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How to Create the Systems Thinking Diagrams

Complex systems can’t be seen as individual parts. We need a broader perspective to see the whole pattern that causes the problem, as many factors as affecting both the current state and the desired state of the system. The systems thinking theory was first introduced by Jay Forrester and members of the Society for Organizational Learning at MIT in his book, The Fifth Discipline, to help us see a complex system as a framework with interrelationships between different internal and external elements that affect the system.

Related articles:

The Six Systems Thinking Steps to Solve Complex Problems

What Does Systems Thinking Teach us About the Problems of Problem-Solving Practice

Design Schools Should Teach Systems Thinking, and This is Why

What is Systems Thinking?

Systems thinking (Also known as system dynamics) is an approach to address problems by looking into them as a whole rather than small parts and considering the dynamic nature of the problem. Each element affects the other elements in the system. The approach helps us to present the root solution by considering the impact of this solution on different parts of the system. Systems thinking extend to seeing the world around ad complex interested systems that influence each other rather than isolated systems. The below video visualises what systems thinking mean:

Think about reducing the price of a specific product to ncrease sales. This will negatively affect the quality of the product and increase external competitiveness. Therefore, the systems thinking diagram provides us with a visual aid to understand the connection between different factors in the system.

Characteristics of the Systems Thinking

Before building the systems diagrams, we first need to understand the general principles that control the complex systems known as The 11 Laws of the Fifth Discipline (Check What Does the Systems Thinking Teach us About the Problems of Problem-Solving Practice ). These principles were highlighted in the Fifth Discipline theory by Peter Senge in his book, The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization . These principles are below: 1- Today’s problems come from yesterday’s solutions. So, before adopting any new solutions, it is very important to understand the history of the existing problem. 2- The harder you push, the harder the system pushes back in a phenomenon known as “compensative feedback.” 3- Behavior grows better before it grows worse 4- The easy way out usually leads back in, therefore, the best solution is to understand the problem from a systematic approach to eliminate it. 5- The cure can be worse than the disease 6- Faster is slower. For example, If the solution aims to increase the system productivity beyond its optimal rate, the system may actually slow down to compensate for this change in growth rate. 7- Cause and effect are not closely related in time and space

8- Small changes can produce big results—but the areas of the highest leverage are often the least obvious 9- You can have your cake and eat it too — but not all at once. The systems thinking method teaches us that we need to look at the big picture. We can provide a complete solution that accomplishes all of the required goals if we consider achieving these solutions based on a determined timeline. 10- Dividing an elephant in half does not produce two small elephants. The problems need to be seen as a whole rather than as individual parts. 11- There is no blame. One of the common difficulties when solving problems is to point the finger at someone as the sole guilty person. However, in system thinking, everyone is part of a whole system

Structure of the Systems Thinking Diagrams

In order to build the systems thinking diagram, we need to clearly identify the elements of the system and how it interacts with each other. Building the systems diagrams requires four steps; identify the events, identify the pattern of behaviour, build the system, and determine the mental models.

Step 1: Event

The first step is to identify the problem at hand that we would like to learn about. This may include one or more related problems to be addressed. For example:

• Customers wait for a long time at the reception
• The unsatisfied patients at the hospital reception in the systems thinking in healthcare setup

Step 2: Patterns of Behaviors

The next step is to observe the patterns that show the relationship between different elements involved in the system. These elements represent the potential causes of the problem (effect). The Cause Effect Diagram can help identify the different causes that may involve the problem highlighted in the previous step.

Charts like the one below can show the positive and negative relation between different factors and how they contribute to the main problem that need to be analyzed in the system.

Step 3: System

After identifying the potential causes for the final effect. The relation between every two elements in the system is controlled by the feedback loops. The loops either show positive or negative relations, as shown in the figure below. Sometimes, the relationship is referred to as Same/Opposite instead of Positive(+)/Negative(-).

Based on the above relation, there are two types of loops that are classified based on how they change the system:

Balanced feedback loops

This loop is the natural loop elements that tend to naturalize the impact of the change. For example, talking to each patient in the hospital reception office increases the waiting time, which positively increases the patient’s unsatisfactory. In this example, the feedback “patient unsatisfactory” decreases the impact of the change “talking to the patients.”

