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Introduction to Information & Communication Technology (ICT)

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INTRODUCTION TO ICT

By: emmanuel ikekwere.

Twitter: @IkeDemanuel

What changed ?

Information & Communication Technology

The term Information Technology evolved in the 1970s. Its basic concept, however, can be traced to the World War II alliance of the military and industry in the development of electronics, computers, and information theory. After the 1940s, the military remained the major source of research and development funding for the expansion of automation to replace manpower with machine power. Since the 1950s, five generations of computers have evolved. Each generation reflected a change to the hardware of decreased size but increased capabilities to control computer operations. The subject can be quite large, encompassing many fields and recently it has become popular to broaden the term to explicitly include the field of electronic communication so that people tend to use the abbreviation ICT (information and communications technology).

Brief history chart

Information

Information simply refers to the knowledge obtained from reading, investigation, study or research. Example of tools to transmit these information include telephone, television, radio and so on. Information is knowledge which helps us to fulfil our daily tasks. 

  Communication

Communication is simply an act of transmitting messages. It is also a process whereby information is exchanged between individuals using symbols, signs, or verbal interaction. Communication is essential in order to gain knowledge.  

 Technology

Technology refers to the use of scientific knowledge, experience and resources to create processes and products that fulfil human needs. Technology is vital for communication.

What then is ICT ?

ICT is the technology required for information processing, in particular, the use of electronic computers, communication devices and software application to convert, store, protect, process, transmit and retrieve information from anywhere anytime. 

Why should I consider ICT?

The world has gone pass the analogue age and so much digitized that no sphere of life is without the impact and influence of ICT revolution. The advent of computers brought the computerization of work processes and procedures in all spheres of human activity. We are currently experiencing a wave of digitization that has transformed the way institutions and organizational manage run their day to day activities.

In this 21st century ICT has been effectively and successfully integrated into production process, management process, governance, education, business, entertainment, security etc. ICT development in the 21st century has offered various means and channels of communicating ideas and experiences. Governments, individual groups and institutions are fast integrating Information and Communication Technology in their management system.

Impact of information & communication technology

Some Skills & competencies needed

• Communication skills
• Problem solving
• Designing technical architecture
• Project management
• Organizational skills
• Digital marketing
• Understanding business practices, approaches, politics, and culture
• Thinking strategically
• Troubleshooting
• Microsoft windows
• Database skills
• Videoconferencing skills
• Deep Web knowledge
• Influencing and Persuading
• File Management
• Website Design skills
• Electronic Presentation skills
• Software installation
• E-mail Management skills
• Digital Cameras

What’s next?

Career Opportunities & job options in Information Technology

•Software Applications Developer

•Computer Systems Analyst

•Database Administrator

•Management Analyst

•Computer network architect

•Computer programmers

•Computer and information Systems Mangers (IT managers)

•Information Security Analyst

•Web Developers​

•Data Analyst

•Cyber security analyst

•Graphic designers

•IT consultants

•Network engineer

•Forensic computer analyst

•IT sales professional

•System analyst

•UX designers

•Web content manager

•IT technical support officer etc.

By Emmanuel Ikekwere

Emmanuel Ikekwere

Emmanuel Ikekwere is a frontend web developer and graphics designer based in Nigeria. He's passionate about providing solutions with technology and helping others find their purpose through human and community development.

• emmanuelikekwere.hashnode.dev
• IkeDemanuel

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Powerpoint Templates and Google slides for ICT Information And Communications Technology

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Information and communication technology (ICT) in education

Information and communications technology (ict) can impact student learning when teachers are digitally literate and understand how to integrate it into curriculum..

Schools use a diverse set of ICT tools to communicate, create, disseminate, store, and manage information.(6) In some contexts, ICT has also become integral to the teaching-learning interaction, through such approaches as replacing chalkboards with interactive digital whiteboards, using students’ own smartphones or other devices for learning during class time, and the “flipped classroom” model where students watch lectures at home on the computer and use classroom time for more interactive exercises.

