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Improve water quality through meaningful, not just any, citizen science

* E-mail: [email protected]

Affiliation Rathenau Instituut, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, The Hague, The Netherlands

Affiliation HU University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

• Anne-Floor M. Schölvinck, 
• Wout Scholten, 
• Paul J. M. Diederen

Published: December 7, 2022

• https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000065
• Reader Comments

Citation: Schölvinck A-FM, Scholten W, Diederen PJM (2022) Improve water quality through meaningful, not just any, citizen science. PLOS Water 1(12): e0000065. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000065

Editor: Debora Walker, PLOS: Public Library of Science, UNITED STATES

Copyright: © 2022 Schölvinck et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.

Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Water pollution is an urgent and complex problem worldwide, with many dire consequences for ecosystems, human health and economic development. Although policy measures in OECD countries have helped to reduce point source pollution, the situation is set to worsen: population growth and climate change are placing increasing pressures on the ability of water bodies to process wastewater, nutrients and contaminants [ 1 ].

For future generations to maintain a sufficient supply of clean drinking water and to retain a vital level of biodiversity, it is critical to involve the general public in dealing with the problems of water quality and water pollution. One specifically important and increasingly prominent way for the general public to get acquainted with water quality issues is through participation in research projects. All around the world numerous citizen science (CS) projects take place in the field of (drinking) water quality, hydrology, groundwater levels, and water biology [ 2 ]. In most cases these projects are motivated by the enormous potential volunteering citizens have to increase the temporal and spatial data availability. We argue that the value of many CS projects lies beyond data availability, in the broader societal benefits that these projects aspire or claim to achieve. In turn, these benefits could improve the way we approach water quality issues. The list of claimed and potential benefits is long: raising awareness, democratisation of science, development of mutual trust, confidence, and respect between scientists, authorities and the public, increased knowledge and scientific literacy, social learning, incorporation of local, traditional and indigenous knowledge, increased social capital, citizen empowerment, behavioural change, improved environment, health and livelihoods, and finally motivational benefits [ 3 ].

Many of these broader societal benefits of public engagement with water research are especially important to battle water related issues worldwide. Increased ‘water awareness’ among the public is needed to encourage a general sense of urgency and hence support for research investments and policy measures. In the Netherlands, like in many other countries, many citizens take safe and clean (drinking) water for granted [ 4 ]. Therefore, people are not sufficiently aware what investments are needed to provide safe tap water and what they themselves should do to reduce domestic water pollution. To truly counter the dangers of deteriorating water quality, water science and policy must be organised more inclusively and democratically.

The potential societal effect of CS in the water quality sector is substantial. In the Netherlands alone, more than 100,000 citizens volunteer as ‘sensors’ or observers in the numerous nature oriented research projects, in which they, for example, count aquatic animals or measure the chemical composition of river water. These projects are generally low-threshold, because the research tasks are relatively simple and adapted to the limited expertise and research skills of the participants. The large-scale and long-term monitoring done by volunteers would be unaffordable if carried out by professionals [ 5 ]. In other CS projects, though smaller in quantity, citizens have a larger degree of control. This is a gradual difference, typically divided in four categories, ranging from contributory (lowest level of control) to collaborative, co-creative and finally collegial [ 6 ]. Alternatively, these levels have been designated crowdsourcing, distributed intelligence, participatory science and extreme citizen science [ 7 ]. We consider all these levels of control as participating in research, even when the volunteers merely function as observers.

Although the potential benefits of citizen involvement with research projects are numerous and the potential societal impact is high, there are two main obstacles that must be overcome. First, the actual effects of these types of projects, other than the well-reported scientific benefits, remain largely unknown [ 3 , 8 , 9 ]. Do participants have an increased understanding of the concerns of water quality researchers? Do they flush fewer medicines down the toilet? Do they avoid using pesticides in their gardens? Moreover, in order to truly raise public awareness and support for policies addressing water quality, it is important to not only get people involved who are already interested in nature, water quality and/or scientific research. The challenge is to have a diverse group of participants and to involve hard-to-reach groups [ 10 ].

Second, the dominant picture of CS projects, in our own Dutch based study as well as all across the world [ 3 ], is that most citizens participate in the collection of research data. Recalling Shirk et al.’s typology of involvement [ 6 ], this can be considered the lowest level of control and participation. Researchers, policy makers and interest groups hope that this type of involvement will generate public support for more scientific research and more effective policy measures to improve water quality, but citizens performing more significant roles in the research process is still uncommon.

From our analysis, we draw three recommendations to overcome these obstacles and to move beyond CS in water research for the sake of research only, in order to make it more meaningful in a broader, societal sense. For a start, we recommend to thoroughly evaluate the effect of citizen science on the attitudes , behaviour and knowledge of participants and on the system as a whole . As mentioned above, and also pointed out by Somerwill & Wehn [ 9 ], ‘the exact impacts of citizen science are still to be fully and comprehensively understood, while up to date impact assessment methods and frameworks are not yet fully integrated in practice’. Since the potential and claimed benefits are substantial, there is a considerable responsibility to prove these effects and to improve CS project designs to stimulate the occurrence of these benefits. Recent work provides the necessary tools to guide professional researchers and citizens to build the right project designs [ 11 , 12 ], integrate working evaluations [ 9 ], and consider several factors for successful CS projects [ 2 ]. It also needs to be established how to include diverse groups of participants, including the ones with a low interest in nature and environmental issues.

Secondly, we recommend to involve participants more intensively in agenda setting and research design . Currently, the threshold to participate in CS projects tends to be fairly low, but so is the level of control and participation. Tasks of citizen scientists are typically limited and so is their sense of project ownership, although the likelihood of actual effects taking place increases with an increased degree of control for participants [ 3 ]. For instance, a number of projects report a rise or restoration of trust in local authorities and research institutions ‘due to the co-production process and the appreciation of local knowledge’ [ 3 , 13 ].