Reinforcing Feedback Loops

In contrast to the balanced loop, in the reinforcing loop, the feedback increases the impact of the change. Both are moving in the same positive direction. In our example, reducing the time at the reception office reduces the waiting time and, subsequently, reduces the patient’s unsatisfactory.

Once we build the relationship between different factors, we can add external factors that affect the system, such as the parking lots available for the patients or the medicine and governmental support…etc.

Identifying Gaps and Delays

In some cases, the current state of one of the elements stands as a barrier to achieving the intended goal or contributing to increasing the problem. These states are known as gaps. For example, the limited number of reception personnel halts any initiative to reach higher patient satisfaction. This factor is set as a gap in the system.

Once the gaps are defined, we can clearly see if our initiative may work out or if we need to fix these gaps before moving further to solving the problems in the system.

As highlighted Fifth Element Theory, the cause and effect may be separated by time and place. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the time delay in the feedback loops. For example, training reception employees to handle patients’ problems more efficiently may take time to see its impact on the system. These delays are represented in the systems by double slashes on the loop.

Further details can be added to the systems diagram, such as adding numerical data that show exactly how each element is affected by the other elements in the system.

Step 4: Mental Models

At the end of the process, the model guides us through the next steps required to achieve the intended goal. For example, improving the customer experience at the hospital front desk may involve the following:

– Increase the parking lots in front of the hospital

– Train the personnel to handle a large number of customers

– Wait for the government to provide better medicine prices…etc.

The below workshop from MIT Open Courses provides another practical example of applying the system dynamics using the Fishbone diagram :

The systems thinking diagrams allow us to effectively apply the theory to understand the different elements in the complex systems by visualizing the relation between them and determining the form of this relation. Once the systems diagram is complete, we’ll better understand of how it works, its gaps, the delays in the system, and how to improve the system based on the concluded data.

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Dr Rafiq Elmansy

As an academic and author, I've had the privilege of shaping the design landscape. I teach design at the University of Leeds and am the Programme Leader for the MA Design, focusing on design thinking, design for health, and behavioural design. I've developed and taught several innovative programmes at Wrexham Glyndwr University, Northumbria University, and The American University in Cairo. I'm also a published book author and the proud founder of Designorate.com, a platform that has been instrumental in fostering design innovation. My expertise in design has been recognised by prestigious organizations. I'm a fellow of the Higher Education Academy (HEA), the Design Research Society (FDRS), and an Adobe Education Leader. Over the course of 20 years, I've had the privilege of working with esteemed clients such as the UN, World Bank, Adobe, and Schneider, contributing to their design strategies. For more than 12 years, I collaborated closely with the Adobe team, playing a key role in the development of many Adobe applications.

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Diagrams in systems thinking

The various diagramming techniques can be used to explore distinct aspects of a situation alongside other modelling techniques. The combined use of a range of techniques can therefore be an extremely powerful approach in refining and communicating your understanding and the understanding of others. A systems practitioner who has mastered each of their uses can deploy them to provide a truly holistic and comprehensive analysis of a complex situation, as shown in the following example:

View the other diagramming tutorials

Spray diagrams

What are spray diagrams? How can you draw a spray diagram? This tutorial explains all you need to know...

Level: 1 Introductory

Systems maps

Get an introduction to systems maps, why you might use them and discover how to draw them with our diagram tutorial.

Influence diagrams

Ever wondered what an influence diagram is or how to draw one? These video tutorials explain...

Multiple cause diagrams

What elements do you need to build a multiple cause diagram? These tutorials show you how...

Causal loop diagrams

These tutorials explain what a causal loop diagram is and show you how to go about drawing one...

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Drawing Change

Visuals for a Better World

Systems Scribing: Resources for Visuals and Systems Thinking

I’m resharing some great resources from Jessica Riehl and legend Kelvy Bird about Systems Scribing. Have you ever been curious about questions such as:

• How can facilitating complexity and systems thinking serve groups?
• What contribution to complexity and systems can visual practitioners make?
• What types of systems diagrams are there?
• How can we encourage the reach of systems thinking into visual practice?
• When can graphic recorders/scribes best choose to draw differently: instead of a faithful record of what we hear, when can we draw to make the system visible?
• How could we deepen the expertise of visual practitioners in multiple models for systems thinking: for example, if I notice that one metaphor is present in the room (eg an iceberg, or a change over time graph), how might I be attuned to the presence or usefulness of bringing in other system visuals?
• How can we sense into something greater than us and into group dynamics?