When teachers are digitally literate and trained to use ICT, these approaches can lead to higher order thinking skills, provide creative and individualized options for students to express their understandings, and leave students better prepared to deal with ongoing technological change in society and the workplace.(18)

ICT issues planners must consider include: considering the total cost-benefit equation, supplying and maintaining the requisite infrastructure, and ensuring investments are matched with teacher support and other policies aimed at effective ICT use.(16)

Issues and Discussion

Digital culture and digital literacy: Computer technologies and other aspects of digital culture have changed the ways people live, work, play, and learn, impacting the construction and distribution of knowledge and power around the world.(14) Graduates who are less familiar with digital culture are increasingly at a disadvantage in the national and global economy. Digital literacy—the skills of searching for, discerning, and producing information, as well as the critical use of new media for full participation in society—has thus become an important consideration for curriculum frameworks.(8)

In many countries, digital literacy is being built through the incorporation of information and communication technology (ICT) into schools. Some common educational applications of ICT include:

• One laptop per child: Less expensive laptops have been designed for use in school on a 1:1 basis with features like lower power consumption, a low cost operating system, and special re-programming and mesh network functions.(42) Despite efforts to reduce costs, however, providing one laptop per child may be too costly for some developing countries.(41)
• Tablets: Tablets are small personal computers with a touch screen, allowing input without a keyboard or mouse. Inexpensive learning software (“apps”) can be downloaded onto tablets, making them a versatile tool for learning.(7)(25) The most effective apps develop higher order thinking skills and provide creative and individualized options for students to express their understandings.(18)
• Interactive White Boards or Smart Boards : Interactive white boards allow projected computer images to be displayed, manipulated, dragged, clicked, or copied.(3) Simultaneously, handwritten notes can be taken on the board and saved for later use. Interactive white boards are associated with whole-class instruction rather than student-centred activities.(38) Student engagement is generally higher when ICT is available for student use throughout the classroom.(4)
• E-readers : E-readers are electronic devices that can hold hundreds of books in digital form, and they are increasingly utilized in the delivery of reading material.(19) Students—both skilled readers and reluctant readers—have had positive responses to the use of e-readers for independent reading.(22) Features of e-readers that can contribute to positive use include their portability and long battery life, response to text, and the ability to define unknown words.(22) Additionally, many classic book titles are available for free in e-book form.
• Flipped Classrooms: The flipped classroom model, involving lecture and practice at home via computer-guided instruction and interactive learning activities in class, can allow for an expanded curriculum. There is little investigation on the student learning outcomes of flipped classrooms.(5) Student perceptions about flipped classrooms are mixed, but generally positive, as they prefer the cooperative learning activities in class over lecture.(5)(35)

ICT and Teacher Professional Development: Teachers need specific professional development opportunities in order to increase their ability to use ICT for formative learning assessments, individualized instruction, accessing online resources, and for fostering student interaction and collaboration.(15) Such training in ICT should positively impact teachers’ general attitudes towards ICT in the classroom, but it should also provide specific guidance on ICT teaching and learning within each discipline. Without this support, teachers tend to use ICT for skill-based applications, limiting student academic thinking.(32) To sup­port teachers as they change their teaching, it is also essential for education managers, supervisors, teacher educators, and decision makers to be trained in ICT use.(11)

Ensuring benefits of ICT investments: To ensure the investments made in ICT benefit students, additional conditions must be met. School policies need to provide schools with the minimum acceptable infrastructure for ICT, including stable and affordable internet connectivity and security measures such as filters and site blockers. Teacher policies need to target basic ICT literacy skills, ICT use in pedagogical settings, and discipline-specific uses. (21) Successful imple­mentation of ICT requires integration of ICT in the curriculum. Finally, digital content needs to be developed in local languages and reflect local culture. (40) Ongoing technical, human, and organizational supports on all of these issues are needed to ensure access and effective use of ICT. (21)

Resource Constrained Contexts: The total cost of ICT ownership is considerable: training of teachers and administrators, connectivity, technical support, and software, amongst others. (42) When bringing ICT into classrooms, policies should use an incremental pathway, establishing infrastructure and bringing in sustainable and easily upgradable ICT. (16) Schools in some countries have begun allowing students to bring their own mobile technology (such as laptop, tablet, or smartphone) into class rather than providing such tools to all students—an approach called Bring Your Own Device. (1)(27)(34) However, not all families can afford devices or service plans for their children. (30) Schools must ensure all students have equitable access to ICT devices for learning.

