biology research topics for class 12

301+ Best Biology Project Topics for Class 12

301+ Best Biology Project Topics for Class 12: Hello friends, today we are going to give you a massive collection of biology project topics for class 12. In this list, you will find all the topics related to biology say it of immune system, Cell biology, Neurobiology, Abortion, Human cloning, Genetic biology, Environmental and Ecology, Plant Pathology, Animals biology etc. So enjoy the list and share it with your friends and dear ones. At the end of this file you will get a free pdf file for biology project topics list.

Table of Contents

Also See: 200+ EVS Project Topics || Environmental Science Research Topics

Immune System biology project topics for class 12

How Do Immune System Agents Function?
Study of Immunity & Stress
How immune disorders affect the body and what causes them?
Is DNA modification in humans in order to remove immune disorders acceptable?
Vaccination: Are There Any Real Benefits?
How to prevent the spread of hives?
The Society’s Perspective on Vaccination
What things cause the immunological system to be weakened?
Study of Human Immune System and Its Resistance Capabilities
Allergies – a mild irritant, or a sign of a big immune disorder?
The perception of vaccines in society
Discovering Diseases Caused by Immune System not Functioning Good
Why do some people refuse vaccines and put others around them in danger?
Asthma & Allergic Reactions
Auto-immune diseases and how they affect the body’s immunological system
Study of The global hiv/aids epidemic
Study of Immunology & Transplantation
What factors can strengthen the human immune system to fight disease better?
How do vaccines strengthen the immune response?
Study of Immunotherapy Influence on Human Body
Genetic factors that affect the immunological system
Graft Rejection Prevention
Study of Living with auto-immune diseases
Study of Tolerance & Autoimmunity
How does stress affect the immunological system?

Also See: 210+ Class 12 Chemistry Project Topics

Cell biology project topics for class 12

Cell Structure and its Function
The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. What does it mean?
Human Stem Cell Technology
How do red blood cells transport oxygen?
To Study the Animal Cells Parts and Function
Different types of cells in the body and their functions
3D Animal Cell Biology Project
How do fungi reproduce and spread?
Cellular Membranes, Security Mechanisms, and Phospholipids in the Living Cells
How do white blood cells fight diseases?
To Study the Mitosis in Onion Root Tip Cells
Difference Between plant cells animal cells?
What if animals could photosynthesize just like plants?
Structure and Classification of Enzymes and Its function
How do single-celled organisms work?
What is cell division and how does it work?
Functions of Nucleic-acid in restraining Growing and Reproduction in the Household Cells: Biology project topics
Bacteria and how they invade the body
Qualitative Analysis of Carbohydrate
Study of Viruses – alive or not?
What are cancer cells and why are they so dangerous?
To Study and Evaluate the Molecular Vitality Resources for Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
How do we kill cancer cells?
Stem cells and their potential

Neurobiology project topics for class 12

An overview of the Nervous system
Visual Cortex & Models of Orientation
The Relationship between Mental Health and Neurobiology
How are emotions formed in the brain?
Neuroscience in Robotic Technologies
Brain and Memory
What is the maximum reaction speed in a human?
Brain Capabilities of Self-Repairing
Is it possible to fix Amnesia?
Causes and Consequences of Alzheimer’s Disease
Genetic Defect That Contributes to Schizophrenia
Neurobiological degeneration due to old age
Therapy to fix Spinal Cord injuries
Factors and Causes Behind a Migraine
Can Gut Bacteria Contribute to Depression?
Cognitive Neuroscience on Problem-Solving
Genes and Proteins Responsible for Neurons functioning
The shape of a Neuron and how it is different from other cells
Is it possible to improve reaction speed?
Impact of Music on Human Brain
Brain Injuries and Related Disorders
Organic Farming Neurobiology Research
Alzheimer’s Disease
Why do we feel happy or sad?
What is Visual-Motor Coordination Based On?
Headaches explained by Neurobiology
Connection Between Gut Bacteria and Anxiety
Causes of Narcolepsy and Insomnia

Abortion, Human cloning, Genetic biology project topics for class 12

What We Actually Know About DNA-modified Organisms
Can DNA Change Beat Aging?
Gene editing using CRISPR
DNA modifications in humans to enhance our abilities – an ethical dilemma
DNA Modifications in Humans
Will expensive gene therapy widen the gap between the rich and poor?
Cloning can chantrue ge medicine – or false?
How Addictive Substances Affect Our Genes
The disadvantages of cloning
Genetic Grounds for Obesity
Is Homosexuality Genetically Based?
Is it ethical to have a ‘perfect child’ through gene therapy on a fetus?
Depression & Genes
Are Genetically Modified Foods Safe?
Should we remove undesirable traits using gene therapy on a fetus?
Should Human Cloning Be Legal?
The Advantages of Transgenic Crops
Advantages and disadvantages of gene therapy
Factors Contributing to Genetic Mutations
Organ Transplantation: Is Donor’s Consent Needed?
How gene therapy can help beat cancer
Ethics Behind Transplantation
How Public Opinion Holds Back the Scientific Progress
Is Abortion ethical? Should it be legal?
Safe abortion
Presentation on Abortion Law & Society’s Perspective in the USA
How gene therapy can eliminate diabetes
How Abortion is Related to the Feminist Ideology
The Biological Insights of Abortion
Human cloning – reality vs science-fiction
Human Cloning & Transplantation Possibilities
Project on Different Types of Cloning
The goals of cloning humans
DNA Structure, Genetic Disorders, and Modern Technology
History and Development of Human Cloning Science
Is human cloning and transplantation ethical?
Cloning: The Moral Aspect
How Cloning Can Change Medicine

Also See: Best General Topics For Presentation

Environmental and Ecology biology project topics for class 12

Agricultural wastewater treatment
How does natural selection work?
Controlling population growth
The importance of recycling resources
Biology and Evolution of the Life Science
The adaptation of living organisms to their environment
Antarctic Peninsula Palaeontology Project
The ecological consequences of cloning endangered or extinct species
Impact of Ozone Layer Depletion on the Human Life
Divergent and convergent evolution
To Study Large Scale Forest Fragmentation Experiment
To Study Impact of Global Warming on the Environment
Development of environment-friendly cities
To Study Methods to Improvement of the Biogas Production
Building a sustainable environment
To Investigate the different methods of production of biodiesel from waste
The theory of evolution
Generally modified Animals Impact on the Ecosystem
Plastic and the environment
Deforestation and its effects
The consequences of losing biodiversity
To Study Impact of the Solid Waste Landfilling on the Environment
Is it possible to reverse ecological damage?
GMOs and their effect on ecology
How climate change is disrupting ecologies

Plant Pathology biology project topics for class 12

Dispersal of Seeds by Animals
Plant and Flower Pigment and Colours
Impact of the light on the Growth of Plant
Stem rust and its effects on wheat
To Study the Different Factors affecting the Transpiration
How do plant diseases spread?
To Study and Analysed the Experiment of Osmosis with the Potato
Various Factor affecting the rate of the Photosynthesis
Fungal vs viral diseases in plants
The sweet potato virus
The Plant Covered with Plastic Bag Experiment
To Study of the Germination and Microwave of Seeds
Targeting invasive plants and weeds with diseases
Do fertilizers affect plant disease?
Adaptation of insect Pollinated Flower
To Study and Analyse the Freezing Temperature of Seed Tolerance
Genetic components of a plant disease
Are ecological changes making plant diseases worse?
To Study the Saprophytic Nutrition: Biology Projects for Class 12
The impact of plant diseases on food production
To Study the different Treatments and their Effects on the Seed Germination
Poa pratensis Growth Rate in the Pure Humus
How do plants combat diseases?
To Study the Speed of Sprouting Seeds
To Study the Leaf Shape, venation, and Margin
The importance of disease resistance in plants
The banana pandemic
To Study the Transpiration rate of the different Plants
Herbicides and their effect on other plants
Corn blight
To Study the Different types of Medicinal Plants
Can any plant diseases affect humans?
To Study the Aeroponics and Hydroponics

Also See: Head Injury PPT | PowerPoint Presentation

Animals biology project topics for class 12

The evolution of land-based life
Classification of animals
Factors Concerning Animal Growth
The Obesity in Home Pets
The ethics of testing drugs and products on animals
Traditional Dog Diet and Modern Home Pets
Male Pregnancy Among Animals
Why did prehistoric aquatic animals grow so big?
Is Beauty Products Testing on Animals Ethical?
Birds Behavioral Study
Can all animals become vegan?
Social behavior in animals
Animal Science & Food Sustainability
Nature reserves versus zoos
Primate behavior
Does Veganism Actually Influence Meat Production?
Hibernation in animals
Wild Animal Projects
How intelligent can other primates be?
How intelligent can wolves and dogs be?
Fashion Industry & Animal Abuse
Domesticating animals
Camouflage Mechanism in Sea Animals
Should we bring back extinct animals?
Discovering Primate Language and Cognitive Function
Is it ethical to keep animals as pets?
Why animals migrate

So it was all about 301+ Best Biology Project Topics for Class 12, if you liked them then please share them with your friends and dear ones.

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Biology Project Topics for Class 12

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150+ CBSE Class 12 Biology Project Topics 2024

Vandana Thakur ,

Mar 4, 2024

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CBSE class 12 biology project topics 2024 consists of various subjects regarding plants and animals life, life stages of living things, human body parts and its functions and many more.

150+ CBSE Class 12 Biology Project Topics 2024

CBSE class 12 biology project topics 2024 include Human Reproduction, Mechanism of Inheritance, Evolution, Human Health, and Diseases. It consists of various activities and project work from the CBSE class 12 syllabus.

The topics are selected by the teachers from the best CBSE class 12 books for better CBSE class 12 exam preparations.

Table of Contents

Examine pH of Different Water Sample
Examine the Effect of pH on Seed Germination
Growing Yeast Process of Sugar Fermentation
Impact of Sugar on Bean Plant Growth
Effects of Diet on Blood Glucose
Characteristics Affecting Nodule Formation in Legumes
Proof Light Colour Affects Plant Growth
Mechanism of Seed Sprouting
Effects of Microwave Radiation on Different Organisms

List of 150+ CBSE Class 12 Biology Project Topics 2024

Cbse class 12 biology project format 2024, top 10 cbse class 12 biology project topics 2024.

There are a wide range of topics that students can work with regarding their CBSE class 12 Biology Project Topics 2024. Candidates can go through the top 10 Project topics stated below.

1. Examine pH of Different Water Sample

Candidates in these CBSE Class 12 Biology Project Topics 2024 must study the pH level of Water and its properties. The pH level of 6.5 to 8.5 is healthy and safe for drinking. Water with a pH level of 3 to 5 is very acidic. Candidates must take the universal Indicator, Litmus paper, and different water samples and test the pH level for each of them.

Required Materials: Various water samples, universal indicator and litmus paper.

2. Examine the Effect of pH on Seed Germination

The pH of the germinating medium influences seed germination. The quantity & type of different minerals, along with the quantity and quality of humus, hold the pH in soils. An exact level of pH is required for other seeds for maximum germination. The level of pH also impacts the growth and development, reproduction and metabolism actions of the plant.

Required Materials: 125 seeds of various types, pH buffers, purified Water, Petri plates, and blotting paper.

3. Growing Yeast Process of Sugar Fermentation

This fungus is composed of eukaryotic microbes, i.e., cells with nuclei. Fermentation is the method of breaking down a substance by bacteria, microorganisms or yeast. Yeast starts working when mixed with sugar as it smashes down due to fermentation. As a result, it does not cause any reaction.

Required Materials: 3 clear cups, sugar, Water, & marker pen.

4. Impact of Sugar on Bean Plant Growth

Candidates must assess if adding sugar to Water enhances plant growth and health. Sugar provides additional energy, and plants should grow stronger and healthier. It can be observed through visual inspection and comparison of samples with and without sugar.

Required Materials: Bean seeds, distilled Water, Water with added sugar, cotton, and beaker.

Also Read : 100+ CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Investigatory Project Topics 2024

5. Effects of Diet on Blood Glucose

Candidates must explore the correlation between blood glucose levels and diet in non-diabetic individuals, as high-carbohydrate meals increase blood glucose levels while low-carbohydrate diets decrease them.

Required Materials: A glucometer for measuring blood glucose levels before meals and after meals for four non-diabetics.

6. Characteristics Affecting Nodule Formation in Legumes

Candidates must try to determine which factors are essential in the formation of nodules on legumes. The Rhizobium leguminosarum bacteria fix nitrogen for a vegetable plant in exchange for shelter and nutrients.

Required Materials: Students will require 12 pots, 2 bags of vermiculite, a bag of potting soil, 36 snow pea seeds, Bacteria (Rhizobium leguminosarum), nutrient broth, an inoculating loop, and a Bunsen burner.

7. Proof Light Colour Affects Plant Growth

Students must observe how different light colours affect plants' growth. Students must place plant pots under different boxes, let them grow, and record their sizes.

Required Materials : 5 boxes with different coloured transparencies(red, blue, green, yellow and clear)on top and front, seeds, potting plant, and rulers. Students must place plant pots under different boxes, let them grow, and record their sizes.

8. Mechanism of Seed Sprouting

Students must determine bean seed growth speed in various germinating solutions. They should soak seeds in distilled water, hydrogen peroxide, malt, humic acid, potassium nitrate, and fish emulsion, then record germination results over 4 days. Then, they must record the results and observe the growth of seeds.

Required Materials: Students will require Plastic zip bags, different types of foods(fruits, bread, cheese, meat), spray bottles, and water.

9. Effects of Microwave Radiation on Different Organisms

Students must observe microwave radiation's effects on fungi, bacteria, and plant life. It is recommended that students use microwave ovens to heat certain ingredients and fats in the food by radiating high levels of energy. On the other hand, other substances remain unaffected.

Required Materials: Students will require Radish seeds, baker's yeast, Petri dishes with agar, paper towels, bowls, gloves, a microwave, a notepad and a pen.

Also Check: CBSE Class 12 Economics Project Topics 2023: List of Ideas, Guidelines

There are numerous CBSE class 12 biology project topics 2024 to explore and learn for students. Candidates can go through some amazing topics to work on their CBSE class 12 biology project below.

Effects of Different External Factors in Changing the Effectiveness of Various Antibiotics
Can I Eat That
Effectiveness of Various Spices in Promoting or Inhibiting the Spoilage Rate of Food
There's a Germ Out There
Study of the Effects of Green Tea on Oral Bacteria
Mystery Behind Bacteria Levels in Gym Equipment
Fungus Among Us
Yeast Past Its Code Date
Demolishing Dental Bacteria
Does the Surface Clarity of Plastic Bottles Affect Solar Water Disinfection
Effects of Temperature on Bacterial Pigmentation
Isolation of Staphylococcus aureus from Raw and Pasteurized Milk
Is Garlic Antibacterial
How Much Bacteria Is on Your Retainer
What Is the Best Way to Clean Your Toothbrush
Study of Bacteria Growth in Varying Acidic Environments
Which Acne Medications Are Most Effective
Beleaguered Beef
Study of the Health Benefits of Spicy Cooking
What Are the Effects of Ultraviolet Light on Bacteria Mortality
The Five-Second Rule
Bacteria Affected by Ultraviolet Light
Do Bacteria Like Gases
pH Tolerance of Microbes
Which Ground Beef Has the Least Bacteria
Do Different Dilutions of Disinfectants Affect the Development of Bacterial Resistance
Study On Gene Therapy
Study Of Effects Of Antibiotics On Microorganisms
To Study the Coagulable And Non-Coagulable Milk Proteins
Mitosis in Onion Root Tip Cells
What Music Does Bacteria Enjoy the Most
How Does Light Affect YeastDrug Addiction
Possible Effects of Maternal Behaviour on Foetal Development
Pollination
To Study Drug Resistance In Bacteria Using Antibiotics
The Effect of Oil Spills on Oceans
Effects of Fertilisers, Manure and Polythene on the rate of elongation of the Hypocotyl
Spermatogenesis
Study on Enzymes
Coffee Addiction
Alzheimer's And Dementia
Microbes in Human Welfare
Detailed Study on Infertility, its Causes and Treatment
Eye Diseases
DNA Fingerprinting
Recombinant DNA Technology In Today Medicine
How to See DNA with the Naked Eye
Human Genome Project
Dispersal of Seeds
Harmful Effects of Mobile Radiation
On Recent Diseases - Ebola
Sickle Cell Anaemia and its Prevention
How Cigarettes Affect Your Health
Study on Probiotics and their Preparation
The Way Blood Works
Testing the toxicity of Marine Pollutants using Daphnia
Antibiotics Naturally
What is the Best Way to Disinfect a Toothbrush
Erasing and Implanting Human Memory
Does Price and Vitamin C Affect How Fast Fruits Rot
Strawberry DNA Extraction
Effect of Cannabis on the Human Body
Ability of Curry and Cinnamon to Inhibit Bacterial Growth
Which Cheese Grows Mould The Fastest
Using Garden Mulch to Make a Bug Zoo
Turning to Motor Learning
Eye Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Human Cloning: Another You?
Thigmotropism In Tendrils
Brush Away You Smile
Eye Can See You
Can Dog Drool Kill Germs
Growing Yeast: Sugar Fermentation
How Does Mould Grow
How Does Microwave Radiation Affect Different Organisms
What Effect Does Glucose Have on the Longevity of Cut Flowers
Diffusion VS Food Colouring
Microwave and Germination of Seeds
Comparing Varying Levels of Oxygen Aeration in Increasing Plant Production
Salt: Friend or Foe
Cattails in the Water
Cloning 101
Heart Rate and Video Games
Investigating Seed Tolerance for Freezing Temperatures
Fun with Phosphorus
What Angle of Impact Has the Most Effect on Making a Bruise
Ultraviolet Radiation
Do Rats Learn Faster with Peer Pressure
Can You Make the Grade
The Effect of Alkalis and Acids on Bacterial Growth
Saving the World One Yard at a Time
Yeast Reproduction in Sugar Substitutes
Angina Pectoris
Pedigree Analysis
Ozone Depletion
Does a Mouse Rely More on His Spatial Memory or Vision
Conserving Agricultural Irrigation Water by Controlling Transpiration Loss via Wind
Effects of Ocean Water as an Irrigation Supplement on the Growth of Rice Seedlings
How Does Music Affect Plant Growth
Maintaining Correct Balance
Ammonia: The Passed Gas
Do the Right and Left Ears Hear Notes Differently
Got Stamina?
Measuring Human Horsepower
Factors Affecting Nodule Formation in Legumes
What Do Plants Need Most
Compost or Fertilizer
Effect of Sugar on Bean Plant Growth
Does the Color of Light Affect Plant Growth
Is Spinach Made in the Shade
The Speed of Sprouting Seeds
Ethyl Alcohol vs. E. coli
Effects of Reading and Working on the Computer on Vision
Blowing Off Carbon Dioxide
Phytoremediation of Zinc
Comparison of the Effectiveness of Organic Worm Castings
Is It All Downhill from Here
Sunless Sunflowers
Does Greater Leaf Diameter Increase Transpiration Rate of Rose Geranium
Physiology of Plants in a Simulated Martian Atmosphere
Death in a Water Bath
Nail-Patella Syndrome Phenotype Expression
Effect of Pupil Dilation on Peripheral Vision
Are Fingerprints Hereditary
Effect of the Timing of the Application of Potassium on Antirrhinum
Determining the Effects of Water Temperature and Exposure Terms on Seed Germination
Effect of Color on Cherry Trees
Hydroponics and Aeroponics
Now You See It, Now You Don't
Effect of Exercise on Blood Pressure and Pulse Rate
Effects of Various Aromas on Animal Behavior
Effect of Ingested Fluid Temperature on Basal Body Temperature in Humans
Family Fingerprints
To Chew or Not to Chew
Does Blood Pressure Affect Heart Rate
Retinal Glare Recovery
Whose Mouth Is Cleaner
How Fibonacci Is Your Face
Get a Head Start II
Doggy Vision
Does Oregano Oil Have an Antibiotic Effect
Do Different Diets in Ruminant Animals Affect the Microorganism Colony Growth
Does Beta Carotene Prevent Tumour Growth in Plants
Growth Rate of Poa pratensis in Pure Humus
Diabetes and Exercise
The Power of Rat Senses
Making of a Potpourri Fertilizer
Which Colour is Dominant in Mice
Does Varying Feed Affect the Milk of Lactating Caprines
Are Mice Territorial
Bioartificial Engineered Heart Tissue
Effects on the Flow Rate as a Representation of Stroke Volume
Do You Hear What I Hear
Blood Pressure

Also Read : List of Civil Engineering Project Topics For Students

There are various formats in various boards that students can choose and follow for making their projects. Yet, in the CBSE board, there is a specific format for projects for CBSE class 12 projects that must be followed by the students. Candidates can go through the CBSE class 12 project format given below.

Title of the investigatory project
Materials needed
Analysis and Interpretation
Conclusion

Also Check : List of Psychology Project Topics For Students 2023

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What are the benefits of doing CBSE Class 12 Biology Project Topics 2024?

What are some CBSE Class 12 Biology Project Topics 2024?

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Biology Research Topics

Are you in need of captivating and achievable research topics within the field of biology? Your quest for the best biology topics ends right here as this article furnishes you with 100 distinctive and original concepts for biology research, laying the groundwork for your research endeavor.

Table of Contents

Our proficient researchers have thoughtfully curated these biology research themes, considering the substantial body of literature accessible and the prevailing gaps in research.

Should none of these topics elicit enthusiasm, our specialists are equally capable of proposing tailor-made research ideas in biology, finely tuned to cater to your requirements.

Thus, without further delay, we present our compilation of biology research topics crafted to accommodate students and researchers.

Research Topics in Marine Biology

Impact of climate change on coral reef ecosystems.
Biodiversity and adaptation of deep-sea organisms.
Effects of pollution on marine life and ecosystems.
Role of marine protected areas in conserving biodiversity.
Microplastics in marine environments: sources, impacts, and mitigation.

Biological Anthropology Research Topics

Evolutionary implications of early human migration patterns.
Genetic and environmental factors influencing human height variation.
Cultural evolution and its impact on human societies.
Paleoanthropological insights into human dietary adaptations.
Genetic diversity and population history of indigenous communities.