There is ample potential to increase participation to more shared decision-making on the purpose and design of the research. An important step would be to open up the drafting of research agendas to diverse groups of citizens and societal actors. This type of citizen involvement is already common practice in other fields of research. One might look at some research fields within health and healthcare studies as good practices. ‘Nothing about us without us’ has become a guiding principle, also within health research (see one of our other studies, on public engagement in psychiatry research [ 14 ]).

In the Netherlands, it is becoming common practice for experts by experience (current patients, recovered patients, patient associations) to have a seat at the table when funding decisions are made. Funding agencies increasingly demand applicants to demonstrate how they included patients or other experts by experience in the development of their research proposal. Funding agencies also include patient associations in the development of their research and funding agendas. These practices show that more shared-decision making processes are possible. We consider three conditions that are crucial for meaningful involvement: A) leadership and management of funding agencies to actively value and endorse public engagement leading to changes in their modus operandi; B) training and support for participating citizens, experts by experience and other societal stakeholders; C) researchers who do not regard public engagement as just another box to tick, but who truly integrate public engagement in their research design. This also means these researchers should be incentivised to integrate public engagement in their research, which points to necessary changes in the way they are recognised and rewarded [ 15 ].

Lastly, we recommend to employ public involvement as an extra stimulus for the practical application of knowledge . For professional scientists, the participation of volunteers in research has concrete value. They use the inputs to improve data availability, improve data quality and for their publications. For participants, the benefit is less tangible. Often, their only reward is the joy of the experience itself. However, as participants contribute more, there is a risk of exploitation. We emphasise that intrinsic motivations are most important for participants, but these motivations go beyond the joy of the experience, such as learning, environmental concern, making a difference, and social aspects of participation [ 2 , 16 ]. Rewards should fit these main drivers of participants for instance by showing how their engagement makes a difference, and by public acknowledgement for their work. A stronger incentive for participation could be provided by showing how the research contributes to the improvement of the (local) natural environment, water quality and biodiversity. Therefore, researchers should provide the volunteers with feedback about the results of the study to which they contributed. Beyond this act of courtesy, they should derive inspiration from the interaction with societal actors to focus more on the societal impact of their work. Some scholars emphasise how several motivations and effects of CS projects reinforce one another to create a desired upwards spiral (e.g. more knowledge and scientific literacy → more environmental concern → intrinsic motivation to make a difference → greater participation in CS projects → more knowledge and scientific literacy) [ 2 ], [ 3 ]. Professional scientists could and should play an active role in realising these societal effects.

In all, citizen science has great potential in water quality research. In fact, numerous projects already illustrate the value of CS to improve water quality around the world. It may help fight the dire threats of water pollution, by raising water awareness, strengthening public support for research, and ultimately for better policies and changes in behaviour. Yet, to reap success with citizen science fully, it should be purposefully designed for such broader societal goals. Therefore, efforts must be made to get a better understanding of the effects of research participation on volunteers, to involve citizen scientist in research agenda setting and the design of research projects, and to listen to them for the practical application of research results.

This article is based on the Dutch report Scholten W, Schölvinck AFM, Van Ewijk S, Diederen PJM. Open science op de oever–Publieke betrokkenheid bij onderzoek naar waterkwaliteit. The Hague: Rathenau Instituut; 2020. Available from: https://www.rathenau.nl/nl/vitale-kennisecosystemen/open-science-op-de-oever [ 17 ].

• 1. OECD. Diffuse Pollution, Degraded Waters: Emerging Policy Solutions. Paris: OECD; 2017.
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• 4. OECD. Water Governance in the Netherlands: Fit for the future? Paris: OECD; 2014.
• 15. Felt U. “Response-able practices” or “new bureaucracies of virtue”: The challenges of making RRI work in academic environments. In: Asveld L, Van Dam-Mieras R, Swierstra T, Lavrijssen S, Linse K, Van den Hoven J, editors. Responsible Innovation 3: A European Agenda? Cham: Springer; 2017. pp. 49–68.

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Looking for a research title about water shortage, conservation, pollution, or treatment? Whatever your area of interest is, you will definitely find a good writing idea in this list of titles for water essays! Topics we’ve collected here are fresh, unique, and current. Go ahead and read them below!