Inclusiveness Considerations

Digital Divide: The digital divide refers to disparities of digital media and internet access both within and across countries, as well as the gap between people with and without the digital literacy and skills to utilize media and internet.(23)(26)(31) The digital divide both creates and reinforces socio-economic inequalities of the world’s poorest people. Policies need to intentionally bridge this divide to bring media, internet, and digital literacy to all students, not just those who are easiest to reach.

Minority language groups: Students whose mother tongue is different from the official language of instruction are less likely to have computers and internet connections at home than students from the majority. There is also less material available to them online in their own language, putting them at a disadvantage in comparison to their majority peers who gather information, prepare talks and papers, and communicate more using ICT. (39) Yet ICT tools can also help improve the skills of minority language students—especially in learning the official language of instruction—through features such as automatic speech recognition, the availability of authentic audio-visual materials, and chat functions. (2)(17)

Students with different styles of learning: ICT can provide diverse options for taking in and processing information, making sense of ideas, and expressing learning. Over 87% of students learn best through visual and tactile modalities, and ICT can help these students ‘experience’ the information instead of just reading and hearing it. (20)(37) Mobile devices can also offer programmes (“apps”) that provide extra support to students with special needs, with features such as simplified screens and instructions, consistent placement of menus and control features, graphics combined with text, audio feedback, ability to set pace and level of difficulty, appropriate and unambiguous feedback, and easy error correction. (24)(29)

