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Fabio Sabatini
Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Economics and Law, and Euricse
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Alternative heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (hvac) system considerations for reducing energy use and emissions in egg industries in temperate and continental climates: a systematic review of current systems, insights, and future directions.
1. Introduction
- What are the typical annual energy needs and the maximum thermal loads for heating and cooling caged and free-run layer hen housing systems? This research question considers the specific physiological requirements of poultry, housing characteristics, and seasonal variations across temperate and continental climates (using several locations in Canada evincing different temperate/continental climate conditions as examples) throughout the year (RQ1).
- What insights from residential and commercial alternative HVAC systems are transferable for potential application in caged and free-run poultry housing systems in temperate and continental climates? What are the limitations? This research question considers the estimated heating and cooling loads and needs from RQ1, potential energy efficiency, and environmental impacts (RQ2).
- What subset of alternative HVAC technologies could be recommended for priority consideration for application in confined poultry housing, subject to further, detailed life cycle-based sustainability assessment in order to determine potential net benefits/impacts in the context of egg production? This research question considers technological maturity, affordability, and the findings from RQ2 (RQ3).
2.1. Simulation Methodology
2.1.1. adopted simulation model, 2.1.2. theoretical layer hen house used in the simulations, 2.1.3. definition of the scenarios for the simulations, 2.2. prisma methodology, 2.2.1. search strategy and screening criteria, 2.2.2. extraction and synthesis of data, 3. results and discussion, 3.1. thermal loads and needs for conventional caged and free-run layer hen housing, 3.2. insights into the suitability of alternative hvac systems, 3.2.1. ashps for caged and free-run poultry housing applications.
Ref. | Energy Efficiency Findings | Environmental Impact Findings | Type of Finding (Favourable, Unfavourable, Inconsistent) | Inland–Dfc | Coastal–Dfb | Inland–Dfb | Coastal–Cfb |
---|
[ ] | The ASHP did not meet the energy demands | N/A | Unfavourable | x | | | |
[ ] | The ASHP had higher energy consumption than the GSHP | N/A | Unfavourable | x | | | |
[ ] | Performance was mainly driven by the climate | N/A | Inconsistent | x | x | x | |
[ , , , ] | The ASHP had higher energy consumption than the GSHP | N/A | Unfavourable | x | x | x | x |
[ ] | The ASHP had higher energy consumption than the GSHP | N/A | Unfavourable | | | | x |
[ ] | The ASHP could reduce the energy supply with substantial improvements | N/A | Favourable | | | | x |
[ ] | In warm climates, the GSHP saved little energy or used more energy than the ASHP, but the opposite was true in cold climates | N/A | Inconsistent | | | | x |
[ ] | N/A | The environmental impact was higher than conventional and GSHP systems | Unfavourable | x | | | |
[ ] | N/A | Reduced emissions were achieved compared to a conventional system | Favourable | x | | | |
[ ] | N/A | The environmental impact was higher than the GSHP | Unfavourable | x | x | x | |
[ ] | N/A | The ASHP contributed more emissions than the EAHE | Unfavourable | x | x | x | x |
[ ] | N/A | The environmental impact was lower than GSHPs and conventional systems | Favourable | x | x | x | x |
[ ] | N/A | The environmental impact was higher than conventional system | Unfavourable | x | x | x | x |
[ ] | N/A | The environmental impact was higher than conventional systems | Unfavourable | x | x | | |
[ ] | N/A | The ASHP contributed more emissions than a GSHP | Unfavourable | | | x | |
[ ] | N/A | The ASHP could reduce emissions with substantial improvements | Favourable | | | | x |
Ref. | Energy Efficiency Findings | Environmental Impact Findings | Type of Finding (Favourable, Unfavourable, Inconsistent) | Inland–Dfc | Coastal–Dfb | Inland–Dfb | Coastal–Cfb |
---|
[ ] | The ASHP did not meet the energy demands | N/A | Unfavourable | | x | x | |
[ ] | The ASHP had higher energy consumption than the GSHP | N/A | Unfavourable | x | | | |
[ ] | The ASHP had higher energy consumption than the GSHP | N/A | Unfavourable | | | | x |
[ ] | The ASHP contributed more emissions than the EAHE | N/A | Unfavourable | x | x | x | |
[ ] | The ASHP had higher energy consumption than the GSHP | N/A | Unfavourable | | | | x |
[ ] | The ASHP had higher energy consumption than a GSHP but less than conventional systems | N/A | Favourable | x | x | x | |
[ ] | The ASHP could reduce the energy supply with substantial improvements | N/A | Favourable | x | x | x | |
[ ] | The ASHP had higher energy consumption than the GSHP | N/A | Unfavourable | | | | x |
[ ] | The ASHP had higher energy consumption than the GSHP | N/A | Unfavourable | | | | x |
[ ] | N/A | The environmental impact was higher than with a GSHP | Unfavourable | | x | x | |
[ ] | N/A | The ASHP contributed more emissions than an EAHE | Unfavourable | x | x | x | x |
[ ] | N/A | The environmental impact was higher than GSHPs and conventional systems | Unfavourable | | x | x | |
[ ] | N/A | The ASHP could reduce energy consumption with substantial improvements | Favourable | | x | x | |
[ ] | N/A | The environmental impact was lower than GSHPs and conventional systems | Favourable | x | x | x | |
[ ] | N/A | Reduced emissions were achieved compared to a conventional system | Favourable | | | | x |
3.2.2. EAHEs for Caged and Free-Run Poultry Housing Applications in Different Temperate and Continental Climates
Ref. | Energy Efficiency Findings | Environmental Impact Findings | Type of Finding (Favourable, Unfavourable, Inconsistent) | Inland–Dfc | Coastal–Dfb | Inland–Dfb | Coastal–Cfb |
---|
[ ] | N/A | The EAHE helped reduce GHGEs. | Favourable | x | x | x | |
[ ] | N/A | The EAHE reduced annual CO , SO , and NO emissions compared to the ASHP. | Favourable | x | x | x | x |
[ ] | The EAHE provided energy savings in the summer season. | N/A | Favourable | x | x | x | x |
[ ] | The EAHE effectively heated and cooled the facility. | N/A | Favourable | x | x | x | x |
[ ] | The EAHE could effectively reduce heating load requirements. | N/A | Favourable | x | x | x | x |
[ , ] | The EAHE reduced energy consumption. | N/A | Favourable | x | x | x | x |
[ , ] | The EAHE could effectively reduce energy consumption, with higher cooling potential. | N/A | Favourable | x | x | x | x |
[ , , ] | The EAHE increased average temperature by 13.5 °C, 2.7 °C, and 8 °C and decreased by 13.6 °C, 6.6 °C, and 4 °C, respectively. | N/A | Favourable | x | x | x | x |
[ ] | The EAHE met the cooling and heating load requirements, and efficiency did not decrease with time. | N/A | Favourable | x | x | x | x |
[ , ] | The EAHE could effectively reduce heating and cooling load requirements. | N/A | Favourable | x | x | x | |
[ ] | The EAHE reduced energy consumption. | N/A | Favourable | | x | x | x |
[ ] | The EAHE met the cooling load requirements. | N/A | Favourable | | x | | x |
[ ] | The EAHE could effectively reduce energy consumption, with higher cooling potential. | NA | Favourable | | x | | |
[ , , ] | The EAHE reduced energy consumption for winter and summer. | N/A | Favourable | | | | x |
[ , ] | The EAHE met the cooling and heating load requirements, and efficiency did not decrease with time. | N/A | Favourable | | | | x |
3.2.3. GSHPs for Caged and Free-Run Poultry Housing Applications in Different Temperate and Continental Climates
3.3. affordability analysis for the application of alternative hvac systems in egg production systems, 3.3.1. technological maturity of alternative hvac systems, 3.3.2. recommendations of alternative hvac systems based on the synthesis of affordability, technological maturity, and results from rq2, 4. conclusions, future directions, and limitations.