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• Active Remediation Algorithm for Water Service in Flint The Active Remediation algorithm aims to inspect the water service in Flint, Michigan, and identify those lead pipes that need to be replaced by copper pipes.
• Water Savings and Virtual Trade in Agriculture Water trade in agriculture is not a practice that is unique to the modern generation. The practice was common long before the emergence of the Egyptian Empire.
• Virtual Water Trade and Savings in Agriculture This essay discusses the savings associated with virtual water trade in agriculture and touches on the effects of a shift to local agricultural production on global water savings.
• Virtual Water Trade of Agricultural Products Virtual water trade is a concept associated with globalization and the global economy. Its rise was motivated by growing water scarcity in arid areas around the world.
• Water Quality Improvement for Global Health This proposal determines the necessity of water quality from the perspective of global health. The funding will be provided by the government and non-governmental organizations.
• Substances Influence on Water The objective of the experiment will be to find if the freezing rate of water changes when different substances are added.
• “Erin Brockovich” Film and 2014 Flint Water Crisis This paper analyzes the movie “Erin Brockovich” and compares it with the current situation in Flint, which started in April 2014.
• Virtual Water Savings and Trade in Agriculture The idea of virtual water was initially created as a method for assessing how water-rare nations could offer food, clothing, and other water-intensive products to their residents.
• Environmental Legislation: Clean Water Act Clean Water Act determines water quality standards, serves as a basis for the enactment of pollution control programs, and regulates the presence of contaminants in surface water.
• Green Infrastructure in Water Management This paper evaluates the utility of water management in urban areas from the aspect of perception and interpretation of green infrastructure in water management.
• Third-Party Logistics, Water Transportation, Pipelines Transportation plays a crucial role in today’s business world. This work shows the benefits and limitations of third-party logistics providers, water transportation, and pipelines.
• Water Quality and Contamination In this paper, carries out detailed experiments on the bottled and tap water available to consumers to establish whether it is worthwhile to purchase bottled water.
• Central Asia’s Resources: Oil, Water Scarcity, and Corruption The region of Central Asia has been a focus of the world’s political and economic attention due to its rich oil and gas resources. Corruption is the main curse of Central Asian states.
• Water Management and Ecology Issues The paper studies water management, its various implications and explains why this area is important on examples of environmental issues.
• Water Scarcity Issue and Environment The paper answers the question why to be worried about running out of drinking water even though the earth’s surface is mostly made of water.
• Addressing Water Shortage: Causes, Effects, and Solutions Different countries face varying challenges in as far as the provision of clean water to its population is concerned depending on its economic development level and geographic location.
• How Does Water Pollution Affect Human Health?
• Are Sports Drinks Better for Athletes Than Water?
• What Happens if You Don’t Filter Your Water?
• Can Game Theory Help to Mitigate Water Conflicts in the Syrdarya Basin?
• How Can We Reduce Water Scarcity?
• Are Water Filters Really That Important?
• How Much Water Do We Need to Feed the World?
• Why Is Water Important for Food Production?
• Can Markets Improve Water Allocation in Rural America?
• How Can We Reduce Water Consumption in Food Industry?
• Can Public Sector Reforms Improve the Efficiency of Public Water Utilities?
• What Are the Modern Technologies Used to Treat Water?
• How Does Water Pollution Affect Global Warming?
• Can Sea Water Generate Usable Energy?
• What Are the Steps Taken by the Government to Reduce Water Pollution?
• Can Sugar Help Lower the Freezing Point of Water?
• Do We Need More Laws to Control Water Pollution?
• Can the Global Community Successfully Confront the Global Water Shortage?
• What Is the Government Doing to Save Water?
• Can Virtual Water ‘Trade’ Reduce Water Scarcity in Semi-arid Countries?
• Does Urbanization Improve Industrial Water Consumption Efficiency?
• How Has Technology Helped Us Save Water?
• Does Piped Water Improve Household Welfare?
• Can Water Pollution Policy Be Efficient?
• How Does Green Infrastructure Improve Water Quality?

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These essay examples and topics on Water were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on June 25, 2024 .

469 Water Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Looking for interesting topics related to water? This study field is broad, exciting, and definitely worth exploring!

🏆 Best Water Topic Ideas & Essay Examples

👍 top water essay examples, 📌 easy topics related to water, 💡 water essay topics, ✍ water topics for research papers, 🥇 interesting water topics to write about, ❓ essay questions about water.

In your essay about water, you might want to focus on water as one of the most valuable natural resources. Consider exploring the issues of water pollution, purification, conservation, or management. Whether you need to prepare an essay, a research paper, or a presentation, our article will be helpful. Here we’ve collected water essay topics and titles. Water essay examples are added to inspire you even more!