Plans and policies

• India [ PDF ]
• Detroit, USA [ PDF ]
• Finland [ PDF ]
• Alberta Education. 2012. Bring your own device: A guide for schools . Retrieved from http://education.alberta.ca/admin/technology/research.aspx
• Alsied, S.M. and Pathan, M.M. 2015. ‘The use of computer technology in EFL classroom: Advantages and implications.’ International Journal of English Language and Translation Studies . 1 (1).
• BBC. N.D. ‘What is an interactive whiteboard?’ Retrieved from http://www.bbcactive.com/BBCActiveIdeasandResources/Whatisaninteractivewhiteboard.aspx
• Beilefeldt, T. 2012. ‘Guidance for technology decisions from classroom observation.’ Journal of Research on Technology in Education . 44 (3).
• Bishop, J.L. and Verleger, M.A. 2013. ‘The flipped classroom: A survey of the research.’ Presented at the 120th ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition. Atlanta, Georgia.
• Blurton, C. 2000. New Directions of ICT-Use in Education . United National Education Science and Culture Organization (UNESCO).
• Bryant, B.R., Ok, M., Kang, E.Y., Kim, M.K., Lang, R., Bryant, D.P. and Pfannestiel, K. 2015. ‘Performance of fourth-grade students with learning disabilities on multiplication facts comparing teacher-mediated and technology-mediated interventions: A preliminary investigation. Journal of Behavioral Education. 24.
• Buckingham, D. 2005. Educación en medios. Alfabetización, aprendizaje y cultura contemporánea, Barcelona, Paidós.
• Buckingham, D., Sefton-Green, J., and Scanlon, M. 2001. 'Selling the Digital Dream: Marketing Education Technologies to Teachers and Parents.'  ICT, Pedagogy, and the Curriculum: Subject to Change . London: Routledge.
• "Burk, R. 2001. 'E-book devices and the marketplace: In search of customers.' Library Hi Tech 19 (4)."
• Chapman, D., and Mählck, L. (Eds). 2004. Adapting technology for school improvement: a global perspective. Paris: International Institute for Educational Planning.
• Cheung, A.C.K and Slavin, R.E. 2012. ‘How features of educational technology applications affect student reading outcomes: A meta-analysis.’ Educational Research Review . 7.
• Cheung, A.C.K and Slavin, R.E. 2013. ‘The effectiveness of educational technology applications for enhancing mathematics achievement in K-12 classrooms: A meta-analysis.’ Educational Research Review . 9.
• Deuze, M. 2006. 'Participation Remediation Bricolage - Considering Principal Components of a Digital Culture.' The Information Society . 22 .
• Dunleavy, M., Dextert, S. and Heinecke, W.F. 2007. ‘What added value does a 1:1 student to laptop ratio bring to technology-supported teaching and learning?’ Journal of Computer Assisted Learning . 23.
• Enyedy, N. 2014. Personalized Instruction: New Interest, Old Rhetoric, Limited Results, and the Need for a New Direction for Computer-Mediated Learning . Boulder, CO: National Education Policy Center.
• Golonka, E.M., Bowles, A.R., Frank, V.M., Richardson, D.L. and Freynik, S. 2014. ‘Technologies for foreign language learning: A review of technology types and their effectiveness.’ Computer Assisted Language Learning . 27 (1).
• Goodwin, K. 2012. Use of Tablet Technology in the Classroom . Strathfield, New South Wales: NSW Curriculum and Learning Innovation Centre.
• Jung, J., Chan-Olmsted, S., Park, B., and Kim, Y. 2011. 'Factors affecting e-book reader awareness, interest, and intention to use.' New Media & Society . 14 (2)
• Kenney, L. 2011. ‘Elementary education, there’s an app for that. Communication technology in the elementary school classroom.’ The Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications . 2 (1).
• Kopcha, T.J. 2012. ‘Teachers’ perceptions of the barriers to technology integration and practices with technology under situated professional development.’ Computers and Education . 59.
• Miranda, T., Williams-Rossi, D., Johnson, K., and McKenzie, N. 2011. "Reluctant readers in middle school: Successful engagement with text using the e-reader.' International journal of applied science and technology . 1 (6).
• Moyo, L. 2009. 'The digital divide: scarcity, inequality and conflict.' Digital Cultures . New York: Open University Press.
• Newton, D.A. and Dell, A.G. 2011. ‘Mobile devices and students with disabilities: What do best practices tell us?’ Journal of Special Education Technology . 26 (3).
• Nirvi, S. (2011). ‘Special education pupils find learning tool in iPad applications.’ Education Week . 30 .
• Norris, P. 2001. Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Internet Worldwide . Cambridge, USA: Cambridge University Press.
• Project Tomorrow. 2012. Learning in the 21st century: Mobile devices + social media = personalized learning . Washington, D.C.: Blackboard K-12.
• Riasati, M.J., Allahyar, N. and Tan, K.E. 2012. ‘Technology in language education: Benefits and barriers.’ Journal of Education and Practice . 3 (5).
• Rodriquez, C.D., Strnadova, I. and Cumming, T. 2013. ‘Using iPads with students with disabilities: Lessons learned from students, teachers, and parents.’ Intervention in School and Clinic . 49 (4).
• Sangani, K. 2013. 'BYOD to the classroom.' Engineering & Technology . 3 (8).
• Servon, L. 2002. Redefining the Digital Divide: Technology, Community and Public Policy . Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
• Smeets, E. 2005. ‘Does ICT contribute to powerful learning environments in primary education?’ Computers and Education. 44 .
• Smith, G.E. and Thorne, S. 2007. Differentiating Instruction with Technology in K-5 Classrooms . Eugene, OR: International Society for Technology in Education.
• Song, Y. 2014. '"Bring your own device (BYOD)" for seamless science inquiry in a primary school.' Computers & Education. 74 .
• Strayer, J.F. 2012. ‘How learning in an inverted classroom influences cooperation, innovation and task orientation.’ Learning Environment Research. 15.
• Tamim, R.M., Bernard, R.M., Borokhovski, E., Abrami, P.C. and Schmid, R.F. 2011. ‘What forty years of research says about the impact of technology on learning: A second-order meta-analysis and validation study. Review of Educational Research. 81 (1).
• Tileston, D.W. 2003. What Every Teacher Should Know about Media and Technology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
• Turel, Y.K. and Johnson, T.E. 2012. ‘Teachers’ belief and use of interactive whiteboards for teaching and learning.’ Educational Technology and Society . 15(1).
• Volman, M., van Eck, E., Heemskerk, I. and Kuiper, E. 2005. ‘New technologies, new differences. Gender and ethnic differences in pupils’ use of ICT in primary and secondary education.’ Computers and Education. 45 .
• Voogt, J., Knezek, G., Cox, M., Knezek, D. and ten Brummelhuis, A. 2013. ‘Under which conditions does ICT have a positive effect on teaching and learning? A call to action.’ Journal of Computer Assisted Learning. 29 (1).
• Warschauer, M. and Ames, M. 2010. ‘Can one laptop per child save the world’s poor?’ Journal of International Affairs. 64 (1).
• Zuker, A.A. and Light, D. 2009. ‘Laptop programs for students.’ Science. 323 (5910).