- EAHEs are the alternative HVAC technology of highest priority for future investigation as a complementary system to reduce thermal loads and needs in poultry housing. Due to their passive nature, EAHEs were determined to have the smallest costs and potential environmental impacts. Combining EAHEs with conventional systems as a potentially economical and environmentally beneficial alternative to switching from conventional to active alternative HVAC systems would be worth future exploration, particularly for low-thermal-load and -energy-needs houses such as in mild temperate climates and free-run systems.
- GSHPs are of second priority for further investigation as stand-alone systems. Despite their high installation costs, GSHPs were determined to possibly be energy-efficient and environmentally beneficial for egg production compared to other active systems due to having low operational costs. Although GSHPs would benefit both poultry housing systems, they would be particularly advantageous for caged systems due to the high thermal load and associated operational demand. Possible future work on reducing investment costs for GSHPs would be beneficial.
- ASHPs are not recommended as a priority alternative HVAC system. Despite favourable literature findings as an affordable, energy-efficient system, many environmental impact findings were unfavourable. There is no strong indication from the literature that ASHPs would be superior in terms of environmental sustainability to conventional or GSHP systems. It is worth noting that the installation of ASHPs is usually easier. Nevertheless, further environmental impact investigation is suggested before large-scale implementations of ASHPs in livestock contexts, particularly for high-thermal-load and -energy-needs applications.
- GSAHPs and WSHPs are not recommended for priority consideration at this time. WSHPs are technologically mature but, as the literature is limited, these systems’ suitability for egg production could not be determined. Moreover, as WSHPs need access to large bodies of water, their implementation can be geographically limited. GSAHPs are not technologically mature, and the limited literature also prevents the determination of these systems’ suitability. We encourage further research on WSHPs and GSAHPs as these systems are theoretically promising but require more investigation of their potential energy efficiencies, environmental impacts, and affordability to better understand their suitability across different application contexts.
Supplementary Materials
Author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest, abbreviations.
ASHP | Air source heat pump |
| Cooling degree days [ ] |
COP | Coefficient of performance |
CO | Carbon dioxide |
| Annual total solar radiation on the horizontal plane [ ] |
EAHE | Earth–air heat exchanger |
FAO | Food and agriculture organization |
GHGEs | Greenhouse gas emissions |
GSAHP | Ground source air heat pump |
GSHP | Ground source heat pump |
| Heating degree days [ ] |
HVAC | Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning |
LCA | Life cycle assessment |
| Hen body mass [ ] |
| Number of hens inside the house [ ] |
NO | Nitrogen oxides |
SO | Sulphur dioxide |
TMY | Typical meteorological year |
TRL | Technology readiness level |
| Stationary thermal transmittance [ ] |
WSHP | Water source heat pump |
| Daily egg production [ ] |
| Solar absorption coefficient [ ] |
| ] |
| Internal aerial heat capacity [ ] |
| Total thermal emission from internal sources [ ] |
5R1C | Five resistances and one capacitance |
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Envelope Component | ] | ] | ] |
---|
Walls | 0.29 | 3.9 | 0.3 |
Ceiling | 0.19 | 3.9 | 0.6 |
Floor | 0.71 | 68.1 | - |
Climate Regions | | | | |
---|
Inland–Dfc (Calgary, Alberta) | 5086 | 37 | 4.0 | 5.0 |
Coastal–Dfb (Greenwood, Nova Scotia) | 4188 | 139 | 7.0 | 4.7 |
Inland–Dfb (London, Ontario) | 3984 | 233 | 7.3 | 5.0 |
Coastal–Cfb (Vancouver, British Columbia) | 2932 | 41 | 9.7 | 4.4 |
Research Questions | Search Queries | Number of Articles Reviewed over Available |
---|
RQ2 | (“ground source heat pump*” or “air-source heat pump*” or “water source heat pump*” or “earth tube*” or “earth–air heat exchanger*” or “ground source air heat pump*”) and (“Life cycle assessment*” or “energy efficienc*”) | 141/551 |
RQ3 | (“ground source heat pump*” or “air-source heat pump*” or “water source heat pump*” or “earth tube*” or “EAHE*” or “ground heat exchanger” or “ground source air heat pump*”) and (“payback period*” or “payback time” or “techno-economic” or “Life cycle cost*” or “LCC” or “Life-cycle-cost*” or “Life-cycle costing”) | 84/311 |
Categories | + | ~ | − |
---|
Heating, cooling, and ventilation loads | The heating and cooling loads or needs of the referenced study were within 25% of those estimated in RQ1 (the selected percentage provides a general understanding that the technology could meet the loads with minor sizing modifications and that the corresponding study’s findings can be appropriately transferred to the scale of interest.) | The heating and cooling loads or needs of the referenced HVAC were within 50% of those estimated in RQ1 (the selected percentage provides a general understanding that the technology could meet the loads with moderate sizing modifications and that the corresponding study’s findings can be mostly transferred to the scale of interest.) | The heating and cooling loads or needs of the referenced HVAC were beyond 50% of those identified in RQ1 (the selected percentage provides a general understanding that the technology could meet the loads with extensive sizing modifications and that the corresponding study’s findings cannot be confidently transferred to the scale of interest.) |
Useable floor area or volume of the facility | The referenced study’s useable floor area or volume is within 25% of that of the theoretical house. | The referenced study’s useable floor area or volume is within 50% of that of the theoretical house. | The referenced study’s useable floor area or volume was beyond 50% of that of the theoretical house. |
Climatic region | The referenced study’s climatic zone matched the corresponding climatic zone of interest (Dfc, Cfb, or Dfb) from the updated Koppen classification model [ ]. | The referenced study’s climatic zone did not match the corresponding climatic zone of interest (Dfc, Cfb, or Dfb) from the updated Koppen classification model [ ] | N/A |
Outdoor ambient temperature | The referenced study’s outdoor ambient temperature matched within 4 °C the annual temperature average range of the region of interest [ ]. | The referenced study’s outdoor ambient temperature matched beyond 4 °C the annual temperature average range of the region of interest [ ]. | The referenced study’s outdoor ambient temperature did not overlap with the reported annual outdoor temperature average range of the region investigated [ ]. |
Energy efficiency findings | The referenced study identified favourable energy efficiency findings with respect to an alternative HVAC technology of interest. | The referenced study identified inconsistent energy efficiency findings in terms of favourability with respect to an alternative HVAC technology of interest. | The referenced study identified unfavourable energy efficiency findings with respect to an alternative HVAC technology of interest. |
Environmental impact findings | The referenced study identified favourable environmental impact findings with respect to an alternative HVAC technology of interest. | The referenced study identified inconsistent environmental impact findings in terms of favourability with respect to an alternative HVAC technology of interest. | The referenced study identified unfavourable environmental impact findings with respect to an alternative HVAC technology of interest. |
Ref. | Energy Efficiency Findings | Environmental Impact Findings | Type of Finding (Favourable, Unfavourable, Inconsistent) | Inland–Dfc | Coastal–Dfb | Inland–Dfb | Coastal–Cfb |
---|
[ , , ] | The GSHP was more energy-efficient than a conventional system | N/A | Favourable | x | x | x | x |
[ , ] | The GSHP had lower energy consumption compared to conventional system | N/A | Favourable | x | | | |
[ ] | The GSHP had lower energy consumption compared to the conventional system | N/A | Favourable | | | x | |
[ ] | The GSHP saved energy consumption in heating mode compared to the conventional system | N/A | Favourable | | x | x | |
