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Respiratory System Anatomy and Physiology POWER POINT

Subject: Biology

Age range: 15 - 17

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29 December 2023

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This 69 slide power point presentation will help your students to learn about the Respiratory system. Topics include: anatomy/function of respiratory system, the respiration process, gas transport, respiratory volumes and capacities, and factors affecting respiratory rate.

Ideal for an Anatomy and Physiology or related course and can be used in lecture or student driven instruction.

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Respiratory Physiology

Published by Kevin McKinney Modified over 5 years ago

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Presentation on theme: "Respiratory Physiology"— Presentation transcript:

Spirometry.

Breathing Breathing- (aka ventilation), The process through which the respiratory system moves air into and out of the lungs. In contrast, Respiration.

Respiratory System Physiology

Part II - Respiratory Physiology

The Respiratory System

F ‘08 P. Andrews, Instructor.  Respiration  Exchange of gases between an organism and it’s environment  Pulmonary (external) respiration Occurs in.

Topic 6.4 – Gas Exchange.

Function of the Lungs Primary - to provide a means of gas exchange between environment and body Secondary - maintenance of acid-base balance and as a resevoir.

The Respiratory System II Physiology. The major function of the respiratory system is to supply the body with oxygen and to dispose of carbon dioxide.

Gas Exchange.

Mechanics of Breathing. Events of Respiration  Pulmonary ventilation – moving air in and out of the lungs  External respiration – gas exchange between.

Topic 6.4 Gas Exchange.

1 RESPIRATORY ANATOMY. 2 The primary role of the respiratory system is to: 1. deliver oxygenated air to blood 2. remove carbon dioxide from blood The.

Gas Exchange (Core) Distinguish between ventilation, gas exchange and cell respiration.

Gas Exchange Topic 6.4.

Physiology of Respiratory System

ECAP BIOL The Respiratory System Mrs. Riel.

Key Questions for Understanding Respiratory Physiology.

Physiology of breath. Role of mouth cavity in breathing and language production.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings LOWER.

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Assessment of respiratory system

Jan 03, 2020

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Assessment of respiratory system. Dr .Isazadehfar Specialist in community and preventive medicine. Anatomy and physiology. The respiratory tract extends from the nose to the alveoli and includes not only the air-conducting passages but also the blood supply

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• health history
• intrathoracic pressure
• upper respiratory tract
• lower respiratory tract consists

Presentation Transcript

Assessment of respiratory system Dr .Isazadehfar Specialist in community and preventive medicine

Anatomy and physiology • The respiratory tract extends from the nose to the alveoli and includes not only the air-conducting passages but also the blood supply • The primary purpose of the respiratory system is gas exchange, which involves the transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the blood. • The respiratory system is divided into two parts: - the upper respiratory tract • - the lower respiratory tract

The upper respiratory tract includes • nose • pharynx • adenoid • tonsils • epiglottis • larynx • trachea

The lower respiratory tract consists of • bronchi • bronchioles • alveolar ducts • alveoli • With the exception of the right and left main-stem bronchi, all lower airway structures are contained within the lungs

The right lung is divided into three lobes (upper, middle, and lower) • the left lung into two lobes (upper and lower) • The structures of the chest wall • (ribs, pleura, muscles of respiration) are also essential

Physiology of Respiration • Ventilation. Ventilationinvolves inspiration (movement of air into the lungs) and expiration(movement of air out of the lungs). • Air moves in and out of the lungs because intrathoracic pressure changes in relation to pressure at the airway opening • Contraction of the diaphragm and intercostals and scalene muscles increases chest dimensions, thereby decreasing intrathoracic pressure. • Gas flows from an area of higher pressure (atmospheric) to one of lower pressure (intrathoracic)

Equipment Needed • A Stethoscope • A Peak Flow Meter

Surface markings of the lobes of the lung: (a) anterior, (b) posterior, (c) right lateral and (d) left lateral. (UL, upper lobe; ML, middle lobe; LL, lower lobe). ul Ul ml ll a ul ml ll ll b

Position/Lighting/Draping • Position – • patient should sit upright on the examination table. • The patient's hands should remain at their sides. • When the back is examined the patient is usually asked to move their arms forward (hug themselves position) so that thescapulaeare not in the way of examining the upper lung fields. • Lighting- adjusted so that it is ideal. • Draping - the chest should be fully exposed. Exposure time should be minimized.