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• Information and communication technologies (ICT)

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) PPT

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) PPT: Definition, Impact and Components Free Download: ICT, or statistics and communications technology (or technologies), is the infrastructure and components that allow modern computing. Although there’s no single, normal definition of ICT, the time period is generally generic to intend all devices, networking components, packages and structures that mixed permit humans and organizations (i.e., businesses, nonprofit agencies, governments and crook enterprises) to have interaction with inside the virtual world.

Also See: History of Computers PPT and PDF

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) PPT: Definition, Impact and Components

ICT encompasses each the internet-enabled sphere in addition to the cell one powered with the aid of using wi-fi networks. It additionally consists of antiquated technologies, which include landline telephones, radio and television broadcast — all of that are nonetheless broadly used nowadays along present day ICT portions which include artificial intelligence and robotics.

Also See: Mind Reading Computer Seminar and PPT with pdf Report

Table of Content

• Introduction
• Components of ICT
• Impact of ICT
• Significance of ICT

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Watch CBS News

Ashley Biden introduces her father at DNC as the "OG girl dad" and one of the most "consequential" leaders in history

By Kathryn Watson

August 20, 2024 / 10:12 AM EDT / CBS News

Ashley Biden, President Biden's 43-year-old daughter who typically stays out of the spotlight, introduced her father Monday night at the first night at the  Democratic National Convention in Chicago as he delivered one of his final and most historic speeches in his time as president and a public servant. 

A social worker in Philadelphia, Ashley Biden offered a different side to her father, as not just one of the "most consequential leaders ever in history," but also as the "OG girl dad."

"He told me I could be anything and I could do anything," she said. 

"And he wasn't just a girl dad. I could see that he valued and trusted women," Ashley Biden said. "How he listened to his mother. How he believed in his sister. And most of all, how he respected my mother's career. Dad was always there doing everything he could to be a true partner to her. Dad, you always tell us but we don't tell you enough that you are the love of our lives and the life of our love." 

Ashley Biden said that on her eighth birthday, her father, a U.S. senator at the time, took the Amtrak train from Washington, D.C., to Delaware just to hug her and watch her delight at seeing her birthday cake. 

She also recalled her wedding reception in her parents' backyard more than a decade ago, when Mr. Biden was vice president, and made sure that the backyard was perfect. 

"And by the way, he was very emotional," she said. "I thought that I would be a mess, but he was the one crying, and I was the one that had to comfort him."

All these years later, Ashley Biden said, "Dad, you are still my best friend." 

When Beau Biden died of brain cancer in 2015, Ashley Biden said she and her brother Hunter didn't know if the pain would ever subside. Mr. Biden has often said it should be Beau in the Oval Office, not him. 

"Dad had the capacity to step out of his own pain and absorb ours," she said. "And I know Beau is with us tonight, as he is always with us."

The president has lost two of his four children, since his first wife and daughter died in a crash in 1972. Hunter and Beau were also badly injured. 

Ashley Biden pleaded with the supportive crowd to work harder than ever before. 

"So tonight, I am asking you if you stood with us in 2020, call upon your courageous heart," she said. "Stand with us today. Work harder than you have ever worked before in your life. This is the fight of our lifetime."

After her speech, the president took a moment to dab at his eyes, the emotion of the moment overwhelming him, and called her "incredible."

Ashley Biden was a frequent prescence at her brother Hunter's trial earlier this year in Wilmington, Delaware, on federal gun charges. Hunter Biden, who was convicted in June , made an appearance at the end of Mr. Biden's speech with his children. 

Kathryn Watson is a politics reporter for CBS News Digital, based in Washington, D.C.

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ICT  INTRODUCTION

Mar 16, 2019

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ICT  INTRODUCTION. ICT is an acronym that stands for Information Communications Technology . Why there is no accepted definition of ICT ?

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• ess typically involve lots

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ICT INTRODUCTION ICT is an acronym that stands for Information Communications Technology. Why there is no accepted definition of ICT ? Because the concepts, methods and applications involved in ICT are constantly evolving on an almost daily basis. It’s difficult to keep up with the changes - they happen so fast.