Biological Psychology Research Topics

Neurobiological basis of addiction and its treatment.
Impact of stress on brain structure and function.
Genetic and environmental influences on mental health disorders.
Neural mechanisms underlying emotions and emotional regulation.
Role of the gut-brain axis in psychological well-being.

Cancer Biology Research Topics

Targeted therapies in precision cancer medicine.
Tumor microenvironment and its influence on cancer progression.
Epigenetic modifications in cancer development and therapy.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors and their role in cancer immunotherapy.
Early detection and diagnosis strategies for various types of cancer.

Cell Biology Research Topics

Mechanisms of autophagy and its implications in health and disease.
Intracellular transport and organelle dynamics in cell function.
Role of cell signaling pathways in cellular response to external stimuli.
Cell cycle regulation and its relevance to cancer development.
Cellular mechanisms of apoptosis and programmed cell death.

Developmental Biology Research Topics

Genetic and molecular basis of limb development in vertebrates.
Evolution of embryonic development and its impact on morphological diversity.
Stem cell therapy and regenerative medicine approaches.
Mechanisms of organogenesis and tissue regeneration in animals.
Role of non-coding RNAs in developmental processes.

Human Biology Research Topics

Genetic factors influencing susceptibility to infectious diseases.
Human microbiome and its impact on health and disease.
Genetic basis of rare and common human diseases.
Genetic and environmental factors contributing to aging.
Impact of lifestyle and diet on human health and longevity.

Molecular Biology Research Topics

CRISPR-Cas gene editing technology and its applications.
Non-coding RNAs as regulators of gene expression.
Role of epigenetics in gene regulation and disease.
Mechanisms of DNA repair and genome stability.
Molecular basis of cellular metabolism and energy production.

Research Topics in Biology for Undergraduates

41. Investigating the effects of pollutants on local plant species.
Microbial diversity and ecosystem functioning in a specific habitat.
Understanding the genetics of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
Impact of urbanization on bird populations and biodiversity.
Investigating the role of pheromones in insect communication.

Synthetic Biology Research Topics

Design and construction of synthetic biological circuits.
Synthetic biology applications in biofuel production.
Ethical considerations in synthetic biology research and applications.
Synthetic biology approaches to engineering novel enzymes.
Creating synthetic organisms with modified functions and capabilities.

Animal Biology Research Topics

Evolution of mating behaviors in animal species.
Genetic basis of color variation in butterfly wings.
Impact of habitat fragmentation on amphibian populations.
Behavior and communication in social insect colonies.
Adaptations of marine mammals to aquatic environments.

Best Biology Research Topics

Unraveling the mysteries of circadian rhythms in organisms.
Investigating the ecological significance of cryptic coloration.
Evolution of venomous animals and their prey.
The role of endosymbiosis in the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Exploring the potential of extremophiles in biotechnology.

Biological Psychology Research Paper Topics

Neurobiological mechanisms underlying memory formation.
Impact of sleep disorders on cognitive function and mental health.
Biological basis of personality traits and behavior.
Neural correlates of emotions and emotional disorders.
Role of neuroplasticity in brain recovery after injury.

Biological Science Research Topics:

Role of gut microbiota in immune system development.
Molecular mechanisms of gene regulation during development.
Impact of climate change on insect population dynamics.
Genetic basis of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s.
Evolutionary relationships among vertebrate species based on DNA analysis.

Biology Education Research Topics

Effectiveness of inquiry-based learning in biology classrooms.
Assessing the impact of virtual labs on student understanding of biology concepts.
Gender disparities in science education and strategies for closing the gap.
Role of outdoor education in enhancing students’ ecological awareness.
Integrating technology in biology education: challenges and opportunities.

Biology-Related Research Topics

The intersection of ecology and economics in conservation planning.
Molecular basis of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria.
Implications of genetic modification of crops for food security.
Evolutionary perspectives on cooperation and altruism in animal behavior.
Environmental impacts of genetically modified organisms (GMOs).

Biology Research Proposal Topics

Investigating the role of microRNAs in cancer progression.
Exploring the effects of pollution on aquatic biodiversity.
Developing a gene therapy approach for a genetic disorder.
Assessing the potential of natural compounds as anti-inflammatory agents.
Studying the molecular basis of cellular senescence and aging.

Biology Research Topic Ideas

Role of pheromones in insect mate selection and behavior.
Investigating the molecular basis of neurodevelopmental disorders.
Impact of climate change on plant-pollinator interactions.
Genetic diversity and conservation of endangered species.
Evolutionary patterns in mimicry and camouflage in organisms.

Biology Research Topics for Undergraduates

Effects of different fertilizers on plant growth and soil health.
Investigating the biodiversity of a local freshwater ecosystem.
Evolutionary origins of a specific animal adaptation.
Genetic diversity and disease susceptibility in human populations.
Role of specific genes in regulating the immune response.

Cell and Molecular Biology Research Topics

Molecular mechanisms of DNA replication and repair.
Role of microRNAs in post-transcriptional gene regulation.
Investigating the cell cycle and its control mechanisms.
Molecular basis of mitochondrial diseases and therapies.
Cellular responses to oxidative stress and their implications in ageing.

These topics cover a broad range of subjects within biology, offering plenty of options for research projects. Remember that you can further refine these topics based on your specific interests and research goals.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are some good research topics in biology?

A good research topic in biology will address a specific problem in any of the several areas of biology, such as marine biology, molecular biology, cellular biology, animal biology, or cancer biology.

A topic that enables you to investigate a problem in any area of biology will help you make a meaningful contribution.

How to choose a research topic in biology?

Choosing a research topic in biology is simple.

Follow the steps:

Generate potential topics.
Consider your areas of knowledge and personal passions.
Conduct a thorough review of existing literature.
Evaluate the practicality and viability.
Narrow down and refine your research query.
Remain receptive to new ideas and suggestions.

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For several years, Research Prospect has been offering students around the globe complimentary research topic suggestions. We aim to assist students in choosing a research topic that is both suitable and feasible for their project, leading to the attainment of their desired grades. Explore how our services, including research proposal writing , dissertation outline creation, and comprehensive thesis writing , can contribute to your college’s success.

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Biology Investigatory Project Class 12, Get Unique Topics

The Biology Investigatory Project Class 12t is an essential component of the curriculum that encourages practical learning. Get the Class 12 Biology investigatory project topics list for 2023-24

Table of Contents

Biology Investigatory Project Class 12

The Biology Investigatory Project Class 12 is the best way to conceptualize theoretical knowledge into practical real-world applications. The investigatory projects are the best way to assess the theoretical knowledge and understanding of the candidates. That is why, the Biology Investigatory Project Class 12 are included in the syllabus of class 12 Biology . As biology is an important subject whose practical application can affect the life of an individual, so, it becomes even more essential to know how to utilize theoretical knowledge in the real world.

Class 12 Biology Investigatory Project

The Class 12 Biology investigatory project is a hands-on activity that uses independent inquiry and investigation to assess the comprehension of scientific ideas. This present students with an opportunity to investigate a particular biological phenomenon in further detail, pose interesting queries, and gather information to address them. Biology is a significant field of study in science that deals with life, living organisms, and life’s evolution.

Investigatory biology projects are part of the curriculum for class 12 in most education board in India, and they aid in the students’ understanding of the underlying theories. It helps students get a greater understanding of biological principles by giving them the chance to apply their theoretical knowledge to real-world circumstances. For the convenience of students, below we have mentioned some of the samples and topics for the Biology Class 12 Investigatory Projects.

Biology Investigatory Projects Class 12 Samples

The investigatory project domain of the Class 12 Biology ranges from fermentation to the study of effects of radiation on the living organisms. Some of the project samples along with the materials required and their overview is given below.

pH Effect on Seed Germination Process

Overview: The pH of the germination medium has an impact on seed germination. The pH of soils is determined by the quantity and quality of humus, as well as the type and amount of different minerals. For optimal germination, various seeds need varying pH levels. The plant’s ability to reproduce, grow, and regulate its metabolism are all impacted by the pH level.

Materials Needed: 125 seeds (of different types), distilled water, pH buffers, Petri dishes and blotting paper.

To Study the Growth of Mold

Overview: A fungus called mold grows when it gets water and nutrients. Mold grows on stale food items such as bread, fruits, cheese, meat, etc. at home.

Materials Needed: Plastic zip bags, different types of foods (cheese, meat, fruits, bread), spray bottle, water.

Effect of Microwave Radiation on Different Organisms

Objective: To study how the microwave radiation affects bacteria, fungi, and plant life

Overview: Due to the high energy levels that microwave ovens emit, some food components including lipids become heated. Other chemicals are not impacted.

Materials Needed: Baker’s yeast, agar-filled Petri dishes, paper towels, bowls, gloves, microwave, notepad, and pen are needed along with radish seeds.

To Investigate the pH of Water Sample

Overview: It is important to keep an eye on the chemical composition of the water we use or drink on a daily basis. Water with a pH between 6.5 and 8.5 is acceptable for human life and health. The pH range of 3 to 5 is too acidic for most species to survive. Fish perish below pH 4.5, and few invertebrates that can withstand acidic conditions live. A pH of more than 8.5 is also too basic for most species to survive.

Materials Needed: Water Samples, Litmus Paper, and Universal Indicator

To Study Growth Speed of Sprouting Seeds

Objective: To determine the speed of growth of bean seeds in different growth solutions

Materials Needed: 5 sets of 10 bean seeds each, distilled water, fish emulsion, coffee filters, hydrogen peroxide, malt, humic acid, potassium nitrate, cups.

Methodology: The bean seed should be soaked in several cups that contain fish emulsion, distilled water, hydrogen peroxide, malt, humic acid, and potassium nitrate. Stow the seeds in between coffee filters to keep them damned. Keep track of the germination outcomes for four days.

To Study the Process of Sugar Fermentation

Overview: Yeast belongs to the class of fungi and is composed of eukaryotic microorganisms, which means that its cells have nuclei. The process by which bacteria, microbes, or yeast break down a substance is called fermentation. When sugar is combined with yeast, fermentation causes the sugar to break down. There is no reaction from yeast when combined with water or when used alone.

Materials Needed: 3 clear cups, sugar, water, permanent marker

Study the Effect of Sugar on Bean Plant Growth

Objective: To ascertain whether adding sugar to watering plants resulted in their growing stronger and healthier

Overview: One source of energy is sugar. When you add sugar to water when you water plants, the sugar gives the plants more energy, which should help the plants grow stronger and healthier. Visual inspection and measurement of plant samples with and without sugar could be used to observe this.

Materials Needed: Bean seeds, cotton, beaker, distilled water, water with added sugar.

Study the Factors Influencing Node Formation in Legumes

Objective: To determine the factors important nodules formation in legumes.

Overview: The bacteria Rhizobium leguminosarum fix nitrogen for legume plants in exchange for a nodule that houses and feeds the bacteria.

Materials Needed: Twelve pots, two bags of vermiculite, one bag of potting soil, thirty-six snow pea seeds, nutritional broth, an inoculating loop, bacteria (Rhizobium leguminosarum), and a Bunsen burner.

To Study the Effect of Diet on Blood Glucose

Objective: To find out the relationship between blood glucose and diet in non-diabetic people.

Overview: Blood glucose levels increase in individuals who have eaten a high-carbohydrate meal. In the same way, a low-carb diet would result in low blood glucose.

Materials Needed: Non-Diabetic People (at least 3 persons), a glucometer

To Study the Effect of Light on Plant Growth

Objective: To study how the light affects the growth of plants

Materials Needed: Five transparent boxes (red, blue, green, yellow, and clear) with seeds, a potting plant, and rulers on top and front.

Methodology: Plant pots should be placed beneath various boxes to allow them to grow and be measured.

Check: CBSE Class 12 Biology Expected Question Paper 2024

Unique Topics for Class 12 Biology Project PDF Based

Students should try to make investigatory projects on some unique topics. These topics not only help students get more marks but also give them a better understanding of the subject. Some of the unique topics for Class 12 Biology projects are given below.

ABO blood group
Hydroponics
Comparison of plant growth in soil and soil less medium
DNA fingerprinting
Tissue Culture
Sporulation in Fungi
Preparation of DNA Model
Single Cell Protein

Easy Topics for Biology Investigatory Project Class 12

You should choose a topic for your biology investigatory project that is both original and captivating. An experiment-based initiative ought to take precedence. Ideally, you should create a model related to the project topic if you are choosing a theory-based research. It is recommended to choose a topic from the textbook and base your project on its ideas. Some of the easy topics for Biology Investigatory Project of Class 12 is given below.

Determining the pH of a given solution
Effect of Light on Photosynthesis
Water Transport System in Plants
Study the leaf structure of different plants
Study the effects of drug addiction
Study the impact of ozone layer depletion on the environment
Study the effects of antibiotics on organisms

Class 12 Biology Investigatory Project Topics List 2023-24

The Class 12 Biology subject is a fascinating one that has great practical applications in the real world. Students are therefore encouraged to take up and complete investigatory project in the Class 12 by themselves. Taking up the investigatory project and doing experiment with it helps students understand the complexities behind the research that goes into new discoveries and inventions. Some of the interesting topics that a class 12 student should opt for their Class 12 Biology Investigatory Project are given below.

Study the components of the soil in your area
Quantitative analysis of phytoplankton in a water body
To Study Drug Resistance In Bacteria Using Antibiotics
To Study the Coagulable And Non-Coagulable Milk Proteins
Mapping the genetic diversity of flora and fauna in your area
The ability of Curry and Cinnamon to Inhibit Bacterial Growth
Which Cheese Grows Mold The Fastest
Effect of Cannabis on the Human Body
Study on gene therapy
How Cigarettes Affect Your Health
Study on Probiotics and their Preparation
The Way Blood Works
Human genome project
Eye Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Ozone Depletion
Diffusion vs food colouring
Coffee addiction

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IS Class 12 Biology investigatory project important for students?

Yes, the Class 12 Biology investigatory project is an important part of the Class 12 curriculum that every student should do on their own.

What are some of the sub-domains from which the Class 12 Biology Investigatory project can be made?

Some of the sub-domains from which the Class 12 Biology Investigatory project can be made are Biotechnology, Genetics, Ecology, Human Physiology, etc.

Name Some Important Topics for the Class 12 Biology Investigatory Project 2023?

Some of the Important topics for the Class 12 Biology Investigatory Project 2023 are given below. Study the components of the soil in your area Quantitative analysis of phytoplankton in a water body To Study Drug Resistance In Bacteria Using Antibiotics To Study the Coagulable And Non-Coagulable Milk Proteins Mapping the genetic diversity of flora and fauna in your area The ability of Curry and Cinnamon to Inhibit Bacterial Growth Which Cheese Grows Mold The Fastest Effect of Cannabis on the Human Body Study on gene therapy

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Best Biology Investigatory Project for Class 12 CBSE Students

If you are 12th class students who are looking for Biology Investigatory Project for Class 12th? If yes, then you are at the right place.

Because here in this post, we have provided a list of the best investigatory project in biology for class 12 students. With the help of this list of biology projects, students can easily choose the Best Biology Projects For Class 12. Also, they can use some planning apps to plan their project accordingly so that they can work on the project and complete it before the deadline.

Modern principles of other fields i.e. Chemistry project topics , Physics project topics are integrated with biology in various areas such as biochemistry, biotechnology, biomedicine, and biophysics.

Table of Contents

Latest Biology Investigatory Project for Class 12 CBSE Students

Biology investigatory projects on cell structure, biology investigatory projects on genetics and evolution.

Below is the list of Biology Investigatory Project Topics on Genetics and Evolution:

Biology Investigatory Projects on Human Physiology

Biology investigatory projects on plant physiology, biology investigatory projects on reproduction, biology investigatory projects on human welfare.

Below is the list of Biology Investigatory Project Topics on Human Welfare:

Biology Investigatory Projects on Biotechnology

Below is the list of Biology Investigatory Project Topics on Biotechnology:

Biology Investigatory Projects on Ecology and Environment

General Biology Investigatory Projects Topics

Final Words

Also, if you need some more class 12 biology investigatory projects please feel free to let us know in the comments below so that I can provide the investigatory project of biology class 12.

Latest management project topics [2024], 40+ latest artificial intelligence project ideas [2024], top 100+ machine learning project ideas [2024], leave a reply cancel reply.

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Biology Projects for Class 12 CBSE Students

Updated on
Jan 27, 2022

Biology is an important branch of science , it is the study of life, living things and the e volution of life . CBSE curriculum for class 12 includes investigatory biology projects which help the students to understand the fundamental theories. This blog will provide you with details on how to prepare a biology project for class 12 with some ideas topics and more.

This Blog Includes:

Investigating the ph of a water sample, to study the effect of ph on seed germination , growing yeast: sugar fermentation, effect of sugar on bean plant growth, effects of diet on blood glucose, factors affecting nodule formation in legumes, does the color of light affect plant growth, the speed of sprouting seeds, how does mold grow, how does microwave radiation affect different organisms, format of writing biology project for class 12, sample biology project for class 12, other popular biology projects for class 12, biology projects for class 12.

It is important to monitor the chemical properties of the water we drink or use every day. The permissible pH of the water that is safe for our life and health is 6.5-8.5. If the pH is 3 to 5 it is too acidic for the survival of most organisms. Below the pH of 4.5, fishes die and only a small number of acid-tolerant insects survive. Likewise, a pH of more than 8.5 is too basic for the survival of most organisms.

Materials Required: Universal indicator, litmus paper and different water samples.

Aim: Seed germination is affected by the pH of the germinating medium. The amount and type of various minerals and quantity and quality of humus control the pH in soils. A specific level of pH is required for different seeds for maximum germination. The level of pH also affects the growth and development, reproduction and metabolism activities of the plant.

Materials Required: 125 seeds each of different types, pH buffers, distilled water, Petri dishes and blotting paper.

Yeast is classified as a fungus and is made up of eukaryotic microbes, i.e, they have cells with nuclei. Fermentation is the process of breaking down a substance by bacteria, microorganisms or yeast. Yeast gets activated when mixed with sugar as it breaks down due to fermentation. Yeast alone or when mixed with water does not give any reaction.

Materials Required: 3 clear cups, sugar, water, permanent marker.

Aim : To determine whether plants grew stronger and healthier with the addition of sugar while watering

Abstract: Sugar is a source of energy. When sugar is added to water while watering plants, the plants should grow healthier and stronger as they get additional energy from the sugar. This could be observed by visual inspection and measurement of plant samples with and without sugar for comparison.

Material Required: Bean seeds, distilled water, water with added sugar, cotton, beaker.

Aim: To investigate the relationship between blood glucose and diet in non-diabetic people.

Abstract: a person’s blood glucose level rises after consumption of a high carbohydrate meal. Likewise, blood glucose would be low if a person consumes a low carbohydrate diet.

Materials Required: Measuring the blood glucose level in 4 non-diabetic persons using a glucometer before meals and then one hour, two hours and 3 hours after eating.

Aim: To determine which factors are important in the formation of nodules on legumes.

Abstract: Rhizobium leguminosarum bacteria fix nitrogen for a legume plant and in return, the bacteria get shelter and nutrients in a nodule.

Materials Required: 12 pots, 2 bags of vermiculite, a bag of potting soil, 36 snow pea seeds, Bacteria (Rhizobium leguminosarum), nutrient broth, an inoculating loop, and a Bunsen burner.

Aim : To observe how different light colours affect plant growth

Materials Required : 5 boxes with different coloured transparencies(red, blue, green, yellow and clear)on top and front, seeds, potting plant, rulers.

Procedure: Place plant pots under different boxes let them grow and record their measurements.

Aim: To determine the speed of growth of bean seeds in different germinating solutions.

Materials Required: 5 sets of 10 bean seeds each, distilled water, hydrogen peroxide, malt, humic acid, potassium nitrate, fish emulsion, coffee filters, cups.

Procedure: Soak the bean seed in separate cups containing- distilled water, hydrogen peroxide, malt, humic acid, potassium nitrate, and fish emulsion. Keep the seeds damn by placing them in between coffee filters. Record germination results over a period of 4 days.

Mold is a fungus that grows with the help of nutrients and water. In-home mold grows over stale food, like bread, fruits, cheese, meat etc.

Materials Required: Plastic zip bags, different types of foods(fruits, bread, cheese, meat), spray bottle, water.

Aim: To observe how microwave radiation affects fungi, bacteria, and plant life.

Abstract: Microwave ovens radiate high levels of energy resulting in heating up certain ingredients and fats in the food. Other substances remain unaffected.

Materials Required: Radish seeds, baker’s yeast, Petri dishes with agar, paper towels, bowls, gloves, microwave, notepad and pen.

Also Read: Chemistry Project for Class 12: Topics & Sample Projects

Title of the investigatory project
Materials needed
Analysis and Interpretation
Conclusion

Title: Mitosis in Onion Root Tip Cells

Aim: To observe the different stages of mitosis in onion cells

Objectives:

To understand the process and different stages of mitosis
Prepare specimens of onion roots to visualise all stages of mitosis.
Use an analytical technique to determine the relative length of each stage of mitosis.

Principle : Onion cells have 8 chromosomes. During cell division, the two strands of the DNA double helix separate, and for each original strand, a new complementary strand is produced, for the process of DNA replication. This is followed by the process of mitosis which assures that each daughter cell receives one copy of each of the replicated chromosomes. During this chromosomes pass through several stages of mitosis. These stages include interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

Materials needed: A fresh onion, small beaker, Muriatic acid(10% HCL), 0.5% Toluidine blue, forceps, scalpel, needle, toothpick, distilled water, dropper, gloves, microscope slides and coverslips, dissecting microscope and compound light microscope.

Method:

Place 3-4 toothpicks inside the onion and put it in a jar of water with the onion root side down. Wait for a few days for the roots to grow
Once the roots have grown, remove the onion from the water and cut about 5mm off the tips of the roots using a scalpel.
Put the root tip in a beaker and pour muriatic acid in it. Uses gloves and safety goggles. Allow the roots to soak in the acid for 20 mins
Use forceps to remove the root tip from the acid and place it on a microscope slide. Using a dropper, put 3-4 drops of distilled water over it.
Using a scalpel, trim the roots to 2mm and then using a needle slice it into 2 or more lengthwise sections.
Using a dropper, put 2-3 drops of Toluidine blue and wait for 2 minutes. Put the coverslip on and soak excess dye using a paper towel.
Observe the slide under a microscope, first at the lowest magnification and then at the highest.
Once you’re able to identify the different stages of mitosis, draw them.
Now, count the cells in each stage and record them using tick marks.
Once you have counted at least 1000 cells, convert your tick marks to numbers. Graph your results with a bar graph.