[ ] | The GSHP had lower energy consumption than the conventional system | N/A | Favourable | | x | | |
[ ] | The GSHP had lower energy consumption compared to ASHP | N/A | Favourable | x | x | x | x |
[ ] | The GSHP was more energy-efficient than the ASHP | N/A | Favourable | x | x | x | |
[ ] | The GSHP was more energy-efficient than conventional system | N/A | Favourable | | | | x |
[ ] | The GSHP was more energy-efficient than the ASHP | N/A | Favourable | x | | | |
[ ] | The GSHP was more energy-efficient than the conventional systems | NA | Favourable | x | x | x | |
[ ] | The GSHP showed higher efficiency for cooling than heating | N/A | Favourable | x | x | x | x |
[ ] | The GSHP had lower energy consumption than the conventional systems | N/A | Favourable | x | x | | |
[ ] | The GSHP’s performance did not degrade | N/A | Favourable | | x | | x |
[ ] | The GSHP met the heating load requirements | NA | Favourable | x | x | x | |
[ , ] | The GSHP had lower energy consumption than the ASHP | N/A | Favourable | x | x | x | x |
[ ] | The GSHPs provided energy savings in cold climate zones, but in warmer climates, the GSHPs saved little energy or used more energy than the ASHP | N/A | Inconsistent | | | | x |
[ ] | The GSHP met the cooling load requirements | N/A | Favourable | x | x | x | x |
[ ] | The GSHP met the heating and cooling load requirements | N/A | Favourable | x | x | | |
[ ] | N/A | The GSHP showed higher environmental impacts compared to the conventional systems | Unfavourable | x | x | x | x |
[ ] | N/A | The GSHP had lower environmental impacts than ASHPs | Favourable | x | | x | |
[ ] | N/A | The GSHPs showed lowest environmental impacts in most cases compared to the ASHP | Favourable | x | x | x | x |
[ ] | N/A | The GSHP had lower GHGEs compared to the conventional system | Favourable | x | | | |
[ ] | N/A | The GSHP reduced GHGEs compared to the conventional system | Favourable | x | x | x | x |
[ ] | N/A | The GSHP had lower GHGEs compared to the conventional system | Favourable | | | x | |
[ ] | N/A | The GSHP reduced GHGEs in heating mode | Favourable | | x | x | |
[ ] | N/A | The GSHP reduced GHGEs throughout the operational stage compared to conventional systems but showed greater overall negative environmental impact across the entire life cycle | Unfavourable | x | x | x | x |
[ ] | N/A | The GSHP generated higher emissions compared to the conventional heating system | Unfavourable | | | | x |
[ ] | N/A | The GSHP had lower GHGEs compared to the conventional systems | Favourable | x | x | x | |
[ ] | N/A | The GSHP had lower environmental impacts than the conventional systems | Favourable | x | x | x | |
[ ] | N/A | The GSHP had a greater impact on all impact categories when compared to the ASHP | Unfavourable | x | x | x | x |
Ref. | Energy Efficiency Findings | Environmental Impact Findings | Type of Finding (Favourable, Unfavourable, Inconsistent) | Inland–Dfc | Coastal–Dfb | Inland–Dfb | Coastal–Cfb |
---|
[ ] | GSHPs were more energy-efficient than the conventional system | N/A | Favourable | | | | x |
[ ] | The GSHP had lower energy consumption compared to the conventional systems | N/A | Favourable | | x | x | |
[ ] | The GSHP was more efficient than the conventional system | N/A | Favourable | x | | | x |
[ ] | The GSHP could save energy consumption in heating mode compared to the conventional system | N/A | Favourable | x | x | x | |
[ ] | The GSHP reduced operational energy use compared to the conventional system | N/A | Favourable | | | | x |
[ ] | The GSHP met the heating load requirements | N/A | Favourable | x | x | x | x |
[ ] | The GSHP had lower energy consumption compared to the ASHP | N/A | Favourable | x | | | |
[ ] | The GSHP was more energy-efficient than the ASHP | N/A | Favourable | | | | x |
[ ] | The GSHPs met the cooling load requirements | N/A | Favourable | x | x | x | x |
[ ] | The GSHP was more energy-efficient than the ASHP | N/A | Favourable | | | | x |
[ ] | The GSHP was more energy-efficient than conventional systems | N/A | Favourable | | | | x |
[ ] | The GSHPs had lower energy consumption than conventional systems | N/A | Favourable | x | x | x | x |
[ ] | The GSHP met the cooling load requirements | N/A | Favourable | | | | x |
[ ] | The GSHPs used less operational energy than the conventional and ASHP systems | N/A | Favourable | x | x | x | |
[ ] | The GSHPs used less energy than the conventional systems | N/A | Favourable | | x | x | |
[ ] | The GSHP met the heating load requirements | N/A | Favourable | | | | x |
[ ] | The GSHP was more energy-efficient than the ASHP | N/A | Favourable | | | | x |
[ ] | The GSHP was more energy-efficient than the ASHP | N/A | Favourable | | | | x |
[ ] | During very cold periods, i.e., −20 °C, the GSHP was not able to meet the heating load requirements | N/A | Unfavourable | | | | x |
[ ] | The GSHPs showed high energy efficiency | N/A | Favourable | | | x | x |
[ ] | The GSHP met the thermal load requirements | N/A | Favourable | | | | x |
[ ] | N/A | The GSHP showed the most environmental impacts compared to the conventional system | Unfavourable | | | | x |
[ ] | N/A | The GSHP showed lower environmental impacts compared to the ASHP | Favourable | | x | x | |
[ ] | N/A | The GSHP reduced GHGEs | Favourable | | x | x | |
[ ] | N/A | The GSHP reduced GHGEs in heating mode | Favourable | x | x | x | |
[ ] | N/A | The GSHPs showed a higher reduction in climate, energy, and land footprints in comparison to the conventional and ASHP systems | Favourable | x | x | x | |
[ ] | N/A | The GSHP saved GHGEs during heating compared to conventional systems | Favourable | | x | | |
[ ] | N/A | The GSHPs’ environmental impacts were lower than the conventional and ASHP systems | Favourable | | x | x | |
[ ] | N/A | The GSHPs’ environmental impact was lower than conventional systems | Favourable | | x | x | |
[ ] | N/A | The GSHP reduced GHGEs | Favourable | x | | | x |
Recommendation Status | Alternative HVAC Technology | Recommendation Context | Energy Efficiency | Environmental Impacts | Affordability | Technological Maturity |
---|
First priority recommendation | EAHE | As a complementary system for free-run and caged housing | Favourable | Favourable | Favourable | Mature (commercially available) |
Secondary priority recommendation | GSHP | As a stand-alone system free-run and caged housing | Favourable | Mostly favourable | Unfavourable | Mature (commercially available) |
Subsequent non-prioritized recommendation | ASHP | As a stand-alone system free-run and caged housing | Mostly Favourable | Mostly unfavourable | Favourable | Mature (commercially available) |
Not recommended | WSHP | As a stand-alone system for free-run and caged housing in proximity to an open water source | Favourable | Favourable | Favourable | Mature (commercially available) |
Not recommended | GSAHP | As a stand-alone system for free-run and caged housing | NA | NA | NA | Immature |
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Share and Cite
Vanbaelinghem, L.; Costantino, A.; Grassauer, F.; Pelletier, N. Alternative Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) System Considerations for Reducing Energy Use and Emissions in Egg Industries in Temperate and Continental Climates: A Systematic Review of Current Systems, Insights, and Future Directions. Sustainability 2024 , 16 , 4895. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16124895
Vanbaelinghem L, Costantino A, Grassauer F, Pelletier N. Alternative Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) System Considerations for Reducing Energy Use and Emissions in Egg Industries in Temperate and Continental Climates: A Systematic Review of Current Systems, Insights, and Future Directions. Sustainability . 2024; 16(12):4895. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16124895
Vanbaelinghem, Leandra, Andrea Costantino, Florian Grassauer, and Nathan Pelletier. 2024. "Alternative Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) System Considerations for Reducing Energy Use and Emissions in Egg Industries in Temperate and Continental Climates: A Systematic Review of Current Systems, Insights, and Future Directions" Sustainability 16, no. 12: 4895. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16124895
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Education Rankings by Country 2024
There is a correlation between a country's educational system quality and its economic status, with developed nations offering higher quality education.