Health History • Any risk factors for respiratory disease • smoking • pack years = ppd X years • exposure to smoke • history of attempts to quit, methods, results • sedentary lifestyle, immobilization • age • environmental exposure • Dust, chemicals, asbestos, air pollution • obesity • family history

Cough • To expel air from the lungs suddenly • Type • dry, moist, wet, productive, hoarse, barking, whooping • Onset • Duration • Pattern • activities, time of day, weather • Severity • Wheezing • Associated symptoms • Treatment and effectiveness

sputum • Matter discharged from resp. track that contains mucus and pus, blood, fibrin, or bacteria • amount • color • presence of blood (hemoptysis) • odor • consistency • pattern of production

Past Health History • Respiratory infections or diseases(URI) • Trauma • Surgery • Chronic conditions of other systems • Family Health History • Tuberculosis • Emphysema • Lung Cancer • Allergies • Asthma

The basic steps of the examination • can be remembered with the mnemonicIPPA: • Inspection • Palpation • Percussion • Auscultation

Inspection • Trachealdeviation (can suggest oftension pneumothorax • Chest wall deformities : • Kyphosis - curvature of the spine - anterior-posterior • Scoliosis - curvature of the spine - lateral • Barrel chest - chest wall increased anterior-posterior; normal in children; typical of hyperinflation seen inCOPD • Pectus excavatum

Thoracoplasty with secondary changes in the spine. Kyphosis Pectus exacavatum

Inspection • Funnel chest • Depression of the lower portion of the sternum • Complications • Heart damage • i Cardiac output • Nrs management • Murmurs

Inspection • Pigeon chest • Sternum protrudes outward • hanterior-posterior diameter

Signs of respiratory distress • Cyanosis → person turns blue • Pursed-lip breathing → seen in COPD (used to increase end expiratory pressure) • Accessory muscle use(scalene muscles) • Diaphragmatic paradox - thediaphragmmoves opposite of the normal direction on inspiration; suspect flail segment in trauma • Intercostal indrawing

‘blue bloater 'showing ascites from marked cor pulmonale. ‘pink puffer’. Note the pursed-lip breathing

Inspection: Breathing patterns Rate • Eupnea • Normal • 12-20 / min • Tachypnea • h rate • Pneumonia, pulm edema, acidosis, septicemia, pain • Bradypnea • i rate • h ICP, drug OD

Inspection: Breathing patterns Depth • Hyperpnea • h depth • Hyperventilation • h depth & rate • Hypoventilation • i depth & rate

Inspection: Breathing patterns Depth • Kussmaul's • h rate & depth • Assoc. with sever acidosis • Apneustic • Prolonged gasping I following by short

Inspection: Breathing patterns Rhythm • Apnea • Not breathing • Cheyne-stokes • Varying depth f/b apnea • Death rattles • Death rales

Inspection: Breathing patterns Rhythm • Biot’s • h rate & depth w/ abrupt pauses • Assoc w/ h ICP

Palpation • TML • Tenderness (T) • Masses (M) • Lesions (L) • Sinuses • Palpate below eyebrow & Cheekbone • Crepitus • Subcutaneous emphysema • Air leaks into the sub-q tissue

Palpation • Tactile fremitus • vibration is felt by palpation. Place your open palms against the upper portion of the anterior chest, making sure that the fingers do not touch the chest. Ask the patient to repeat the phrase “ninety-nine” or another resonant phrase while you systematically move your palms over the chest from the central airways to each lung’s periphery. You should feel vibration of equally intensity on both sides of the chest. Examine the posterior thorax in a similar manner. • The fremitus should be felt more strongly in the upper chest with little or no fremitus being felt in the lower chest

Tactile Fremitus • Ask the patient to say "ninety-nine" several times in a normal voice. • Palpate using the ball of your hand. • You should feel the vibrations transmitted through the airways to the lung. • Increased tactile fremitus suggests consolidation of the underlying lung tissues

Assessing chest expansion in expiration (left) and inspiration (right). Direct percussion of the clavicles for disease in the lung apices Percussion over the anterior chest.

Percussion Rational • To determine if underlying tissue is filled with air or solid material Procedure • Pt sitting • Tap starting at shoulder • compare right to left

Percussion: results • Resonance – drum like • Normal • Hyper-resonance • Too much air • Emphysema • Flatness / dull • Fluid or solid • Pleural effusion • Pneumonia • Tumor

Auscultation Purpose • Asses air flow through bronchial tree Procedure • Diaphragm of stethoscope • Superior  inferior • Compare right to left

Auscultation • To assess breath sounds, ask the patient to breathe in and out slowly and deeply through the mouth. • Begin at the apex of each lung and zigzag downward between intercostal spaces . Listen with the diaphragm portion of the stethoscope.

Normal breath sounds • Pitch • Intensity • Quality • Duration

Normal Breath Sounds • Bronchial:Heard over the trachea and main stem bronchi (2nd-4th intercostal spaces either side of the sternum anteriorly and 3rd-6th intercostal spaces along the vertebrae posteriorly). The sounds are described as tubular and harsh. Also known as tracheal breath sounds. Expiration longer than inspiration. • Bronchovesicular: Heard over the major bronchi below the clavicles in the upper of the chest anteriorly (1st – 2nd). Bronchovesicular sounds heard over the peripheral lung denote pathology. The sounds are described as medium-pitched and continuous throughout inspiration and expiration. • Vesicular: Heard over the peripheral lung. Described as soft and low- pitched. Best heard on inspiration. • Diminished: Heard with shallow breathing; normal in obese patients with excessive adipose tissue and during pregnancy. Can also indicate an obstructed airway, partial or total lung collapse, or chronic lung disease.