Result:

Stages of Mitosis	Number of cells (for example)	Per cent of cell
Interphase	42	62.6%
Prophase	10	14.9%
Metaphase	6	8.9%
Anaphase	2	2.9%
Telophase	7	10.44%

Analysis and Interpretation : (Prepare a pie chart and write your interpretation based on your result)

Conclusion: After DNA replication, onion cells go through different stages of mitosis.

Agrochemicals and their effects
Population density of plants
The ecological role of some animals observed in a local area
To make an inventory of local tree, shrub and herb
Study The Effect Of A Local Industry On Environment
Study Of The Genetic Markers In The Human Population
Inventory of weeds in aquatic bodies/agricultural fields
Inventory of birds in your locality, their ecological role as scavengers, pollinators, etc.
Impact of local industry on the environment and the remedial measures taken by the industry
Investigating The Biochemical(also called biological oxygen demand [BOD]) of a water sample as a pollution indicator.
Quantitative analysis of phytoplankton in a water body
To Study of Drug Resistance In Bacteria Using Antibiotics
To Study the Coagulable And Non-Coagulable Milk Proteins
The ability of Curry and Cinnamon to Inhibit Bacterial Growth
Which Cheese Grows Mold The Fastest
Effect of Cannabis on the Human Body
Study on gene therapy
How Cigarettes Affect Your Health
Study on Probiotics and their Preparation
The Way Blood Works
Human genome project
Eye Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Ozone Depletion
Diffusion vs food colouring
Coffee addiction

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49 Most Interesting Biology Research Topics

August 21, 2023

In need of the perfect biology research topics—ideas that can both showcase your intellect and fuel your academic success? Lost in the boundless landscape of possible biology topics to research? And afraid you’ll never get a chance to begin writing your paper, let alone finish writing? Whether you’re a budding biologist hoping for a challenge or a novice seeking easy biology research topics to wade into, this blog offers curated and comprehensible options.

And if you’re a high school or transfer student looking for opportunities to immerse yourself in biology, consider learning more about research opportunities for high school students , top summer programs for high school students , best colleges for studying biomedical engineering , and best colleges for studying biology .

What is biology?

Well, biology explores the web of life that envelops our planet, from the teeny-tiny microbes to the big complex ecosystems. Biology investigates the molecular processes that define existence, deciphers the interplay of genes, and examines all the dynamic ways organisms interact with their environments. And through biology, you can gain not only knowledge, but a deeper appreciation for the interconnectedness of all living things. Pretty cool!

There are lots and lots of sub-disciplines within biology, branching out in all directions. Throughout this list, we won’t follow all of those branches, but we will follow many. And while none of these branches are truly simple or easy, some might be easier than others. Now we’ll take a look at a few various biology research topics and example questions that could pique your curiosity.

Climate change and ecosystems

The first of our potentially easy biology research topics: climate change and ecosystems. Investigate how ecosystems respond and adapt to the changing climate. And learn about shifts in species distributions , phenology , and ecological interactions .

1) How are different ecosystems responding to temperature changes and altered precipitation patterns?2) What are the implications of shifts in species distributions for ecosystem stability and functioning?

2) Or how does phenology change in response to climate shifts? And how do those changes impact species interactions?

3) Which underlying genetic and physiological mechanisms enable certain species to adapt to changing climate conditions?

4) And how do changing climate conditions affect species’ abilities to interact and form mutualistic relationships within ecosystems?

Microbiome and human health

Intrigued by the relationship between the gut and the rest of the body? Study the complex microbiome . You could learn how gut microbes influence digestion, immunity, and even mental health.

5) How do specific gut microbial communities impact nutrient absorption?

6) What are the connections between the gut microbiome, immune system development, and susceptibility to autoimmune diseases?

7) What ethical considerations need to be addressed when developing personalized microbiome-based therapies? And how can these therapies be safely and equitably integrated into clinical practice?

8) Or how do variations in the gut microbiome contribute to mental health conditions such as anxiety and depression?

9) How do changes in diet and lifestyle affect the composition and function of the gut microbiome? And what are the subsequent health implications?

Urban biodiversity conservation

Next, here’s another one of the potentially easy biology research topics. Examine the challenges and strategies for conserving biodiversity in urban environments. Consider the impact of urbanization on native species and ecosystem services. Then investigate the decline of pollinators and its implications for food security or ecosystem health.

10) How does urbanization influence the abundance and diversity of native plant and animal species in cities?

11) Or what are effective strategies for creating and maintaining green spaces that support urban biodiversity and ecosystem services?

12) How do different urban design and planning approaches impact the distribution of wildlife species and their interactions?

13) What are the best practices for engaging urban communities in biodiversity conservation efforts?

14) And how can urban agriculture and rooftop gardens contribute to urban biodiversity conservation while also addressing food security challenges?

Bioengineering

Are you a problem solver at heart? Then try approaching the intersection of engineering, biology, and medicine. Delve into the field of synthetic biology , where researchers engineer biological systems to create novel organisms with useful applications.

15) How can synthetic biology be harnessed to develop new, sustainable sources of biofuels from engineered microorganisms?

16) And what ethical considerations arise when creating genetically modified organisms for bioremediation purposes?

17) Can synthetic biology techniques be used to design plants that are more efficient at withdrawing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?

18) How can bioengineering create organisms capable of producing valuable pharmaceutical compounds in a controlled and sustainable manner?

19) But what are the potential risks and benefits of using engineered organisms for large-scale environmental cleanup projects?

Neurobiology

Interested in learning more about what makes creatures tick? Then this might be one of your favorite biology topics to research. Explore the neural mechanisms that underlie complex behaviors in animals and humans. Shed light on topics like decision-making, social interactions, and addiction. And investigate how brain plasticity and neurogenesis help the brain adapt to learning, injury, and aging.

20) How does the brain’s reward circuitry influence decision-making processes in situations involving risk and reward?

21) What neural mechanisms underlie empathy and social interactions in both humans and animals?

22) Or how do changes in neural plasticity contribute to age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases?

23) Can insights from neurobiology inform the development of more effective treatments for addiction and substance abuse?

24) What are the neural correlates of learning and memory? And how can our understanding of these processes be applied to educational strategies?

Plant epigenomics

While this might not be one of the easy biology research topics, it will appeal to plant enthusiasts. Explore how epigenetic modifications in plants affect their ability to respond and adapt to changing environmental conditions.

25) How do epigenetic modifications influence the expression of stress-related genes in plants exposed to temperature fluctuations?

26) Or what role do epigenetic changes play in plants’ abilities to acclimate to changing levels of air pollution?

27) Can certain epigenetic modifications be used as indicators of a plant’s adaptability to new environments?

28) How do epigenetic modifications contribute to the transgenerational inheritance of traits related to stress resistance?

29) And can targeted manipulation of epigenetic marks enhance crop plants’ ability to withstand changing environmental conditions?

Conservation genomics

Motivated to save the planet? Conservation genomics stands at the forefront of modern biology, merging the power of genetics with the urgent need to protect Earth’s biodiversity. Study genetic diversity, population dynamics, and how endangered species adapt in response to environmental changes.

30) How does genetic diversity within endangered species influence their ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions?

31) What genetic factors contribute to the susceptibility of certain populations to diseases, and how can this knowledge inform conservation strategies?

32) How can genomic data be used to inform captive breeding and reintroduction programs for endangered species?

33) And what are the genomic signatures of adaptation in response to human-induced environmental changes, such as habitat fragmentation and pollution?

34) Or how can genomics help identify “hotspots” of biodiversity that are particularly important for conservation efforts?

Zoonotic disease transmission

And here’s one of the biology research topics that’s been on all our minds in recent years. Investigate the factors contributing to the transmission of zoonotic diseases , like COVID-19. Then posit strategies for prevention and early detection.

35) What are the ecological and genetic factors that facilitate the spillover of zoonotic pathogens from animals to humans?

36) Or how do changes in land use, deforestation, and urbanization impact the risk of zoonotic disease emergence?

37) Can early detection and surveillance systems be developed to predict and mitigate the spread of zoonotic diseases?

38) How do social and cultural factors influence human behaviors that contribute to zoonotic disease transmission?

39) And can strategies be implemented to improve global pandemic preparedness?

Bioinformatics

Are you a data fanatic? Bioinformatics involves developing computational tools and techniques to analyze and interpret large biological datasets. This enables advancements in genomics, proteomics, and systems biology. So delve into the world of bioinformatics to learn how large-scale genomic and molecular data are revolutionizing biological research.

40) How can machine learning algorithms predict the function of genes based on their DNA sequences?

41) And what computational methods can identify potential drug targets by analyzing protein-protein interactions in large biological datasets?

42) Can bioinformatics tools be used to identify potential disease-causing mutations in human genomes and guide personalized medicine approaches?

43) What are the challenges and opportunities in analyzing “omics” data (genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics) to uncover novel biological insights?

44) Or how can bioinformatics contribute to our understanding of microbial diversity, evolution, and interactions within ecosystems?

Regenerative medicine

While definitely not one of the easy biology research topics, regenerative medicine will appeal to those interested in healthcare. Research innovative approaches to stimulate tissue and organ regeneration, using stem cells, tissue engineering, and biotechnology. And while you’re at it, discover the next potential medical breakthrough.

45) How can stem cells be directed to differentiate into specific cell types for tissue regeneration, and what factors influence this process?

46) Or what are the potential applications of 3D bioprinting in creating functional tissues and organs for transplantation?

47) How can bioengineered scaffolds enhance tissue regeneration and integration with host tissues?

48) What are the ethical considerations surrounding the use of stem cells and regenerative therapies in medical treatments?

49) And can regenerative medicine approaches be used to treat neurodegenerative disorders and restore brain function?

Biology Research Topics – Final thoughts

So as you take your next steps, try not to feel overwhelmed. And instead, appreciate the vast realm of possibilities that biology research topics offer. Because the array of biology topics to research is as diverse as the ecosystems it seeks to understand. And no matter if you’re only looking for easy biology research topics, or you’re itching to unravel the mysteries of plant-microbe interactions, your exploration will continue to deepen what we know of the world around us.

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Mariya holds a BFA in Creative Writing from the Pratt Institute and is currently pursuing an MFA in writing at the University of California Davis. Mariya serves as a teaching assistant in the English department at UC Davis. She previously served as an associate editor at Carve Magazine for two years, where she managed 60 fiction writers. She is the winner of the 2015 Stony Brook Fiction Prize, and her short stories have been published in Mid-American Review , Cutbank , Sonora Review , New Orleans Review , and The Collagist , among other magazines.

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200+ Unique And Interesting Biology Research Topics For Students In 2023

Are you curious about the fascinating world of biology and its many research possibilities? Well, you are in the right place! In this blog, we will explore biology research topics, exploring what biology is, what constitutes a good research topic, and how to go about selecting the perfect one for your academic journey.

So, what exactly is biology? Biology is the study of living organisms and their interactions with the environment. It includes everything from the tiniest cells to the largest ecosystems, making it a diverse and exciting field of study.

Stay tuned to learn more about biology research topics as we present over 200 intriguing research ideas for students, emphasizing the importance of selecting the right one. In addition, we will also share resources to make your quest for the perfect topic a breeze. Let’s embark on this scientific journey together!

If you are having trouble with any kind of assignment or task, do not worry—we can give you the best microbiology assignment help at a value price. Additionally, you may look at nursing project ideas .

What Is Biology?

Table of Contents

Biology is the study of living things, like animals, plants, and even tiny organisms too small to see. It helps us understand how these living things work and how they interact with each other and their environment. Biologists, or scientists who study biology, explore topics like how animals breathe, how plants grow, and how our bodies function. By learning about biology, we can better care for the Earth and all its living creatures.

What Is A Good Biology Research Topic?

A good biology research topic is a question or problem in the field of biology that scientists want to investigate and learn more about. It should be interesting and important, like studying how a new medicine can treat a disease or how animals adapt to changing environments. The topic should also be specific and clear, so researchers can focus on finding answers. Additionally, it’s helpful if the topic hasn’t been studied extensively before, so the research can contribute new knowledge to the field of biology and help us better understand the natural world.

Tips For Choosing A Biology Research Topics

Here are some tips for choosing a biology research topics:

1. Choose What Interests You

When picking a biology research topic, go for something that you personally find fascinating and enjoyable. When you’re genuinely curious about it, you’ll be more motivated to study and learn.

2. Select a Significant Topic

Look for a subject in biology that has real-world importance. Think about whether your research can address practical issues, like finding cures for diseases or understanding environmental problems. Research that can make a positive impact is usually a good choice.

3. Check If It’s Doable

Consider if you have the necessary tools and time to carry out your research. It’s essential to pick a topic that you can actually study with the resources available to you.

4. Add Your Unique Perspective

Try to find a fresh or different angle for your research. While you can build upon existing knowledge, bringing something new or unique to the table can make your research more exciting and valuable.

5. Seek Guidance

Don’t hesitate to ask for advice from your teachers or experienced researchers. They can provide you with valuable insights and help you make a smart decision when choosing your research topic in biology.

Biology Research Topics For College Students

1. Investigating the role of genetic mutations in cancer development.

2. Analyzing the impact of climate changes on wildlife populations.

3. Studying the ecology of invasive species in urban environments.

4. Investigating the microbiome of the human gut and its relationship to health.

5. Analyzing the genetic diversity of endangered species for conservation.

6. Studying the evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

7. Investigating the ecological consequences of deforestation.

8. Analyzing the behavior and communication of social insects like ants and bees.

9. Studying the physiology of extreme environments, such as deep-sea hydrothermal vents.

10. Investigating the molecular mechanisms of cell division and mitosis.

Plant Biology Research Topics For College Students

11. Studying the impact of different fertilizers on crop yields and soil health.

12. Analyzing the genetics of plant resistance to pests and diseases.

13. Investigating the role of plant hormones in growth and development.

14. Studying the adaptation of plants to drought conditions.

15. Analyzing the ecological interactions between plants and pollinators.

16. Investigating the use of biotechnology to enhance crop traits.

17. Studying the genetics of plant breeding for improved varieties.

18. Analyzing the physiology of photosynthesis and carbon fixation in plants.

19. Investigating the effects of soil microbiota on plant health.

20. Studying the evolution of plant species in response to changing environments.

Biotechnology Research Topics For College Students

21. Investigating the use of CRISPR-Cas9 technology for genome editing.

22. Analyzing the production of biofuels from microorganisms.

23. Studying the application of biotechnology in medicine, such as gene therapy.

24. Investigating the use of bioplastics as a sustainable alternative to conventional plastics.

25. Analyzing the role of biotechnology in food production, including GMOs.

26. Studying the development of biopharmaceuticals and monoclonal antibodies.

27. Investigating the use of bioremediation to clean up polluted environments.

28. Studying the potential of synthetic biology for creating novel organisms.

29. Analyzing the ethical and social implications of biotechnological advancements.

30. Investigating the use of biotechnology in forensic science, such as DNA analysis.

Molecular Biology Research Topics For Undergraduates

31. Studying the structure and function of DNA and RNA molecules.

32. Analyzing the regulation of gene expression in eukaryotic cells.

33. Investigating the mechanisms of DNA replication and repair.

34. Studying the role of non-coding RNAs in gene regulation.

35. Analyzing the molecular basis of genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.

36. Investigating the epigenetic modifications that control gene activity.

37. Studying the molecular mechanisms of protein folding and misfolding.

38. Analyzing the molecular pathways involved in cancer progression.

39. Investigating the molecular basis of neurodegenerative diseases.

40. Studying the use of molecular markers in genetic diversity analysis.

Life Science Research Topics For High School Students

41. Investigating the effects of different diets on human health.

42. Analyzing the impact of exercise on cardiovascular fitness.

43. Studying the genetics of inherited traits and diseases.

44. Investigating the ecological interactions in a local ecosystem.

45. Analyzing the diversity of microorganisms in soil or water samples.

46. Studying the anatomy and physiology of a specific organ or system.

47. Investigating the life cycle of a local plant or animal species.

48. Studying the effects of environmental pollutants on aquatic organisms.

49. Analyzing the behavior of a specific animal species in its habitat.

50. Investigating the process of photosynthesis in plants.

Biology Research Topics For Grade 12

51. Investigating the genetic basis of a specific inherited disorder.

52. Analyzing the impact of climate change on a local ecosystem.

53.Studying the biodiversity of a particular rainforest region.

54. Investigating the physiological adaptations of animals to extreme temperatures.

55. Analyzing the effects of pollution on aquatic ecosystems.

56. Studying the life history and conservation status of an endangered species.

57. Investigating the molecular mechanisms of a specific disease.

58. Studying the ecological interactions within a coral reef ecosystem.

59. Analyzing the genetics of plant hybridization and speciation.

60. Investigating the behavior and communication of a particular bird species.

Marine Biology Research Topics

61. Studying the impact of ocean acidification on coral reefs.

62. Analyzing the migration patterns of marine mammals.

63. Investigating the physiology of deep-sea creatures under high pressure.

64. Studying the ecology of phytoplankton and their role in the marine food web.

65. Analyzing the behavior of different species of sharks.

66. Investigating the conservation of sea turtle populations.

67. Studying the biodiversity of deep-sea hydrothermal vent communities.

68. Analyzing the effects of overfishing on marine ecosystems.

69. Investigating the adaptation of marine organisms to extreme cold in polar regions.

70. Studying the bioluminescence and communication in marine organisms.

AP Biology Research Topics

71. Investigating the role of specific enzymes in cellular metabolism.

72. Analyzing the genetic variation within a population.

73. Studying the mechanisms of hormonal regulation in animals.

74. Investigating the principles of Mendelian genetics through trait analysis.

75. Analyzing the ecological succession in a local ecosystem.

76. Studying the physiology of the human circulatory system.

77. Investigating the molecular biology of a specific virus.

78. Studying the principles of natural selection through evolutionary simulations.

79. Analyzing the genetic diversity of a plant species in different habitats.

80. Investigating the effects of different environmental factors on plant growth.

Cell Biology Research Topics

81. Investigating the role of mitochondria in cellular energy production.

82. Analyzing the mechanisms of cell division and mitosis.

83. Studying the function of cell membrane proteins in signal transduction.

84. Investigating the cellular processes involved in apoptosis (cell death).

85. Analyzing the role of endoplasmic reticulum in protein synthesis and folding.

86. Studying the dynamics of the cytoskeleton and cell motility.

87. Investigating the regulation of cell cycle checkpoints.

88. Analyzing the structure and function of cellular organelles.

89. Studying the molecular mechanisms of DNA replication and repair.

90. Investigating the impact of cellular stress on cell health and function.

Human Biology Research Topics

91. Analyzing the genetic basis of inherited diseases in humans.

92. Investigating the physiological responses to exercise and physical activity.

93. Studying the hormonal regulation of the human reproductive system.

94. Analyzing the impact of nutrition on human health and metabolism.

95. Investigating the role of the immune system in disease prevention.

96. Studying the genetics of human evolution and migration.

97. Analyzing the neural mechanisms underlying human cognition and behavior.

98. Investigating the molecular basis of aging and age-related diseases.

99. Studying the impact of environmental toxins on human health.

100. Analyzing the genetics of organ transplantation and tissue compatibility.

Molecular Biology Research Topics

101. Investigating the role of microRNAs in gene regulation.

102. Analyzing the molecular basis of genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis.

103. Studying the epigenetic modifications that control gene expression.

104. Investigating the molecular mechanisms of RNA splicing.

105. Analyzing the role of telomeres in cellular aging.

106. Studying the molecular pathways involved in cancer metastasis.

107. Investigating the molecular basis of neurodegenerative diseases.

108. Studying the molecular interactions in protein-protein networks.

109. Analyzing the molecular mechanisms of DNA damage and repair.

110. Investigating the use of CRISPR-Cas9 for genome editing.

Animal Biology Research Topics

111. Studying the behavior and communication of social insects like ants.

112. Analyzing the physiology of hibernation in mammals.

113. Investigating the ecological interactions in a predator-prey relationship.

114. Studying the adaptations of animals to extreme environments.

115. Analyzing the genetics of inherited traits in animal populations.

116. Investigating the impact of climate change on animal migration patterns.

117. Studying the diversity of marine life in coral reef ecosystems.

118. Analyzing the physiology of flight in birds and bats.

119. Investigating the molecular basis of animal coloration and camouflage.

120. Studying the behavior and conservation of endangered species.

Neuroscience Research Topics
Mental Health Research Topics

Plant Biology Research Topics

121. Investigating the role of plant hormones in growth and development.

122. Analyzing the genetics of plant resistance to pests and diseases.

123. Climate change and plant phenology are being examined.

124. Investigating the ecology of mycorrhizal fungi and their symbiosis with plants.

125. Investigating plant photosynthesis and carbon fixing.

126. Molecular analysis of plant stress responses.

127. Investigating the adaptation of plants to drought conditions.

128. Studying the role of plants in phytoremediation of polluted environments.

129. Analyzing the genetics of plant hybridization and speciation.

130. Investigating the molecular basis of plant-microbe interactions.

Environmental Biology Research Topics

131. Analyzing the effects of pollution on aquatic ecosystems.

132. Investigating the biodiversity of a particular ecosystem.

133. Studying the ecological consequences of deforestation.

134. Analyzing the impact of climate change on wildlife populations.

135. Investigating the use of bioremediation to clean up polluted sites.

136. Studying the environmental factors influencing species distribution.

137. Analyzing the effects of habitat fragmentation on wildlife.

138. Investigating the ecology of invasive species in new environments.

139. Studying the conservation of endangered species and habitats.

140. Analyzing the interactions between humans and urban ecosystems.

Chemical Biology Research Topics

141. Investigating the design and synthesis of new drug compounds.

142. Analyzing the molecular mechanisms of enzyme catalysis.

143.Studying the role of small molecules in cellular signaling pathways.