• Should Bottled Water Be Banned? Plastics is one of the products that are leading in polluting the environment. Plastics are detrimental to the environment; they affect the soil, water, air and eventually lead to climate change and global warming.
• Air and Water Pollution in the Modern World The high number of vehicles in the city has greatly promoted air pollution in the area. Poor sewerage system, high pollution from industries and automobiles are among the major causes of air and water pollutions […]
• Water Pollution: Causes, Effects and Possible Solutions This is why clean water is required in all the places to make sure the people and all the living creatures in the planet live a good and healthy life.
• Water Purification Process Since the process is aimed at eliminating all the impurities present in the water, it is necessary to apply chemical and physical methods of separation in an orderly manner.
• Water Recycling Recycled water is obtained from waste water and contaminated water that has been subjected to thorough treatment to ensure that it is proper for use for different purposes.
• Water Scarcity as a Global Issue: Causes and Solutions Common causes of water scarcity include overpopulation e in regions that have limited water resources, global warming, destruction of water catchment areas by human activities, and pollution of water sources.
• Masafi Water Company and Al Ain Water Company Manufacturing of Masafi and Al Ain Water: The resource of Masafi water is the mountain and this is why the water is rich in minerals.
• Water Transport Systems in the World The development of the three and four Masted ships in the 16th century was a major event in the history of the water transportation system.
• Water Pollution: Causes, Effects, and Prevention Farmers should be encouraged to embrace this kind of farming which ensures that the manure used is biodegradable and do not end up accumulating in the water bodies once they are washed off by floods.
• The Process of the Water Cycle It is the primary process that drives the movement of water from water bodies into the atmosphere in form of water vapor.
• The Thematic Concept in Water Names Like the narrator, a reader may think that the story presents a happy ending, as the young woman “went to join the kingdom of her beloved”. The woman wants the girls to find the answer […]
• The Effect of Plastic Water Bottles on the Environment In addition, the proponents of plastic use have argued that recycling is an effective method of mitigating the effects of plastic to the environment.
• Water Pollution in the Philippines: Metropolitan Manila Area In this brief economic analysis of water pollution in Metro Manila, it is proposed to look at the industrial use of waters and the household use to understand the impact that the population growth and […]
• Water Advertisement The waterfall in the background reinforces the psychological need for water and adds to the freshness of the advertisement and water itself.
• Evian Water Company’s Analysis Due to the popularity of its water, the company managed to expand, and in 1978, it made its way to the market of the United States of America.
• Water Cycle: Lesson Plan for 5th Graders The purpose of the program is to introduce students to the water cycle systems, stages, and importance. The student should be able to define and explain the water cycle stages.
• Accessibility to Safe Drinking Water The first is to dig wells in the rural and arid areas to aid the people to have access to water. The other alternative is to treat water and use it in the home.
• Water Conservation and Drought Issues in Resorts The idea of the conservation of natural resources and water, in particular, became popular in the previous century. The understanding of the need for nature protection commenced in the 1960s.
• Analysis of Lab: Heat of Fusion of Water In this experiment, information was collected regarding the mass of the calorimeter and bowl, the mass of the empty calorimeter, the water, and the contents: all raw data are shown in Table 1.
• How Does Water Hyacinth Harm the Local Ecosystem? Water hyacinth Flowers Water hyacinth has great harm on the local ecosystem and affects aquatic life and water quality. The life of other plants and animals is jeopardized by the rapid growth of water hyacinth.
• Sustainability: Domestic Water Usage Much of the hot water is used when cleaning and washing, with the shower making up to 43% of the 41 gallons and washing clothes making up to 29%.
• Fiji Water Strategic Analysis The second alternative could involve the idea of putting underground and sea bed pipes to facilitate the transportation of the water commodity from Fiji to the lucrative international markets, such as the US.
• Determination of Quinine in Tonic Water with Fluorescence Spectroscopy In general, luminescence is understood as the glow of substances not accompanied by heat production but initiated by the absorption of photons.
• Bottled Water Industry and Aquafina Another reason of the boom in the consumption of bottled water is its taste because a large number of people prefer its taste to that of tap water.
• Water: Nature’s Gift to Humanity However, the role of this element is not only in the formation of life but also its maintenance since this seemingly ordinary liquid plays an enormously essential role in the existence of the human and […]
• Saving Water and Methods of Its Protection That is, the plan will effectively manage the water usage at the current state of the company as well as in the future. If protection and conservation of water is not done, there will be […]
• Integrated Sustainable Water Management in the UAE The UAE Water Security Strategy 2036 was unveiled by the Ministry of Energy in 2017 to ensure that access to water during an emergency and normal conditions are sustainable within the internal standards, local regulations, […]
• Water Cycle Process On the reaching the atmosphere water molecules bond together again and come back to the earth surface through the process of precipitation.
• Water Consumption on the Household Level The specified phenomenon can be explained by the fact that controlling the use of water in the course of taking a shower is quite complicated for most people.
• Modern Water Purification Methods for the Middle East In this study, we will learn about the methods of water purification and the need to purify water. The specific purpose of the study is to describe and explain the methods of water purification in […]
• Thames Water Company’s Pollution Issue and Ecocentrism Fines can be treated as a strong solution to this issue even though it is not presupposed by the ethical theory discussed, as they ensure that some funds can be spent on protecting the environment.
• Water Quality and Treatment The main objective of this paper is to identify the main impurities in water that pose threats to the health of households.
• Water Resource Management: How to Save Water Resources We need to address the difficult problems of evaluating and protecting the global commons, which are complicated and interrelated while maintaining the free trade systems of the world.
• Third World War Will Be Over Water The severity of the case of water scarcity can be best explained by the inclusion of the problem of water as one of the main goals of one of the greatest development frameworks in the […]
• Diet and Water as an Overlooked Essential Nutrient Water is a very important nutrient in the body because it maintains homeostasis, and enhances the transport of other nutrients and minerals from their point of absorption to other parts of the body.
• Water Shortage’ Major Causes and Implication Summary of the article This article is a discussion regarding one major problem that is an issue of concern in the 21st century which according to the author, the world is currently facing a major […]
• India’s Water Supply Improvement Plan In India, the concept of a “water crisis” is firmly established, and the future of the country largely depends on how it will be possible to dispose of the available sources of fresh water.