Auscultation: Results Normal • Vesicular • Lung field • Soft and low • Bronchial • Trachea & bronchi • Hollow • Bronchovesicular • Mixed • Between scapulae • Side of sternum • 1st & 2nd intercostal space

Normal auscultatory sound

Auscultation: Results Adventitious • Crackles • Rales • air  bronchi with secretions • Fine crackles • Air  suddenly reinflated • Course Crackles • Moist

Auscultation: Results • Pleural friction rub • D/t inflammation of pleural membranes • Grating, creaking • I & E • Best heard • Anterior, Lower, lateral area

Auscultation: Results • Stridor • Crowing • Partial obstruction of the larynx or trachea

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Human Respiratory System

Respiratory system of humans.

Breathing involves gaseous exchange through inhalation and exhalation. The human respiratory system has the following main structures – Nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Explore in detail.

Table of Contents

• What Is Respiratory System

Respiratory Tract

Respiratory system definition.

“Human Respiratory System is a network of organs and tissues that helps us breathe. The primary function of this system is to introduce oxygen into the body and expel carbon dioxide from the body.”

What is the Respiratory System?

As defined above, the human respiratory system consists of a group of organs and tissues that help us to breathe. Aside from the lungs, there are also muscles and a vast network of blood vessels that facilitate the process of respiration.

Also Read:  Mechanism of Breathing

Human Respiratory System Diagram

To gain a clearer understanding, we have illustrated the human respiratory system and its different parts involved in the process.

Human Respiratory System Diagram showing different parts of the Respiratory Tract

Features of the Human Respiratory System

The respiratory system in humans has the following important features:

• The energy is generated by the breakdown of glucose molecules in all living cells of the human body.
• Oxygen is inhaled and is transported to various parts and are used in the process of burning food particles (breaking down glucose molecules) at the cellular level in a series of chemical reactions.
• The obtained glucose molecules are used for discharging energy in the form of ATP- (adenosine triphosphate)

Also Read:  Difference between trachea and oesophagus

Respiratory System Parts and Functions

Let us have a detailed look at the different parts of the respiratory system and their functions.

Humans have exterior nostrils, which are divided by a framework of cartilaginous structure called the septum. This is the structure that separates the right nostril from the left nostril. Tiny hair follicles that cover the interior lining of nostrils act as the body’s first line of defence against foreign pathogens . Furthermore, they provide additional humidity for inhaled air.

Two cartilaginous chords lay the framework for the larynx. It is found in front of the neck and is responsible for vocals as well as aiding respiration. Hence, it is also informally called the voice box. When food is swallowed, a flap called the epiglottis folds over the top of the windpipe and prevents food from entering into the larynx.

Also check: What is the role of epiglottis and diaphragm in respiration?

The nasal chambers open up into a wide hollow space called the pharynx. It is a common passage for air as well as food. It functions by preventing the entry of food particles into the windpipe. The epiglottis is an elastic cartilage, which serves as a switch between the larynx and the oesophagus by allowing the passage of air into the lungs, and food in the  gastrointestinal tract .

Have you ever wondered why we cough when we eat or swallow?

Talking while we eat or swallow may sometimes result in incessant coughing. The reason behind this reaction is the epiglottis. It is forced to open for the air to exit outwards and the food to enter into the windpipe, triggering a cough.

The trachea or the windpipe rises below the larynx and moves down to the neck. The walls of the trachea comprise C-shaped cartilaginous rings which give hardness to the trachea and maintain it by completely expanding. The trachea extends further down into the breastbone and splits into two bronchi, one for each lung.

The trachea splits into two tubes called the bronchi, which enter each lung individually. The bronchi divide into secondary and tertiary bronchioles, and it further branches out into small air-sacs called the alveoli. The alveoli are single-celled sacs of air with thin walls. It facilitates the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules into or away from the bloodstream.

Lungs are the primary organs of respiration in humans and other vertebrates. They are located on either side of the heart, in the thoracic cavity of the chest. Anatomically, the lungs are spongy organs with an estimates total surface area between 50 to 75 sq meters. The primary function of the lungs is to facilitate the exchange of gases between the blood and the air. Interestingly, the right lung is quite bigger and heavier than the left lung.

