shown in the graph. At a specific photoenergy there are peaks where more x-rays are released. These are at the characteristic radiation energies and are different for different materials. The rest of the graph is mainly Bremsstrahlung, in which photons with a range of energies are produced. Bremsstrahlung accounts for the majority of x-ray photon production.

Beam quality: the ability of the beam to penetrate an object or the energy of the beam.

Beam quantity: the number of x-ray photons in the beam

Altering the x-ray spectrum

Increasing the Tube Potential (kV)

Increased :

Quantity of x-ray photons
Average energy
Maximum energy

If kV great enough, characteristic energy produced

Increasing the Tube Current (mA)

Increased quantity of x-ray photons

No change in:

Characteristic energy
Minimum energy

Fewer lower energy photons

Average energy of photons
Total number of photons

Waveform of Current

Having a more uniform current (rectified) results in increased:

Same maximum keV

Increasing Atomic Number of Target

Next page: Interaction with matter

Sarah Abdulla
Last updated: 10 October 2021

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Essay X-ray is an online tool that helps you build academic sentences and essay paragraphs. It guides you through the kinds of sentences you need to include in essay introductions, main body paragraphs and conclusions. Select example sentences from each section and copy them into a text editor to create skeleton paragraphs (or ‘X-rays’). Then, develop your sentences further by completing the missing information.

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Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History Essays

X-ray style in arnhem land rock art.

Jennifer Wagelie Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York

October 2002

The “X-ray” tradition in Aboriginal art is thought to have developed around 2000 B.C. and continues to the present day. As its name implies, the X-ray style depicts animals or human figures in which the internal organs and bone structures are clearly visible. X-ray art includes sacred images of ancestral supernatural beings as well as secular works depicting fish and animals that were important food sources. In many instances, the paintings show fish and game species from the local area. Through the creation of X-ray art, Aboriginal painters express their ongoing relationships with the natural and supernatural worlds.

To create an X-ray image, the artist begins by painting a silhouette of the figure, often in white, and then adding the internal details in red or yellow. For red, yellow, and white paints, the artist uses natural ocher pigments mined from mineral deposits, while black is drived from charcoal. Early X-ray images depict the backbone, ribs, and internal organs of humans and animals. Later examples also include features such as muscle masses, body fat, optic nerves, and breast milk in women. Some works created after European contact even show rifles with bullets visible inside them.

X-ray paintings occur primarily in the shallow caves and rock shelters in the western part of Arnhem Land in northern Australia. One of the best known galleries of X-ray painting is at Ubirr , which served as a camping place during the annual wet season. Similar X-ray paintings are found throughout the region, including the site of Injaluk near the community of Gunbalanya (also called Oenpelli), whose contemporary Aboriginal artists continue to create works in the X-ray tradition.

Wagelie, Jennifer. “X-ray Style in Arnhem Land Rock Art.” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History . New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/xray/hd_xray.htm (October 2002)

Additional Essays by Jennifer Wagelie

Wagelie, Jennifer. “ Easter Island .” (October 2002)
Wagelie, Jennifer. “ Early Maori Wood Carvings .” (October 2002)
Wagelie, Jennifer. “ Lapita Pottery (ca. 1500–500 B.C.) .” (October 2002)
Wagelie, Jennifer. “ Nan Madol .” (October 2002)
Wagelie, Jennifer. “ Prehistoric Stone Sculpture from New Guinea .” (October 2001)