• Water Pollution in a Community: Mitigation Plan Though for the fact that planet earth is abundant with water and almost two-thirds of the planet is made up of water still it is viewed that in future years, a shortage of water may […]
• Coca-Cola India and Water Pollution Issues The first difficulty that the representatives of the Coca-Cola Company happened to face due to their campaign in the territory of India was caused by the concerns of the local government.
• Water Scarcity and Its Effects on the Environment The core objective of this research paper is to examine water scarcity and its effects to the environment. This is because sufficiency of water supply depends on water conservation methods, distribution channels available in the […]
• Water’s Role in Society and Its Applications The water table is forced higher by a dam to intensify the force of the water’s descent. In the future, water should be modified to act as a source of fuel for different machinery to […]
• Anomalous Expansion of Water: A Home Experiment This investigation proves the hypothesis that water expands anomalously when cooled and increases in volume as it nears its freezing point of zero degree Celsius.
• People Affected by Fires and Natural Disasters Need Help With Food, Water, Shelter Today, I would like to talk to you about natural disasters and how to minimize their impacts by contributing to charity funds, and how your contribution can make a difference.
• Synopsis of “Water” Short Story by Lee Hoffman From the story it is clearly indicated that, Evan was very disappointed with what Redmor treated the people of this area; and decided to take a ravage especially because his friend Hank was shot.
• Dehydration and Importance of Water There are plenty of fluids in the body that mainly consist of water; one of these is saliva. Water also transports oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body that are in need […]
• Fire and Water Symbols in “Sula” by Toni Morrison Water and fire are used by the author as symbols of destruction and purification respectively, which allows the readers to better understand the main characters in the context of the communist oppression.
• The Documentary Film “Flow: For Love of Water” First, the issue in question is in direct relation to the welfare of the entire planet’s population, and the film makes a convincing case that there are reasons to worry. In the end, I believe […]
• Water Pollution as a Crime Against the Environment In particular, water pollution is a widespread crime against the environment, even though it is a severe felony that can result in harm to many people and vast territories.
• The Water Treatment System Project The purpose of this project was to create a water treatment system that will allow for establishing and maintaining the provision of high-quality drinking water. In turn, the second part of the project includes information […]
• Water Quality Importance In a lot of areas, the water available to the public is contaminated; that is it has substances that can be of great harm to public health.
• Water Purification in Saudi Arabia The scope of this report is to bring out all sorts of features used for water purification in Saudi Arabia and their effectiveness in providing pure water in all regions of Saudi Arabia. Desalination is […]
• Water Shortages in the World Management of water supply in developing countries is poor as compared to that of developed world. In addition, pollution of water in developing countries is quite prevalent as compared to that of developed world.
• Tipperary Mineral Water Company In addition, consumers’ desire to lead a healthy lifestyle has greatly increased the market growth and demand for mineral water by a rate of 8. The main consumers of mineral water in this market are […]
• Water & Air Pollution and Health Issues in Brazil The main environmental effects of pollution include the destruction of marine habitats, water scarcity, and anoxia. The conclusion is informative because the writer includes strategies to alleviate the problem of air and water pollution in […]
• Muslim Civilisation: The Mechanical Water Clock of Ibn Al-Haytham This forth stage is the one that determines the survival of the state, as the society is already discontented with the rule, hence disintegration of the state.
• Marketing Plan for Water Sensitive Nail Polish This part presents the information collected in 2014 as the company focuses on the demand behavior of the new nail polish.
• Environmental Impact of Bottled Water The process of manufacturing the water bottles, such as the dependence on fossil fuels, is causing a lot of direct as well indirect destructing to the environment.
• The Effect of pH on Water Holding Capacity of Chicken In the present laboratory work, the main issue is to investigate the potential relationship between WHC as a measure of moisture content and chicken pH; specifically, the question is to identify the effect of meat […]
• Water Quality Report: Overview Water quality reports provide information in regards to the quality of the drinking water, possible contaminants, and ways to reduce risks.
• The Flint Water Crisis From Marxist Perspective To understand the causes of the crisis and ways to prevent such problems in the future, it is possible to employ the Marxist approach.
• Water-Saving Technologies in the Middle East Our planet is made of 70% water and yet most areas of the world are without water. However, to conserve the cost of this important resource, certain steps are being taken by the respective governments […]
• Turbidity and Total Suspended Solids of Water: Lentic and Lotic Sites In answering the research question, the objective of the study is to compare the quality of water in the lentic system and the lotic system.
• Dialysis Water Treatment System Heat exchanger: the evaporated water from the boiler is passed through the heat exchanger where it loses heat to the working fluid/feed water in the heat exchanger.
• Fiji Water Report The aim of this report is to analyze the future options of Fiji waters company growing up as a company that will be conscious to the environment and ensure its’ sustainability.
• Biblical Living Water Explained The woman out of the curiosity asks Jesus where He is to get water from where Jesus informs her that He has the living water.
• Providing Access to Clean Water This is why this option should be overlooked by coastal communities that can significantly increase the amount of clean water which is available to them.
• Seawater vs. Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis The concentrations of seawater and brackish water differ considerably; hence, there is a distinction involving the concentrate acquired from seawater desalination plants and brackish water desalination plants.
• The Physical and Chemical Properties of Water Considering the structure in the figure above, it is evident that a molecule of water has a line of symmetry that can be traced through the water molecule, acting as a bisector of the angle […]
• Flow: For Love of Water Regardless of the level of awareness and the intentions to study the world around, not many people comprehend how dangerous and life-threatening the lack of water can be.
• Natural Sciences: Water Expansion During Freezing The review of the structure of water molecules shows that it has two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.
• Water Resources: History and Potential Impacts The quality of our water resources depends on many factors that include but not limited to; flows, the rate and the timing of run offs, and the ability of water sheds to assimilate wastes and […]
• The Issue of Bottled Water Consumption The steady rise in the demand for bottled water is causing hips of unnecessary garbage and resulting in the consumption of vast quantities of energy according to the report by Earth Policy Institute.
• Increasing Global Access to Clean Water and Sanitation As noticed by researchers, innovative solutions to achieve global clean water and sanitation are needed, and the positive partnership of various organizations and groups from different spheres and levels may help with this task.