The U.S., despite ranking high in educational system surveys, falls behind in math and science scores compared to many other countries.
Educational system adequacy varies globally, with some countries struggling due to internal conflicts, economic challenges, or underfunded programs.
While education levels vary from country to country, there is a clear correlation between the quality of a country's educational system and its general economic status and overall well-being. In general, developing nations tend to offer their citizens a higher quality of education than the least developed nations do, and fully developed nations offer the best quality of education of all. Education is clearly a vital contributor to any country's overall health.
According to the Global Partnership for Education , education is considered to be a human right and plays a crucial role in human, social, and economic development . Education promotes gender equality, fosters peace, and increases a person's chances of having more and better life and career opportunities.
"Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world." — Nelson Mandela
The annual Best Countries Report , conducted by US News and World Report, BAV Group, and the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania , reserves an entire section for education. The report surveys thousands of people across 78 countries, then ranks those countries based upon the survey's responses. The education portion of the survey compiles scores from three equally-weighted attributes: a well-developed public education system, would consider attending university there, and provides top-quality education. As of 2023, the top ten countries based on education rankings are:
Countries with the Best Educational Systems - 2021 Best Countries Report*
Ironically, despite the United States having the best-surveyed education system on the globe, U.S students consistently score lower in math and science than students from many other countries. According to a Business Insider report in 2018, the U.S. ranked 38th in math scores and 24th in science. Discussions about why the United States' education rankings have fallen by international standards over the past three decades frequently point out that government spending on education has failed to keep up with inflation.
It's also worthwhile to note that while the Best Countries study is certainly respectable, other studies use different methodologies or emphasize different criteria, which often leads to different results. For example, the Global Citizens for Human Rights' annual study measures ten levels of education from early childhood enrollment rates to adult literacy. Its final 2020 rankings look a bit different:
Education Rates of Children Around the World
Most findings and ranking regarding education worldwide involve adult literacy rates and levels of education completed. However, some studies look at current students and their abilities in different subjects.
One of the most-reviewed studies regarding education around the world involved 470,000 fifteen-year-old students. Each student was administered tests in math, science, and reading similar to the SAT or ACT exams (standardized tests used for college admissions in the U.S.) These exam scores were later compiled to determine each country's average score for each of the three subjects. Based on this study, China received the highest scores , followed by Korea, Finland , Hong Kong , Singapore , Canada , New Zealand , Japan , Australia and the Netherlands .
On the down side, there are many nations whose educational systems are considered inadequate. This could be due to internal conflict, economic problems, or underfunded programs. The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization's Education for All Global Monitoring Report ranks the following countries as having the world's worst educational systems:
Countries with the Lowest Adult Literacy Rates
| |
---|
| 27% |
| 31% |
| 34% |
| 35% |
| 37% |
| 37% |
| 38% |
| 41% |
| 45% |
| 47% |
- Education rankings are sourced from both the annual UN News Best Countries report and the nonprofit organization World Top 20
Download Table Data
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| | | | | | | |
---|
| 41% | 2022 | 203 | | | | |
---|
| 35% | 2018 | 202 | | | | |
---|
| 100% | 2016 | 201 | | | | |
---|
| 81% | 2022 | 200 | | | | |
---|
| 88% | 2020 | 198 | | | | |
---|
| 86% | 2015 | 197 | | | | |
---|
| 72% | 2022 | 196 | | | | |
---|
| 54% | 2022 | 195 | | | | |
---|
| 86% | 2022 | 194 | | | | |
---|
| 62% | 2016 | 193 | | | | |
---|
| 90% | 2022 | 192 | 87 | | | |
---|
| 62% | 2018 | 191 | | | | |
---|
| 0% | | 190 | | | | |
---|
| 83% | 2015 | 189 | | | | |
---|
| 0% | | 188 | | | 77 | |
---|
| 91% | 2015 | 187 | | | | |
---|
| 95% | 2015 | 186 | | | | |
---|
| 89% | 2015 | 185 | | | | |
---|
| 81% | 2021 | 184 | | | | |
---|
| 0% | | 183 | | | | |
---|
| 99% | 2021 | 182 | | | | |
---|
| 0% | | 181 | | | | |
---|
| 95% | 2020 | 180 | | | | |
---|
| 52% | 2017 | 179 | | | | |
---|
| 89% | 2021 | 178 | | | | |
---|
| 92% | 2021 | 177 | | | | |
---|
| 68% | 2022 | 176 | | | | |
---|
| 98% | 2022 | 175 | | | | |
---|
| 95% | 2019 | 174 | 71 | 59 | 70 | 69 |
---|
| 97% | 2015 | 173 | | | | |
---|
| 92% | 2021 | 172 | | | | |
---|
| 90% | 2022 | 171 | | | | |
---|
| 98% | 2000 | 170 | | | | |
---|
| 99% | 2005 | 169 | | | | |
---|
| 0% | | 168 | | | | |
---|
| 98% | 2012 | 167 | | | | |
---|
| 100% | 2021 | 166 | 48 | 43 | 40 | 38 |
---|
| 98% | 2020 | 165 | | | | |
---|
| 98% | 2022 | 164 | 28 | 28 | 27 | 28 |
---|
| 99% | 2021 | 163 | 47 | | | |
---|
| 45% | 2021 | 162 | | | | |
---|
| 37% | 2020 | 161 | | | | |
---|
| 27% | 2022 | 160 | | | | |
---|
| 63% | 2021 | 159 | | | | |
---|
| 59% | 2022 | 158 | | | | |
---|
| 0% | | 157 | | | | |
---|
| 81% | 2022 | 156 | | | | |
---|
| 31% | 2020 | 155 | | | | |
---|
| 58% | 2022 | 154 | | | | |
---|
| 98% | 2011 | 153 | | | | |
---|
| 62% | 2022 | 152 | | | | |
---|
| 76% | 2022 | 151 | | | | |
---|
| 48% | 2017 | 150 | | | | |
---|
| 82% | 2022 | 149 | | | | |
---|
| 77% | 2022 | 148 | | | | |
---|
| 38% | 2022 | 147 | | | | |
---|
| 37% | 2021 | 146 | | | | |
---|
| 94% | 2021 | 145 | 32 | 35 | 36 | 30 |
---|
| 100% | 2021 | 144 | | | | |
---|
| 34% | 2022 | 143 | | | | |
---|
| 77% | 2018 | 142 | | | | |
---|
| 78% | 2020 | 141 | 85 | 78 | | |
---|