144. Investigating the development of chemical probes for biological research.

145. Studying the chemistry of protein-ligand interactions.

146. Analyzing the use of chemical biology in cancer therapy.

147. Investigating the synthesis of bioactive natural products.

148. Studying the role of chemical compounds in microbial interactions.

149. Analyzing the chemistry of DNA-protein interactions.

150. Investigating the chemical basis of drug resistance in pathogens.

Medical Biology Research Topics

151. Investigating the genetic basis of specific diseases like diabetes.

152. Analyzing the mechanisms of drug resistance in bacteria.

153. Studying the molecular mechanisms of autoimmune diseases.

154. Investigating the development of personalized medicine approaches.

155. Studying the role of inflammation in chronic diseases.

156. Analyzing the genetics of rare diseases and genetic syndromes.

157. Investigating the molecular basis of viral infections and vaccines.

158. Studying the mechanisms of organ transplantation and rejection.

159. Analyzing the molecular diagnostics of cancer.

160. Investigating the biology of stem cells and regenerative medicine.

Evolutionary Biology Research Topics

161. Studying the evolution of human ancestors and early hominids.

162. The genetic variety of species and between species is being looked at.

163. Investigating the role of sexual selection in animal evolution.

164. Studying the co-evolutionary relationships between parasites and hosts.

165. Analyzing the evolutionary adaptations of extremophiles.

166. Investigating the evolution of developmental processes (evo-devo).

167. Studying the biogeography and distribution of species.

168. Analyzing the evolution of mimicry in animals and plants.

169. Investigating the genetics of speciation and hybridization.

170. Studying the evolutionary history of domesticated plants and animals.

Cellular Biology Research Topics

171. Investigating the role of autophagy in cellular homeostasis.

172. Analyzing the mechanisms of cellular transport and trafficking.

173. Studying the regulation of cell adhesion & migration.

174. Investigating the cellular responses to DNA damage.

175. Analyzing the dynamics of cellular membrane structures.

176. Studying the role of cellular organelles in lipid metabolism.

177. Investigating the molecular mechanisms of cell-cell communication.

178. Studying the physiology of cellular respiration and energy production.

179. Analyzing the cellular mechanisms of viral entry and replication.

180. Investigating the role of cellular senescence in aging and disease.

Good Biology Research Topics Related To Brain Injuries

181. Analyzing the molecular mechanisms of traumatic brain injury.

182. Investigating the role of neuroinflammation in brain injury recovery.

183. Studying the impact of concussions on long-term brain health.

184. Analyzing the use of neuroimaging in diagnosing brain injuries.

185. Investigating the development of neuroprotective therapies.

186. Studying the genetics of susceptibility to brain injuries.

187. Analyzing the cognitive and behavioral effects of brain trauma.

188. Investigating the role of rehabilitation in brain injury recovery.

189. Studying the cellular and molecular changes in axonal injury.

190. Looking into how stem cell therapy might be used to help brain injuries.

Biology Quantitative Research Topics

191. Investigating the mathematical modeling of population dynamics.

192. Analyzing the statistical methods for biodiversity assessment.

193. Studying the use of bioinformatics in genomics research.

194. Investigating the quantitative analysis of gene expression data.

195. Studying the mathematical modeling of enzyme kinetics.

196. Analyzing the statistical approaches for epidemiological studies.

197. Investigating the use of computational tools in phylogenetics.

198. Studying the mathematical modeling of ecological systems.

199. Analyzing the quantitative analysis of protein-protein interactions.

200. Investigating the statistical methods for analyzing genetic variation.

Importance Of Choosing The Right Biology Research Topics

Here are some importance of choosing the right biology research topics:

1. Relevance to Your Interests and Goals

Choosing the right biology research topic is important because it should align with your interests and goals. Studying something you’re passionate about keeps you motivated and dedicated to your research.

2. Contribution to Scientific Knowledge

Your research should contribute something valuable to the world of science. Picking the right topic means you have the chance to discover something new or solve a problem, advancing our understanding of the natural world.

3. Availability of Resources

Consider the resources you have or can access. If you pick a topic that demands resources you don’t have, your research may hit a dead end. Choosing wisely means you can work efficiently.

4. Feasibility and Manageability

A good research topic should be manageable within your time frame and capabilities. If it’s too broad or complex, you might get overwhelmed. Picking the right topic ensures your research is doable.

5. Real-World Impact

Think about how your research might benefit the real world. Biology often has implications for health, the environment, or society. Choosing a topic with practical applications can make your work meaningful and potentially change lives.

Resources For Finding Biology Research Topics

There are numerous resources for finding biology research topics:

1. Online Databases

Look on websites like PubMed and Google Scholar. They have lots of biology articles. Type words about what you like to find topics.

2. Academic Journals

Check biology magazines. They talk about new research. You can find ideas and see what’s important.

3. University Websites

Colleges show what their teachers study. Find teachers who like what you like. Ask them about ideas for your own study.

4. Science News and Magazines

Read science news. They tell you about new things in biology. It helps you think of research ideas.

5. Join Biology Forums and Communities

Talk to other people who like biology online. You can ask for ideas and find friends to help you. Use websites like ResearchGate and Reddit for this.

Conclusion

Biology Research Topics offer exciting opportunities for exploration and learning. We’ve explained what biology is and stressed the importance of picking a good research topic. Our tips and extensive list of over 200 biology research topics provide valuable guidance for students.

Selecting the right topic is more than just getting good grades; it’s about making meaningful contributions to our understanding of life. We’ve also shared resources to help you discover even more topics. So, embrace the world of biology research, embark on a journey of discovery, and be part of the ongoing effort to unravel the mysteries of the natural world.

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10 Essential Biology Project Ideas for Class 12

Embark on a captivating biology journey with these essential Class 12 project ideas. From plant cell intricacies to the significance of haemoglobin tests, each project offers a unique learning experience. Choose one that aligns with your interests and curriculum.

Image Source: Getty-Images

Plant Cell Structure and Function

Explore the crucial aspects of the structure and functions of plant cells, emphasizing key organelles like the nucleus, chloroplasts, and vacuoles.

Algae and Its Ecological Significance

Investigate different types of algae, their ecological roles, and their significant impact on various ecosystems.

Denaturation of Biomolecules

Study the critical process of denaturation in biomolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids, and its profound impact on their structure and function.

Hemoglobin Test

Develop a project on the Hemoglobin Test, exploring its essential significance in diagnosing conditions like anaemia and its diagnostic methodology.

Photosynthesis in Algae

Focus on the pivotal role of algae in photosynthesis, studying the crucial factors influencing this process and its pivotal role in the ecosystem.

Effect of Environmental Factors on Cell Membrane Permeability

Study how critical environmental factors, such as temperature or pH, affect the permeability of cell membranes using plant cells.

Algal Bloom and Water Quality

Explore the paramount phenomenon of algal blooms, their paramount impact on water quality, and the paramount ecological consequences.

Enzyme Denaturation

Investigate how essential enzymes undergo denaturation under different conditions and its crucial implications on their catalytic activity.

Blood Disorders Related to Hemoglobin

Focus on key insights into blood disorders associated with haemoglobin, such as sickle cell anaemia or thalassemia, exploring their key causes and effects.

Thanks For Reading!

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Biology Investigatory Project Class 12 | Pdf

Biology investigatory project class 12 :.

We know that finding a Biology Investigatory project is the hardest part of a science fair project for class 12, and sometimes it just takes a little help to focus on what kinds of topics would interest you. To help you find a class 12 biology investigatory project idea that is interesting to you, you can select any of the categories below under the heading of EXPERIMENTS, you will find dozens of interesting experiments.

High school science covers a variety of topics in Biology like Microbiology, Zoology, Botany, Biotechnology project ideas, Ecology, meteorology, etc. Therefore, nothing is forbidden when it comes to choosing Biology project topics for class 12. These ideas would be suitable for most of the high school curriculum. When reviewing the list, remember that you can make any of these ideas more complex by changing variables and comparing results.

You may be guided by your teacher regarding your choice of topic. The more original or new the project is, the better it would be. But it must be realistic in terms of the time available and at a level attained in higher secondary biology.

You must review the available literature to find out what type of work has been done. This will help you to reject some of the alternatives, and possibly cause you to modify others. It may also be the source of new ideas. By doing these investigatory projects you will gain experience in research besides providing opportunities for learning skills such as photography, electronics, etc.

It is not uncommon for school students to find suitable topics for a research project. The range of options is wide because there are as many scientific fields as there are different research fields. From the following topics student will be able to choose something for themselves:

Biology Investigatory project Class 12 Topics

13. The effect of climate change on flowering plants Have you heard of climate change? This natural process, much talked about by adults, is connected with a large amount of CO 2 in the air, the greenhouse effect that is also a natural phenomenon, responsible for leaving the Earth warm. These changes are happening faster now than in the time of our grandpas and are worrying researchers from all over the world since they end up harming animals, air, climate, etc. But have you ever stopped to think about how they affect plants?

14. Oil Spill EVS Project: We have all heard in news about oil spills and their harmful effects on our Earth and its marine life. But we, who do not get to see these effects closely, do not understand exactly the degree of impact that oil spills. In these projects, we are going to briefly discuss and perform the oil spill evs project.

15. Production of biosurfactant by using Micro-organisms Biosurfactants are a diverse group of surface-active molecules, produced by a wide variety of microorganisms. Due to their amphiphilic nature, they are capable of modifying the water-oil, water-air, or soil-water interface and therefore reduce surface and interfacial tension. Compared with chemical surfactants, they have the advantage of being biodegradable, less toxic, and effective at extreme temperature, pH, and salinity; in addition to being able to be synthesized from residual or cheap sources. In the oil industry, they can be used as oil flow improvers, in the improved recovery of hydrocarbons via microbial pathways, improvement of the biodegradation of hydrocarbons, and cleaning of tanks and pipes. Their production is affected by the growth factors to which microorganisms are exposed, such as the presence of specific substrates, cations, and extreme conditions.

1. Investigating the pH of a water sample: Monitoring the physicochemical properties of water is of vital importance. The normal maximum permissible limit of pH for our life and health is 6.5–8.5. Abnormal levels of pH and their consequences are given below: pH 3 to 5 is too acidic for most organisms to survive, when the pH of water falls below 4.5 most of the fishes die, leaving only a small number of acid tolerant insects such as water boatman and whirligig. These insects (beetles) can survive and multiply even at pH 3.5. Similarly, pH>8.5 is too basic for most organisms to survive.

2. Impact of local industry on the environment and the remedial measures taken by the industry: The guidelines and a brief outline of a few projects have been given with the purpose to design and perform such an investigation. Students and teachers can think and design investigatory projects based on almost all concepts about which experimental protocols have been given in the manual.

3. Investigating the biochemical (also called biological oxygen demand [BOD]) of a water sample as a pollution indicator:

Dissolved oxygen (DO) test measures the current status of oxygen in a water body. This is a useful starting point. However, DO content can vary considerably from day to day as affected by many factors like temperature, wind velocity, eutrophication, pollution, etc. The unpolluted water is characteristically rich in DO and low in BOD. The higher the BOD, the lower would be DO. Conversely, polluted water has high values of BOD. Water for drinking should have a BOD of less than 1. Typical BOD values for raw sewage run from 200–400 mg of oxygen/liter. The maximum.

4. Study of the genetic markers in the human population: In this investigation, a few selected inherited traits can be investigated in the family members of a small population in the locality. The compilation and analysis of data will provide an about prevalence of trait in the said population.

5. Study of the effect of chemicals and pollutants on the Mitotic Index of the mitotically dividing onion root tip cells:

This is the easiest Biology Investigatory project include including the Growing of onion root tip cells in the solution of pollutant /chemical and also in normal water as control. Preparation and observation of slide for the study of mitotic index both in experimental and control set-ups. Analysis of the effect of pollutant/chemical by comparing the data of mitotic index between experimental and control variables.

6. Agrochemicals and their effects: Another important Biology project topic for class 12 The project was carried out in a survey mode with a questionnaire prepared with the help of the teacher to cover the following aspects. List of pesticides used, the amount used/hectare or acre, periodicity of spray, name of the crop plant grown, recommended dose and the dose employed, known effects on pest, whether the chemical pesticide is biodegradable or not, alternate eco-friendly biocides . List of fertilizers used, cost incurred/acre/year, recommended dosage/time of use and the dosage used, known effects on fertility of the soil, any decrease in crop productivity, and use of eco-friendly biofertilizers (VAM fungi, leaf mold, green manure, dung, etc.).

7. Ecological role of some animals observed in a local area: This topic is included in the Record of the various plant species growing in the area under study – trees, shrubs, annual/perennial herbs, etc. Note the season when a flower/seed is formed. Note the various types of insects, birds, reptiles, amphibians, mammals, etc., and record their role as a/an (i) Herbivore (ii) Pollinator (iii) In-seed dispersal agent (iv) Prey

How fertilization occurs in frog
Five Kingdom Classification
Structure of DNA and RNA
100 Biotechnology project topics
Central Dogma of Life
Internal and external fertilization
Factors affecting photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Factors affecting Enzyme actions
Plant hormone
Effect of plants hormone
Biofuel production from waste products
Alcohol production from sugarcane
Ethanol Production from Apple
Production of biosurfactant
Fermentation process
Protein synthesis in vivo manner.
Advantages and disadvantages of biology.
Formation of recombinant vaccines against covid19
Production of biofertilizer
Production of single-cell proteins.
How to reduce atmospheric Co2 organically.
Study the process of Osmosis and Turgor pressure

1. How to choose a Biology Investigatory project for Class 12 Answer: For Choosing an Investigatory Project You may be guided by your teacher regarding your choice of topic in this page we also provide several project topics you can select any one topic. As we know A more original project topic is best. But it must be realistic in terms of the time available and at a level attained in higher secondary biology. While Searching for your project topic You must review the available literature to find out what type of work has been done on your selected topic. This will help you to reject some of the alternatives, and possibly cause you to modify others. It may also be the source of new ideas.

2. How to Design my Class 12 Biology Projects? Answer: Having established the objectives of your chosen project, you must have an experimental design. This will allow you to collect the data you need in a scientific way to test the hypothesis. For example, if your project involves investigating the hypothesis that stale milk contains more bacteria than fresh milk, devise the procedure you would adopt to carry out your investigation.

3. How to Plan my Project Investigations Answer: Having decided on your topic for scientific investigation, you should give careful thought to the plan of your investigation in some detail. These may include. What hypothesis can you make, How can you ensure that the experimental tests and measurements you carry out are accurate and reliable? What controls do you need? How many variables are you investigating? Correctly identify key variables as independent and dependent. Are your variables discrete or continuous? Identify appropriate control variables for fair tests. How many repeat observations or samples will you require?

4. How to complete my Biology Project within a short period? Answer: Executing the Project, Following the planning, a brief description of the expected procedures has to be approved in advance by the teacher. Having decided what controls you need to use, list the components of your experiment and decide what quantities of substances to use, and how to set the experiment. You should also decide what type of readings or measurements you are going to make, how often and how many. Note the source of error, if any, that you come across. Handle instruments and equipment appropriately to give accuracy. Repeat measurement. Keep proper controls and the variables constant.

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Biology Investigatory Project : Class-12 | What is it & How to write it ?

What is an investigatory project.

So, when you are performing a practical in the laboratory, you are guided by your teacher and most probably you are already aware of the possible outcome and the reasons for it.

But when you are performing an investigation, you are not instructed on the process to follow, rather you are given a general idea about the investigation. Also an investigation always starts with a question or hypothesis. These are more open-ended than the practical work you do in the laboratory.

The projects on the other hand are even more open ended than the investigations. It also requires evaluation of your findings, redefining ideas and designing further investigations. This may lead to evidence that enables answering the questions posed at the beginning. The projects are often initiated with an individual’s own interest and can be done by either a single individual or a group of individuals.

Now, the investigatory projects are compulsory assignments that involve purely experimental procedures so that it can be reported on, duplicated, or may adapt something that someone else has already discovered. In some cases it may involve some other form of investigation also.

Why is it important?

One of the major components of the practical assessment of 30 marks in Class-XI and Class-XII Biology is the Investigatory Project.

The Investigatory Project and its Project and its Record along with it’s Viva Voce together has a weightage of 5 marks .

Therefore, it is essential to prepare the project report (record) in a proper manner to get the maximum possible marks in the practical examination.

Need a list of sample topics for the project!! Read this article .

How to write the report of the investigatory project?

A sample format on how to properly write the project report is given as follows:

Front Page / Cover Page

In this page you will have to write the Title of the project or name of the project that you are working on.
It also should contain other information such as the name of the student; AISSCE roll number; subject name and subject code; name of the guide teacher/supervisor along with his/her designation; School name and address.
If you want more details and a sample format for the front page, then go to this link .

Certificate

This will be the second page in your project report.
This page will contain a certificate that will certify your project.
It will have information like your project title, your name, roll number, guide teacher’s name, school name, etc, along with space for school stamp and signature of the guide teacher, external practical examiner, principal.

Click here to get a sample format for the certificate page.

Acknowledgement

This is typically the third page that acknowledges individuals that have played a direct or indirect role in completing your project work.
You should put your full signature at the end of this page.

This is the fourth page containing all the major headings and subheadings of your project.
It should contain the respective page numbers also.

Click here to learn how to generate the table of content for your investigatory project automatically.

Objective / Aim of the project

This page expresses the aim of the project as clearly as possible.
If the investigatory project aims to achieve more than one objective, then all those objectives are mentioned in this page.

Introduction / Theory

This should give a general idea of the project that you have worked on and should introduce the reader to your project.
You should also mention all the necessary concepts that are associated with your project.
Take help of your guide teacher in case of any help.

Materials required

In this page all the materials or apparatus used are mentioned.
You should write this in the form of a simple list.
In a simple manner, write the steps that you have followed during your experiment.
You may include a diagram or photo of the experimental setup.

Observation / Result

Once the experiment is performed you should record your observations.
You can represent your observations in the form of a table or chart or text or picture or a combination of these.

Analysis and interpretation

Based on the observations, analyze your data.
You should write whether the hypothesis, if any, is true or false.

Discussion:

It is not essential to make a discussion page.
If you want to mention any implication of your results and suggest any extensions of any kind that can be undertaken, you can do so here.

Limitation:

Mention if there are any limitations of the project or the experiments that you have performed.
It is not essential to include.
Mention all the precautions that should be followed during the experiment.

Conclusion:

Based on the results obtained and related work done, write the conclusion briefly.
You may also write whether the objectives of your project have been met or not.

Bibliography / References

This should be the last page of your project write up.
Here you should mention all the resources that you have used in terms of articles/books while working on the project.
If you are giving reference to a book, it must contain the name of the author, publisher, year of publication.
If you are giving reference to an article, it must contain the web address (URL) and the date when you had accessed the website.

How to format the report in MS Word?

Set the page size to A4.
Leave proper margin so that your content remains visible even after spiral binding or stapling. You can set 1 inch margin from all the sides.
You should use the same font type and font size for all the headings.
Also for all the main content of the project write up use a common font type and font size.
Start new headings like procedure, observations on a new page.

Click here to learn how to easily format your word document using the style tool.

How to write the project report in case of a theory based investigatory project?

When you are working on only a theory based investigatory project, for example, ‘stages of human foetal development’, which does not have any experimental component, the project report should be slightly different than the above mentioned format.

In such cases material required, procedure, observation, results, analysis, discussion, limitation, precautions will not be part of the project report.

After the Introduction heading, there should be an elaborate representation of the theory.

The theory should be divided into various topics and subtopics. It can include diagrams/info-graphics related to the topic.

Once the theory is completed, the project report should wrap up with the conclusion and bibliography page.

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The Main Branches of Biology and Some General Bio Research Topics

Here, we are going to suggest to you some good research topics in biology which might help you in becoming a good researcher. Thus, will eventually help you in settling one more stair upward towards the betterment of medical science.

What are the Branches of Biology and their Research Topics?

Biology is the study of the vital processes in living beings. Biology is further subdivided into various branches to make it convenient to study. Though, the principle in all the components is the same and consistent. Here are mentioned below, a few sub-branches of biology along with their research topics.

Botany is the study of plants . Botany is the detailed study of the function of plants and types. This is the study of, the classes, family, diseases, etc related to plants. Botany is a good area for research and plant lovers can ace the benefits from the topics that we are going to provide them.

Zoology

Zoology is the branch of biology that deals with the study and research of animals and the animal kingdom, and how they interact with their ecosystem. The student of zoology comprehensively studies the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct.

Research in this branch of biology is a daunting task, it requires lots of observation and patience, as it is difficult to understand the behavior of an animal. Here we are to suggest to you some good zoology research topics having a good scope of research.

Environmental Biology

Environmental biology lies in resemblance to ecology, it is a scientific program that focuses on the scientific study of the origins, relationships, functions, interactions, and the natural history of all the living beings, populations, species, and communities, in an ecosystem.

Environmental biology is the most crucial branch of biology and an essential topic for research. Due to climate changes and the extinction of some species, This field of biology requires good and comprehensive research so that a step toward the betterment of an environment can be found and taken by humanity. Here we are going to suggest to you some good environmental biology topics.

Cell Biology

Cell is the basic unit of life, multiple cells are combined together to form a tissue and multiple tissues are further combined to form an organism. Cell biology is the branch of biology that studies the structure, function, and behavior of cells in different living beings.

Cell biology encompasses the study of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells and both multicellular and single-cell organisms. As every living being is made up of cells, this branch of science becomes the most important branch of biology and the field of research.

Top 20 Cell Biology Research opics

Cytoskeleton.
Cell motility.
Chromatin and gene expression.
Endosymbiosis.
Cell evolution.
Cellular metabolism.
Cell fate determination.
Development of the embryo.
Organelle biogenesis.
Schistosomiasis.
Cell differentiation and morphogenesis.
Stem cell biology.
Host-parasite interaction.
Lymphocyte migration.
Temporal and spatial control of gene expression.
Epigenetics.
Cell signaling.
Regeneration of cells.
Cell division

Biotechnology

Biotechnology is an integrated study of engineering sciences and natural sciences . It is done with the aim to achieve the applications of cells, organisms, and parts for products and services. It is referred to as using a living organism to produce a different product.

For instance, yeast is a living organism used in the baking of bread. This branch of biology also has a wide scope of research, as our food habits are proportionate to food packaging. Hence research in this field becomes mandatory and going to be proved useful. We are going to suggest to you some good research topics in biotechnology .