What is the good way of thinking about ICT? is to consider all the uses of digital technology that already exist to help individuals, businesses and organizations use information. ICT covers any product that will store, retrieve, manipulate, transmit or receive information electronically in a digital form. For example, personal computers, digital television, email, robots, etc.

In business, ICT is often categorized into two broad types of product: • The traditional computer-based technologies - things you can typically do on a personal computer or using computers at home or at work; These types of ICT include: • Standard Office Applications • Specialist Applications

Standard Office Applications: Examples • Word processing E.g. Microsoft Word: Write letters, reports etc • Spreadsheets E.g. Microsoft Excel; Analyse financial information; calculations; create forecasting models etc • Database software E.g. Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, Access; Managing data in many forms, from basic lists (e.g. customer contacts through to complex material (e.g. catalogue)

Presentation software E.g. Microsoft PowerPoint; make presentations, either directly using a computer screen or data projector. Publish in digital format via email or over the Internet • Desktop publishing E.g. Adobe Indesign, Quark Express, Microsoft Publisher; produce newsletters, magazines and other complex documents.

Graphics software E. g Adobe Photoshop and Illustrator; Macromedia Freehand and Fireworks; create and edit images such as logos, drawings or pictures, web sites or other publications

Specialist Applications - Examples • Accounting package E.g. Sage, Oracle (others Q-book, Myob, Tally) ; Manage an organization's accounts including revenues/sales, purchases, bank accounts etc. • Computer Aided Design Computer Aided Design (CAD) is the use of computers to assist the design process. Specialized CAD programs exist for many types of design: architectural, engineering, electronics, roadways

Customer Relations Management (CRM) Software that allows businesses to better understand their customers by collecting and analyzing data on them such as their product preferences, buying habits etc.

2. Digital communication Technologies which allow people and organizations to communicate and share information digitally. E.g. • Email Electronic mail is the sending and receiving of messages electronically over the Internet

Short Message Service (SMS) This referred to as texting. SMS is a hardware technology that is used on a cellphone however can be a software technology if used via a PC. • Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) This referred to as pxting. This is where a text message is accompanied with an image, small video file or sound bite. This is a newer technology and older cellphone may not be able to support MMS. MMS is also a hardware technology.

Voice-over-Internet Protocol (VoIP) Is a range of technologies that allows verbal communication over the Internet. E.g Skype, using voice chat in MSN , G Talk or Yahoo messenger all this can be regarded as VoIP. To talk to someone using MSN, the person at the other end also needs MSN. The same applies to others. VoIPs are software technologies often used on a computer but now also available on mobile devices.  • Chat & Instant Messaging Chat is the name given to “real time” online communication. It is a series of typed messages between two or more people.

Instant messaging is a new variation of chat. It allows a user to have a list of contacts (who also use the service) The instant messaging software displays which of your contacts are currently online and available to chat.

Social Media Are Internet and mobile-based tools for sharing and discussing information among human beings. The term refers to activities that integrate technology and the construction of words, pictures, videos and audio. Some of the most well known social media sites are: Social Networking Websites: • Facebook • Twitter • Myspace

Social Media Sites: • Flickr ,Youtube, Slideshare Commercial Sites: • TradeMe , Ebay, Amazon Blogs, Wikis and Internet Forums Blogs, Wikis and Forums are all internet based tools to allow people to communicate with one another On a specific topic or interest. These tools are usually free for people to use and will usually require an email address to register.

INFORMATION Refers to the knowledge obtained from reading, investigation, study or research. E.g of tools used to transmit information are the telephone, television and radio. Data and Information Data is raw material for data processing. It relates to fact, event and transactions. i.e Data refers to unprocessed information. E.g of data is Quationare

they are processed and analyzed in order to prepare a report on the survey. This resulting report is information. Therefore Information is data that has been processed in such a way as to be meaningful to the person who receives it. It is anything that is communicated.

TYPES OF INFORMATION SYSTEM • Executive Support Systems ("ESS") is designed to help senior management make strategic decisions. It gathers analyses and summarises the key internal and external information used in the business. ESS typically involve lots of data analysis and modeling tools such as "what-if" analysis to help strategic decision-making.