| 100% | 2014 | 140 | | | | |
---|
| 67% | 2021 | 139 | | | | |
---|
| 61% | 2018 | 138 | | | | |
---|
| 0% | | 137 | | | | |
---|
| 58% | 2019 | 136 | | | | |
---|
| 90% | 2019 | 135 | | | | |
---|
| 98% | 2021 | 134 | 51 | 57 | 49 | 43 |
---|
| 76% | 2021 | 133 | | | | |
---|
| 89% | 2019 | 132 | 76 | | | |
---|
| 70% | 2015 | 131 | | | | |
---|
| 47% | 2022 | 130 | | | | |
---|
| 82% | 2022 | 129 | | | | |
---|
| 95% | 2021 | 128 | | | | |
---|
| 98% | 2021 | 127 | 53 | 54 | 58 | 53 |
---|
| 84% | 2022 | 126 | 86 | 85 | 78 | 73 |
---|
| 49% | 2022 | 125 | | | | |
---|
| 0% | | 124 | | | | |
---|
| 64% | 2015 | 123 | | | | |
---|
| 75% | 2020 | 122 | 84 | 80 | | |
---|
| 67% | 2019 | 121 | | | | |
---|
| 84% | 2022 | 120 | 83 | 73 | 75 | |
---|
| 94% | 2022 | 119 | | | | |
---|
| 91% | 2022 | 118 | | | | |
---|
| 77% | 1999 | 117 | | | | |
---|
| 96% | 2019 | 116 | 75 | 76 | 60 | 56 |
---|
| 89% | 2015 | 115 | | | | |
---|
| 90% | 2021 | 114 | 41 | 36 | 33 | 32 |
---|
| 77% | 2022 | 113 | 56 | 58 | 57 | 57 |
---|
| 90% | 2020 | 112 | 82 | | 74 | |
---|
| 98% | 2022 | 111 | | | | |
---|
| 0% | | 110 | | | | |
---|
| 89% | 2019 | 109 | 74 | 79 | 76 | 71 |
---|
| 100% | 2021 | 108 | | | | |
---|
| 94% | 2021 | 107 | 44 | 48 | 46 | 48 |
---|
| 80% | 2020 | 106 | 77 | 69 | | |
---|
| 89% | 2020 | 105 | | | | |
---|
| 84% | 2022 | 104 | 72 | 75 | 67 | 63 |
---|
| 99% | 2019 | 103 | 61 | 66 | 56 | |
---|
| 88% | 2022 | 102 | | | | |
---|
| 74% | 2018 | 101 | 34 | 34 | 32 | 34 |
---|
| 0% | | 100 | | | | |
---|
| 99% | 2021 | 99 | 43 | 45 | 47 | 40 |
---|
| 100% | 2020 | 98 | | | | |
---|
| 0% | | 97 | | | | |
---|
| 95% | 2021 | 96 | 69 | 72 | 69 | 60 |
---|
| 94% | 2020 | 95 | | | | |
---|
| 0% | | 94 | | | | |
---|
| 96% | 2020 | 93 | | | | |
---|
| 0% | | 92 | | | | |
---|
| 94% | 2017 | 91 | 33 | 39 | 41 | 37 |
---|
| 83% | 2022 | 90 | 70 | 71 | 68 | 68 |
---|
| 95% | 2019 | 89 | 39 | 40 | 38 | 39 |
---|
| 72% | 2022 | 88 | | | | |
---|
| 100% | 2010 | 87 | | | | |
---|
| 100% | 2019 | 86 | 66 | 61 | 65 | 61 |
---|
| 81% | 2001 | 85 | | | | |
---|
| 75% | 2022 | 84 | 37 | 37 | 39 | 42 |
---|
| 0% | | 83 | | | | |
---|
| 98% | 2018 | 82 | 59 | 60 | | |
---|
| 89% | 2021 | 81 | 81 | 74 | | |
---|
| 99% | 2021 | 80 | | | | |
---|
| 0% | | 79 | | | | |
---|
| 92% | 2021 | 78 | | | | |
---|
| 94% | 2020 | 77 | 68 | 64 | 64 | 59 |
---|
| 99% | 2021 | 76 | 46 | 44 | 43 | 33 |
---|
| 99% | 2001 | 75 | | | | |
---|
| 96% | 2020 | 74 | 54 | 56 | 51 | 49 |
---|
| 81% | 2018 | 73 | 67 | 67 | | |
---|
| 0% | | 72 | | | | |
---|
| 96% | 2019 | 71 | 52 | 50 | 55 | 52 |
---|
| 100% | 2022 | 70 | | | | |
---|
| 70% | 2020 | 69 | | | | |
---|
| 99% | 2019 | 68 | 57 | 68 | 63 | 58 |
---|
| 96% | 2020 | 67 | 58 | 52 | 54 | 55 |
---|
| 99% | 2022 | 66 | | | | |
---|
| 97% | 1980 | 65 | | | | |
---|
| 100% | 2019 | 64 | | | | |
---|
| 100% | 2022 | 63 | 80 | 84 | 72 | |
---|
| 0% | | 62 | | | | |
---|
| 0% | | 61 | 79 | 81 | 66 | 67 |
---|
| 98% | 2021 | 60 | | | | |
---|
| 0% | | 59 | | | | |
---|
| 97% | 2022 | 58 | 63 | 70 | 62 | 62 |
---|
| 100% | 2019 | 57 | 64 | 53 | 52 | 51 |
---|
| 71% | 2021 | 56 | | | | |
---|
| 95% | 2021 | 55 | | | | |
---|
| 94% | 2022 | 54 | 73 | 65 | 73 | 65 |
---|
| 96% | 2019 | 53 | 65 | 62 | 59 | 64 |
---|
| 99% | 2020 | 52 | | | | |
---|
| 96% | 2020 | 51 | | | | |
---|
| 99% | 2021 | 50 | | | | |
---|
| 99% | 2018 | 49 | | | | |
---|
| 100% | 2018 | 48 | | | | |
---|
| 98% | 2021 | 47 | | | | |
---|
| 99% | 2014 | 46 | | | | |
---|
| 98% | 2020 | 45 | 38 | 32 | 35 | 46 |
---|
| 98% | 2021 | 44 | 62 | 63 | 61 | 54 |
---|
| 100% | 2020 | 43 | 78 | 82 | 71 | 70 |
---|
| 0% | | 42 | 22 | 21 | | |
---|
| 0% | | 41 | 50 | 47 | 45 | 44 |
---|
| 97% | 2022 | 40 | 49 | 51 | 48 | 35 |
---|
| 95% | 2020 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 37 | 36 |
---|
| 99% | 2018 | 38 | 35 | 33 | 34 | 29 |
---|
| 97% | 2019 | 37 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 31 |
---|
| 99% | 2018 | 36 | 14 | 13 | 14 | 16 |
---|
| 0% | | 35 | 16 | 17 | 16 | 13 |
---|
| 99% | 2011 | 34 | 31 | 30 | | |
---|
| 98% | 2018 | 33 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 26 |
---|
| 99% | 2014 | 32 | | | | |
---|
| 0% | | 31 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
---|
| 99% | 2021 | 30 | 36 | 38 | 30 | |
---|
| 100% | 2021 | 29 | 60 | 46 | 42 | 45 |
---|
| 0% | | 28 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
---|
| 0% | | 27 | 15 | 14 | 11 | 14 |
---|
| 100% | 2021 | 26 | 42 | 42 | 44 | 47 |
---|
| 100% | 2021 | 25 | 55 | 49 | 50 | 50 |
---|
| 97% | 2021 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 20 |
---|
| 100% | 2021 | 23 | 25 | 27 | 26 | 23 |
---|
| 100% | 2021 | 22 | 27 | 25 | 23 | 21 |
---|
| 92% | 1983 | 21 | 26 | 26 | 24 | 25 |
---|
| 99% | 2020 | 20 | 17 | 18 | 17 | 18 |
---|
| 0% | | 19 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
---|
| 0% | | 18 | | | | |
---|
| 0% | | 17 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 7 |
---|
| 0% | | 16 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
---|
| 0% | | 15 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 8 |
---|
| 0% | | 14 | | | | |
---|
| 97% | 2020 | 13 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 24 |
---|
| 0% | | 12 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
---|
| 97% | 2020 | 11 | 20 | 22 | 21 | 19 |
---|
| 0% | | 10 | 21 | 20 | 20 | |
---|
| 0% | | 9 | 13 | 12 | 13 | 12 |
---|
| 0% | | 8 | 12 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
---|
| 0% | | 7 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 |
---|
| 0% | | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 11 |
---|
| 100% | 2001 | 5 | 45 | 55 | 53 | 41 |
---|
| 0% | | 4 | 18 | 16 | 18 | |
---|
| 0% | | 3 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 9 |
---|
| 0% | | 2 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 10 |
---|
| 0% | | 1 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 22 |
---|
| 97% | 2006 | | | | | |
---|
| 100% | 2000 | | | | | |
---|
| 99% | 2021 | | | | | |
---|
| 100% | 2015 | | | | | |
---|
| 97% | 1980 | | | | | |
---|
| 73.12% | | | | | | |
---|
Which country ranks first in education?
Which country ranks last in education, frequently asked questions.
- Best Countries for Education - 2023 - US News
- Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) - World Bank
- World Best Education Systems - Global Citizens for Human Rights