Molecular Biology

Microbiology is the branch of biology that seeks to understand the function and structure of the macromolecules that are essential for life. The detailed study of the physical and chemical structure of biological macromolecules is called molecular biology . It is essential to understand the chemical function happening in a living being as they affect both the physical and mental health of an organism.

Writing a research paper is also a crucial task as research in this field is a need of an hour because chemical and hormonal changes take place in a body time and to balance these chemical ups and downs in a body a good medicine or a technique is required which can be invented by good research. So your research paper in molecular biology should entail a series of your findings. Here we are to recommend you few topics to research and write about.

Neurobiology

Neuroscience is the branch of biology that deals with the scientific study and functions of the nervous system. The nervous system is made up of three parts: the brain, the spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system. Neurobiology or neuroscience has a broader scope of research in which a scientist uses different approaches to study the nervous system at different scales. Here we are to suggest to you some really good research topics on neurobiology .

Conclusion:

Biology is a vast field having many branches and sub-branches . Through this blog, we have discussed with you a few topics of biology for both college and high school students, some innovative and easy topics of biology to research, and comprehensively elaborated on every branch of biology along with its research topics. Our suggestions and discussion will bring you the confidence to write a good biology research paper.

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Biology Topics

Table of Contents

This is a comprehensive guide on biology topics, designed to provide valuable insights and resources for students studying biology in Class 11th and Class 12th. Whether you are seeking assistance with your coursework, looking for project ideas, or aiming to delve deeper into specific areas of biology, this guide will help address your queries and provide you with a solid foundation in this fascinating field.

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Cell Biology: Study the fundamental unit of life – the cell. Explore topics such as cell structure, organelles, cell division, and cellular processes like respiration, photosynthesis, and mitosis.
Genetics: Delve into the world of inheritance, genes, and DNA. Learn about the principles of heredity, genetic variation, genetic disorders, and genetic engineering.
Ecology: Understand the interrelationships between organisms and their environment. Explore topics like ecosystems, food chains, biodiversity, and the impact of human activities on the environment.
Evolution: Investigate the theory of evolution and its mechanisms. Learn about natural selection, adaptation, speciation, and the evidence supporting the theory of evolution.

Biology Research Topics

Biotechnology: Explore the application of biological processes, organisms, or systems to develop new products or technologies. Study topics like genetic engineering, recombinant DNA technology, and bioremediation.

Neurobiology: Dive into the study of the nervous system, including the structure and function of neurons, neurotransmitters, sensory systems, and brain functions.
Immunology: Understand the body’s defense mechanisms against pathogens. Explore topics such as the immune system, antibodies, vaccination, and autoimmune diseases.
Microbiology: Study microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. Learn about their structure, classification, interactions, and their significance in human health and ecosystems.

Biology Topics for Class 12

Reproduction: Explore the reproductive systems, sexual and asexual reproduction, fertilization, embryonic development, and reproductive health.
Biotechnology and its Applications: Investigate the principles and applications of biotechnology, including genetic engineering, DNA fingerprinting, cloning, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
Human Health and Disease: Understand the various diseases affecting the human body, their causes, prevention, and management. Explore topics like immunity, infectious diseases, non-communicable diseases, and public health measures.
Environmental Issues: Examine environmental challenges such as pollution, deforestation, climate change, and conservation efforts. Understand the impact of human activities on ecosystems and the need for sustainable practices.

Important Topics of Biology Class 12

Genetics and Inheritance: Study the principles of Mendelian genetics, linkage and recombination, genetic disorders, and chromosomal abnormalities.
Molecular Basis of Inheritance: Explore the structure and function of DNA, RNA, and proteins. Learn about gene expression, transcription, translation, and regulation of gene expression.
Evolution and Human Evolution: Gain insights into the process of evolution, its evidence, patterns, and mechanisms. Understand the concept of human evolution and the role of natural selection.
Biotechnology: Examine the applications of biotechnology in medicine, agriculture, and industry. Study topics such as genetic engineering, bioremediation, and transgenic plants.

Frequently Asked Questions on Biology Topics

What are some topics of biology.

Biology encompasses a wide range of topics. Some common topics in biology include: Cell biology Genetics Ecology Evolution Human anatomy and physiology Microbiology Plant biology Animal behavior Biochemistry Biotechnology Immunology Neuroscience

What are the 5 studies of biology?

The five main branches or studies of biology include: Cell Biology: Study of the structure, function, and processes of cells. Genetics: Investigation of inheritance, genes, and genetic variation. Ecology: Understanding the relationships between organisms and their environment. Evolution: Exploring the mechanisms and patterns of biological evolution. Physiology: Examining the functions and processes of living organisms.

What are the topics in high school biology?

High school biology typically covers a variety of topics, including: Cell structure and function Genetics and inheritance Evolutionary biology Ecology and environmental science Human anatomy and physiology Microorganisms and infectious diseases Plant and animal biology Biochemistry and molecular biology

What is topic 3 in biology?

Topic 3 in biology can vary depending on the specific curriculum or syllabus being followed. It could refer to different subjects, such as plant biology, animal behavior, human physiology, ecology, or any other topic covered as the third major area of study in a particular biology course.

What is the first topic in biology?

The first topic in biology typically introduces students to the fundamental concepts of life and living organisms. It may cover areas such as the characteristics of living things, the scientific method, the organization of life, or an overview of the different branches of biology.

Which topic is hard in biology?

The level of difficulty in biology can vary for each individual, as it depends on personal interests, prior knowledge, and learning styles. However, some topics that students often find challenging in biology include genetics, complex biochemical pathways, advanced molecular biology, and detailed physiological processes.

What are advanced topics in biology?

Advanced topics in biology delve into more specialized areas of study and research. Some examples include: Genomics and proteomics Immunology and immune response Developmental biology Neurobiology and neuroscience Molecular genetics and gene expression Bioinformatics and computational biology Biomedical engineering Pharmacology and drug development Environmental microbiology Systems biology and complex biological networks

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212 Unique Biology Research Topics For Students And Researchers

Every student studying something related to biology — botany, marine, animal, medicine, molecular or physical biology, is in an interesting field. It’s a subject that explores how animate and inanimate objects relate to themselves. The field unveils the past, the present, and what lies in the future of the relationship between the living and nonliving things.

This is precisely why you need custom and quality biology topics for your college and university essay or project. It’ll make it easy to brainstorm, research, and get to writing straight away. Before the deep dive, what is biology?

What Is Biology?

Everyone knows it’s the scientific study of life, but beyond that, biology facilitates the comprehension of living and nonliving things. It’s a branch that explores their anatomy, behavior, distribution, morphology, and physiology.

For example, it understands how genes are classified and constituted into generations. It encompasses various branches, including botany, medicine, genetics, ecology, marine biology, zoology, and molecular biology.

Here are what some of these mean:

Botany: This study of plants examines their structure, physiology, ecology, economic importance, and distribution, among others. It also deals with their biochemical processes, properties, and social interactions between plants. It extends to how plants are vital for human life, survival, and growth and how they play a significant role in stabilizing environmental health. Zoology: Zoology studies animal behavior, brain, structure, physiology, class, and distribution. It’s the general study of the lives of both living and extinct animals. It explains animal classification, the animal kingdom, evolution, habitat, embryology, and life span. Physiology: Physiology deals with the daily functions of the human body: How it works and the factors that make it work. It examines molecular behavior, the chemistry and physics behind locomotion, and how the cells in the living organisms’ body function. It helps understand how humans and animals get sick and what can be done to alleviate pain. Microbiology: Dealing with microorganisms, it examined how viruses, algae, fungi, bacteria, protozoa, and slime molds become parts of human life. They’re regarded as microbes, which play substantial roles in the human biochemical processes, including climate change, biodegradation, biodeterioration, food spoilage, biotech, and epidemiology. Marine Biology: This is the scientific study of organs in the sea. It understands their family classification, how they survive, and what makes wild marine animals different from domesticated and consumable ones. It also explores their interaction with the environment through several processes. The marine biologist studies marines in their natural environment, collects data on their characteristics, human impact on their living, and how they relate with themselves.

Now that you know all these, here are some custom biology topics to research for your university or college essay and paper.

Controversial Biology Topics

There are many controversial subjects in every field, and biology isn’t exempt from controversy. If you’d like to create an original essay through diverse opinions, here are biology topics for you:

What are your thoughts on the post-Roe V Wade world?
How can the post-Roe V Wade policy affect developing countries looking up to America for their laws?
Abortion and feminism: discuss
Does saving life justify cloning?
Explain the principle of abortion in medical practice
The effects of cloning in medicine
How does genetics contribute to obesity?
Explain why a parent could have Hepatitis B virus and only one of five offspring have the virus
Is homosexuality really in the gene?
How does depression correlate with genetics?
Additives and how they affect the genes
Examine how genetic mutations work
Discuss the grounds that you could prove for legalizing human cloning
Which is more immoral: Human or animal cloning?
How is nanotechnology different from biotechnology?
Discuss the manifestation of nanotechnology in science
Explain three instances where public opinion has held back scientific inventions
How does transgenic crop work?
Would you say genetically modified food is safe for consumption?
Explain why sexual abuse leads to trauma.

Biology Research Paper Topics

You’d need to write an extensive paper on biology one day. This could be when you’re in your final year in college or the university or submitting to a competition. You’d need Biology topics to research for brainstorming, and here are 30 of them:

Stem cells and tissue formation processes
Why are there different congenital disabilities?
Mixtures in anticancer drugs?
What are the complexities of existing HIV drugs?
What is the contribution of chemotherapy to cancer?
Examine the chemotherapy process and why it doesn’t work for some patients.
Explain the origin of developmental diseases
How do germs affect the cells?
What are the consequences of the sun on the white person’s and black person’s skin?
Why are some diseases treatable through drugs while some are not?
Scientific lessons learned from COVID-19 and ideas to tackle the next virus
If animals are carriers of the virus, what should be done to them?
Examine five animals in extinction and what led to it
Discuss the subject of endangered species and why people should care
Is a plant-based diet sustainable for human health?
Account for the consequence of living on Mars on human health
Discuss the inconveniences involved in space travel
How does space flight contribute to environmental disasters
Discuss the emergence of leukemia
Explain how the immune systems in humans work
Evaluate the factors that weaken the immunological system
What would you consider the deadliest virus?
Autoimmune: what is it, origin and consequences
Immune disorder: origin and how it affects the body
Does stress affect the ability to have sex?
Contribution of vaccine to eradicating disease: Discuss
What are the complexities in taking the Hepatitis B vaccine while being positive?
Allergies: why do humans have them?
DNA modification: how does it work?
Explain the misconceptions about the COVID-19 vaccines.

Interesting Biology Topics

Biology doesn’t have to be boring. Different aspects of biology could be fun to explore, especially if you’ve had a flair for the study since your elementary school classes.

You can either write an essay or paper with the following interesting biology research topics:

Human emotions and conflicts with their intellectual intelligence
Emotions: Its influence on art and music and how the perception of art influences the world
The consequences of marijuana and alcohol on teenagers
Compare and contrast how alcohol affects teenagers and adults
Discuss the contributions of neuroscience to the subject of emotional pain
Explain how the brain process speech
Discuss the factors that cause autism
Explain what is meant when people say humans are animals
Why do scientists say humans are pessimists?
Factors contributing to the dopamine levels human experience
How does isolation affect the human brain?
What factors contribute to instinctive responses?
Noise pollution: how it affects living organisms
Fire ecology: The contributions of plants to fire outbreak
Explain the science behind how hot temperature, soil, and dry grass start a fire
Microbes: what do you understand by bioremediation?
Explain urban ecology and the challenges it pokes to solve
Discuss how excessive internet usage affects the human memory
Evaluate how conservation biology contributes to the extinction prevention efforts
Discuss the role of satellites and drones in understanding the natural world
Why do we need space travel and studies?
Explain the limitations of limnology studies
What are infectious-disease-causing agents all about?
Discuss what epigenetics studies encompass
Why is cancer research essential to the world?
Discuss climate change: Governments are not interested, and there is no alternative
How is behavioral science studies a core part of the understanding of the world?
Discuss the issues with genetic engineering and why it’s a challenge
Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses in the arguments for a plant-based diet
Create a survey amongst students of biology asking why they chose to study the course.

Biology Research Topics For College Students

If you find any of the above beyond your intellectual and Research capacity, here are some topics you can handle. You can use these for your essays, projects, quizzes, or competitions.

These custom yet popular biology research topics will examine famous personalities and other discourse in biology:

Effects of the human hormone on the mind
Why do men get erect even when they’re absentminded?
How does women’s arousal work?
How can melatonin be valuable for therapy?
Risky behavior: Hormones responsible for the risk
Stem and cloning: what is the latest research on the subject?
Hormones: changes in pregnancy
Why do pregnant women have an appetite for random and remote things?
The role of physical activities in hormone development
Examine the benefits and threats of transgenic crops
The fight against COVID-19: assess current successes
The fight against smallpox: assess current successes
The fight against HIV: history, trends, and present research
Discuss the future of prosthetic appliances
Examine the research and the future of mind-controlled limbs
What does cosmetic surgery mean, and why is it needed?
Analyze the meaning and process of vascular surgery
Discuss the debate around changes in genital organs for males and females in transgender bodies
How do donors and organ transplants work?
Account for the work of Dr. Malcom E Miller
Discuss the contribution of Charles Darwin to human evolution
Explain the trends in biomedicine
Discuss the functions of x-rays in botany
Assess the most efficient systems for wildlife preservation
Examine how poverty contributes to climate hazards
Discuss the process involved in plant metabolism
The transformation of energy into a living thing: discuss
Prevention for sexually transmitted disease: What are the misconceptions?
Analyze how the human body reacts to poison
Russian Poisoning: What are the lessons scientists must learn?
COVID-19: Discuss the efforts by two or three governments to prevent the spread
Discuss the contributions of Pfizer during the pandemic.

Marine Biology Research Topics

This subject explains orgasms in the sea, how they survive, and their interaction with their environment. If you have a flair for this field, the following Biology research topics may interest you:

Discuss what quantitative ecology through modeling means
Smallest diatoms and marine logistics: discuss
How is the shark studied?
Acidification of seas: Causes and consequences
Discuss the concept of the immortality of Jellyfishes
Discuss the differences between seawater and freshwater in marine study
Account for some of the oldest marine species
Discuss the evolution of the deep sea
Explain whales’ communication techniques
What does plankton ecology encompass?
The importance of coral reefs to seawater
Challenges that encompass geological oceanography
How tourism affects natural animal habitat
Discuss some instances of the domestication of wild marine animals
Coastal zone: pros and cons of living in such areas
How do sharks perceive enemies?
Analyze why some animals can live in water but can’t live on land
Explain how plants survive in the sea
Compare and contrast the different two species of animals in the water
How can marine energy be generated, stored, and used?

Molecular Biology Research Topics

Focusing on the construct of cells and analysis of their composition, it understands the alteration and maintenance of cellular processes. If you’d like to focus on molecular biology, here are 15 good biology research topics for you:

Ethical considerations in molecular genetics
Discuss the structure and component of the gene
Examine the restrictions in DNA
What are the peculiarities in modern nucleic acid analysis
What goes into the Pharmaceutical production of drugs
Evaluate the building blocks of life
Discuss the systems of RNA translation to protein
PCR: How DNA is tested and analyzed
Why is prion disease so dangerous?
Compare and contrast recessive genes vs. dominant genes
Can there be damage to the human DNA, and can it be repaired?
Constraints in the research of microarray data analysis
Protein purification: How it evolves
Objectives of nucleic acid
Explain the structure of a prion.

Biology Research Topics For High School

Your teachers and professors will be awed if you create impeccable essays for your next report. You need to secure the best grades as you move closer to graduation, and brainstorming any of these popular biology research topics will help:

Identify the most endangered species
The challenges to animal extinction
What are the things everyone should know about sea life?
Discuss the history of genetics
Explain the biological theory of Charles Darwin
How did the lockdown affect social interaction?
Why do some people refuse the vaccine?
Origin of genetics
What is animal hunting, and why is it fashionable
Explain the evolution of a virus
Role of lockdown in preventing deaths and illnesses
Invasive species: What does it mean?
Endangered animals: How do they survive in the face of their hazards?
Lockdown and their role in reducing coronavirus transmission
Vaccine distribution: Ideas for global distribution
Why can viruses become less virulent?
Discuss the evolution of the world
Explain the evolution of the planet
Explain what Elon Musk means when he says life on Mars is possible
What does herd immunity mean?
Flu: why is there a low incidence in 2020?
Relationship between archaeology and biology
Antiviral drug: What it means
Factors leading to the evolution of humans
Give instances of what natural selection means
What is considered the dead branches of evolution
Whale hunting: What it means and the present trends
Who is Stephen Jay, and what is his role in paleontology?
Origin of diseases: why must humans fall sick?
Why are humans called higher animals?

Human Biology Research Topics

Human biology understands humans and their relationship between themselves and their environment. It also studies how the body works and the impediments to health. Here are some easy biology research topics to explore on the subject:

How do gut bacteria affect the brain?
What are the ethical concerns around organ transplants?
The consequence of alcohol on the liver
The consequences of extreme salt on the human body
Why do humans need to deworm regularly?
The relationship between obesity and genetics
Genetically modified foods: Why are they needed?
How sun exposure affects human skin
Latest trends: Depression is hereditary
Influence of music on the human brain
What are the stages of lung cancer
Forensic DNA: latest trends
How visual consumptions affect how humans think
What is the process that leads to pregnancy?
Explain the role of nanotechnology in HIV research
Discuss any experiment with stem cells you know about
Explain how humans consume food
Discuss the process of metabolism as well as its criticality to human health
Explore the consistent challenges technology poses to human health
Explain the process of body decay to a skeleton.

Cell Biology Research Topics

There are many evolutionary biology research paper topics formed not by the nomenclature but for what they stand for. Cell biology is one of the most complex branches of the field.

It examines minor units and the living organisms that make them up. The focus is on the relationship between the cytoplasm, membrane, and parts of the cell. Here are some topics to explore for your scientific dissertation writing :

How does chromatin engage in the alterations of gene expression?
What are the usual cell infections, and why does the body have immunity defections?
Identify and account for the heritage of Robert Brown in his core career focus
Explain the structure of the animal cell and why It’s what it is
Identify the cells in the human body as well as their functions
Explain a scenario and justify the context of animals photosynthesizing like plants
Why do bacteria invade the body, and how do they do it?
Why are mitochondria considered the powerhouse of the cell
Use the molecular analysis tool to explain multicellular organisms
Examine how the White blood cells fight disease
What do you understand about the role of cell biology in the treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
What are the latest research methods in cell biology?
Identify the characteristics of viruses and why they threaten human existence.
Discuss the differences between DNA and RNA
What part of the body is responsible for human functionality for as long as the individual wants?

Get Biology Research Help As Soon As Possible

Creating the best essays or papers is easier now that you have custom biology research topics. However, you may still need support writing your paper beyond these topic ideas. After all, the first stage of writing like experts is brainstorming ideas and researching which is most feasible to write about.

If you truly want to wow your professor or teacher but can’t afford to dedicate all the required time, here’s an alternative. You can hire writing helpers online for quality papers at a cheap price, and we can help with that. We are a team of writers with many years of writing experience for students in Europe and North America. You can even buy thesis online with us, as well as editing services.

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150 Actual Biology Research Paper Topics

Table of contents

1 What Is Biology? What Topics Might Biologists Study?
2 How to Choose a Topic for Biology Research Paper?
3.1 15 Developmental Biology Topics For Research
3.2 15 Immune System Biology Research Topics
3.3 15 Cell Biology Research Topics
3.4 15 DNA Research Topics
3.5 15 Molecular Biology Research Topics
3.6 15 Neurobiology Research Topics
3.7 15 Abortion, Human cloning, and Genetic Researches Topics
3.8 15 Environmental and Ecology Topics for Your Research
3.9 15 Plant Pathology Biology Research Topics
3.10 15 Animals Biology Research Topics
3.11 15 Marine Biology Research Topics
3.12 15 Zoology Research Topics
3.13 15 Genetics Research Topics
3.14 15 Biotechnology Research Topics
3.15 15 Evolutionary Biology Research Topics

Biology is one of the most magnetic fields of study these days. If you want to be a biologist or scientist in the future, there is no better time to start than right now. Biology research topics covered in this article will keep you busy and interested. Writing a research paper is one of the best ways to dip your toes into the field. Before doing that, you need to know some good topics for the research paper . They should be suitable for biology students rather than cutting-edge researchers. On Papersowl.com , we provide as many biology research paper examples as possible so that you have a huge choice.

What Is Biology? What Topics Might Biologists Study?

Biology is simply the study of everything that has a form of life. It includes investigations on plants, animals, and everything found in the environment. It is about studying how life forms grow, develop, and interact with each other. Biology essay topics for research encompass all these and more.

This science uncovers many fields where various life forms are studied. It makes sense to look through these fields to help you decide which suits you the best.

Plant Biology research topics are about studying the plants around us. They disclose information about their existence as a part of the ecosystem, their life cycle, resources they can give us, their ability to preserve them from climate changes, and so on. There are many ideas to choose from, but you must focus on a specific one.

Human Biology research topics are all about us. These topics focus on different body parts, such as the human brain, the human immunological system, the nervous system, etc. In addition, you can discuss DNA modifications in humans and explain why genetic disorders occur in your research projects. Various cell research is also common today.

Biology research topics on the environment are in great demand too. For example, climate change is becoming a more significant threat every day. By studying environmental topics in biology for projects and research, we can come up with ways to combat them and preserve ecosystems.

Microbiology research topics delve into things we can’t see. There are trillions of microbes and bacteria all around us. Knowing about them is essential to understanding what makes us sick and how to fight against them. All microbiology research paper topics are pretty complicated yet very engaging to include in your paper research.

Molecular biology topics dive even deeper into the level of atoms and molecules. The various medicines and drugs we take were all created through molecular-biology research. It is one of the areas full of ideas, but there is yet to be much evidence. Science is advancing in this realm but still needs a lot of time. Topics of molecular biology will need days for research only.

Keep in mind that there are more ideas and variations of this science. We offer more examples in further sections of the article about developmental biology, marine biology, evolutionary biology, etc. Explore them and make your writing appealing and meaningful in the eyes of a professor.

How to Choose a Topic for Biology Research Paper?