Management Information Systems ("MIS") is mainly concerned with internal sources of information. MIS usually take data from the transaction processing systems (TPS) and summarize it into a series of management reports. MIS reports tend to be used by middle management and operational supervisors. • Decision-Support Systems ("DSS") are specifically designed to help management make decisions in situations where there is uncertainty about the possible outcomes of

those decisions. DSS comprise tools and techniques to help gather relevant information and analyze the options and alternatives. DSS often involves use of complex spreadsheet and databases to create "what-if" models. • Knowledge Management Systems ("KMS") exist to help businesses create and share information. These are typically used in a business where employees create new knowledge and expertise which can then be shared by other people in the organization to create further commercial opportunities. Good examples include firms of lawyers, accountants and management consultants.

KMS are built around systems which allow efficient categorization and distribution of knowledge. For example, the knowledge itself might be contained in word processing documents, spreadsheets, PowerPoint presentations. Internet pages or whatever. To share the knowledge, a KMS would use group collaboration systems such as an intranet. • Transaction Processing Systems ("TPS") are designed to process routine transactions efficiently and accurately. A business will have several (sometimes many) TPS; for example:

Billing systems to send invoices to customers • Systems to calculate the weekly and monthly payroll and tax payments -Production and purchasing systems to calculate raw material requirements • Stock control systems to process all movements into, within and out of the business • Office Automation Systems Are systems that try to improve the productivity of employees who need to process data and information. example (e.g. Microsoft Office suite) or systems that allow employees to work from home or whilst on the move.

SOURCES OF DATA AND INFORMATION Data and information come from many sources - both internal (inside the business) and external. Internal Information E.g Accounting records are a prime source of internal information. They detail the transactions of the business in the past - which may be used as the basis for planning for the future (e.g. preparing a financial budget or forecast).

External Information This is information that is obtained from outside the business.

CATEGORIES OF EXTERNAL INFORMATION • Information relating to way a business should undertake its activities • Information about the markets in which a business operates (i.e Most of the external information that a business needs can be obtained from marketing research).

METHODS OF DATA STORAGE Data storage is the holding of data in an electromagnetic form for access by a computer processor.

MAIN KINDS OF STORAGE • Primary storage is data that is held in a random access memory (RAM) and other memory devices that are built into computers, (i.e these are temporary storage). • Secondary storage is data that is stored on internal/external storage devices such as hard disks, tapes, CD's. (i.e these are permanent storage)

MAIN METHODS OF DATA STORAGE • Hard disks :Often called a disk drive, hard drive or hard disk drive (HDD), this method is used to store a large amounts of data. The information is stored on electromagnetically charged surfaces called 'platters'. • Floppy disks: is a type of magnetic disk memory which consists of a flexible disk with a magnetic coating. They are very slow compared to hard disks and lack storage capacity (1.44 megabytes). Therefore, computer manufacturers are not including floppy disk drives in the products as a built-in storage option.

Tape storage: is used as an external storage medium. It consists of a loop of flexible celluloid-like material that can store data in the form of electromagnetic charges. • Optical disks : is a storage medium that can be written to and read using a low-powered laser beam. A laser reads these dots, and the data is converted to an electrical signal, finally converted into the original data.

CD-R :Compact Disc-Recordable, they are popular for music recording and for file storage or transfer between personal computers. CDR discs are write-once media. This means that - once used -they cannot be erased or re-recorded upon. CD-R discs can be played back in any audio CD player or CD-ROM drive, as well as many DVD players and drives.

CD-RW: Compact Disc-Rewritable are rewritable and can be erased and re-recorded upon over and over again. CD-RW discs can only be used on CD players, CD-ROM drives, and DVD players and drives that are CD-RW playback-compatible. • DVD: Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc is a high density optical disc with large capacity for storage of data, pictures and sound. The capacity is 4.7 GB.

COMMUNICATION • Communication is an act of transmitting messages. This is a process whereby information is exchanged between individuals using symbols, signs or verbal interaction. Further more communication is often achieved via networksof sending and receiving equipment, wires and satellite links. Lets see types of networks in communication

INTERNAL NETWORKS Usually referred to as a local area network (LAN). LAN is a computer network that interconnects computers in a limited area such as home, school/college, computer laboratory or office building. What is the aim of LAN: The aim of a LAN is to be able to share hardware facilities such as printers or scanners, software applications and files/data.

Example of a LAN The fig shows PCs connected together to a common hub to share files, print and access the Internet.  It also allows Laptops and Handheld devices to communicate wirelessly with both the LAN PCs and the Internet. 