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X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometers. In the setting of diagnostic radiology, X-rays have long enjoyed use in the imaging of body tissues and aid in the diagnosis of disease. Simply understood, the generation of X-rays occurs when electrons are accelerated under a potential difference and turned into electromagnetic radiation. [1] An X-ray tube, with its respective components placed in a vacuum, and a generator, make up the basic components of X-ray production. Essential components of an X-ray tube include a cathode, and an anode separated a short distance from each other, a vacuum enclosure, and high voltage cables forming the X-ray generator attached to the cathode and anode components. [2] In the generation of X-ray production, a cathode filament machined in a cathode cup is activated, causing intense heating of the cathode filament. [3] The heating of the filament leads to the release of electrons in a process called thermionic emission. [4] The released electrons form in an electron cloud at the filament surface, and repulsion forces prevent the ejection of electrons from this negatively charged cloud. [2] Upon application of a high voltage by an X-ray generator to the cathode as well as the anode, there is an acceleration of electrons ejected to an electrically positive anode. [3] The filament and the focusing cup determine this path of acceleration. The number of electrons is measured in the form of milliampere (mA) units, where 1 milliampere is equal to 6.24 x 10^15 electrons/s. Electron kinetic energy (measured in keV) is related to the applied voltage. The tube voltage, tube current, and exposure duration (measured in seconds) are adjustable by the user.

Once the high kinetic energy electrons finally reach the anode target, this initiates the process of X-ray production. Tungsten is often the usual anode target, although other material targets are also employed. Electrons come extremely close to the nucleus of the target, causing a deceleration and change in direction, converting the kinetic energy to electromagnetic radiation in a process known as “breaking radiation” or bremsstrahlung. [5] The output is a spectrum of X-ray energies. Incident electrons can also result in ionization, whereby the approaching electron can remove a second electron belonging to an atom of the anode target, losing its energy through ionization or excitation. This process leads to an emission of a photon as the electron orbit vacancy gets filled by an orbital shell electron from a further out shell. Considering orbital energies and their differences are unique in atoms, this leads to a “characteristic X-ray” with energies that can serve as a fingerprint unique to each anode target. Bremsstrahlung X-rays, however, constitute the majority of X-rays produced in this process.

Before understanding the final production of an X-ray image, it is essential to understand the interaction of X-rays with individuals exposed to X-rays. There are three important types of interactions that occur between X-rays and the tissues of our body. The “classical” or “coherent” interaction occurs when an X-ray strikes an orbital electron and subsequently bounces off and changes direction. [6] These X-rays are low energy and do not cause ionization and only add a small dose amount to a patient. In “Compton” scattering, X-rays of higher energy strike an outer shell electron and are strong enough to remove it from the shell, causing ionization of an atom. [7] This phenomenon contributes to dose and also contributes to scatter. Photoelectric interactions occur when an incoming X-ray strikes an inner shell electron, removing it from the shell and causing a downward cascade of outer shell electrons filling inner orbit vacancies, further releasing secondary X-rays. This type of interaction contributes to image contrast. Finally, the differential absorption of X-rays within the tissues of the body subsequently contributes to the production of the final image. Attenuation of X-rays ultimately depends on the effective atomic number in tissue, X-ray beam energy, and tissue density. [8]

Image detectors come in the form of digital and analog film detectors. [9] One limitation of analog systems is the limited range of exposure intensities that it can accurately detect; this lends itself to multiple images taken for an adequate and interpretable study, and therefore subsequently leads to increased radiation exposure to a patient. Digital systems allow a user to fix contrast and brightness and provide greater post image processing options. [9]

Issues of Concern

Effective dose refers to the amount of radiation received by the whole body, and measurement is in millisievert (mSv). Generally speaking, various procedures entail different effective radiation doses based on site and use of contrast. For example, a radiograph of the spine has an approximate effective dose of around 1 mSv. [10] A radiograph of the extremity ranges within the upper limits of normal between 0.17 to 2.7 microSv. [10] To better place these doses in context, we can compare these exposures with natural radiation we obtain from our surroundings, which usually approximates to 3 mSv per year. [11] A spine X-ray, therefore, is comparable to the natural background radiation exposure for six months. An extremity radiograph compares to natural background radiation exposure of 3 hours. Bone densitometry and mammography studies have an approximate effective dose of around 0.001 mSv and 0.4 mSv, respectively, comparable to 3 hours and six weeks of background radiation, respectively. [12] Radiography, therefore, in the setting of cumulative exposure is not without risks in patients who require frequent imaging studies. An X-ray technician plays an instrumental role in the acquisition of interpretable and high-quality X-ray images. A working and constant relationship between a radiologist and an X-ray technician is essential in troubleshooting and acquiring images in the appropriate diagnosis of a patient. X-ray technicians are also critical in preventing artifacts, taking brief medical histories, ensuring appropriate laterality, appropriate positioning, and adjusting and maintaining various equipment involved in X-ray acquisition.