When choosing a biology project topic, you must be aware of one or more fields of science. Biology research is critical to the present world. By doing research, we can learn more about genetic disorders, immune disorders, mental health, natural disease resistance, etc. Knowing about each of these could save lives in the future.

For those who may not have the time or resources to do their own research, there are research paper writing services that can provide assistance with the project. And we are always here to help you find your own topic among interesting biology research topics. Here we prepared some useful tips to follow.

Tip 1: The level of interest matters Pay attention to one that interests you, and you might have ideas on how to develop the topic. Passion is fundamental in research, after all.
Tip 2: Explore the topic Try to narrow things down a bit. If the topic is too broad, you may not be able to cover all aspects of it in one research paper. If it is too narrow, the paper could end up too short. Analyze the topic and the ways to approach it. By doing so, you can strike a balance between the two.
Tip 3: Discover the recent developments To make your research paper touchable with the present day, you must explore the latest developments in the field. You can find out what kind of research has been done recently by looking at journals. Check out research papers, topics, research articles, and other sources.
Tip 4: Ensure to get enough resources When choosing a topic, make sure it has plenty of resources available. For example, a research paper on xenobiology or cutting-edge nanobiology might sound attractive. Still, you might have difficulties getting data and resources for those unless you are a researcher at a government lab. Data, resources, complex numbers, and statistics are all invaluable to writing a paper about these topics.

That is why we have selected a range of biological topics. The topics on this list are all hopefully exciting topics for research you could write an excellent paper on. We should also add that easy biology topics to research are rare, and a writer usually needs days to prepare and start writing. Yes, biology research topics for high school students are a bit easier, but still, they need time to explore them.

On the other hand, biology research topics for college students are far more complex and detailed. Some people prefer evolutionary biology research paper topics, and we can agree with this claim. These research areas do have a lot of potential and a lot of data to support the claims. Others prefer cell biology research topics that are a bit specific and fun. Anyway, with this article’s list of easy biology research topics, you will surely find the one matching your interest.

For those who may not have the time or resources to do their own research, there are provide assistance with the project.

15 Developmental Biology Topics For Research

Exploring the processes of how cells grow and develop is exciting. The human body contains millions of cells, and it’s interesting to research their behavior under different conditions. If you feel like writing about it, you can find some interesting biology topics below.

How do stem cells form different tissues?
How are tumors formed?
Duplication of genomes
Plasticity of development
Different birth defects
Interactions between genes and the environment
Anticancer drugs mixtures
Developmental diseases: Origin
Drosophila Oogenesis
Most deadly viruses
Most deadly bacteria in the world
How do germs affect cells?
How does leukemia start?
Development of the cardiovascular system in children
How do autoimmune diseases start and affect the human body?

15 Immune System Biology Research Topics

For decades, many scientists and immunologists have studied the human immune system and tried to explain its reaction to various pathogens. This area allows you to deepen into it and reveal how a body protects itself from harmful impact. Look over the biology research questions below and find your match-up.

How does the human body’s immune system work?
The human immune system: How to strengthen it?
What makes the immunological system weaker?
The notion of auto-immune diseases and their effect on the body’s immune system
The global HIV/aids epidemic
What methods are used to prevent the spread of hives?
Living with auto-immune diseases
Genetics and the immune system: effects and consequences
How do immune disorders affect the body, and what causes them?
Are allergies signs of worrying about an immune disorder?
DNA modification in solving immune disorders
Stress as the biggest ruiner of the immunological system
Vaccines as strong supporters of the immunological system
The perception of vaccines in society
Why do some people refuse vaccines and put others around them in danger?

15 Cell Biology Research Topics

Cell study might seem challenging yet very engaging. It will be a good idea to compare various types of cells and compare them in animals and plants. Make your choice from the list of cell biology research topics below.

The structure of an animal cell
Mitochondria and its meaning in cell development
Cells classification and their functions
Red blood cells and their function in transporting oxygen
White blood cells and their responsibility to fight diseases
How are plant cells different from animal cells?
What would it be if animals had a function to photosynthesize?
Single-celled organisms: What is it, and how do they work?
What processes do cells go through in division?
Invasion of bacteria into the body
Viruses – alive or not?
Fungi: their reproduction and distribution
Cancer cells: Why are they so dangerous?
What methods are used to kill cancer cells?
The role of stem cells and their potential in a body

15 DNA Research Topics

The variety of biology research topics for college students might impress you a lot. This is a science with a large field of investigation, disclosing much scientific information to use in your project. The notion of DNA and its gist are also excellent options to write about.

The structure of the human DNA
The main components of a DNA chain
Why does DNA have a double-helix spiral structure?
The purpose of chromosomes
MRNA and its relation to DNA
Do single-celled organisms have DNA?
Do viruses have DNA?
What happens if you have too many or too few chromosomes?
Analyzing the structure of DNA using computers
Uses for the DNA of extinct organisms like mammoths and dinosaurs
Storing non-genetic information in DNA
Can you write a computer program into human DNA?
How does radiation affect DNA?
Modifying DNA to treat aids
Can we fight cancer through DNA modification?

15 Molecular Biology Research Topics

Do you prefer to research molecules’ chemical and physical composition? We gathered some molecular biology research topics to make your choice easier.

The structure and components of a gene
How do molecules move in and out of a cell?
The basic building blocks of life
How are drugs designed for humans?
How is a vaccine designed to target a specific disease?
Dominant genes vs. recessive genes
Prion disease – why is it so dangerous?
Hormones and their function in the body
Developing artificial hormones from other animals
How to carry out a western blot?
Testing and analyzing DNA using PCR
The three-dimensional structure of a molecule
What is DNA transcription, and how is it used?
The structure of a prion
What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

15 Neurobiology Research Topics

The more you dive into science, the more exciting things you find. That’s about biology. Here, you can choose biology research topics for high school and try to reveal more simply.

Nervous system: its structure and function
Neurons as unique cells playing a central role in the nervous system
What is the maximum reaction speed in a human?
Reaction speed: how to improve it?
Research on Organic Farming
What are the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease?
Why do we feel happy or sad?
Headaches in terms of Neurobiology
What are the reasons for neurobiological degeneration?
Myths and reality of Amnesia
What causes Alzheimer’s Disease, and what are the consequences of the disease?
What is the treatment for Spinal Cord Injury?
Studies on Narcolepsy and Insomnia: What are the causes?
Is there a connection between Mental Health and Neurobiology?
Emotions in terms of their reflection in the brain

15 Abortion, Human cloning, and Genetic Researches Topics

There are so many scientific researches and theories that society accepts or neglects. You can operate different notions and try to explain them, reflecting their advantages and downsides for a human being. We gathered some enticing life science research topics for high school students that might interest you.

The controversy around abortion: legal or not?
Can abortion be safe?
Human cloning – reality vs. science-fiction
The goals of cloning humans
Are human cloning and transplantation ethical?
Having a “perfect child” through gene therapy: Is it a myth?
How far has gene therapy gone in genetic research?
Advantages and disadvantages of gene therapy
How gene therapy can help beat cancer
How gene therapy can eliminate diabetes
The opportunity to edit genes by CRISPR
DNA modifications in humans to enhance our abilities – an ethical dilemma
Will expensive gene therapy widen the gap between the rich and the poor?
Cloning: the good and the Bad for a Generation
The disadvantages of cloning
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15 Environmental and Ecology Topics for Your Research

The nature around us is so enormous and includes many branches to investigate. If you are keen on the environment and how ecology affects it, the list of follow-up biology paper topics might be helpful to you.

The theory of evolution
How does natural selection work?
How do living organisms adapt to their environment?
The concept of divergent and convergent evolution
Building a sustainable environment
Development of environment-friendly cities
How to control population growth?
Why have recycling resources become so essential in the modern world?
The effect of plastic on the environment
What are the global consequences of deforestation?
What can we expect when losing biodiversity?
Ecological damage: How to prevent it?
How can GMO products affect ecology?
Cloning endangered or extinct species: Is it a good idea?
Is climate change the main reason for disrupting ecology?

15 Plant Pathology Biology Research Topics

Many factors impact human health and the quality of food products matters. These easy biology research topics will be useful if you want to describe the connection between those two concepts.

How do plants protect themselves from diseases?
How to increase the plant’s resistance to diseases?
Diseases distribution among plants
The banana pandemic
How do herbicides influence plants?
Corn blight
Can any plant diseases affect humans?
The issue of stem rust and its impact on wheat
What approaches are used to struggle against invasive plants and affected weeds?
Fertilizers: their pros and cons on plants
Plant disease genetics: its system and structure
What is the connection between ecological changes and plant diseases?
Modifications on food production because of plant diseases
How do fungal and viral diseases appear in plants?
The sweet potato virus

15 Animals Biology Research Topics

It’s hard to find someone who doesn’t like animals. If you are curious about animals scientifically, here you are with biology research paper topics in this field.

Classification of animals
Land-based life: its evolution history
Controversies about keeping animals as pets
Is it ethical to test drugs and products on animals?
Why do nature reserves against zoos?
Evidence on prehistoric aquatic animals growing giant
What species of animals are vegan?
Animals and their social behavior
Primate behavior
How intelligent can other primates be?
Are wolves and dogs intelligent?
Domesticating animals
Hibernation in animals
Why animals migrate
Should we bring back extinct animals?

15 Marine Biology Research Topics

The marine theme is engaging as it reveals so many interesting facts about life forms dwelling under the water. You can make your paper look captivating using biology topics in marine below.

How acidification affects aquatic environments
Evolution in the deep sea
What’s the meaning of camouflage mechanism in sea life?
Consequences of oil spills on marine life
Oldest marine species
How do whales communicate with each other?
How blind fish navigate
Are marine shows and aquariums ethical?
The biology and life cycle of seabirds
How jellyfish are immortal
Plankton ecology
Difference between freshwater and seawater marine life
Coral reefs: their importance and evolution
Saving and restoring coral reefs
Life in the deep-sea ocean trenches

15 Zoology Research Topics

Zoology can be an excellent choice to write about if you are close to animal studies. Look at biology topics to research and choose the one that fits your interest most.

Asian elephants and human speech patterns
Oyster genomes and adaptation
Darwin’s work in the Galápagos Islands
Asian carp: Invasive species analysis
Giant squids: Fact vs. fiction
Coyote and wolf hybrid species in the United States
Parasites and disease
Migration patterns of killer bees
The treatment of species in Melville’s Moby Dick
Biodiversity and plankton
The role of camels and the development of Africa and the Middle East
Muskellunge and adaptive creek mechanisms to small water
Ants and cooperative behavior among species
Animal communication and the origin of language
Speech in African Gray Parrots

15 Genetics Research Topics

Writing about modifications caused on the gene level is pretty challenging but very fascinating. You can select one among the biological questions for research and bring up a meaningful paper.

Genetics and its role in cancer studies
Can genetic code be confidential?
Is it possible to choose the sex of a person before birth?
Genetics as a ray of hope for children with an intellectual disability
What factors in human genetics affect behavior?
Is it somehow possible to improve human personality through genetics?
Are there any living cells in the gene?
Fighting HIV with gene mutations
Genetic mutations
How addictive substances affect genes
Genetic testing: is it necessary?
Cloning: positive or negative outcome for future generations
Pros and cons of genetic engineering
Is the world ready for the bioethics revolution?
The linkage between genetics and obesity

15 Biotechnology Research Topics

The way scientists conduct research today is magnificent. Implementing high-tech innovations in biology research brings new opportunities to study the world. What are these opportunities? Explore biotechnology research topics for college students and disclose the best options for you.

Biotechnology used in plant research
What is the contribution of biotechnology to food?
Pharmacogenetics: What is it, and how it works?
How are anti-cancer drugs produced to be effective?
Nanotechnology in DNA: How to isolate it?
Recent nanotechnology used in HIV treatment
What biotech apps are used to detect foodborne pathogens in food systems?
Genotypes research: Why are they tolerant and sensitive to heavy metal?
High-tech solutions in diagnosing cancer
Forensic DNA and its latest developments
Metabolic changes at the level of cells
Nanotechnology in improving treatments for respiratory viruses
The latest biotech discoveries
Digital evolution: bioresearch and its transformation
The concept of vaccine development

15 Evolutionary Biology Research Topics

Knowing how life forms started their existence is fundamental. And more interesting is to look through the evolution of many processes. If you find this trend of research more engaging, we outlined evolutionary biology research paper topics to diversify your choice.

Darwin’s concept’s impact on science
The evolution concept by Lamarck
Origins of the evolutionary theory
Evolution acceptance: a belief vs. a theory?
Evolutionary in microbiology
Development of robotics
Revealing differences: human brain & animal brain
Preservation of biological resources
Transformations in aging
Adaptive genetic system
Morphometrics’ history
Developmental theory and population genomics
Bacteria ecology’s evolution
Biological changes: impact and evolution
Infectious diseases and their profession

The world of science and biology is vast, making research tedious. Use our list of interesting biology research topics to choose the best issue to write your own paper.

However, it is still hard to prepare a high-quality biology research paper, even with a brilliant topic. Not all college students can do it. Do you feel like you need some help? Then buy biology paper from our professional writers! Our experts will choose the best biology experimental research topics for you and can bring up top-level papers within the shortest time. Additionally, if you need help with a statistics project related to biology, our team of experienced professionals is equipped to provide you with the utmost quality of research and analysis.

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Biology archive

Unit 1: intro to biology, unit 2: chemistry of life, unit 3: water, acids, and bases, unit 4: properties of carbon, unit 5: macromolecules, unit 6: elements of life, unit 7: energy and enzymes, unit 8: structure of a cell, unit 9: more about cells, unit 10: membranes and transport, unit 11: more about membranes, unit 12: cellular respiration, unit 13: photosynthesis, unit 14: cell signaling, unit 15: cell division, unit 16: classical and molecular genetics, unit 17: dna as the genetic material, unit 18: central dogma (dna to rna to protein), unit 19: gene regulation, unit 20: biotechnology, unit 21: more molecular biology, unit 22: developmental biology, unit 23: bacteria and archaea, unit 24: viruses, unit 25: evolution and the tree of life, unit 26: more about evolution and natural selection, unit 27: history of life on earth, unit 28: ecology, unit 29: more about ecology, unit 30: biodiversity and conservation, unit 31: behavioral biology, unit 32: principles of physiology, unit 33: human biology, unit 34: plant biology, unit 35: ap free response worked examples, unit 36: crash course: biology and ecology, unit 37: meet the biology professional.

NCERT Solutions
NCERT Class 12
NCERT 12 Biology

NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Biology

Download chapter-wise ncert solutions for class 12 biology.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology help students to learn concepts from the CBSE syllabus easily. Furthermore, Biology NCERT Solutions Class 12 is prepared by experienced faculty members and academic professionals. Therefore, students have access to more resources than other similar websites. Moreover, we emphasise understanding the conceptual basis of CBSE Biology subject so that students can comprehend it with ease.

The topics covered in the Class 12 NCERT syllabus carry significant weightage for the competitive exams. Hence, we have compiled these solutions in a manner where students will be able to understand and recall the important topics with ease.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter-wise

Chapter 1 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Chapter 2 Human Reproduction
Chapter 3 Reproductive Health
Chapter 4 Principles of Inheritance and Variation
Chapter 5 Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Chapter 6 Evolution
Chapter 7 Human Health and Diseases
Chapter 8 Microbes in Human Welfare
Chapter 9 Biotechnology Principles and Processes
Chapter 10 Biotechnology and Its Application
Chapter 11 Organisms and Populations
Chapter 12 Ecosystem
Chapter 13 Biodiversity and Conservation

The following chapters have been removed from the NCERT Class 12 Biology textbook 2023-24.

Reproduction in Organisms
Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
Environmental Issues

Access and download NCERT Class 12 Books here.

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter Details and Exercises

Chapter 1: reproduction in organisms.

The chapter Reproduction in Organisms explains how various organisms are able to procreate. Reproduction is an important biological process in which an organism gives rise to young ones similar to itself. There are two types of reproduction. When offspring is produced by a single parent with or without the involvement of gamete formation, reproduction is asexual. When two parents (opposite sex) participate in the reproductive process and involve the fusion of male and female gametes, it is called sexual reproduction. These concepts are elaborately explained with relevant diagrams and suitable examples.

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chapter 1 Reproduction in Organisms, at BYJU’S.

Reproduction in Organisms Class 12 Notes
Important Questions for Class 12 Chapter 1: Reproduction in Organism
Biology Revision Notes for Class 12 Chapter 1 Reproduction in Organism
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions for Chapter 1 Reproduction in Organisms

Chapter 2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants explains the morphology , structure and processes of sexual reproduction in angiosperms. It also elaborates on subtopics such as pre-fertilisation: Structure and Events, Double fertilisation, Post fertilisation: Structure and Events, Apomixis and Polyembryony.

Topics Covered in Class 12 CBSE Biology Chapter 2 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Flower structure; development of male and female gametophytes; pollination – types, agencies and examples; out breeding devices; pollen-pistil interaction; double fertilisation; post-fertilisation events – development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed and formation of fruit; special modes – apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed dispersal and fruit formation.

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chapter 2 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants, at BYJU’S.

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Class 12 Notes
Important Questions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 2 – Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Biology Revision Notes for Class 12 Chapter 2 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions for Chapter 2 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Chapter 3: Human Reproduction

Reproductive events in humans include the formation of gametes (gametogenesis), i.e., sperms in males and ovum in females. Humans reach sexual maturity after attaining a certain age; this is called puberty. There are remarkable differences between the reproductive events in the male and in the female. In this chapter, students will examine the male and female reproductive systems in humans. The subtopics covered in this chapter are the male reproductive system, the female reproductive system, gametogenesis, the menstrual cycle, fertilisation and implantation, pregnancy and embryonic development, parturition and lactation.

Topics Covered in Class 12 CBSE Biology Chapter 3 Human Reproduction

Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis – spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation, embryo development up to blastocyst formation, implantation; pregnancy and placenta formation (elementary idea); parturition (elementary idea); lactation (elementary idea).

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chapter 3 Human Reproduction, at BYJU’S.

Human Reproduction Class 12 Notes
Important Questions for Class 12 Chapter 3: Human Reproduction
Biology Revision Notes for Class 12 Chapter 3 Human Reproduction
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions for Chapter 3 Human Reproduction

Chapter 4: Reproductive Health

In the previous chapter, students have learnt about the human reproductive system and its functions. This chapter discusses a closely related topic – reproductive health. The term refers to healthy reproductive organs with normal functions. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), reproductive health means total well-being in all the aspects of reproduction, i.e., physical, emotional, behavioural and social. It covers subtopics such as Reproductive health – Problems and Strategies , Population Explosion and Birth Control, Medical Termination of Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, and Infertility.

Topics Covered in Class 12 CBSE Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs); birth control – need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis; infertility and assisted reproductive technologies – IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness).

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chapter 4 Reproductive Health, at BYJU’S.

Reproductive Health Class 12 Notes
Important Questions for Class 12 Chapter 4: Reproductive Health
Revision Notes for Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions for Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Chapter 5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation

Genetics is a branch of Biology that deals with inheritance, as well as the variation of characters from parents to offspring. Inheritance is the process by which the characters are passed on from parent to progeny; it is the basis of heredity. Variation is the degree by which progeny differ from their parents. The chapter covers subtopics such as Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance , Inheritance of One Gene, Inheritance of Two Genes, Sex Determination, Mutation, and Genetic Disorders.

Topics Covered in Class 12 CBSE Biology Chapter 5 Principles of Inheritance and Variation

Heredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance; deviations from Mendelism – incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy; elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; chromosome theory of inheritance; chromosomes and genes; Sex determination – in humans, birds and honey bee; linkage and crossing over; sex-linked inheritance – haemophilia, colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans – thalassemia; chromosomal disorders in humans; Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes.

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chapter 5 Principles of Inheritance and Variation, at BYJU’S.

Principles of Inheritance and Variation Class 12 Notes
Important Questions for Class 12 Chapter 5 Principles of Inheritance and Variations
Revision Notes for Class 12 Biology Chapter 5 Principles Of Inheritance and Variation
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions for Chapter 5 Principles of Inheritance and Variation

Chapter 6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance

In the previous chapter, students have learnt the inheritance patterns and the genetic basis of such patterns. At the time of Mendel, the nature of those ‘factors’ regulating the pattern of inheritance was not clear. Over the next hundred years, the nature of the putative genetic material was investigated, culminating in the realisation that DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid – is the genetic material, at least for the majority of organisms. In Class XI, they have learnt that nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides. It also includes subtopics such as DNA, the Search for Genetic Material, RNA World , Replication, Transcription, Genetic Code, Translation, Regulation of Gene Expression, Human Genome Project and DNA Fingerprinting.

Topics Covered in Class 12 CBSE Biology Chapter 6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central Dogma; transcription, genetic code, translation; gene expression and regulation – lac operon; Genome, Human and rice genome projects; DNA fingerprinting.

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chapter 6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance, at BYJU’S.

Important Questions for Class 12 Chapter 6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Molecular Basis of Inheritance Class 12 Notes
Revision Notes for Class 12 Biology Chapter 6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions for Chapter 6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Chapter 7: Evolution

Evolutionary Biology is the study of the history of life forms on earth. It covers subtopics such as Origin of Life , Evolution of Life Forms – A Theory, What Are the Evidences for Evolution? What is Adaptive Radiation? Biological Evolution, Mechanism of Evolution, Hardy – Weinberg Principle, A Brief Account of Evolution, Origin and Evolution of Man related to Evolution, which is important for students to study.

Topics Covered in Class 12 CBSE Biology Chapter 7 Evolution

Origin of life; biological evolution and evidence for biological evolution (palaeontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence); Darwin’s contribution, modern synthetic theory of evolution; mechanism of evolution – variation (mutation and recombination) and natural selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy – Weinberg’s principle; adaptive radiation; human evolution.

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chapter 7 Evolution, at BYJU’S.

Evolution Class 12 Notes
Revision Notes for Class 12 Biology Chapter 7 Evolution
Important Questions for Class 12 Chapter 7: Evolution
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions for Chapter 7 Evolution

Chapter 8: Human Health and Diseases

Health, for a long time, was considered a state of body and mind where there was a balance of certain humour. Health is affected by – (i) genetic disorders – deficiencies with which a child is born and deficiencies/defects which the child inherits from parents from birth; (ii) infections and (iii) lifestyle, including food and water we take, rest and exercise we give to our bodies, habits that we have or lack, etc. The chapter also includes subtopics such as Common Diseases in Humans, Immunity, AIDS, Cancer, Drugs and Alcohol Abuse.

