how many different types of paragraphs are in an essay

What this handout is about

This handout will help you understand how paragraphs are formed, how to develop stronger paragraphs, and how to completely and clearly express your ideas.

What is a paragraph?

Paragraphs are the building blocks of papers. Many students define paragraphs in terms of length: a paragraph is a group of at least five sentences, a paragraph is half a page long, etc. In reality, though, the unity and coherence of ideas among sentences is what constitutes a paragraph. A paragraph is defined as “a group of sentences or a single sentence that forms a unit” (Lunsford and Connors 116). Length and appearance do not determine whether a section in a paper is a paragraph. For instance, in some styles of writing, particularly journalistic styles, a paragraph can be just one sentence long. Ultimately, a paragraph is a sentence or group of sentences that support one main idea. In this handout, we will refer to this as the “controlling idea,” because it controls what happens in the rest of the paragraph.

How do I decide what to put in a paragraph?

Before you can begin to determine what the composition of a particular paragraph will be, you must first decide on an argument and a working thesis statement for your paper. What is the most important idea that you are trying to convey to your reader? The information in each paragraph must be related to that idea. In other words, your paragraphs should remind your reader that there is a recurrent relationship between your thesis and the information in each paragraph. A working thesis functions like a seed from which your paper, and your ideas, will grow. The whole process is an organic one—a natural progression from a seed to a full-blown paper where there are direct, familial relationships between all of the ideas in the paper.

The decision about what to put into your paragraphs begins with the germination of a seed of ideas; this “germination process” is better known as brainstorming . There are many techniques for brainstorming; whichever one you choose, this stage of paragraph development cannot be skipped. Building paragraphs can be like building a skyscraper: there must be a well-planned foundation that supports what you are building. Any cracks, inconsistencies, or other corruptions of the foundation can cause your whole paper to crumble.

So, let’s suppose that you have done some brainstorming to develop your thesis. What else should you keep in mind as you begin to create paragraphs? Every paragraph in a paper should be :

• Unified : All of the sentences in a single paragraph should be related to a single controlling idea (often expressed in the topic sentence of the paragraph).
• Clearly related to the thesis : The sentences should all refer to the central idea, or thesis, of the paper (Rosen and Behrens 119).
• Coherent : The sentences should be arranged in a logical manner and should follow a definite plan for development (Rosen and Behrens 119).
• Well-developed : Every idea discussed in the paragraph should be adequately explained and supported through evidence and details that work together to explain the paragraph’s controlling idea (Rosen and Behrens 119).

How do I organize a paragraph?

There are many different ways to organize a paragraph. The organization you choose will depend on the controlling idea of the paragraph. Below are a few possibilities for organization, with links to brief examples:

• Narration : Tell a story. Go chronologically, from start to finish. ( See an example. )
• Description : Provide specific details about what something looks, smells, tastes, sounds, or feels like. Organize spatially, in order of appearance, or by topic. ( See an example. )
• Process : Explain how something works, step by step. Perhaps follow a sequence—first, second, third. ( See an example. )
• Classification : Separate into groups or explain the various parts of a topic. ( See an example. )
• Illustration : Give examples and explain how those examples support your point. (See an example in the 5-step process below.)

Illustration paragraph: a 5-step example

From the list above, let’s choose “illustration” as our rhetorical purpose. We’ll walk through a 5-step process for building a paragraph that illustrates a point in an argument. For each step there is an explanation and example. Our example paragraph will be about human misconceptions of piranhas.

Step 1. Decide on a controlling idea and create a topic sentence

Paragraph development begins with the formulation of the controlling idea. This idea directs the paragraph’s development. Often, the controlling idea of a paragraph will appear in the form of a topic sentence. In some cases, you may need more than one sentence to express a paragraph’s controlling idea.

Controlling idea and topic sentence — Despite the fact that piranhas are relatively harmless, many people continue to believe the pervasive myth that piranhas are dangerous to humans.

Step 2. Elaborate on the controlling idea

Paragraph development continues with an elaboration on the controlling idea, perhaps with an explanation, implication, or statement about significance. Our example offers a possible explanation for the pervasiveness of the myth.

Elaboration — This impression of piranhas is exacerbated by their mischaracterization in popular media.

Step 3. Give an example (or multiple examples)

Paragraph development progresses with an example (or more) that illustrates the claims made in the previous sentences.

Example — For example, the promotional poster for the 1978 horror film Piranha features an oversized piranha poised to bite the leg of an unsuspecting woman.

Step 4. Explain the example(s)

The next movement in paragraph development is an explanation of each example and its relevance to the topic sentence. The explanation should demonstrate the value of the example as evidence to support the major claim, or focus, in your paragraph.