- UNESCO - Global Education Monitoring Reports
- World’s 10 Worst Countries for Education - Global Citizen
- International Education Database - World Top 20
International Journal of Economic Research
Discontinued in Scopus as of 2017
Subject Area and Category
- Business, Management and Accounting (miscellaneous)
- Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous)
Serials Publications
Publication type
The set of journals have been ranked according to their SJR and divided into four equal groups, four quartiles. Q1 (green) comprises the quarter of the journals with the highest values, Q2 (yellow) the second highest values, Q3 (orange) the third highest values and Q4 (red) the lowest values.
Category | Year | Quartile |
Business, Management and Accounting (miscellaneous) | 2009 | Q4 |
Business, Management and Accounting (miscellaneous) | 2010 | Q4 |
Business, Management and Accounting (miscellaneous) | 2011 | Q4 |
Business, Management and Accounting (miscellaneous) | 2012 | Q4 |
Business, Management and Accounting (miscellaneous) | 2013 | Q3 |
Business, Management and Accounting (miscellaneous) | 2014 | Q4 |
Business, Management and Accounting (miscellaneous) | 2015 | Q4 |
Business, Management and Accounting (miscellaneous) | 2016 | Q4 |
Business, Management and Accounting (miscellaneous) | 2017 | Q2 |
Business, Management and Accounting (miscellaneous) | 2018 | Q4 |
Business, Management and Accounting (miscellaneous) | 2019 | Q4 |
Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous) | 2009 | Q4 |
Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous) | 2010 | Q4 |
Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous) | 2011 | Q4 |
Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous) | 2012 | Q4 |
Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous) | 2013 | Q4 |
Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous) | 2014 | Q4 |
Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous) | 2015 | Q4 |
Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous) | 2016 | Q4 |
Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous) | 2017 | Q2 |
Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous) | 2018 | Q4 |
Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous) | 2019 | Q4 |
The SJR is a size-independent prestige indicator that ranks journals by their 'average prestige per article'. It is based on the idea that 'all citations are not created equal'. SJR is a measure of scientific influence of journals that accounts for both the number of citations received by a journal and the importance or prestige of the journals where such citations come from It measures the scientific influence of the average article in a journal, it expresses how central to the global scientific discussion an average article of the journal is.
Year | SJR |
2009 | 0.101 |
2010 | 0.101 |
2011 | 0.109 |
2012 | 0.117 |
2013 | 0.129 |
2014 | 0.106 |
2015 | 0.125 |
2016 | 0.101 |
2017 | 0.408 |
2018 | 0.138 |
2019 | 0.122 |
Evolution of the number of published documents. All types of documents are considered, including citable and non citable documents.
Year | Documents |
2008 | 17 |
2009 | 17 |
2010 | 21 |
2011 | 17 |
2012 | 27 |
2013 | 30 |
2014 | 55 |
2015 | 138 |
2016 | 278 |
2017 | 895 |
2018 | 0 |
2019 | 0 |
This indicator counts the number of citations received by documents from a journal and divides them by the total number of documents published in that journal. The chart shows the evolution of the average number of times documents published in a journal in the past two, three and four years have been cited in the current year. The two years line is equivalent to journal impact factor ™ (Thomson Reuters) metric.
Cites per document | Year | Value |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2008 | 0.000 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2009 | 0.235 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2010 | 0.059 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2011 | 0.091 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2012 | 0.028 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2013 | 0.012 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2014 | 0.032 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2015 | 0.054 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2016 | 0.052 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2017 | 0.467 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2018 | 0.540 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2019 | 0.267 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2008 | 0.000 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2009 | 0.235 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2010 | 0.059 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2011 | 0.091 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2012 | 0.018 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2013 | 0.015 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2014 | 0.041 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2015 | 0.054 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2016 | 0.049 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2017 | 0.495 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2018 | 0.560 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2019 | 0.290 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2008 | 0.000 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2009 | 0.235 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2010 | 0.059 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2011 | 0.079 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2012 | 0.000 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2013 | 0.023 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2014 | 0.053 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2015 | 0.059 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2016 | 0.052 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2017 | 0.550 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2018 | 0.619 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2019 | 0.292 |
Evolution of the total number of citations and journal's self-citations received by a journal's published documents during the three previous years. Journal Self-citation is defined as the number of citation from a journal citing article to articles published by the same journal.