Topics Covered in Class 12 CBSE Biology Chapter 8 Human Health and Diseases

Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (malaria, dengue, chikungunya, filariasis, ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm) and their control; Basic concepts of immunology – vaccines; cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence – drug and alcohol abuse.

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chapter 8 Human Health and Diseases, at BYJU’S.

Human Health and Disease Class 12 Notes
Important Questions for Class 12 Chapter 8: Human Health and Diseases
Revision Notes for Class 12 Biology Chapter 8 Human Health and Disease
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions for Chapter 8 Human Health and Diseases

Chapter 9: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

With the ever-increasing population of the world, the enhancement of food production is a major necessity. Biological principles, as applied to animal husbandry and plant breeding, have a major role in our efforts to increase food production. Several new techniques, like embryo transfer technology and tissue culture techniques, are going to play a pivotal role in further enhancing food production. Subtopics that are explained in this chapter are Animal Husbandry, Plant Breeding, Single Cell Proteins and Tissue Culture.

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chapter 9 Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production, at BYJU’S.

CBSE Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Notes
Important Questions for Class 12 Chapter 9: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
Revision Notes for Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions for Chapter 9 Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

Chapter 10: Microbes in Human Welfare

Besides macroscopic plants and animals, microbes are the major components of biological systems on this earth. Students have studied the diversity of living organisms in Class XI. Microbes are diverse-protozoa, bacteria, fungi and microscopic animal and plant viruses, viroids and also prions that are proteinaceous infectious agents. Microbes like bacteria and many fungi can be grown on nutritive media to form colonies that can be seen with the naked eyes. Such cultures are useful in studies on micro-organisms. A few of the subtopics are Microbes in Household Products, Microbes in Industrial Products, Microbes in Sewage Treatment, Microbes in the Production of Biogas, Microbes as Biocontrol Agents and Microbes as Biofertilisers.

Topics Covered in Class 12 CBSE Biology Chapter 10 Microbes in Human Welfare

Microbes in food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and microbes as bio-control agents and bio-fertilisers. Antibiotics; production and judicious use.

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chapter 10 Microbes in Human Welfare, at BYJU’S.

Microbes in Human Welfare Class 12 Notes
Important Questions for Class 12 Chapter 10: Microbes in Human Welfare
Revision Notes for Class 12 Biology Chapter 10 Microbes in Human Welfare
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions for Chapter 10 Microbes in Human Welfare

Chapter 11: Biotechnology Principles and Processes

Biotechnology deals with the technique of using live organisms or enzymes from organisms to produce products and processes useful to humans. The European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB) has given a definition of biotechnology that encompasses traditional views and modern molecular biotechnology. The definition given by EFB is as follows: ‘The integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular analogues for products and services.’ Some of the subtopics mentioned in the chapter are Principles of Biotechnology, Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology and Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology .

Topics Covered in Class 12 CBSE Biology Chapter 11 Biotechnology Principles and Processes

Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology).

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chapter 11 Biotechnology Principles and Processes, at BYJU’S.

Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Class 12 Notes
Important Questions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 11 – Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
Revision Notes for Class 12 Biology Chapter 11 Biotechnology Principles and Processes
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions for Chapter 11 Biotechnology Principles and Processes

Chapter 12: Biotechnology and Its Application

Biotechnology, as students would have learnt from the previous chapter, deals with the industrial-scale production of biopharmaceuticals and biologicals using genetically modified microbes, fungi, plants and animals. The applications of biotechnology include therapeutics, diagnostics, genetically modified crops for agriculture, processed food, bioremediation, waste treatment and energy production. The chapter also includes topics such as Biotechnological Applications in Agriculture, Biotechnological Applications in Medicine , Transgenic Animals and Ethical Issues.

Topics Covered in Class 12 CBSE Biology Chapter 12 Biotechnology: and its Application

Application of biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, stem cell technology, gene therapy; genetically modified organisms – Bt crops; transgenic animals; biosafety issues, biopiracy and patents.

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chapter 12 Biotechnology and Its Application, at BYJU’S.

Biotechnology and Its Applications Class 12 Notes
Important Questions for Chapter 12: Biotechnology and Its Application
Revision Notes for Class 12 Biology Chapter 12 Biotechnology and Its Applications
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions for Chapter 12 Biotechnology and Its Applications

Chapter 13: Organisms and Populations

Students have already learnt in the previous classes that Ecology is a subject which studies the interactions among organisms and between the organism and its physical (abiotic) environment. Ecology deals with four levels of biological organisation – organisms, populations, communities and biomes. In this chapter, we explore Ecology at organismic and population levels. It also includes subtopics such as Organisms and Its Environment and Populations.

Topics Covered in Class 12 CBSE Biology Chapter 13 Organisms and Populations

Population interactions – mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; population attributes – growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution. (Topics excluded: Organism and its Environment, Major Abiotic Factors, Responses to Abiotic Factors, Adaptations)

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Organisms and Populations Class 12 Notes
Important Class 12 Biology Questions for Chapter 13: Organisms and Populations
Revision Notes for Class 12 Biology Chapter 13 Organisms and Populations
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions for Chapter 13 Organisms and Populations

Chapter 14: Ecosystem

An ecosystem can be visualised as a functional unit of nature, where living organisms interact among themselves and also with the surrounding physical environment. In this chapter, we will first look at the structure of the ecosystem in order to appreciate the input (productivity), transfer of energy (food chain/web, nutrient cycling) and output (degradation and energy loss). We will also look at the relationships – cycles, chains, webs – that are created as a result of these energy flows within the system and their inter-relationship. Besides, it includes subtopics such as Ecosystem – Structure and Function, Productivity, Decomposition, Energy Flow, Ecological Pyramids, Ecological Succession, Nutrient Cycling and Ecosystem Services.

Topics Covered in Class 12 CBSE Biology Chapter 14 Ecosystem

Ecosystems: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of number, biomass, energy (Topics excluded: Ecological Succession and Nutrient Cycles)

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chapter 14 Ecosystem, at BYJU’S.

Ecosystem Class 12 Notes
Revision Notes for Class 12 Biology Chapter 14 Ecosystem
Important Questions for Class 12 Chapter 14: Ecosystem
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions for Chapter 14 Ecosystem

Chapter 15: Biodiversity and Conservation

Biodiversity and Conservations consist of topics like Genetic diversity, Species diversity, Ecological diversity, Different types of Species, Patterns of Diversity, Loss of Biodiversity, Biodiversity Conservation, etc. Biodiversity conservation may be in situ as well as ex situ. In in situ conservation, the endangered species are protected in their natural habitat so that the entire ecosystem is protected. Ex situ conservation methods include protective maintenance of threatened species in zoological parks and botanical gardens, in vitro fertilisation, tissue culture propagation and cryopreservation of gametes.

Topics Covered in Class 12 CBSE Biology Chapter 15 Biodiversity and Conservation

Biodiversity – Concept, patterns, importance; loss of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation; hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, Sacred Groves, biosphere reserves, national parks, wildlife, sanctuaries and Ramsar sites.

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chapter 15 Biodiversity and Conservation, at BYJU’S.

CBSE Class 12 Biology Chapter 15 Biodiversity and Conservation Notes
Important Questions for Class 12 Chapter 15: Biodiversity and Conservation
Revision Notes for Class 12 Biology Chapter 15 Biodiversity and Conservation
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions for Chapter 15 Biodiversity and Conservation

Chapter 16: Environmental Issues

The human population size has grown enormously over the last hundred years. This means an increase in demand for food, water, home, electricity, roads, automobiles and numerous other commodities. Pollution is any undesirable change in physical, chemical or biological characteristics of air, land, water or soil. The agents that bring about such an undesirable change are called pollutants. The other subtopics students will study in this chapter are Air Pollution and Its Control , Water Pollution and Its Control, Solid Wastes, Agrochemicals and Their Effects, Radioactive Wastes, Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming, Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere, Degradation by Improper Resource Utilisation and Maintenance, and Deforestation.

Several important concepts, such as reproduction, inheritance, evolution, food production, biotechnology, ecosystem, biodiversity, are explained in-depth. The concepts have also been updated as per the latest syllabus prescribed by the CBSE board.

Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chapter 16 Environmental Issues, at BYJU’S.

Environmental Issues Class 12 Notes
Important Questions for Class 12 Chapter 16: Environmental Issues
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Biology Solutions for Chapter 16 Environmental Issues

At BYJU’S, we craft solutions and other study materials by understanding their importance and implications on academic excellence. Hence, we have designed Class 12 NCERT Solutions , learning resources aimed to help students study and achieve results.

CBSE Marking Scheme 2023-24

Students will be facing the board exams twice in their lifetime. One is Class 10, and the other one is Class 12. The score obtained in Class 10 helps students to understand the subject in which they are strong, and the marks scored in Class 12 help students plan their future. Keeping this in mind, the CBSE board has equally divided the entire syllabus to help students learn all the concepts easily. Going through the course structure updated by the CBSE board, students will be able to understand the chapters which are of more marks and work on them accordingly.


VI	Reproduction: Chapters – 2, 3 and 4	16
VII	Genetics and Evolution: Chapters – 5, 6 and 7	20
VIII	Biology and Human Welfare: Chapters – 8,9 and 10	12
IX	Biotechnology and its Applications: Chapters – 11 and 12	12
X	Ecology and Environment: Chapters – 13, 14 and 15	10
		100

Class 12 Biology NCERT Solutions

Biology NCERT Solutions for Class 12 are more effective than any other educational resource. We provide elaborate explanations, detailed solutions, descriptive diagrams and more. Further, we provide accurate and updated answers to all the exercise questions given in NCERT textbooks.

Downloadable files of eBooks, notes, and PDFs are also available to let students study at their convenience.

Benefits of Biology NCERT Solutions Class 12

Researched and written by experienced teachers
New Value-based Questions with solutions in each chapter
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Content formulated as per the CBSE curriculum
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Detailed Analysis of NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology

NCERT Textbooks are well known for their simplicity and straightforward description of concepts. These textbooks are ideal for students of CBSE Class 12 . It comprises questions that test their conceptual understanding.

The Biology NCERT Solutions Class 12 features all the necessary information with basic concepts to help the students in preparation for medical entrance exams, like NEET.

Important Topics under NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology

Principles of Inheritance and Variations
Reproduction in organisms
Microbes in Human Welfare
Biotechnology

Class 12 NCERT Biology Solutions Practice Questions

Q1. What is the asexual reproductive structure in Sponge?

Q2. True or false: Independent assortment can be seen in a monohybrid cross.

Q3. Write one difference each between the Oestrus cycle and the Menstrual cycle.

Q4. Elaborate on the following.

Q5. How are microspores in angiosperms developed?

Q6. Name the hormones produced by women during pregnancy.

Q7. Write one difference between codominance and incomplete dominance.

Q8. Who rediscovered Mendel’s laws?

Q9. YyRr is crossed with a wrinkled pea plant. Explain the result with the diagram.

Q10. Define mutagen. Give one example.

Q11. Define MTP.

Q12. What is menarche?

Q13. Draw a labelled diagram of the seminiferous tubule.

Q14. Which part of the fallopian tube is closest to the ovary?

Q15. Draw an anatropous ovule and label any six parts.

Q16. What happens to Synergids after fertilisation?

Q17. What is the significant difference between autogamy, xenogamy, and geitonogamy?

Q18. What are the gamete mother cells called in diploid organisms?

Q19. Explain the process of cross-pollination in plants.

Discover more questions, concepts and topics in CBSE Biology at BYJU’S. Also, explore NCERT solutions for Maths, Physics, and Chemistry by registering at BYJU’S.

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Important Questions for Class 12 Biology Chapter Wise Pdf Download | Biology Class 12 Important Questions

CBSE Important Questions for Class 12 Biology Chapter Wise State Board Pdf free download was designed by expert teachers from the latest edition of NCERT books to get good marks in board exams. Here we have given NCERT Class 12 Biology Important Questions, Important Questions of Biology Class 12.

CBSE Class 12 Biology Important Questions | 12th Biology Important Questions

12th Biology Important Questions With Answers Pdf | Imp Questions of Biology Class 12

Reproduction in Organisms Class 12 Important Questions
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Class 12 Important Questions
Human Reproduction Class 12 Important Questions
Reproductive Health Class 12 Important Questions
Principles of Inheritance and Variation Class 12 Important Questions
Molecular Basis of Inheritance Class 12 Important Questions
Evolution Class 12 Important Questions
Human Health and Disease Class 12 Important Questions
Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Class 12 Important Questions
Microbes in Human Welfare Class 12 Important Questions
Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Class 12 Important Questions
Biotechnology and its Applications Class 12 Important Questions
Organisms and Populations Class 12 Important Questions
Ecosystem Class 12 Important Questions
Biodiversity and Conservation Class 12 Important Questions
Environmental Issues Class 12 Important Questions

Important Questions of Biology Class 12 Topic Wise

1. Reproduction in Organisms

Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction

2. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Flower and its Parts
Pollination
Post-Fertilisation : Structures and Events

3. Human Reproduction

Reproductive Systems
Gametogenesis
Fertilisation, Pregnancy and Embryonic Development

4. Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health Problems and Strategies
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) and Infertility

5. Molecular Basis of Inheritance

The DNA and RNA World
Genetic Code, Human Genome Project and DNA Fingerprinting

6. Evolution

The Origin of Life and Evidences of Evolution
Biological Evolution, Its Mechanism and Evolution of Man

7. Human Health and Disease

Health, Common Diseases in Human and Immunity
Adolescence and Drug/Alcohol Abuse

8. Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

Animal Husbandry
Plant Breeding

9. Microbes in Human Welfare

Microbes in Household Products, Industrial Products and in Sewage Treatment
Microbes in Production of Biogas as Biocontrol Agents and Biofertilisers

10. Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

Principles of Biotechnology and Tools of Recombination DNA Technology
Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology

11. Biotechnology and Its Applications

Biotechnological Applications in Agriculture and Medicine
Transgenic Animals and Ethical Issues

12. Organisms and Populations

Organisms and Its Environment

13. Ecosystem

Ecosystem-Structure and Function, Productivity and Decomposition
Energy Flow and Ecological Succession
Nutrient Cycling and Ecosystem Services

14. Biodiversity and Conservation

Biodiversity
Conservation of Biodiversity

15. Environmental Issues

Pollution, Solid and Radioactive Wastes
Greenhouse Effect, Ozone Depletion and Deforestation

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72% of U.S. high school teachers say cellphone distraction is a major problem in the classroom

Two teenage girls take a break from their schoolwork to play with a smart phone.

New York Gov. Kathy Hochul recently announced that she will introduce legislation to ban smartphones in schools during her state’s 2025 legislative session. She cited the impact that social media and technology can have on youth, including leaving them “cut off from human connection, social interaction and normal classroom activity.”

Hochul’s legislative push comes as K-12 teachers in the United States face challenges around students’ cellphone use, according to a Pew Research Center survey conducted in fall 2023. One-third of public K-12 teachers say students being distracted by cellphones is a major problem in their classroom, and another 20% say it’s a minor problem.

Following news that New York Gov. Kathy Hochul is seeking to ban smartphones in schools, Pew Research Center published this analysis to examine how K-12 teachers and teens in the United States feel about cellphones, including the use of cellphones at school.

This analysis is based on two recent Center surveys, one of public K-12 teachers in the U.S. and the other of U.S. teens ages 13 to 17. More information about these surveys, including their field dates, sample sizes and other methodological details, is available at the links in the text.

A bar chart showing that high school teachers most likely to say cellphone distraction is a major problem.

High school teachers are especially likely to see cellphones as problematic. About seven-in-ten (72%) say that students being distracted by cellphones is a major problem in their classroom, compared with 33% of middle school teachers and 6% of elementary school teachers.

Many schools and districts have tried to address this challenge by implementing cellphone policies , such as requiring students to turn off their phones during class or give them to administrators during the school day.

Overall, 82% of K-12 teachers in the U.S. say their school or district has a cellphone policy of some kind. Middle school teachers (94%) are especially likely to say this, followed by elementary (84%) and high school (71%) teachers.

A diverging bar chart showing that most high school teachers say cellphone policies are hard to enforce.

However, 30% of teachers whose schools or districts have cellphone policies say they are very or somewhat difficult to enforce. High school teachers are more likely than their peers to report that enforcing these policies is difficult. Six-in-ten high school teachers in places with a cellphone policy say this, compared with 30% of middle school teachers and 12% of elementary school teachers.

Our survey asked teachers about cellphones in general, whereas Hochul’s plan would apply only to smartphones. Even so, nearly all U.S. teenagers ages 13 to 17 – 95% – say they have access to a smartphone , according to a separate Center survey from 2023.

Even as some policymakers and teachers see downsides to smartphones, teens tend to view the devices as a more positive than negative thing in their lives overall.

A diverging bar chart showing that most teens say the benefits of smartphones outweigh the harms for people their age.

Seven-in-ten teens ages 13 to 17 say there are generally more benefits than harms to people their age using smartphones , while three-in-ten say the opposite. And 45% of teens say smartphones make it easier for people their age to do well in school, compared with 23% who say they make it harder. Another 30% say smartphones don’t affect teens’ success in school.

Smartphones

Jenn Hatfield is a writer/editor at Pew Research Center .

U.S. public, private and charter schools in 5 charts

A quarter of u.s. teachers say ai tools do more harm than good in k-12 education, most americans think u.s. k-12 stem education isn’t above average, but test results paint a mixed picture, about 1 in 4 u.s. teachers say their school went into a gun-related lockdown in the last school year, about half of americans say public k-12 education is going in the wrong direction, most popular.

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ABOUT PEW RESEARCH CENTER Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts .

McKinsey Technology Trends Outlook 2023

After a tumultuous 2022 for technology investment and talent, the first half of 2023 has seen a resurgence of enthusiasm about technology’s potential to catalyze progress in business and society. Generative AI deserves much of the credit for ushering in this revival, but it stands as just one of many advances on the horizon that could drive sustainable, inclusive growth and solve complex global challenges.

To help executives track the latest developments, the McKinsey Technology Council has once again identified and interpreted the most significant technology trends unfolding today. While many trends are in the early stages of adoption and scale, executives can use this research to plan ahead by developing an understanding of potential use cases and pinpointing the critical skills needed as they hire or upskill talent to bring these opportunities to fruition.

Our analysis examines quantitative measures of interest, innovation, and investment to gauge the momentum of each trend. Recognizing the long-term nature and interdependence of these trends, we also delve into underlying technologies, uncertainties, and questions surrounding each trend. This year, we added an important new dimension for analysis—talent. We provide data on talent supply-and-demand dynamics for the roles of most relevance to each trend. (For more, please see the sidebar, “Research methodology.”)

New and notable

All of last year’s 14 trends remain on our list, though some experienced accelerating momentum and investment, while others saw a downshift. One new trend, generative AI, made a loud entrance and has already shown potential for transformative business impact.

Research methodology

To assess the development of each technology trend, our team collected data on five tangible measures of activity: search engine queries, news publications, patents, research publications, and investment. For each measure, we used a defined set of data sources to find occurrences of keywords associated with each of the 15 trends, screened those occurrences for valid mentions of activity, and indexed the resulting numbers of mentions on a 0–1 scoring scale that is relative to the trends studied. The innovation score combines the patents and research scores; the interest score combines the news and search scores. (While we recognize that an interest score can be inflated by deliberate efforts to stimulate news and search activity, we believe that each score fairly reflects the extent of discussion and debate about a given trend.) Investment measures the flows of funding from the capital markets into companies linked with the trend. Data sources for the scores include the following:

Patents. Data on patent filings are sourced from Google Patents.
Research. Data on research publications are sourced from the Lens (www.lens.org).
News. Data on news publications are sourced from Factiva.
Searches. Data on search engine queries are sourced from Google Trends.
Investment. Data on private-market and public-market capital raises are sourced from PitchBook.
Talent demand. Number of job postings is sourced from McKinsey’s proprietary Organizational Data Platform, which stores licensed, de-identified data on professional profiles and job postings. Data is drawn primarily from English-speaking countries.

In addition, we updated the selection and definition of trends from last year’s study to reflect the evolution of technology trends:

The generative-AI trend was added since last year’s study.
We adjusted the definitions of electrification and renewables (previously called future of clean energy) and climate technologies beyond electrification and renewables (previously called future of sustainable consumption).
Data sources were updated. This year, we included only closed deals in PitchBook data, which revised downward the investment numbers for 2018–22. For future of space technologies investments, we used research from McKinsey’s Aerospace & Defense Practice.

This new entrant represents the next frontier of AI. Building upon existing technologies such as applied AI and industrializing machine learning, generative AI has high potential and applicability across most industries. Interest in the topic (as gauged by news and internet searches) increased threefold from 2021 to 2022. As we recently wrote, generative AI and other foundational models change the AI game by taking assistive technology to a new level, reducing application development time, and bringing powerful capabilities to nontechnical users. Generative AI is poised to add as much as $4.4 trillion in economic value from a combination of specific use cases and more diffuse uses—such as assisting with email drafts—that increase productivity. Still, while generative AI can unlock significant value, firms should not underestimate the economic significance and the growth potential that underlying AI technologies and industrializing machine learning can bring to various industries.

Investment in most tech trends tightened year over year, but the potential for future growth remains high, as further indicated by the recent rebound in tech valuations. Indeed, absolute investments remained strong in 2022, at more than $1 trillion combined, indicating great faith in the value potential of these trends. Trust architectures and digital identity grew the most out of last year’s 14 trends, increasing by nearly 50 percent as security, privacy, and resilience become increasingly critical across industries. Investment in other trends—such as applied AI, advanced connectivity, and cloud and edge computing—declined, but that is likely due, at least in part, to their maturity. More mature technologies can be more sensitive to short-term budget dynamics than more nascent technologies with longer investment time horizons, such as climate and mobility technologies. Also, as some technologies become more profitable, they can often scale further with lower marginal investment. Given that these technologies have applications in most industries, we have little doubt that mainstream adoption will continue to grow.