Continue the pattern of giving examples and explaining them until all points/examples that the writer deems necessary have been made and explained. NONE of your examples should be left unexplained. You might be able to explain the relationship between the example and the topic sentence in the same sentence which introduced the example. More often, however, you will need to explain that relationship in a separate sentence.

Explanation for example — Such a terrifying representation easily captures the imagination and promotes unnecessary fear.

Notice that the example and explanation steps of this 5-step process (steps 3 and 4) can be repeated as needed. The idea is that you continue to use this pattern until you have completely developed the main idea of the paragraph.

Step 5. Complete the paragraph’s idea or transition into the next paragraph

The final movement in paragraph development involves tying up the loose ends of the paragraph. At this point, you can remind your reader about the relevance of the information to the larger paper, or you can make a concluding point for this example. You might, however, simply transition to the next paragraph.

Sentences for completing a paragraph — While the trope of the man-eating piranhas lends excitement to the adventure stories, it bears little resemblance to the real-life piranha. By paying more attention to fact than fiction, humans may finally be able to let go of this inaccurate belief.

Finished paragraph

Despite the fact that piranhas are relatively harmless, many people continue to believe the pervasive myth that piranhas are dangerous to humans. This impression of piranhas is exacerbated by their mischaracterization in popular media. For example, the promotional poster for the 1978 horror film Piranha features an oversized piranha poised to bite the leg of an unsuspecting woman. Such a terrifying representation easily captures the imagination and promotes unnecessary fear. While the trope of the man-eating piranhas lends excitement to the adventure stories, it bears little resemblance to the real-life piranha. By paying more attention to fact than fiction, humans may finally be able to let go of this inaccurate belief.

Troubleshooting paragraphs

Problem: the paragraph has no topic sentence.

Imagine each paragraph as a sandwich. The real content of the sandwich—the meat or other filling—is in the middle. It includes all the evidence you need to make the point. But it gets kind of messy to eat a sandwich without any bread. Your readers don’t know what to do with all the evidence you’ve given them. So, the top slice of bread (the first sentence of the paragraph) explains the topic (or controlling idea) of the paragraph. And, the bottom slice (the last sentence of the paragraph) tells the reader how the paragraph relates to the broader argument. In the original and revised paragraphs below, notice how a topic sentence expressing the controlling idea tells the reader the point of all the evidence.

Original paragraph

Piranhas rarely feed on large animals; they eat smaller fish and aquatic plants. When confronted with humans, piranhas’ first instinct is to flee, not attack. Their fear of humans makes sense. Far more piranhas are eaten by people than people are eaten by piranhas. If the fish are well-fed, they won’t bite humans.

Revised paragraph

Although most people consider piranhas to be quite dangerous, they are, for the most part, entirely harmless. Piranhas rarely feed on large animals; they eat smaller fish and aquatic plants. When confronted with humans, piranhas’ first instinct is to flee, not attack. Their fear of humans makes sense. Far more piranhas are eaten by people than people are eaten by piranhas. If the fish are well-fed, they won’t bite humans.

Once you have mastered the use of topic sentences, you may decide that the topic sentence for a particular paragraph really shouldn’t be the first sentence of the paragraph. This is fine—the topic sentence can actually go at the beginning, middle, or end of a paragraph; what’s important is that it is in there somewhere so that readers know what the main idea of the paragraph is and how it relates back to the thesis of your paper. Suppose that we wanted to start the piranha paragraph with a transition sentence—something that reminds the reader of what happened in the previous paragraph—rather than with the topic sentence. Let’s suppose that the previous paragraph was about all kinds of animals that people are afraid of, like sharks, snakes, and spiders. Our paragraph might look like this (the topic sentence is bold):

Like sharks, snakes, and spiders, piranhas are widely feared. Although most people consider piranhas to be quite dangerous, they are, for the most part, entirely harmless . Piranhas rarely feed on large animals; they eat smaller fish and aquatic plants. When confronted with humans, piranhas’ first instinct is to flee, not attack. Their fear of humans makes sense. Far more piranhas are eaten by people than people are eaten by piranhas. If the fish are well-fed, they won’t bite humans.

Problem: the paragraph has more than one controlling idea

If a paragraph has more than one main idea, consider eliminating sentences that relate to the second idea, or split the paragraph into two or more paragraphs, each with only one main idea. Watch our short video on reverse outlining to learn a quick way to test whether your paragraphs are unified. In the following paragraph, the final two sentences branch off into a different topic; so, the revised paragraph eliminates them and concludes with a sentence that reminds the reader of the paragraph’s main idea.

Although most people consider piranhas to be quite dangerous, they are, for the most part, entirely harmless. Piranhas rarely feed on large animals; they eat smaller fish and aquatic plants. When confronted with humans, piranhas’ first instinct is to flee, not attack. Their fear of humans makes sense. Far more piranhas are eaten by people than people are eaten by piranhas. A number of South American groups eat piranhas. They fry or grill the fish and then serve them with coconut milk or tucupi, a sauce made from fermented manioc juices.