Clinical Significance

Although adequate coverage of the full range of uses of conventional radiographs cannot is beyond the scope of this article, the use of radiography frequently plays a critical role in assessing the various osseous structures of the body. Evaluation of the lungs is also possible, and the use of contrast can also help to examine soft tissue organs of the body, including the gastrointestinal tract and the uterus, such as in the setting of hysterosalpingography. Radiography is useful in performing various procedures including catheter angiography, stereotactic breast biopsies as well as an intra-articular steroid injection. Radiography helps in the evaluation of multiple pathologies, including fractures, types of pneumonia, malignancies, as well as congenital anatomic abnormalities.

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DOI: 10.47408/jldhe.vi30.1151
Corpus ID: 268785887

Essay x-ray: using an in-house academic writing tool to scaffold academic skills support

Laura Key , Christopher Till , Joe Maxwell
Published in Journal of Learning… 27 March 2024
Education, Computer Science

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‘on the outside i’m smiling but inside i’m crying’: communication successes and challenges for undergraduate academic writing, the covid-19 pandemic and e-learning: challenges and opportunities from the perspective of students and instructors, related papers.

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Published in Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education 2024

Laura Key Christopher Till Joe Maxwell

Essay x-ray: using an in-house academic writing tool to scaffold academic skills support

Laura Key York St John University https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7249-2778
Christopher Till Leeds Beckett University
Joe Maxwell Leeds Beckett University

This paper introduces a project to develop a digital academic writing tool at Leeds Beckett University (LBU). Essay X-ray is an interactive online tool designed to help students get to grips with the structure and style of academic writing and was developed using the Articulate Storyline 360 platform. The aim was to expand LBU’s academic skills support for students tasked with essay assignments, especially at Level 4, enabling independent learning using a self-paced format available open access and 24/7. This would complement existing academic skills provision (one-to-ones, workshops, drop-ins, static online resources), with the interactive element facilitating active, hands-on learning (Lumpkin, Achen and Dodd, 2015).

Following a successful development, review and rollout process, the utility of Essay X-ray as an independent learning tool but also as a classroom resource was reported by students and colleagues. Tentative talks about additional versions (Dissertation X-ray, Report X-ray) have taken place, indicating its potential for rollout to other subject areas and assessment types.

Finally, in-house digital academic skills tools like Essay X-ray are posited as a potential response to the recent upsurge in Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) tools. Essay X-ray requires users to think critically about essay structure, style and content to create their own original pieces of writing, thus responding to questions about the maintenance of academic integrity in a digital world. These features enable users to develop their essay writing skills, in contrast to passive engagement with a GenAI programme that merely writes an answer for them.

Author Biographies

Laura key, york st john university.

Laura Key obtained her PhD from the University of Manchester and lectured in American Literature before moving into learning development, most recently at Leeds Beckett University (2018-2023). Currently, Laura is a Lecturer in Academic Practice at York St John University, Co-chair of the ALDinHE LearnHigher Working Group and a Senior Fellow of AdvanceHE.

Christopher Till, Leeds Beckett University

Chris Till was awarded a PhD from the University of Leeds and is now a Senior Lecturer in Sociology at Leeds Beckett University. He teaches, researches, and publishes in the sociology of health and technologies and is a fellow of Advance HE.

Joe Maxwell, Leeds Beckett University

Joe Maxwell holds an MSc in Creative Technology from Leeds Metropolitan University and is currently a Digital Learning Designer at Leeds Beckett University, designing and building online resources in collaboration with the Library Academic Support Team.

AlHassan, L. and Wood, D. (2015) ‘The effectiveness of focused instruction of formulaic sequences in augmenting L2 learners' academic writing skills: a quantitative research study’, Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 17, pp.51-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2015.02.001 .