EXTERNAL NETWORKS Often you need to communicate with someone outside your internal network, in this case you will need to be part of a Wide Area Network (WAN). Internet is the ultimate WAN - it is a vast network of networks.

WAN Wide Area Network (WAN) is a telecommunication network that covers a broad (wide) area (i.e., any network that links across metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries. Usually WAN are used to connect other networks together so that people can communicate across various computers. They are usually built using leased lines connected by routers.

EXAMPLE OF A WAN NETWORK

MAN Metropolitan area network (MAN)- is a larger network that connects computer users in a particular  geographic area or region. For example a large university may have a network so large that it may be classified as a MAN. The MAN network usually exist to provide connectivity to local ISPs, cable TV, or large corporations. MAN - is far larger than a LAN and smaller than a WAN.

OTHER TYPES OF NETWORKS • PAN - Personal Area NetworkCAN - Campus Area Network • WLAN - Wireless LANGAN - Global Area Network • SAN - Storage Area Network

TECHNOLOGY Technology is the making, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or perform a specific function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, machinery, and procedures.

HISTORY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 1957: Planar transistor developed by Jean Hoerni • With this technology the integrated circuit became a reality. • With this technology, microscopic circuit boards could be laid out on the silicon surface, thus allowing the compacting of these circuits onto integrated circuits.

1958 First integrated circuit In 1957, a group of eight electronics engineers and physicists formed Fairchild Semiconductor. The next year, one of these men, Jack Kilby, produced the first integrated circuit for commercial use.

1960's ARPANET developed by the U. S. Department of Defense The Advanced Research Projects Agency Networks was designed to enable researchers to share information. This government project eventually grew into the Internet as we know it today.

1969 UNIX Operating System Developed Developed at AT&T labs by engineers Ken Thompson And Dennis Ritchie, the UNIX operating system was the first operating system that ran on a minicomputer and could handle multitasking and networking. It was also written in the C programming language – then a high level language with power and flexibility. Other operating systems existed, but they Were usually written in assembly language for speed and efficiency.

1971 First microprocessor chip In 1971, the 4004 microprocessor chip, designed by a team under the leadership of Federico Faggin, was introduced to replace the central processing units that heretofore had been constructed from discrete components. The microprocessor chip was born. Intel's later products, from 8080 through 8088 and currently Pentium IV were all descended from the 4004.

1972 Optical laserdisc Back in 1972, music was sold on vinyl records. These records were large platters with spiral grooves cut in them. The music information was stored in the grooves by controlling the depth and direction of the cutting machine. However, the grooves eventually wore, resulting in decreased fidelty. The laserdisc was created by Philips to correct this problem. Instead of grooves, pits were burned into the aluminum surface to represent the 1's and 0's of computer technology.

1974 Motorola microprocessor chip Motorola's 6800 was the forerunner of the 68000. The 68K was used in the original Macintosh computer system. It provided the computer horsepower to run a graphical user interface, or GUI. Although the Intel microprocessor line would come to dominate desktop computing, the current Apple computer products still use Power PC chips, which are the descendants of this powerful microprocessor chip.

1975 Altair Microcomputer Kit The Altair Microcomputer is the first personal computer available to the general public. it made the cover of Electronics Illustrated in 1975. It came as a kit, so it was most suitable to people with electrical engineering backgrounds.

1977 Radio Shack introduces the first pre-built personal computer with built-in keyboard and displayThis was the first non-kit personal computer to be marketed to the general public. It came with a simple cassette tape player for loading and saving programs. This allowed to do word processing, using programs like CopyArt. It also produced a revolution in thinking which gradually took hold and gained momentum during the next decade.

1977 Apple Computer begins delivery of the Apple II computer The Apple II came fully assembled with a built-in keyboard, monitor and operating system software. The first Apple II's used a cassette tape to store programs, but a floppy disk drive was soon available. With its ease in storing and running programs, the floppy disk made the Apple II computer the first computer suitable for use in elementary school classrooms.

1984 Apple Macintosh computer The Macintosh was the first computer to come with a graphical user interface and a mouse pointing device as standard equipment. With the coming of the Mac, the personal microcomputer began to undergo a major revolution in its purpose and use.

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