Problem: transitions are needed within the paragraph

You are probably familiar with the idea that transitions may be needed between paragraphs or sections in a paper (see our handout on transitions ). Sometimes they are also helpful within the body of a single paragraph. Within a paragraph, transitions are often single words or short phrases that help to establish relationships between ideas and to create a logical progression of those ideas in a paragraph. This is especially likely to be true within paragraphs that discuss multiple examples. Let’s take a look at a version of our piranha paragraph that uses transitions to orient the reader:

Although most people consider piranhas to be quite dangerous, they are, except in two main situations, entirely harmless. Piranhas rarely feed on large animals; they eat smaller fish and aquatic plants. When confronted with humans, piranhas’ instinct is to flee, not attack. But there are two situations in which a piranha bite is likely. The first is when a frightened piranha is lifted out of the water—for example, if it has been caught in a fishing net. The second is when the water level in pools where piranhas are living falls too low. A large number of fish may be trapped in a single pool, and if they are hungry, they may attack anything that enters the water.

In this example, you can see how the phrases “the first” and “the second” help the reader follow the organization of the ideas in the paragraph.

Works consulted

We consulted these works while writing this handout. This is not a comprehensive list of resources on the handout’s topic, and we encourage you to do your own research to find additional publications. Please do not use this list as a model for the format of your own reference list, as it may not match the citation style you are using. For guidance on formatting citations, please see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial . We revise these tips periodically and welcome feedback.

Lunsford, Andrea. 2008. The St. Martin’s Handbook: Annotated Instructor’s Edition , 6th ed. New York: St. Martin’s.

Rosen, Leonard J., and Laurence Behrens. 2003. The Allyn & Bacon Handbook , 5th ed. New York: Longman.

You may reproduce it for non-commercial use if you use the entire handout and attribute the source: The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

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Types of Paragraphs: Based on Writing, Structure and Format

• by Joseph Kenas
• November 21, 2023
• Custom Essay writing

A paragraph is a section of writing that covers a single point that explains something specific or argues a specific thing to support the thesis of the whole writing or an essay. This paragraph contains a collection of sentences that argue about the specific item.

You can approach each new paragraph by beginning it on a new line. In some cases, you can construct indented or numbered paragraphs. 

Types of Paragraph 

There exist different types of paragraphs to help you convey the message as intended originally. Here are the most used ones in the writing career.

In writing, the 5 main types of paragraphs In writing, the 5 main types of paragraphs are descriptive, narrative, persuasive, explanatory, and illustration based on their content and structure. Let us explore each in detail.

1. Descriptive Paragraphs

We use a descriptive paragraph to describe a person, a thing or a theme, or an idea to your audience. We often use this type if you want to provide details about something or an event.

All descriptive phrases utilize five senses such as smells, tastes, feels, looks and sound. 

The author becomes clearer to the reader as you use more descriptive phrases.

The correct descriptive paragraph should paint a perfect picture to make the readers as if they were there.

A descriptive paragraph is suitable for fiction writers. 

When writing a descriptive paragraph, put the item you are describing in the topic sentence.

In the supporting sentences, provide specific details about the characteristics and functions of that item.

You can also use transitional sentences in the middle, foreground, or far distance. 

In the last sentence, you can transition it to the preceding paragraph if it relates to your describing item. Generally, the words should paint a picture in the mind of the audience as indicated in the following section:

There are six horrible men in the vehicle. They want to rescue a naked man. One of them has a pistol to scare the violent naked man. 

2. Narrative Paragraphs

The purpose of a narrative paragraph is to tell an event or a story. It could be a natural phenomenon, an account of someone’s life, or a novel.

The author should arrange the events in the narrative paragraph chronologically. That is, they should come in the order of when they happened. 

The narrative paragraph should have a central idea and the characters involved. You should provide enough description and set the stage for the reader to understand where they happened. 

One should organize such a paragraph into three basic components. They should be a piece of background information, then give the story and end with a conclusion. The topic sentence should include the story or the event and where it happened. 

The event can happen in three different stages. They are the beginning, middle, and end of the story. The beginning could be a problem that makes the story.

The middle captures the important activities of the story. The end should serve as the conclusion of the story, as indicated in the following example:

Last week I met John, and we enjoyed a mouth-watering pizza together. After eating, we went to a golf competition where we had fun together. 

3. Persuasive Paragraphs

The persuasive paragraph is whereby the writer is offering his opinion on the topic or the subject. The purpose of having such a paragraph is to convince the reader over soothing in the writer’s opinion, like a controversial topic or any project. 

The structure of this paragraph follows that of any expository piece, as it helps explain soothing about the subject.

You can sway the reader’s position by employing a rhetorical question. You can use highly charged language to trigger a reaction in the audience. 