• Rainwater Harvesting to Replenish Underground Water in India Due to the increased rates of deforestation in Rajasthan monsoon, rains started to wash down the surface levels of the soil, making the ground less fertile and eroded.
• Water Properties as a Solvent: An Experiment Lab In the second part of the work, a mixture of 10 g of solid calcium hydroxide and 50 mL of drinking water in a beaker was initially created.
• Effect of Sea Water and Corrosion on Concrete On the other hand, substantial tautness, for instance due to meandering will shatter the tiny firm pattern, ending up in fracturing and disjointing of the concrete.
• Efficient Solar Refrigeration: A Technology Platform for Clean Energy and Water Refrigeration cycle capable to be driven by low grade energy, substituting gas-phase ejector used in conventional mechanical compressor.
• Annotated Bibliography on Water Management The importance of water management and its application in the oil industry is the primary focus of Adham et al.in this article.
• Recycled Water – Is It Safe for Drinking? There are a number of barriers that always work against the desire to obtain safe drinking water from recycling plants.
• Solar-Powered Water Cooler System The design of a solar-powered water cooler is based on the normal components and operations of cooling systems. The design of a solar-powered water cooler will help in providing water-cooling services to the people in […]
• Dubai Electricity and Water Authority’s Employees The paper will seek to determine the primary reason for the symptoms indicated by DEWA’s HR staff and to provide recommendations for action to improve the current situation.
• Water Symbolism in Christianity and Islam Water symbolism in religion is the practice of associating water to particular beliefs that govern the religion’s rules. The raising water continuously lifted the ark preventing the Noah family and other animals from drowning Muslims […]
• Irrigation and Sustainable Water Use for Improved Crop Yield Irrigation refers to the artificial use of water to assist in agriculture and is important in the suppression of weeds especially in grain fields and in the deterrence of soil hardening.
• Australian, Perth Water Supply Crisis The article Australia’s Water Crisis brings to light the grim effects of the dwindling water resources within the city of Sydney.
• Mineral and Water Function According to Grosvenor and Smolin, one of the main functions of water is to regulate the body temperatures. Therefore, water is crucial in the whole process of food digestion and transportation of food nutrients and […]
• Water Distribution System in Spain The first river basin agencies were created in the Ebro basin and in the Segura basin in 1926, followed by the Guadalquivir in 1927 and the Eastern Pyrenees in 1929″.
• Domestication of Water: History of Swimming Pools One of these techniques was the creation of swimming pools, special structures that hold the water and can be used for swimming and leisurely activities.
• Irrigation Water Reduction Using Water-Absorbing Polymers Moreover, Abu Dhabi city acts as both the capital of the country and that of the emirate. This encouraged more people to take on agricultural activities to help boost food and animal production in a […]
• Water Resources’ Quality in the Southwestern United States To understand the importance of the issues of drinking water quality and availability in the Southwestern United States, factors such as local climate, population changes, consumption of local and imported water, wastewater treatment, and recycling […]
• Water Pollution and Management in the UAE The groundwater in UAE meets the needs of 51% of users in terms of quantity mainly for irrigation. Surface water is the source of groundwater and plays a major role in groundwater renewal.
• Demo Park Water Administration Project Management In this assignment, the main areas for group work were the creation of a project plan and the identification, as well as the demonstration of its importance.
• Fiji Water: A Comprehensive Analysis The paper is analytical in nature and it displays some of the aspects that make the product unique and relevant in the market, some of the challenges that the product’s company encounters, how the company […]
• Availability of Water Resources in United Arab Emirates This has led to the reduction in the ground water levels and the quality of water. Rainfall is the main source of water in the United Arab Emirates.
• The Hydrologic Cycle and Water on Earth The amount of water molecules in the earth is constant although the motion of water is continuous. It flows along the eastern of the Japanese coast, bends towards the east, and completes the loop as […]
• The Water System: Rivers, Streams and Lakes The techniques used to compare rivers in the world involve an analysis of the size of the drainage area, the length of the main stem and the mean discharge.
• Roman Aqueducts “The Relevance of Water to the Social Political Climate of the Roman” The main question in this paper is: what were the names and functions of the aqueducts in ancient Rome? The need to build aqueducts in Rome was prompted by the need for mass supply of […]
• Drinking Water and Culture in the Valley of Mexico The book A Precious Liquid: Drinking Water and Culture in the Valley of Mexico written by Ennis-Mcmillan reveals a story about the way residents of a small Mexican village manage the water deficiency, but in […]
• Water Resources and Usage The stressors that threaten human water security An analysis of the worldwide status of water as a human resource has been limited to the fragments of regional and state based assessments that show varying indicators […]
• Water Resources in Economic Proposals on the economics’ of water resources FAO states, the escalating responsiveness that water shortage has brought forth the acceptance of the opinion that “water is an economic good” as one of the four Dublin […]
• Mud Lick Creek Project – Fresh Water Pollution This potential source of pollutants poses significant risks to the quality of water at the creek in terms altering the temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and the turbidity of the water.
• Water Quality Issues in Developing Countries According to WHO, the quality of drinking water is a foundation for the prevention and control of waterborne ailments, thus water quality is a critical environmental determinant of health for populations using the water.
• Environmental Science: Smart Water Management Among the essential elements in human life is water, which is required for maintaining the water balance in the body and for cleanliness, as well as for many economic sectors, from agriculture to metallurgy.
• Systemic Effects (Risks) of Water Fluoridation: Fluoridation Assignment Fluoride contributes to teeth development depending on the site where it is applied and the mode of entry into the system. Thus, proponents argue it is one of the safest and most effective solutions to […]
• Ineffective Water Resource Management in the Hotel Industry In the context of the problem of water overuse for service production and revenue generation, the most appropriate type of assessment is a water audit.
• Innovations on Energy and Water Co-Benefits In addition, the number of harmful emissions that are harmful to both people and the planet will be significantly reduced. The introduction of social innovations is to develop strategies that will solve social problems.
• The Himalayan Melting Glacier Contribution to Water Scarcity in Mount Everest Planetary phenomena such as the tilt of the Earth, its distance from the Sun, temperature, and atmospheric cycles belong to the first category.
• Food and Water Shortage: The Negative Effects As a result, one of the biggest challenges in the 21st century is the food and water shortage, which might lead to violence and the death of many people.