This is where Systems Scribing comes in.

I came to taste these questions at an Advanced Visual Practice workshop led by legend Kelvy Bird and the Presencing Institute in 2019.  At that workshop, Jessica Riehl shared these great handouts with us. Jessica is a facilitator, scribe, photographer, and designer who uses collaborative-based design processes to gain insight and empower change; Kevly Bird has been working in the field of human development within organizational contexts since 1995, with a focus on collaboration, innovation, leadership, and collective intelligence. (And is a visionary in this work.) Jessica and Kelvy articulate what happens when we combine scribing or live graphic recording with systems thinking: Systems Scribing.

Each of these models could be considered a life’s work, and to see them on the page is a valuable systems thinking resource for me. I’m familiar with many of these but it’s my goal to be more familiar with more of them, to deepen my own practice. When I hear a group using, for example, an iceberg model for their sensemaking – my wish is that it sparks a reminder in me: what other systems thinking tools may be useful here? Hearing about one tool should trigger my thinking that other systems tools may also be possible/ have potential to serve the group.

Speaking of new tools, watch for their new book chapter coming out soon about Systems Scribing.

Jessica and Kelvy write,

This is a new, tangible approach to representing dynamics, occurring in the moment and over time, between a scribe and social body. This discipline develops a critical skill to facilitate a system’s ability to see and sense itself, as well as crystalize ideas into action. Learn more in this excerpt  Systems Scribing: An Emerging Visual Practice , authored by Kelvy Bird and Jessica Riehl, from the forthcoming  Routledge Handbook of Systems Thinking , Edited by Derek Cabrera et al. 2021

And my own intention is that as a visual practitioner, when needed, I’m able to use the tools of systems scribing to create an original model that the group needs right in the moment : the annotations, relationships, and more. I’m able to make visible the parts and the whole; the patterns and perspectives. Systems scribing helps us create a diagram of a system: it could be drawn on the back of a napkin but also something more full, where needed. I find that I might shift between graphic recording plenaries/workshop presentations into systems scribing in the same day. Or, I could be invited into a session to specifically build a model with a group (eg we are drawing what  governance options will serve us best?)

To learn more, Kelvy’s teaching and resources are abundant:

• programs online and in person: https://www.kelvybird.com/programs/
• on generative scribing, an art for the 21st Century ( book and more): https://www.kelvybird.com/generative-scribing/

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Origins and Prospects of Systems Theory

• Conference paper
• First Online: 17 April 2022
• Cite this conference paper

• Yuriy S. Vasiliev   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3171-8379 14 ,
• Violetta N. Volkova   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-9658-5135 14 &
• Vladimir N. Kozlov   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1552-8097 14  

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems ((LNNS,volume 442))

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• International Conference System Analysis In Engineering And Control

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The article analyzes the formation of systems theory, its variants, applied directions. It is shown that systemic representations arose gradually, starting from the ancient Greek period, and began to develop from different sources – from philosophy, biology, mathematics, engineering, etc.

Based on the analysis, it is concluded that in the current conditions of the introduction of emergent technologies and artificial intelligence, further development of systems theory is necessary. Therefore, it is necessary to rethink the law discovered by L. von Bertalanffy, which is opposite to the second law of thermodynamic; the concept of mobile equilibrium by A.A. Bogdanov, the fundamental disequilibrium of E. Bauer.

Based on the analysis of the features and patterns of open systems with active elements and the state of mobile equilibrium, it is realized that such a system cannot be assembled from parts. Starting from a certain level of complexity, the system becomes more and more difficult to display with an adequate formal model, and it is easier to transform and change it with the help of control actions. Such systems need to be “grown”, developed through innovation (negentropic manifestations) and self-learning.

Existing models, as a rule, are based on the binary logic of Aristotle, on the law of the excluded third. And for the study of mobile equilibrium, dialectical thinking is necessary, it is necessary to apply the laws of dialectical logic, the formalized representation of which is proposed by A.A. Denisov.

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Vasiliev, Y.S., Volkova, V.N., Kozlov, V.N. (2022). Origins and Prospects of Systems Theory. In: Vasiliev, Y.S., Pankratova, N.D., Volkova, V.N., Shipunova, O.D., Lyabakh, N.N. (eds) System Analysis in Engineering and Control. SAEC 2021. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 442. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98832-6_1

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