Such a paragraph should have facts and details to promote the author’s opinion. We can apply such paragraphs in editorial essays or speeches in different forms of writing. The primary goal of such writing is to achieve a reasonable level of persuasion. 

We use such occasions to convince the reader to have specific feelings concerning a place or a character. Let’s see the following example. 

The best holiday vacation should be on the beach.

Such is so because you can have more fun on the beach.

Such include surfing, swimming or hiking. You can relax as you listen to the ocean wave’s sound and cool breeze. 

4. Explanatory Paragraphs

We need an explanation paragraph if you need to describe how a particular thing works. You can sue it if you are explaining a process step by step. Such a paragraph will offer the reader specific details concerning a particular subject. 

Such paragraphs contain directions, or you will have to describe that particular process logically. Ensure that such paragraphs provide correct facts to enable the consumer to understand the process well. 

You begin by introducing what you are explaining in the topic sentence. Let the supporting sentences explain every step in the whole process. It should include the details of why soothing should happen and provide relevant information. 

In this section, you can still use transitional words or phrases. Such could include words like next, eventually, finally, and more.

In the conclusion section, you should offer a summary of the process as indicated in the following example: 

The process of making tea is very simple:

• Begin by boiling milk.
• Pour the right amount of water into the milk and let it boil again. After that, add some tea leaves to attain the correct color.
• Remove it from your cooking apparatus and serve while hot. 

5. Illustration Paragraphs

Authors use such a paragraph to clarify the idea by giving specific examples. However, you should indicate how they relate to the key points. 

The paragraph should follow a specific structure to enable the author to pass the idea to the audience well. One can state the general idea in the topic sentence.

Furthermore, you can use transitional words or phrases to illustrate a particular point. When writing a 5-paragraph essay , for instance, the 3 body paragraphs require such transitional words.

Let the supporting sentences have suitable examples which will amplify the key idea. The role of the examples is to enable the writer to apply a particular point coherently. The conclusion should create a link between the examples and the key idea. 

Before you buy land, ensure to involve a real estate agent. The agent can provide resourceful information to help you land a better deal.

Such includes the best and most secure area to buy land and to quote the correct price. Generally, buying land is a slow process that requires keenness. 

How to Build a Good Paragraph 

A paragraph should provide a structure and the flow of your ideas. Such allows one to move from one thought to the next. The purpose of a paragraph is to adhere to the key idea and paint a clear image. 

Whether the author is writing a long or short paragraph, let is follow the basic rule structure. Ensure that the flow of information relates to the preceding paragraphs.

Also, do not make it long. Check our word count tool to help you keep things short. Here are some of the tips to follow when writing a paragraph:

1. Create a Topic Sentence in the First Sentence 

The first line of your paragraph should hint at what type of information to expect when reading through the piece.

The first sentences should establish a scenario that sets the audience’s pace in other preceding sentences. In other words, these sentences should begin with a central focus which the remaining part should aim to uphold. 

2. Let the Middle Sentences Provide Support

The middle sentence should complement the key sentences in the paragraph or the previous paragraph. You can take advantage of this middle sentence to convince the reader of the key idea you mentioned in the first paragraphs.

Expound every detail concerning the original idea to allow the audience to see everything from your point of view. 

3. Let the Final sentence be a transition or conclusion

You can use the last sentences of the paragraph to conclude the idea of that particular paragraph. This ending sentence should provide a summary of the details you provided before moving on to the ideas of the sentences.

Suppose you did not exhaust the information in the previous paragraph, then let this final sentence transition the reader to the next paragraph.  

4. Know When to Begin a New Paragraph

When you are starting a new topic, then you need to have a paragraph break. If you are introducing a new idea, then it is vital to use a new paragraph.

The role of paragraph breaks is to set a new stage for other ideas or characters to flow. They are great in generating new moods or feeling for the reader. 

In this case, there is no particular amount of sentences for each paragraph. Some instances can have a single sentence paragraph acceptable as long as it compliments your central idea. You must avoid overwhelming your audience with too much information. 

5. Use Transition Words 

The role of transition words is to tie separate paragraphs together. The transition phrase connects the sentences to form a coherent idea. The reads use such powers to track your ideas by understanding how they relate to one another. 

Such words include phrases like “even so,” which makes the idea flow smoothly and gives one a pleasant reading experience. The approach serves bloggers and essay writers who will focus on a single idea as they share it with their audience. 

Joseph is a freelance journalist and a part-time writer with a particular interest in the gig economy. He writes about schooling, college life, and changing trends in education. When not writing, Joseph is hiking or playing chess.

Writing strong paragraphs: Types of paragraphs

• What's in this guide
• Paragraph Structure

Types of paragraphs

• Writing a logical paragraph
• What are linking words?
• Transitions and their uses
• Additional resources

Write with purpose: what do you want your paragraph to do?