• Sustaining Our Water Resources: Pharmaceuticals in Water Supply The presence of pharmaceuticals in the water supply is primarily harmful to fish and aquatic wildlife as they may impact the hormone system of living creatures, causing reproductive failure.
• The Article “Where the Water Goes” by David Owen This paper highlights misconceptions about the drying of lake Mead, the importance of the Colorado River, and the causes of its scarcity in Las Vegas.
• Cashion Water Quality: Spatial Distribution of Water Pollution Incidents This essay discusses the quality of water as per the report of 2021 obtained from the municipality, the quality issue and the source of pollution, and how the pollution impacts human health and the environment […]
• Plan Elements for Sustainable Management of Water Resources It was taken into account because it provides greater imperiousness, where the rising development of Arzaville community structures and roadways disrupts the local water cycle and floods bays and guts with significant amounts of stormwater […]
• Clouds: The Water Cycle and Social Sciences As a result, when the weight increases and the droplets grow, they are released in the form of precipitations. Moreover, the movement of the water can be applied to a sociological element.
• Water Contamination Issue in Medical Anthropology The role of water is so important that any economic or political disturbance can result in the worsening health problems of the population. The most recent and evident example of the failure in disease management […]
• Water Consumption and Sleep Hygiene Practices First, I will discuss that safe and sufficient water facilitates the practice of hygiene and well-being and is a critical determining factor for health.
• Understanding the Water Regulations in Kenya The Constitution, therefore, mandates the national government the role of ensuring that all the water resources, including the international waters, are well managed and utilized to better the lives of the citizens in the nation.
• Water and Energy Problems in Mining Industry The goal is to find and recommend solutions for mining companies to easily access quality ore deposits in inaccessible areas. According to the second interviewee, accessibility to water and electricity are among the major challenges […]
• Sustainable Development and Water-Food-Energy Nexus in Sweden The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations states that the securities of food, energy, and water are interconnected and depend on each other.
• Water Quality Issues: Case Study Analysis The quality of water is an essential part of the infrastructure of a city or state, which affects the health of the population and the level of well-being.
• America’s Growing Clean Water Crisis and the Resulting Diseases The current water crisis in Flint, Michigan, has focused a lot of attention on the state of water infrastructure. Lastly, there will be a not adequate amount of water to help in dissolving the nutrients […]
• The Sea Water Impact on the Human Cell Hence, consuming it causes a high amount of salt without the human cell, which leads to a steep concentration gradient within the cell, thereby causing water to be drawn out, which is detrimental to the […]
• Factors of the Water Crisis in Flint, Michigan The factors that caused the water crisis in this city can be considered negligence of the authorities, ambiguous and contradictory instructions of environmental protection agencies, and corruption.
• Environmental Racism: The Water Crisis in Flint, Michigan The situation is a manifestation of environmental racism and classism since most of the city’s population is people of color and poor. Thus, the water crisis in Flint, Michigan, is a manifestation of environmental racism […]
• Flint Water Crisis: Municipal Water Supply System The city of Flint was a thriving industrial center in the third quarter of the last century; however, it had economic difficulties due to the closure of several General Motors factories in the 1980s and […]
• The Flint Water Crisis and Its Impact The contaminated water has lead to a number of diseases and disabilities, which, in turn, has left the city’s population with a large number of healthcare bills. In conclusion, the Flint Water Crisis is an […]
• Overcoming Shortage of Drinking Water It is also possible to process saltwater into freshwater, which is the most promising way to solve the problem of water scarcity.
• Financial Attractiveness of Domestic Solar Hot Water Systems: Article Review The peculiarity of the article is that the study of the authors aims to resolve urgent needs by increasing the demand for goods.
• Singapore International Water Week A good example of these conferences is the Singapore International Water Week and it forms the basis for this detailed report The SIWW 2022 brings together professionals, technocrats, and government leaders to share their experiences […]
• The Safe Drinking Water Act 1974: The Main Concept The act also directs EPA to report on the eminence of drinking water in the U. The SDWA calls for the EPA to publish an annual report on the drinking water in the US.
• The Safe Drinking Water Act 1974: Overview The main provisions in this law were to ensure that water supplied from the source to the faucets was free from natural and artificial contaminants through water treatment and consistent supply to the public.
• Is Tap Water Better and Safer for People and the Environment Than Bottled Water? In this study, I have decided to explore if tap water is better and safer for people and the environment than bottled one. Further, I will look at the impact of bottled water on people […]
• Importance of Mercury Water Pollution Problem Solutions The severity of the mercury contamination consequences depends on the age of the person exposed to the contamination, the way of contamination, the health condition, and many other factors.
• The Influence of Water Quality on the Population of Salmonid Fish It is expected that populations of wild salmonid fish may decline rapidly due to water pollution instead of farmed species because the effects of water pollution are deleterious.
• Case Study: Human Body Water Balance Sodium is reabsorbed in the thick climbing appendage of the loop of Henle. The rest of the Na+ retention happens in the distal nephron.
• Typical Reasonably Homogeneous Equilibrium in Water It is important that the diffusion coefficient used to link the iodine concentrations in one phase to that in another account for the existence of iodide and polyiodide salts.
• Creative and Critical Thinking in Case of Lack of Water In order to identify the significance of creative and critical thinking in the situation presented, it is necessary to dwell on the definition of the process of creative thinking.
• Water Scarcity in Africa and Mental Disorders Partially, the reason for the lack of meaningful changes in the policies preventing the causes lies in the social stigma towards patients with mental problems.
• Concept of Water Companies Furthermore, in this market formation, it is assumed that the prices do not control the market, which is contrary to the search for a life partner.
• The Safe Drinking Water Act: The Discussion Post The discussion post acknowledges that the Safe Drinking Water Act has remained a powerful guideline that must be followed by different stakeholders to ensure quality and clean drinking water is available to the greatest number […]
• Dehydration and Water in People’s Life It is of utmost importance since it cannot be stored in the body and replenishing of the water must occur constantly.
• Energy and Air Emission Effects of Water Supply Contemporary systems meant to heat water/air explore both the heat pumps and the solar plates that are combined to form a unit with the aim of optimizing on the energy efficiency as well as solar […]
• Adjustable Speed Drives Improving Circulating Water System This was concluded to be because of the many vortices that were generated as a result of the hindrance in the flow of water due to the shape defect.
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Solutions Spotlight: A Cascade of Impacts: The Many Ways Water Affects Child Development