Articulate (2023). Available at: https://articulate.com/ (Accessed: 1 November 2023).

Bhatt, I. and MacKenzie, A. (2019) ‘Just Google it! Digital literacy and the epistemology of ignorance’, Teaching in Higher Education 24(3), pp. 302-317. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2018.1547276 .

Bryan, C. and Clegg, K. (2019) Innovative assessment in higher education: a handbook for academic practitioners. 2nd edn. Abingdon: Routledge.

De Paor, S. and Heravi, B. (2020) ‘Information literacy and fake news: how the field of librarianship can help combat the epidemic of fake news’, Journal of Academic Librarianship, 46(5), 102218, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2020.102218 .

Elliott, S., Hendry, H., Ayres, C., Blackman, K., Browning, F., Colebrook, D., Cook, C., Coy, N., Hughes, J., Lilley, N. and Newboult, D. (2019) ‘“On the outside I’m smiling but inside I’m crying”: communication successes and challenges for undergraduate academic writing’, Journal of Further and Higher Education, 43(9), pp.1163-1180. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2018.1455077 .

Kaushik, M.K. and Verma, D. (2020) ‘Determinants of digital learning acceptance behavior: a systematic review of applied theories and implications for higher education’, Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 12(4), pp.659-672. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-06-2018-0105

Lumpkin, A., Achen, R.M. and Dodd, R.K. (2015) ‘Student perceptions of active learning’, College Student Journal, 49(1), pp.121-133.

Maatuk, A. M., Elberkawi, E. K., Aljawarneh, S., Rashaideh, H. and Alharbi, H. (2022) ‘The Covid-19 pandemic and E-learning: challenges and opportunities from the perspective of students and instructors’, Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 34, pp.21-38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-021-09274-2 .

Matthews, K. E. (2016) ‘Students as partners as the future of student engagement’, Student Engagement in Higher Education Journal, 1(1), pp. 1-5. Available at: https://sehej.raise-network.com/raise/article/view/380 (Accessed: 23 March 2024).

Megahed, N. and Ghoneim, E. (2022) ‘Blended learning: the new normal for post-Covid-19 pedagogy’, International Journal of Mobile and Blended Learning, 14(1), pp.1-15. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJMBL.291980 .

Morris, L. and Key, L. (2023) Why can’t it be like it was before? Changing forms and perceptions of library academic skills support’, Academic Libraries North Conference 2023. Leeds, 21-22 June.

Peters, E. and Pauwels, P. (2015) ‘Learning academic formulaic sequences’, Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 20, pp.28-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2015.04.002 .

Nerantzi, C. (2020) ‘The use of peer instruction and flipped learning to support flexible blended learning during and after the Covid-19 pandemic’, International Journal of Management and Applied Research, 7(2), pp.184-195. https://doi.org/10.18646/2056.72.20-013 .

Skills for Learning (2022) Essay X-ray. Available at: https://libguides.leedsbeckett.ac.uk/essay-x-ray (Accessed: 1 November 2023).

Smith, M. and Traxler, J. (2022) Digital learning in higher education: Covid-19 and beyond. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

Wekerle, C., Daumiller, M. and Kollar, I. (2022) ‘Using digital technology to promote higher education learning: the importance of different learning activities and their relations to learning outcomes’, Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 54(1), pp.1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2020.1799455

Zaphir, L. and Lodge, J. M. (2023) Is critical thinking the answer to generative AI? Times Higher Education, Available at: https://www.timeshighereducation.com/campus/critical-thinking-answer-generative-ai (Accessed: 26 January 2024).

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DOI: 10.47408/jldhe.vi30.1151 Corpus ID: 268785887; Essay x-ray: using an in-house academic writing tool to scaffold academic skills support @article{Key2024EssayXU, title={Essay x-ray: using an in-house academic writing tool to scaffold academic skills support}, author={Laura Key and Christopher Till and Joe Maxwell}, journal={Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education}, year={2024 ...
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X-Ray Radiology Techniques and Applications in Medicine Essay

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