The type of paragraph you write will depend on a number of factors:

• The kind of writing you are producing. For example, paragraphs in a report tend to have a different purpose to paragraphs in an essay.
• The position of the paragraph in a longer piece of writing. A body paragraph in an essay has a different purpose to an introduction or conclusion.
• The logical order of the ideas and information in your writing. You may be presenting an argument, organising facts,comparing and contrasting ideas, defining a key concept, explaining the steps in a process, giving an example or recounting a series of events.

Using clear paragraph structure will help the reader understand the purpose of your writing.

Argument paragraph

Used to present a point of view, and provide evidence to support the position. Evidence can include reasons, personal experience, statistics, confirmed facts and expert research. 

Classification paragraph

Group separate items together according to shared characteristics.

Compare or contrast paragraph

Used for examination of similarities and/or differences. Compare focuses on similarities. Contrast focuses on differences. 

Definition paragraph

Start with a simple definition in the first or topic sentence. Use support sentences for examples, description and explanation.

Description paragraph

Includes specific details of the most important features of the topic.

Explanation paragraph

Used to explain how something works, or how something happens.

Illustration paragraph

Uses specific examples to clarify and support a general statement. 

Adapted from a resource previously published by the University of New England

• Types of paragraphs This handout provides an outline of the structure for different types of paragraphs

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Writing academically: Paragraph structure

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Paragraph structure

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“An appropriate use of paragraphs is an essential part of writing coherent and well-structured essays.” Don Shiach,   How to write essays

• A topic sentence – what is the overall point that the paragraph is making?
• Evidence that supports your point – this is usually your cited material.
• Explanation of why the point is important and how it helps with your overall argument.
• A link (if necessary) to the next paragraph (or to the previous one if coming at the beginning of the paragraph) or back to the essay question.

This is a good order to use when you are new to writing academic essays - but as you get more accomplished you can adapt it as necessary. The important thing is to make sure all of these elements are present within the paragraph.

The sections below explain more about each of these elements.

The topic sentence (Point)

This should appear early in the paragraph and is often, but not always, the first sentence.  It should clearly state the main point that you are making in the paragraph. When you are planning essays, writing down a list of your topic sentences is an excellent way to check that your argument flows well from one point to the next.

This is the evidence that backs up your topic sentence. Why do you believe what you have written in your topic sentence? The evidence is usually paraphrased or quoted material from your reading . Depending on the nature of the assignment, it could also include:

• Your own data (in a research project for example).
• Personal experiences from practice (especially for Social Care, Health Sciences and Education).
• Personal experiences from learning (in a reflective essay for example).

Any evidence from external sources should, of course, be referenced.

Explanation (analysis)

This is the part of your paragraph where you explain to your reader why the evidence supports the point and why that point is relevant to your overall argument. It is where you answer the question 'So what?'. Tell the reader how the information in the paragraph helps you answer the question and how it leads to your conclusion. Your analysis should attempt to persuade the reader that your conclusion is the correct one.

These are the parts of your paragraphs that will get you the higher marks in any marking scheme.

Links are optional but it will help your argument flow if you include them. They are sentences that help the reader understand how the parts of your argument are connected . Most commonly they come at the end of the paragraph but they can be equally effective at the beginning of the next one. Sometimes a link is split between the end of one paragraph and the beginning of the next (see the example paragraph below).

Paragraph structure video

Length of a paragraph

Academic paragraphs are usually between 200 and 300 words long (they vary more than this but it is a useful guide). The important thing is that they should be long enough to contain all the above material. Only move onto a new paragraph if you are making a new point. 

Many students make their paragraphs too short (because they are not including enough or any analysis) or too long (they are made up of several different points).

Example of an academic paragraph

Using storytelling in educational settings can enable educators to connect with their students because of inborn tendencies for humans to listen to stories.   Written languages have only existed for between 6,000 and 7,000 years (Daniels & Bright, 1995) before then, and continually ever since in many cultures, important lessons for life were passed on using the oral tradition of storytelling. These varied from simple informative tales, to help us learn how to find food or avoid danger, to more magical and miraculous stories designed to help us see how we can resolve conflict and find our place in society (Zipes, 2012). Oral storytelling traditions are still fundamental to native American culture and Rebecca Bishop, a native American public relations officer (quoted in Sorensen, 2012) believes that the physical act of storytelling is a special thing; children will automatically stop what they are doing and listen when a story is told. Professional communicators report that this continues to adulthood (Simmons, 2006; Stevenson, 2008).   This means that storytelling can be a powerful tool for connecting with students of all ages in a way that a list of bullet points in a PowerPoint presentation cannot. The emotional connection and innate, almost hardwired, need to listen when someone tells a story means that educators can teach memorable lessons in a uniquely engaging manner that is   common to all cultures. 