Also Read:  Respiration

The respiratory tract in humans is made up of the following parts:

• External nostrils – For the intake of air.
• Nasal chamber – which is lined with hair and mucus to filter the air from dust and dirt.
• Pharynx – It is a passage behind the nasal chamber and serves as the common passageway for both air and food.
• Larynx – Known as the soundbox as it houses the vocal chords, which are paramount in the generation of sound.
• Epiglottis – It is a flap-like structure that covers the glottis and prevents the entry of food into the windpipe.
• Trachea – It is a long tube passing through the mid-thoracic cavity.
• Bronchi – The trachea divides into left and right bronchi.
• Bronchioles – Each bronchus is further divided into finer channels known as bronchioles.
• Alveoli – The bronchioles terminate in balloon-like structures known as the alveoli.
• Lungs – Humans have a pair of lungs, which are sac-like structures and covered by a double-layered membrane known as pleura.

Air is inhaled with the help of nostrils, and in the nasal cavity, the air is cleansed by the fine hair follicles present within them. The cavity also has a group of blood vessels that warm the air. This air then passes to the pharynx, then to the larynx and into the trachea.

The trachea and the bronchi are coated with ciliated epithelial cells and goblet cells (secretory cells) which discharge mucus to moisten the air as it passes through the respiratory tract. It also traps the fine bits of dust or pathogen that escaped the hair in the nasal openings. The motile cilia beat in an ascending motion, such that the mucus and other foreign particles are carried back to the buccal cavity where it may either be coughed out (or swallowed.)

Once the air reaches the bronchus, it moves into the bronchioles, and then into the alveoli.

Respiratory System Functions

The functions of the human respiratory system are as follows:

Inhalation and Exhalation

The respiratory system helps in breathing (also known as pulmonary ventilation.) The air inhaled through the nose moves through the pharynx, larynx, trachea and into the lungs. The air is exhaled back through the same pathway. Changes in the volume and pressure in the lungs aid in pulmonary ventilation.

Exchange of Gases between Lungs and Bloodstream

Inside the lungs, the oxygen and carbon dioxide enter and exit respectively through millions of microscopic sacs called alveoli. The inhaled oxygen diffuses into the pulmonary capillaries, binds to haemoglobin and is pumped through the bloodstream. The carbon dioxide from the blood diffuses into the alveoli and is expelled through exhalation.

Also read: Exchange Of Gases in Plants

Exchange of Gases between Bloodstream and Body Tissues

The blood carries the oxygen from the lungs around the body and releases the oxygen when it reaches the capillaries. The oxygen is diffused through the capillary walls into the body tissues. The carbon dioxide also diffuses into the blood and is carried back to the lungs for release.

The Vibration of the Vocal Cords

While speaking, the muscles in the larynx move the arytenoid cartilage. These cartilages push the vocal cords together. During exhalation, when the air passes through the vocal cords, it makes them vibrate and creates sound.

Olfaction or Smelling

During inhalation, when the air enters the nasal cavities, some chemicals present in the air bind to it and activate the receptors of the nervous system on the cilia. The signals are sent to the olfactory bulbs via the brain.

Also Read:  Respiratory System Disorders

Respiration is one of the metabolic processes which plays an essential role in all living organisms. However, lower organisms like the unicellular do not “breathe” like humans – intead, they utilise the process of diffusion. Annelids like earthworms have a moist cuticle which helps them in gaseous exchange. Respiration in fish occurs through special organs called gills. Most of the higher organisms possess a pair of lungs for breathing.

Also Read:  Amphibolic Pathway

To learn more about respiration, check out the video below:

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the human respiratory system.

The human respiratory system is a system of organs responsible for inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide in humans. The important respiratory organs in living beings include- lungs, gills, trachea, and skin.

What are the important respiratory system parts in humans?

The important human respiratory system parts include- Nose, larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.

What is the respiratory tract made up of?

The respiratory tract is made up of nostrils, nasal chamber, larynx, pharynx, epiglottis, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi, alveoli, and lungs.

What are the main functions of the respiratory system?

The important functions of the respiratory system include- inhalation and exhalation of gases, exchange of gases between bloodstream and lungs, the gaseous exchange between bloodstream and body tissues, olfaction and vibration of vocal cords.

What are the different types of respiration in humans?

The different types of respiration in humans include- internal respiration, external respiration and cellular respiration. Internal respiration includes the exchange of gases between blood and cells, external respiration is the breathing process, whereas cellular respiration is the metabolic reactions taking place in the cells to produce energy.

What are the different stages of aerobic respiration?

Aerobic respiration is the process of breaking down glucose to produce energy. It occurs in the following different stages- glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle, and electron transport system.

Why do the cells need oxygen?

Our body cells require oxygen to release energy. The oxygen inhaled during respiration is used to break down the food to release energy.

What is the main difference between breathing and respiration in humans?

Breathing is the physical process of inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide in and out of our lungs. On the contrary, respiration is the chemical process where oxygen is utilized to break down glucose to generate energy to carry out different cellular processes.

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