Organizations shouldn’t focus too heavily on the trends that are garnering the most attention. By focusing on only the most hyped trends, they may miss out on the significant value potential of other technologies and hinder the chance for purposeful capability building. Instead, companies seeking longer-term growth should focus on a portfolio-oriented investment across the tech trends most important to their business. Technologies such as cloud and edge computing and the future of bioengineering have shown steady increases in innovation and continue to have expanded use cases across industries. In fact, more than 400 edge use cases across various industries have been identified, and edge computing is projected to win double-digit growth globally over the next five years. Additionally, nascent technologies, such as quantum, continue to evolve and show significant potential for value creation. Our updated analysis for 2023 shows that the four industries likely to see the earliest economic impact from quantum computing—automotive, chemicals, financial services, and life sciences—stand to potentially gain up to $1.3 trillion in value by 2035. By carefully assessing the evolving landscape and considering a balanced approach, businesses can capitalize on both established and emerging technologies to propel innovation and achieve sustainable growth.

Tech talent dynamics

We can’t overstate the importance of talent as a key source in developing a competitive edge. A lack of talent is a top issue constraining growth. There’s a wide gap between the demand for people with the skills needed to capture value from the tech trends and available talent: our survey of 3.5 million job postings in these tech trends found that many of the skills in greatest demand have less than half as many qualified practitioners per posting as the global average. Companies should be on top of the talent market, ready to respond to notable shifts and to deliver a strong value proposition to the technologists they hope to hire and retain. For instance, recent layoffs in the tech sector may present a silver lining for other industries that have struggled to win the attention of attractive candidates and retain senior tech talent. In addition, some of these technologies will accelerate the pace of workforce transformation. In the coming decade, 20 to 30 percent of the time that workers spend on the job could be transformed by automation technologies, leading to significant shifts in the skills required to be successful. And companies should continue to look at how they can adjust roles or upskill individuals to meet their tailored job requirements. Job postings in fields related to tech trends grew at a very healthy 15 percent between 2021 and 2022, even though global job postings overall decreased by 13 percent. Applied AI and next-generation software development together posted nearly one million jobs between 2018 and 2022. Next-generation software development saw the most significant growth in number of jobs (exhibit).

Job posting for fields related to tech trends grew by 400,000 between 2021 and 2022, with generative AI growing the fastest.

Image description:

Small multiples of 15 slope charts show the number of job postings in different fields related to tech trends from 2021 to 2022. Overall growth of all fields combined was about 400,000 jobs, with applied AI having the most job postings in 2022 and experiencing a 6% increase from 2021. Next-generation software development had the second-highest number of job postings in 2022 and had 29% growth from 2021. Other categories shown, from most job postings to least in 2022, are as follows: cloud and edge computing, trust architecture and digital identity, future of mobility, electrification and renewables, climate tech beyond electrification and renewables, advanced connectivity, immersive-reality technologies, industrializing machine learning, Web3, future of bioengineering, future of space technologies, generative AI, and quantum technologies.

End of image description.

This bright outlook for practitioners in most fields highlights the challenge facing employers who are struggling to find enough talent to keep up with their demands. The shortage of qualified talent has been a persistent limiting factor in the growth of many high-tech fields, including AI, quantum technologies, space technologies, and electrification and renewables. The talent crunch is particularly pronounced for trends such as cloud computing and industrializing machine learning, which are required across most industries. It’s also a major challenge in areas that employ highly specialized professionals, such as the future of mobility and quantum computing (see interactive).

Michael Chui is a McKinsey Global Institute partner in McKinsey’s Bay Area office, where Mena Issler is an associate partner, Roger Roberts is a partner, and Lareina Yee is a senior partner.

The authors wish to thank the following McKinsey colleagues for their contributions to this research: Bharat Bahl, Soumya Banerjee, Arjita Bhan, Tanmay Bhatnagar, Jim Boehm, Andreas Breiter, Tom Brennan, Ryan Brukardt, Kevin Buehler, Zina Cole, Santiago Comella-Dorda, Brian Constantine, Daniela Cuneo, Wendy Cyffka, Chris Daehnick, Ian De Bode, Andrea Del Miglio, Jonathan DePrizio, Ivan Dyakonov, Torgyn Erland, Robin Giesbrecht, Carlo Giovine, Liz Grennan, Ferry Grijpink, Harsh Gupta, Martin Harrysson, David Harvey, Kersten Heineke, Matt Higginson, Alharith Hussin, Tore Johnston, Philipp Kampshoff, Hamza Khan, Nayur Khan, Naomi Kim, Jesse Klempner, Kelly Kochanski, Matej Macak, Stephanie Madner, Aishwarya Mohapatra, Timo Möller, Matt Mrozek, Evan Nazareth, Peter Noteboom, Anna Orthofer, Katherine Ottenbreit, Eric Parsonnet, Mark Patel, Bruce Philp, Fabian Queder, Robin Riedel, Tanya Rodchenko, Lucy Shenton, Henning Soller, Naveen Srikakulam, Shivam Srivastava, Bhargs Srivathsan, Erika Stanzl, Brooke Stokes, Malin Strandell-Jansson, Daniel Wallance, Allen Weinberg, Olivia White, Martin Wrulich, Perez Yeptho, Matija Zesko, Felix Ziegler, and Delphine Zurkiya.

They also wish to thank the external members of the McKinsey Technology Council.

This interactive was designed, developed, and edited by McKinsey Global Publishing’s Nayomi Chibana, Victor Cuevas, Richard Johnson, Stephanie Jones, Stephen Landau, LaShon Malone, Kanika Punwani, Katie Shearer, Rick Tetzeli, Sneha Vats, and Jessica Wang.

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McKinsey Technology Trends Outlook 2022

illustration two females standing in metaverse

Value creation in the metaverse

Quantum computing funding remains strong, but talent gap raises concern

China has become a scientific superpower

From plant biology to superconductor physics the country is at the cutting edge.

The 500-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) in Pingtang County, southwest China's Guizhou Province.

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I n the atrium of a research building at the Chinese Academy of Sciences ( CAS ) in Beijing is a wall of patents. Around five metres wide and two storeys high, the wall displays 192 certificates, positioned in neat rows and tastefully lit from behind. At ground level, behind a velvet rope, an array of glass jars contain the innovations that the patents protect: seeds.

CAS —the world’s largest research organisation—and institutions around China produce a huge amount of research into the biology of food crops. In the past few years Chinese scientists have discovered a gene that, when removed, boosts the length and weight of wheat grains, another that improves the ability of crops like sorghum and millet to grow in salty soils and one that can increase the yield of maize by around 10%. In autumn last year, farmers in Guizhou completed the second harvest of genetically modified giant rice that was developed by scientists at CAS .

The Chinese Communist Party ( CCP ) has made agricultural research—which it sees as key to ensuring the country’s food security —a priority for scientists. Over the past decade the quality and the quantity of crop research that China produces has grown immensely, and now the country is widely regarded as a leader in the field. According to an editor of a prestigious European plant-sciences journal, there are some months when half of the submissions can come from China.

A journey of a thousand miles

The rise of plant-science research is not unique in China. In 2019 The Economist surveyed the research landscape in the country and asked whether China could one day become a scientific superpower. Today, that question has been unequivocally answered: “yes”. Chinese scientists recently gained the edge in two closely watched measures of high-quality science, and the country’s growth in top-notch research shows no sign of slowing. The old science world order, dominated by America, Europe and Japan, is coming to an end.

One way to measure the quality of a country’s scientific research is to tally the number of high-impact papers produced each year—that is, publications that are cited most often by other scientists in their own, later work. In 2003 America produced 20 times more of these high-impact papers than China, according to data from Clarivate, a science analytics company (see chart 1). By 2013 America produced about four times the number of top papers and, in the most recent release of data, which examines papers from 2022, China had surpassed both America and the entire European Union ( EU ).

Metrics based on citations can be gamed, of course. Scientists can, and do, find ways to boost the number of times their paper is mentioned in other studies, and a recent working paper, by Qui Shumin, Claudia Steinwender and Pierre Azoulay, three economists, argues that Chinese researchers cite their compatriots far more than Western researchers do theirs. But China now leads the world on other benchmarks that are less prone to being gamed. It tops the Nature Index, created by the publisher of the same name, which counts the contributions to articles that appear in a set of prestigious journals. To be selected for publication, papers must be approved by a panel of peer reviewers who assess the study’s quality, novelty and potential for impact. When the index was first launched, in 2014, China came second, but its contribution to eligible papers was less than a third of America’s. By 2023 China had reached the top spot.

According to the Leiden Ranking of the volume of scientific research output, there are now six Chinese universities or institutions in the world top ten, and seven according to the Nature Index. They may not be household names in the West yet, but get used to hearing about Shanghai Jiao Tong, Zhejiang and Peking (Beida) Universities in the same breath as Cambridge, Harvard and ETH Zurich. “Tsinghua is now the number one science and technology university in the world,” says Simon Marginson, a professor of higher education at Oxford University. “That’s amazing. They’ve done that in a generation.”

Today China leads the world in the physical sciences, chemistry and Earth and environmental sciences, according to both the Nature Index and citation measures (see chart 2). But America and Europe still have substantial leads in both general biology and medical sciences. “Engineering is the ultimate Chinese discipline in the modern period,” says Professor Marginson, “I think that’s partly about military technology and partly because that’s what you need to develop a nation.”

Applied research is a Chinese strength. The country dominates publications on perovskite solar panels, for example, which offer the possibility of being far more efficient than conventional silicon cells at converting sunlight into electricity. Chinese chemists have developed a new way to extract hydrogen from seawater using a specialised membrane to separate out pure water, which can then be split by electrolysis. In May 2023 it was announced that the scientists, in collaboration with a state-owned Chinese energy company, had developed a pilot floating hydrogen farm off the country’s south-eastern coast.

China also now produces more patents than any other country, although many are for incremental tweaks to designs, as opposed to truly original inventions. New developments tend to spread and be adopted more slowly in China than in the West. But its strong industrial base, combined with cheap energy, means that it can quickly spin up large-scale production of physical innovations like materials. “That’s where China really has an advantage on Western countries,” says Jonathan Bean, CEO of Materials Nexus, a British firm that uses AI to discover new materials.

The country is also signalling its scientific prowess in more conspicuous ways. Earlier this month, China’s Chang’e-6 robotic spacecraft touched down in a gigantic crater on the far side of the Moon, scooped up some samples of rock, planted a Chinese flag and set off back towards Earth. If it successfully returns to Earth at the end of the month, it will be the first mission to bring back samples from this hard-to-reach side of the Moon.

First, sharpen your tools

The reshaping of Chinese science has been achieved by focusing on three areas: money, equipment and people. In real terms, China’s spending on research and development ( R & D ) has grown 16-fold since 2000. According to the most recent data from the OECD , from 2021, China still lagged behind America on overall R & D spending, dishing out $668bn, compared with $806bn for America at purchasing-power parity. But in terms of spending by universities and government institutions only, China has nudged ahead. In these places America still spends around 50% more on basic research, accounting for costs, but China is splashing the cash on applied research and experimental development (see chart 3).

Money is meticulously directed into strategic areas. In 2006 the CCP published its vision for how science should develop over the next 15 years. Blueprints for science have since been included in the CCP ’s five-year development plans. The current plan, published in 2021, aims to boost research in quantum technologies, AI , semiconductors, neuroscience, genetics and biotechnology, regenerative medicine, and exploration of “frontier areas” like deep space, deep oceans and Earth’s poles.

Creating world-class universities and government institutions has also been a part of China’s scientific development plan. Initiatives like “Project 211”, the “985 programme” and the “China Nine League” gave money to selected labs to develop their research capabilities. Universities paid staff bonuses—estimated at an average of $44,000 each, and up to a whopping $165,000—if they published in high-impact international journals.

Building the workforce has been a priority. Between 2000 and 2019, more than 6m Chinese students left the country to study abroad, according to China’s education ministry. In recent years they have flooded back, bringing their newly acquired skills and knowledge with them. Data from the OECD suggest that, since the late 2000s, more scientists have been returning to the country than leaving. China now employs more researchers than both America and the entire EU .

Many of China’s returning scientists, often referred to as “sea turtles” (a play on the Chinese homonym haigui , meaning “to return from abroad”) have been drawn home by incentives. One such programme launched in 2010, the “Youth Thousand Talents”, offered researchers under 40 one-off bonuses of up to 500,000 yuan (equivalent to roughly $150,000 at purchasing-power parity) and grants of up to 3m yuan to get labs up and running back home. And it worked. A study published in Science last year found that the scheme brought back high-calibre young researchers—they were, on average, in the most productive 15% of their peers (although the real superstar class tended to turn down offers). Within a few years, thanks to access to more resources and academic manpower, these returnees were lead scientists on 2.5 times more papers than equivalent researchers who had remained in America.

As well as pull, there has been a degree of push. Chinese scientists working abroad have been subject to increased suspicion in recent years. In 2018 America launched the China Initiative, a largely unsuccessful attempt to root out Chinese spies from industry and academia. There have also been reports of students being deported because of their association with China’s “military-civilian fusion strategy”. A recent survey of current and former Chinese students studying in America found that the share who had experienced racial abuse or discrimination was rising.

The availability of scientists in China means that, for example in quantum computing, some of the country’s academic labs are more like commercial labs in the West, in terms of scale. “They have research teams of 20, 30, even 40 people working on the same experiments, and they make really good progress,” says Christian Andersen, a quantum researcher at Delft University. In 2023 researchers working in China broke the record for the number of quantum bits, or qubits, entangled inside a quantum computer.

China has also splurged on scientific kit. In 2019, when The Economist last surveyed the state of the country’s scientific research, it already had an enviable inventory of flashy hardware including supercomputers, the world’s largest filled-aperture radio telescope and an underground dark-matter detector. The list has only grown since then. The country is now home to the world’s most sensitive ultra-high-energy cosmic-ray detector (which has recently been used to test aspects of Albert Einstein’s special theory of relativity), the world’s strongest steady-state magnetic field (which can probe the properties of materials) and soon will have one of the world’s most sensitive neutrino detectors (which will be used to work out which type of these fundamental subatomic particles has the highest mass). Europe and America have plenty of cool kit of their own, but China is rapidly adding hardware.

Individual labs in China’s top institutions are also well equipped. Niko McCarty, a journalist and former researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who was recently given a tour of synthetic biology labs in China, was struck by how, in academic institutions, “the machines are just more impressive and more expansive” than in America. At the Advanced Biofoundry at the Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, which the country hopes will be the centre of China’s answer to Silicon Valley, Mr McCarty described an “amazing building with four floors of robots”. As Chinese universities fill with state-of-the-art equipment and elite researchers, and salaries become increasingly competitive, Western institutions look less appealing to young and ambitious Chinese scientists. “Students in China don’t think about America as some “scientific Mecca” in the same way their advisers might have done,” said Mr McCarty.

Students visit Handan Artificial Intelligence Education Base during the science and technology week in Handan City, north China's Hebei Province.

Take AI , for example. In 2019 just 34% of Chinese students working in the field stayed in the country for graduate school or work. By 2022 that number was 58%, according to data from the AI talent tracker by MacroPolo, an American think-tank (in America the figure for 2022 was around 98%). China now contributes to around 40% of the world’s research papers on AI , compared with around 10% for America and 15% for the EU and Britain combined. One of the most highly cited research papers of all time, demonstrating how deep neural networks could be trained on image recognition, was written by AI researchers working in China, albeit for Microsoft, an American company. “China’s AI research is world-class,” said Zachary Arnold, an AI analyst at the Georgetown Centre for Emerging Security and Technology. “In areas like computer vision and robotics, they have a significant lead in research publications.”

Growth in the quality and quantity of Chinese science looks unlikely to stop anytime soon. Spending on science and technology research is still increasing—the government has announced a 10% increase in funding in 2024. And the country is training an enormous number of young scientists. In 2020 Chinese universities awarded 1.4m engineering degrees, seven times more than America did. China has now educated, at undergraduate level, 2.5 times more of the top-tier AI researchers than America has. And by 2025, Chinese universities are expected to produce nearly twice as many P h D graduates in science and technology as America.

To see further, ascend another floor

Although China is producing more top-tier work, it still produces a vast amount of lower-quality science too. On average, papers from China tend to have lower impact, as measured by citations, than those from America, Britain or the EU . And while the chosen few universities have advanced, mid-level universities have been left behind. China’s second-tier institutions still produce work that is of relatively poor quality compared with their equivalents in Europe or America. “While China has fantastic quality at the top level, it’s on a weak base,” explains Caroline Wagner, professor of science policy at Ohio State University.

When it comes to basic, curiosity-driven research (rather than applied) China is still playing catch-up—the country publishes far fewer papers than America in the two most prestigious science journals, Nature and Science . This may partly explain why China seems to punch below its weight in the discovery of completely new technologies. Basic research is particularly scant within Chinese companies, creating a gap between the scientists making discoveries and the industries that could end up using them. “For more original innovation, that might be a minus,” says Xu Xixiang, chief scientist at LONG i Green Energy Technology, a Chinese solar company.

Incentives to publish papers have created a market for fake scientific publications. A study published earlier this year in the journal Research Ethics , featured anonymous interviews from Chinese academics, one of whom said he had “no choice but to commit [research] misconduct”, to keep up with pressures to publish and retain his job. “Citation cartels” have emerged, where groups of researchers band together to write low-quality papers that cite each other’s work in an effort to drive up their metrics. In 2020 China’s science agencies announced that such cash-for-publication schemes should end and, in 2021, the country announced a nationwide review of research misconduct. That has led to improvements—the rate at which Chinese researchers cite themselves, for example, is falling, according to research published in 2023. And China’s middle-ranking universities are slowly catching up with their Western equivalents, too.

The areas where America and Europe still hold the lead are, therefore, unlikely to be safe for long. Biological and health sciences rely more heavily on deep subject-specific knowledge and have historically been harder for China to “bring back and accelerate”, says Tim Dafforn, a professor of biotechnology at University of Birmingham and former adviser to Britain’s department for business. But China’s profile is growing in these fields. Although America currently produces roughly four times more highly influential papers in clinical medicine, in many areas China is producing the most papers that cite this core research, a sign of developing interest that presages future expansion. “On the biology side, China is growing remarkably quickly,” says Jonathan Adams, chief scientist at the Institute for Scientific Information at Clarivate. “Its ability to switch focus into a new area is quite remarkable.”

The rise of Chinese science is a double-edged sword for Western governments. China’s science system is inextricably linked with its state and armed forces—many Chinese universities have labs explicitly working on defence and several have been accused of engaging in espionage or cyber-attacks. China has also been accused of intellectual-property theft and increasingly stringent regulations have made it more difficult for international collaborators to take data out of the country; notoriously, in 2019, the country cut off access to American-funded work on coronaviruses at the Wuhan Institute of Virology. There are also cases of Chinese researchers failing to adhere to the ethical standards expected by Western scientists.

Despite the concerns, Chinese collaborations are common for Western researchers. Roughly a third of papers on telecommunications by American authors involve Chinese collaborators. In imaging science, remote sensing, applied chemistry and geological engineering, the figures are between 25% and 30%. In Europe the numbers are lower, around 10%, but still significant. These partnerships are beneficial for both countries. China tends to collaborate more in areas where it is already strong like materials and physics. A preprint study, released last year, found that for AI research, having a co-author from America or China was equally beneficial to authors from the other country, conferring on average 75% more citations.

Several notable successes have come from working together, too. During the covid-19 pandemic a joint venture between Oxford University’s Engineering Department and the Oxford Suzhou Centre for Advanced Research developed a rapid covid test that was used across British airports. In 2015 researchers at University of Cardiff and South China Agricultural University identified a gene that made bacteria resistant to the antibiotic colistin. Following this, China, the biggest consumer of the drug, banned its use in animal feed, and levels of colistin resistance in both animals and humans declined.

In America and Europe, political pressure is limiting collaborations with China. In March, America’s Science and Technology Agreement with China, which states that scientists from both countries can collaborate on topics of mutual benefit, was quietly renewed for a further six months. Although Beijing appears keen to renew the 45-year-old agreement, many Republicans fear that collaboration with China is helping the country achieve its national-security goals. In Europe, with the exception of environmental and climate projects, Chinese universities have been effectively barred from accessing funding through the Horizon programme, a huge European research initiative.

There are also concerns among scientists that China is turning inwards. The country has explicit aims to become self-reliant in many areas of science and technology and also shift away from international publications as a way of measuring research output. Many researchers cannot talk to the press—finding sources in China for this story was challenging. One Chinese plant scientist, who asked to remain anonymous, said that she had to seek permission a year in advance to attend overseas conferences. “It’s contradictory—on the one hand, they set restrictions so that scientists don’t have freedoms like being able to go abroad to communicate with their colleagues. But on the other hand, they don’t want China to fall behind.”

Live until old, learn until old

The overwhelming opinion of scientists in China and the West is that collaboration must continue or, better, increase. And there is room to do more. Though China’s science output has grown dramatically, the share that is conducted with international collaborators has remained stable at around 20%—Western scientists tend to have far more international collaborations. Western researchers could pay more attention to the newest science from China, too. Data from a study published last year in Nature Human Behaviour showed that, for work of equivalent quality, Chinese scientists cite Western papers far more than vice versa. Western scientists rarely visit, work or study in China, depriving them of opportunities to learn from Chinese colleagues in the way Chinese scientists have done so well in the West.

Closing the door to Chinese students and researchers wishing to come to Western labs would also be disastrous for Western science. Chinese researchers form the backbone of many departments in top American and European universities. In 2022 more of the top-tier AI researchers working in America hailed from China than from America. The West’s model of science currently depends on a huge number of students, often from overseas, to carry out most day-to-day research.

There is little to suggest that the Chinese scientific behemoth will not continue growing stronger. China’s ailing economy may eventually force the CCP to slow spending on research, and if the country were to become completely cut off from the Western science community its research would suffer. But neither of these looks imminent. In 2019 we also asked if research could flourish in an authoritarian system. Perhaps over time its limits will become clear. But for now, and at least for the hard sciences, the answer is that it can thrive. “I think it’d be very unwise to call limits on the Chinese miracle,” says Prof Marginson. “Because it has had no limits up until now.” ■

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This article appeared in the Science & technology section of the print edition under the headline “Soaring dragons”

The rise of Chinese science: Welcome or worrying?

From the June 15th 2024 edition

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