This cross-cultural element of storytelling can be seen when reading or listening to wisdom tales from around the world...

Key:   Topic sentence    Evidence (includes some analysis)    Analysis   Link (crosses into next paragraph)

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On Paragraphs

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What is a paragraph?

A paragraph is a collection of related sentences dealing with a single topic. Learning to write good paragraphs will help you as a writer stay on track during your drafting and revision stages. Good paragraphing also greatly assists your readers in following a piece of writing. You can have fantastic ideas, but if those ideas aren't presented in an organized fashion, you will lose your readers (and fail to achieve your goals in writing).

The Basic Rule: Keep one idea to one paragraph

The basic rule of thumb with paragraphing is to keep one idea to one paragraph. If you begin to transition into a new idea, it belongs in a new paragraph. There are some simple ways to tell if you are on the same topic or a new one. You can have one idea and several bits of supporting evidence within a single paragraph. You can also have several points in a single paragraph as long as they relate to the overall topic of the paragraph. If the single points start to get long, then perhaps elaborating on each of them and placing them in their own paragraphs is the route to go.

Elements of a paragraph

To be as effective as possible, a paragraph should contain each of the following: Unity, Coherence, A Topic Sentence, and Adequate Development. As you will see, all of these traits overlap. Using and adapting them to your individual purposes will help you construct effective paragraphs.

The entire paragraph should concern itself with a single focus. If it begins with one focus or major point of discussion, it should not end with another or wander within different ideas.

Coherence is the trait that makes the paragraph easily understandable to a reader. You can help create coherence in your paragraphs by creating logical bridges and verbal bridges.

Logical bridges

• The same idea of a topic is carried over from sentence to sentence
• Successive sentences can be constructed in parallel form

Verbal bridges

• Key words can be repeated in several sentences
• Synonymous words can be repeated in several sentences
• Pronouns can refer to nouns in previous sentences
• Transition words can be used to link ideas from different sentences

A topic sentence

A topic sentence is a sentence that indicates in a general way what idea or thesis the paragraph is going to deal with. Although not all paragraphs have clear-cut topic sentences, and despite the fact that topic sentences can occur anywhere in the paragraph (as the first sentence, the last sentence, or somewhere in the middle), an easy way to make sure your reader understands the topic of the paragraph is to put your topic sentence near the beginning of the paragraph. (This is a good general rule for less experienced writers, although it is not the only way to do it). Regardless of whether you include an explicit topic sentence or not, you should be able to easily summarize what the paragraph is about.

Adequate development

The topic (which is introduced by the topic sentence) should be discussed fully and adequately. Again, this varies from paragraph to paragraph, depending on the author's purpose, but writers should be wary of paragraphs that only have two or three sentences. It's a pretty good bet that the paragraph is not fully developed if it is that short.

Some methods to make sure your paragraph is well-developed:

• Use examples and illustrations
• Cite data (facts, statistics, evidence, details, and others)
• Examine testimony (what other people say such as quotes and paraphrases)
• Use an anecdote or story
• Define terms in the paragraph
• Compare and contrast
• Evaluate causes and reasons
• Examine effects and consequences
• Analyze the topic
• Describe the topic
• Offer a chronology of an event (time segments)

How do I know when to start a new paragraph?

You should start a new paragraph when:

• When you begin a new idea or point. New ideas should always start in new paragraphs. If you have an extended idea that spans multiple paragraphs, each new point within that idea should have its own paragraph.
• To contrast information or ideas. Separate paragraphs can serve to contrast sides in a debate, different points in an argument, or any other difference.
• When your readers need a pause. Breaks between paragraphs function as a short "break" for your readers—adding these in will help your writing be more readable. You would create a break if the paragraph becomes too long or the material is complex.
• When you are ending your introduction or starting your conclusion. Your introductory and concluding material should always be in a new paragraph. Many introductions and conclusions have multiple paragraphs depending on their content, length, and the writer's purpose.

Transitions and signposts

Two very important elements of paragraphing are signposts and transitions. Signposts are internal aids to assist readers; they usually consist of several sentences or a paragraph outlining what the article has covered and where the article will be going.

Transitions are usually one or several sentences that "transition" from one idea to the next. Transitions can be used at the end of most paragraphs to help the paragraphs flow one into the next.

Types of Paragraphs in Academic/Professional Writing

Paragraphs are building blocks in essays , stories, research papers , dissertations, thesis, or other academic and professional tasks. Typically, this means that it is integral to understand how to write good paragraphs for you to compose top-quality papers. And even though paragraphs should have almost the same length, they come in different kinds depending on the purpose of the piece you are writing.

What unifies different types of paragraphs is the fact that each talks about a single point that explains, describes, argues, narrates, or illustrates something supporting the thesis of the piece you are writing. This means that a paragraph will have different sentences that offer arguments that support the thesis.