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SOLUTIONS SPOTLIGHT

A Cascade of Impacts: The Many Ways Water Affects Child Development

What surrounds us—and goes into us—shapes our biology, including our brain, immune, and metabolic systems. This is particularly true during the prenatal and early childhood periods when our bodies are especially sensitive to outside influences. Water is a critical part of a child’s environment, and disruptions in the availability and quality of water can impact young children’s development and health, both in the moment and across the lifespan. Climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, leading to more disruptions in clean water access, flooding, displacement, and more.

A Cascade of Impacts: The Many Ways Water Affects Child Development, the latest working paper from the Early Childhood Scientific Council on Equity and the Environment (ECSCEE), explores how water affects children’s health, learning, and behavior and how ensuring access to safe drinking water is necessary to support the healthy development of all children. This Solutions Spotlight offers examples of practical solutions communities are taking to address disparities in access to clean water and navigate climate-related threats such as flooding in their communities.

Improving Access to Clean Water During Pregnancy & Early Childhood

A young child’s organs are developing rapidly, so they require more water than adult organs and are more sensitive to what is in that water. These organs absorb everything in the water we drink, from beneficial nutrients and bacteria to toxic metals, chemicals, viruses, and parasites. This can have lasting implications for children’s development. Policy and community initiatives that increase access to clean water can help support development and lifelong health.

Protecting Young Children from Lead Exposure in Childcare Centers

Exposure to lead during early childhood can cause a range of negative impacts on health and learning. To protect young children from these potential harms, North Carolina passed a resolution in 2019 requiring all licensed childcare centers to test for lead in tap water, followed by a 2023 requirement for public schools. The NC Division of Public Health partnered with RTI International, NC Child (a community advocacy group), and the Duke Environmental Law and Policy Clinic to make substantive rule changes to protect public health. The RTI-created Clean Water for Carolina Kids program includes mail-out sample kits and an online portal paired with ample training and communication to identify and eliminate exposure to lead at the tap. If lead is detected, the program helps facilities implement low-cost solutions and understand how to practice clean water habits. By 2022, all licensed childcare centers in the state were tested for lead. The expanded Clean Classrooms for Carolina Kids program is now testing taps at every public school across NC and retesting centers, plus provides mitigation for any tap above the state’s lead action level. The initiative’s success in North Carolina led to a similar Clean Water for Georgia Kids program in Georgia and the creation of Clean Water for US Kids, which aims to eliminate exposure to contaminants in drinking water where people live, learn, and play.

Improving Clean Water Access for Pregnant People

In New Hampshire, the state is working to limit exposure to heavy metals in drinking water during pregnancy. Some chemicals in drinking water can cross through the placenta to affect a fetus, which has lasting implications for children’s development. Recognizing that water testing kits and filtration systems are often inaccessible to low-income communities, the NH Water Well-Ness Initiative provides free, private well water testing to low-income pregnant participants of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). After WIC staff connect with qualifying participants and talk to them about water testing, those households are mailed a free water testing kit and a pre-paid envelope to send the test to a lab. If high levels of heavy metals—such as lead or arsenic—are found in the water, the state mails free water filters to those households. This program is notable in recognizing the importance of improving access to clean water during pregnancy.

Increasing Clean Water Access for Children in Indigenous and Rural Communities

Historical disputes over property rights, town borders, and dispossession of Native lands have resulted in significantly less access to affordable, clean water in Indigenous communities and disenfranchised rural areas. Agua4All is a nonprofit launched in 2014 by the Rural Community Assistance Corporation (RCAC) in partnership with the California Endowment. Agua4All funds water bottle filling stations and provides reusable water bottles in schools and community centers, with a focus on rural and Indigenous populations. Since its launch, Agua4All has installed 913 water bottle filling stations and distributed over 17,000 reusable water bottles in California. By increasing access to clean drinking water, efforts like this can address the impacts of current and historic discriminatory policies, with significant positive effects on the health and well-being of children in these communities.

Enhancing Climate Resiliency Today & Preventing Future Harm from Climate Change

Climate change is making extreme weather events, like hurricanes and extreme rainstorms, more frequent and more intense. Flooding can affect children’s access to clean drinking water by overwhelming the infrastructure we depend on to treat and manage our drinking water and by washing more pollutants into our lakes, rivers, and aquifers. Extreme weather can also displace families or lead to unpredictability and job loss. This can cause anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for children and their caregivers, making it difficult for adults to provide basic needs, like food or housing, as well as responsive caregiving. The following community and policy initiatives can help safeguard children and caregivers from the effects of extreme weather.

Adapting Infrastructure to Reduce the Effects of Extreme Weather

The City of New Orleans and a coalition of nonprofit partners called Umbrella worked together in a low-elevation, low-income neighborhood to install green infrastructure and reduce the threat of flooding. The initiative began by talking to residents in this neighborhood about their needs, hesitations, and the impact green infrastructure could make. With these conversations in mind, the coalition installed 125 trees and 16 rain barrels and replaced 1,300+ square feet of pavement with permeable pavers and gardens. Trees absorb rain primarily through their roots; Rain barrels collect water that runs off roofs; and permeable pavers and gardens allow water to enter the soil below. This installation by Umbrella is enough to prevent 30,000 gallons of water per hour from entering the drainage system. By taking steps to reduce flooding in a community, this coalition is helping to safeguard water infrastructure and prevent children and their caregivers from experiencing flood-related displacement or trauma.

Addressing the Root Causes of Climate Change and Working Toward Fair, Reliable Water Access

In 2021, the Mayor of San Francisco pledged that the city would be carbon neutral by 2040. To create the 2021 climate plan, the city hosted 11 public workshops and 11 community presentations, and 1,400 comments were submitted through an online “open house.” Now, the city is demonstrating its commitment to drawing energy from renewable sources, including through CleanPowerSF, which provides thousands of businesses and residents with electricity that is approximately 98% greenhouse gas-free. In September 2023, San Francisco added a water addendum to its climate pledge, recognizing that climate change is affecting water supplies, and that the city needs to take action to ensure a high-quality and reliable water supply into the future. Actions include recycling wastewater from large parks and golf courses and investigating alternative water supplies (including desalination). The city also recognizes that water is a human right and can be unaffordable in many communities. To address this, the city provides water bill subsidies for low-income residents. Through these efforts, San Francisco is addressing the immediate water needs of residents and working to prevent future harm from climate change, both of which are critical to safeguarding the health and well-being of young children and their caregivers.

Related Topics: Early Childhood Development , water , environment

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Briefs : Growing Up in a Warming World: How climate change is affecting the availability and safety of water in the developmental environment

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Briefs : InBrief | A Cascade of Impacts: The Many Ways Water Affects Child Development

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• Nitrogen and Water
• pH and Water
• Phosphorus and Water
• Turbidity and Water

Activity Center and Resources

• Water Quality photo gallery
• Water Quality Q&A

Below are publications associated with this project.

What does "water quality" mean?

A primer on water quality.