Cites | Year | Value |
Self Cites | 2008 | 0 |
Self Cites | 2009 | 0 |
Self Cites | 2010 | 0 |
Self Cites | 2011 | 0 |
Self Cites | 2012 | 0 |
Self Cites | 2013 | 0 |
Self Cites | 2014 | 0 |
Self Cites | 2015 | 2 |
Self Cites | 2016 | 0 |
Self Cites | 2017 | 138 |
Self Cites | 2018 | 0 |
Self Cites | 2019 | 0 |
Total Cites | 2008 | 0 |
Total Cites | 2009 | 4 |
Total Cites | 2010 | 2 |
Total Cites | 2011 | 5 |
Total Cites | 2012 | 1 |
Total Cites | 2013 | 1 |
Total Cites | 2014 | 3 |
Total Cites | 2015 | 6 |
Total Cites | 2016 | 11 |
Total Cites | 2017 | 233 |
Total Cites | 2018 | 734 |
Total Cites | 2019 | 340 |
Evolution of the number of total citation per document and external citation per document (i.e. journal self-citations removed) received by a journal's published documents during the three previous years. External citations are calculated by subtracting the number of self-citations from the total number of citations received by the journal’s documents.
Cites | Year | Value |
External Cites per document | 2008 | 0 |
External Cites per document | 2009 | 0.235 |
External Cites per document | 2010 | 0.059 |
External Cites per document | 2011 | 0.091 |
External Cites per document | 2012 | 0.018 |
External Cites per document | 2013 | 0.015 |
External Cites per document | 2014 | 0.041 |
External Cites per document | 2015 | 0.036 |
External Cites per document | 2016 | 0.049 |
External Cites per document | 2017 | 0.202 |
External Cites per document | 2018 | 0.560 |
External Cites per document | 2019 | 0.290 |
Cites per document | 2008 | 0.000 |
Cites per document | 2009 | 0.235 |
Cites per document | 2010 | 0.059 |
Cites per document | 2011 | 0.091 |
Cites per document | 2012 | 0.018 |
Cites per document | 2013 | 0.015 |
Cites per document | 2014 | 0.041 |
Cites per document | 2015 | 0.054 |
Cites per document | 2016 | 0.049 |
Cites per document | 2017 | 0.495 |
Cites per document | 2018 | 0.560 |
Cites per document | 2019 | 0.290 |
International Collaboration accounts for the articles that have been produced by researchers from several countries. The chart shows the ratio of a journal's documents signed by researchers from more than one country; that is including more than one country address.
Year | International Collaboration |
2008 | 0.00 |
2009 | 11.76 |
2010 | 4.76 |
2011 | 5.88 |
2012 | 11.11 |
2013 | 13.33 |
2014 | 3.64 |
2015 | 4.35 |
2016 | 3.96 |
2017 | 9.94 |
2018 | 0 |
2019 | 0 |
Not every article in a journal is considered primary research and therefore "citable", this chart shows the ratio of a journal's articles including substantial research (research articles, conference papers and reviews) in three year windows vs. those documents other than research articles, reviews and conference papers.
Documents | Year | Value |
Non-citable documents | 2008 | 0 |
Non-citable documents | 2009 | 0 |
Non-citable documents | 2010 | 0 |
Non-citable documents | 2011 | 0 |
Non-citable documents | 2012 | 2 |
Non-citable documents | 2013 | 2 |
Non-citable documents | 2014 | 4 |
Non-citable documents | 2015 | 2 |
Non-citable documents | 2016 | 2 |
Non-citable documents | 2017 | 0 |
Non-citable documents | 2018 | 0 |
Non-citable documents | 2019 | 0 |
Citable documents | 2008 | 0 |
Citable documents | 2009 | 17 |
Citable documents | 2010 | 34 |
Citable documents | 2011 | 55 |
Citable documents | 2012 | 53 |
Citable documents | 2013 | 63 |
Citable documents | 2014 | 70 |
Citable documents | 2015 | 110 |
Citable documents | 2016 | 221 |
Citable documents | 2017 | 471 |
Citable documents | 2018 | 1311 |
Citable documents | 2019 | 1173 |
Ratio of a journal's items, grouped in three years windows, that have been cited at least once vs. those not cited during the following year.
Documents | Year | Value |
Uncited documents | 2008 | 0 |
Uncited documents | 2009 | 16 |
Uncited documents | 2010 | 32 |
Uncited documents | 2011 | 50 |
Uncited documents | 2012 | 54 |
Uncited documents | 2013 | 64 |
Uncited documents | 2014 | 72 |
Uncited documents | 2015 | 107 |
Uncited documents | 2016 | 212 |
Uncited documents | 2017 | 425 |
Uncited documents | 2018 | 1173 |
Uncited documents | 2019 | 1024 |
Cited documents | 2008 | 0 |
Cited documents | 2009 | 1 |
Cited documents | 2010 | 2 |
Cited documents | 2011 | 5 |
Cited documents | 2012 | 1 |
Cited documents | 2013 | 1 |
Cited documents | 2014 | 2 |
Cited documents | 2015 | 5 |
Cited documents | 2016 | 11 |
Cited documents | 2017 | 46 |
Cited documents | 2018 | 138 |
Cited documents | 2019 | 149 |
Evolution of the percentage of female authors.
Year | Female Percent |
2008 | 30.00 |
2009 | 14.29 |
2010 | 26.67 |
2011 | 22.73 |
2012 | 40.00 |
2013 | 28.00 |
2014 | 36.59 |
2015 | 39.57 |
2016 | 42.20 |
2017 | 42.50 |
2018 | 0.00 |
2019 | 0.00 |
Evolution of the number of documents cited by public policy documents according to Overton database.
Documents | Year | Value |
Overton | 2008 | 0 |
Overton | 2009 | 0 |
Overton | 2010 | 0 |
Overton | 2011 | 0 |
Overton | 2012 | 0 |
Overton | 2013 | 0 |
Overton | 2014 | 0 |
Overton | 2015 | 0 |
Overton | 2016 | 0 |
Overton | 2017 | 0 |
Overton | 2018 | 0 |
Overton | 2019 | 0 |
Evoution of the number of documents related to Sustainable Development Goals defined by United Nations. Available from 2018 onwards.
Documents | Year | Value |
SDG | 2018 | 0 |
SDG | 2019 | 0 |
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The users of Scimago Journal & Country Rank have the possibility to dialogue through comments linked to a specific journal. The purpose is to have a forum in which general doubts about the processes of publication in the journal, experiences and other issues derived from the publication of papers are resolved. For topics on particular articles, maintain the dialogue through the usual channels with your editor.
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This ranking aggregates the individual ranking methods by taking the harmonic mean of the invidual rankings (plus one). Citation counts are adjusted to exclude citations from the same series. These computations are experimental and based on the citation analysis provided by the CitEc project, which uses data from items listed in RePEc .
Our vision is to become the number one journal ranking and collaboration platforms that provides transparent and useful information for established or early-career researchers alike worldwide. ... Economic Research and Electronic Networking: Springer Nature: 1: 1: 1943-4863: ECON: New Zealand Economic Papers ... PSU Research Review: An ...
International Scientific Journal & Country Ranking. SCImago Journal Country & Rank SCImago Institutions Rankings SCImago Media Rankings SCImago Iber SCImago Research Centers Ranking SCImago Graphica Ediciones Profesionales de la Información. Scimago Journal & Country Rank ... American Economic Review: journal: 22.344 Q1: 359: 95: 353: 6242 ...