Although the conventional approach of writing paragraphs is by starting a new one by beginning a new line, it is also possible to write numbered or indented paragraphs.  

You now understand that you can select different paragraphs depending on the purpose, structure, and audience. First, let us check the different types of paragraphs, their intended use, and examples of each.

The 4 Kinds of Paragraphs

There are four typical paragraphs: descriptive, expository, persuasive, and narrative . You can write about absolutely anything or any topic that comes to mind using either or a combination of the different types of paragraphs.

Failure to know when to use a specific paragraph type is vital for students, especially ESL students, who find writing English hard. Understanding the basics matters a lot and is the only currency separating excellent from average students.

1. Persuasive Paragraphs

A persuasive paragraph is written to offer opinions of the writer on a specific topic or subject. The purpose of writing a persuasive paragraph is to get the audience or readers to consider the particular point of view or understand the writer's position. In most cases, your point of view is subjective.

It is the most written type of paragraph because it is the foundational basis of argument. To write a detailed, persuasive paragraph, you need to collect facts and research.

Example of Persuasive Paragraph

Although immigration has been a hot topic both on the political and scholarly front, it is about time to accept that it contributes to America's overall economic health and viability. Although there are debatable concerns with both legal and illegal immigration, the United States of America is a country that has primarily reaped from the skills, ambitions, knowledge, and talents of immigrants. Thanks to immigration, American businesses can thrive due to a diverse workforce that offers affordable and high-quality labor. Towns, too, have benefited through the civic and social participation of the immigrants, leading to economic sustainability. Therefore, politicians and policymakers should formulate appropriate models to enable new arrivals and help those already in the country. Otherwise, the country will lose its economic lifeline the benefits the immigrants possess, which puts it ahead of other industrialized peers competing her for global success and dominance. Failure to do so would only lead to a struggling American economy competing for recruitment from the unskilled and skilled global workforce.

The above persuasive paragraph example has a topic sentence, a series of supporting facts that are objective, opposite views. It has ideas that bring out the writer's subjective viewpoint, which is the whole point and structure of how it should be.

2. Expository Paragraphs

The purpose of writing an expository paragraph is to provide instruction or to explain/ expound on something. Expository paragraphs also describe a process by detailing the step-by-step approach.

An expository paragraph informs your readers on a subject. It is a common type of paragraph in books or instructional guides.

Expository paragraphs can further be classified into:

• Comparison and contrast
• Cause and effect
• Informative

Regardless of the format of an expository paragraph, you should provide factual information and maintain objectivity. These paragraphs are addressed from the third-person point of view.

Informative paragraphs explain a process, describe a category, or provide a long-form definition of a complex phenomenon or thing.

Example of Informative Paragraph

Canada is a multicultural society with a diversified population, using different languages depending on location. Even though English is widely spoken in Canada, Quebec, which is a densely populated province, has French as the dominant first language. Based on this understanding, citizens recognize French and English as official and business languages. It is common to find bilingual Canadian citizens who fluently express themselves in French and English when speaking either to locals or tourists. However, as you drift to the West, English becomes the most dominant. Nevertheless, the entire country has a significant bilingual population that is familiar with and fluent in both languages.

Related: How to write an informative essay

The above example is direct, factual, and objective as an expository paragraph.  

The cause-and-effect paragraph usually explains an action that occurs to produce a result.

Example of a Cause-and-effect paragraph

Until now, governments and experts are turning to cryptocurrencies and the whole idea of blockchain technology. Initially, governments were hesitant to accept blockchain and cryptocurrencies because there were no defined frameworks for either. However, as time would have it, some states and countries have adopted cryptocurrencies through their central banks. Blockchain initially was not understood, neither was cryptocurrency. Governments have now adopted laws and constructs to govern both. As a result, blockchain technology can now be used in various departments to enhance transparency, credibility, and integrity. As a result, every transaction by government agencies can be monitored. The same should apply to public, non-profit organizations.

Related: Cause and Effect essay tips

When writing a comparison-contrast paragraph , you compare two aspects, things, or phenomena.

Here is an example.

Example of Comparison-contrast paragraph

There are numerous advantages of Android over iOS. While Android gives you a selection of different phones that you can purchase at different prices, iOS gadgets and phones are highly-priced and similar. Android allows for customization, which means that users can change and personalize their devices much easier than iOS devices. It is also possible to expand the storage in android devices using microSD cards, which is affordable. On the other hand, iOS charges crazy for extra storage. Android phones and gadgets also have ubiquitous and accessible chargers compared to the unique iOS device chargers. Finally, Android always has the most innovative features before they are updated on iOS. Although both technologies give value for money, if anyone wants to enjoy their devices for a long time and at a lower cost, they should opt for android gadgets over iOS powered devices.

The author is trying to convince people to choose android devices over iOS devices.