International Scientific Journal & Country Ranking. SCImago Journal Country & Rank SCImago Institutions Rankings SCImago Media Rankings SCImago Iber SCImago Research Centers Ranking SCImago Graphica Ediciones Profesionales de la Información. Scimago Journal & Country Rank ... American Economic Review: journal: 22.344 Q1: 359: 95: 353: 6242 ...
This page provides links to various rankings of research in Economics and related fields. This analysis is based on data gathered with the RePEc project, in which publishers self-index their publications and authors create online profiles from the works indexed in RePEc.Citation analysis is performed by the CitEc project, abstract views and paper downloads are counted by the LogEc project, and ...
3 For a given journal, j, this index is equal to j's citation count per published paper divided by the citation count per published paper for the American Economic Review.The resulting ratio is then multiplied by 100. This aspect of our reporting procedure is similar to that used by Kalaitzidakis, Mamuneas, and Stengos (Citation 2003, Citation 2011).
International Scientific Journal & Country Ranking. SCImago Journal Country & Rank SCImago Institutions Rankings SCImago Media Rankings SCImago Iber SCImago Research Centers Ranking SCImago Graphica Ediciones Profesionales de la Información. Scimago Journal & Country Rank ... American Economic Review: journal: 22.344 Q1: 359: 95: 353: 6242 ...
In our meta-ranking, the top five journals are given by: Quarterly Journal of Economics, Journal of Financial Economics, Journal of Economic Literature (JEL), Journal of Finance, and Econometrica. Additionally, leaving out the JEL as a survey journal and the finance journals in our top 10 list we confirm the perceived top five journals in the ...
The SCImago Journal & Country Rank is a portal that includes the journals and country scientific indicators developed from the information contained in the Scopus® database (Elsevier B.V.). These indicators can be used to assess and analyze scientific domains. ... Journal of Consumer Research: 0,107: 64: 22: European Economic Review: 0,053: 61 ...
Journal Citation Reports (JCR) is a comprehensive and authoritative source of data and analysis on the performance and impact of thousands of scholarly journals across various disciplines. JCR provides metrics such as Journal Impact Factor, Quartile and Percentile Rank, and ESI Total Citations to help researchers, publishers, librarians and funders evaluate and compare journals. JCR also ...
Journal of Economic Research & Reviews aims to bring the best out of the latest economic happenings globally that may remain highly volatile and complex from time to time. This peer-reviewed, open access journal caters to a broad spectrum of readers who are policy makers, analysts, academicians, scholars, students, NGOs and developmental agencies of the national and the international importance.
research output. These rankings therefore matter for hiring, promotion, and the awarding of research grants. In economics, numerous studies have provided such rankings based on ... American Economic Review (AER ),Econometrica ECMA Journal of Political Economy (JPE), Review of Economics Studies (RES) and Quarterly Journal of Economics (QJE ...
About the journal. The Quarterly Journal of Economics is the oldest professional journal of economics in the English language. Edited at Harvard University's Department of Economics, it covers all aspects of the field …. Find out more.
We find that the American Economic Association journals (AEJ-Applied, AEJ-Macro, AEJ-Micro and AEJ-Policy) and the Econometric Society journals (Quantitative Economics and Theoretical Economics), are the top-ranked within their respective fields, and the Journal of the European Economic Association is similarly highly ranked.
A single publication in one of the big five—The American Economic Review, Econometrica, the Journal of Political Economy, the Quarterly Journal of Economics, and the Review of Economic Studies—is sometimes the difference between getting tenure and restarting a career elsewhere. But a paper in the June issue of the Journal of Economic ...
Similar rankings See other rankings by type of impact factors. ... The Journal of Applied Economic Research, National Council of Applied Economic Research: ... Asian Economic Policy Review, Japan Center for Economic Research: 2.13: 1467: 689: 2060: 843: European Union Politics, 2.129: 1526: 717:
LOUIS REVIEW MAY/JUNE 2009 127 A Journal Ranking for the Ambitious Economist Kristie M. Engemann and Howard J. Wall The authors devise an "ambition-adjusted" journal ranking based on citations from a short list of top general-interest journals in economics. Underlying this ranking is the notion that an ambi-
Journal overview. Econometric Reviews is widely regarded as one of the top 5 core journals in econometrics. Itprobes the limits of econometric knowledge, featuring regular, state-of-the-art single anonymized refereed articles and book reviews. ER has been consistently the leader and innovator in its acclaimed retrospective and critical surveys ...
Journal of Economic Perspectives. The Journal of Economic Perspectives (JEP) aims to bridge the gap between the general interest business and financial press and standard academic journals of economics. Read more about the JEP.
The journal provides an outlet for publication of research concerning all theoretical and empirical aspects of economic dynamics and control as well as the development and use of computational methods in economics and finance. Contributions regarding computational methods may include, but are not …. View full aims & scope.
The International Journal of Minerals Policy and Economics. Resources Policy is an international journal devoted to the economics and policy issues related to mineral and fossil fuel extraction, production and use.The journal content is aimed at individuals in academia, government, and industry. Submissions of original research are invited that analyze issues of public policy, economics ...
Scope The mission of The World Bank Economic Review is to encourage and support research in the field of development economics. We seek to publish and disseminate innovative theoretical and empirical research that identifies, analyzes, measures, and evaluates the macro and micro-economic forces that promote or impede economic development with a view towards providing the knowledge necessary ...
The current analysis builds on previous project phases which showed that changes in health and education could…. Founded in 1920, the NBER is a private, non-profit, non-partisan organization dedicated to conducting economic research and to disseminating research findings among academics, public policy makers, and business professionals.
The Journal of Economic Psychology contains: (a) Research articles: novel reports of empirical (field or experimental) research with a significant contribution to relevant theory; (b) brief reports: Empirical contributions (e.g., robustness tests), re-examinations and re-analyses, as well as short formal-analytical contributions linked to well ...
Egg production is amongst the most rapidly expanding livestock sectors worldwide. A large share of non-renewable energy use in egg production is due to the operation of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Reducing energy use, therefore, is essential to decreasing the environmental impacts of intensive egg production. This review identifies market-ready alternatives (such ...
In association with the International Water Association Water Research has an open access companion journal Water Research X, sharing the same aims and scope, editorial team, submission system and rigorous peer review. Water Research publishes refereed, original research papers on all aspects of the science and technology of the anthropogenic water cycle, water quality, and its management ...
Countries with the Best Educational Systems - 2021 Best Countries Report* Ironically, despite the United States having the best-surveyed education system on the globe, U.S students consistently score lower in math and science than students from many other countries. According to a Business Insider report in 2018, the U.S. ranked 38th in math scores and 24th in science.
We strongly recommend that you always use a number of metrics, alongside other qualitative factors such as a journal's aims & scope, its readership, and a review of past content published in the journal. In addition, a single article should always be assessed on its own merits and never based on the metrics of the journal it was published in.
We rank all journals indexed by Scopus, their provide us theis data base. Please, contact International Journal of Economic Research, you are contacting Scimago Journal and Country Rank. Does the document published by international journal of economics and research provides google scholar citation .
Aims & Scope. Expert Systems With Applications is a refereed international journal whose focus is on exchanging information relating to expert and intelligent systems applied in industry, government, and universities worldwide. The thrust of the journal is to publish original papers dealing with the design, development, testing, implementation ...