Related: Compare and contrast essay guide

3. Narrative Paragraphs

The narrative paragraphs talk about a scene, place, story, or event. In most cases, narrative paragraphs encompass ideas about natural phenomena, account for a person’s life, or document a novel.

When writing a narrative paragraph, you need to organize the events chronologically in their order of occurrence. This means detailing what came first, what followed, and what came last.

Ensure that your narrative paragraph has a central idea and details the characters involved when writing. This means that you should provide a clear description and set up your reader so that they will follow, understand, and flow with the story.

When organizing ideas in a narrative paragraph, the topic sentence should announce the ideas related to the topic. In most cases, the topic sentence bears the plot of the story. Where, when, and why of the story. Therefore, it should highlight the event, where it occurred, and how it happened.

You should then have a series of sentences that support the topic sentence, giving a detailed account and examples. Your paragraph should then end with a concluding sentence that crowns it. The latter summarizes the entire paragraph.

When writing about an event, organize it into the three stages of an event: beginning, middle, and end/climax of the story. These stages are the sequence of action. The introduction or beginning of your account should highlight the main issue or problem. The middle of the story should highlight the series of essential activities in your story. Finally, the end concludes the story, offering insights to the reader.

Narrative paragraphs are often used when writing an autobiography , bibliography, narrative essays , and personal statements.

Example of Narrative Paragraph

I had already given up hope of getting a donor. I was on the first list, waiting to get an organ donation from a lady who had volunteered her kidney for me. However, as it would later emerge, the lady in question could no longer fulfill her promise. Then, on September 30th, my birthday, we received the dreaded call. The hospital committee for organ transplants notified us of the possibility of scrapping my name off the list. Mary had wholeheartedly volunteered her kidney for me, but as fate would have it, she was in the fatal plane crash, and all that was left of her were ashes. She was my favorite pilot, my mentor, and my role model. The news broke me into pieces. I never lost hope, though; I prayed and hoped that soon enough, I would get another donor.

In this paragraph, the author takes us through her encounter with kidney failure prompting a kidney transplant. However, as we advance through the paragraph, it emerges that the transplant could not take place. It leaves us with the suspense of whether she got another donor. That there is how to hammer a narrative paragraph.

Related reading: How to begin and end a narrative essay .

4. Descriptive Paragraphs

You can use descriptive paragraphs when describing actions, processes, things, themes, ideas, or phenomena to a specific audience. The role of a descriptive paragraph is to give a vivid description of the subject . You have the chance to make something a reality to the reader, even when it does not seem so.

Reading such a paragraph creates a vivid picture in the readers' minds. It appeals to the senses of touch, smell, sound, taste, and sight.

As you write using descriptive phrases, everything becomes clear to the reader. But unfortunately, it is mainly applied in fiction words.

The described item should feature in the topic sentence for ease of flow. The supporting sentences should offer further details or recount the events/activities, characteristics, and functions of the item in question. It is also appropriate to use transition sentences in the middle, foreground, and far distance. You are allowed to use spatial relations when writing the descriptive paragraph.

Example of a Descriptive Paragraph

Rotary Trail, located in Birmingham, Alabama, is a beautiful place to enjoy rides with your family. There are paved surfaces that do not have human or bike traffic for the kids who can cycle on their own. There is also street parking that allows you to park your car and be guaranteed its safety and security. There are also multiple sitting areas where you can cool down, rest, and have snacks as you enjoy the views that nature has to offer. In addition to cycling, there are camping centers where you can pitch a tent and camp for the night. The sweet trails will definitely please your little ones and offer enough time and room for bonding.

Related: How to write an excellent descriptive essay.

Summing Up!

Paragraphs are powerful tools in the hands of writers. The four different types of paragraphs: persuasive, descriptive, narrative, and expository, each serve a different purpose, as we have outlined. The narrative paragraphs will tell a story about someone, an event, or something. The descriptive paragraphs always paint the picture of the subject in the readers' minds. Finally, the expository paragraphs offer information or instruction, while the persuasive paragraphs try to convince the readers to accept or consider the point of view of the writer.

The best way to write a paragraph is to write a series of consecutive sentences connected together using transition words. Every sentence in the paragraph should focus on a single theme or topic. To introduce the next paragraph, it is recommended to begin on a new line for good organization. To write a great paragraph, you need to plan, compose, organize, draft, complete, and polish the paragraph.

When writing paragraphs, you can use transition words to tie them together. Transition words ensure a good flow of ideas from paragraph to paragraph.

Now that you understand the different types of paragraphs, their format, and structure, you have our blessing to attack any writing task going forward.

Gradecrest is a professional writing service that provides original model papers. We offer personalized services along with research materials for assistance purposes only. All the materials from our website should be used with proper references. See our Terms of Use Page for proper details.

11 Rules for Essay Paragraph Structure (with Examples)

How do you structure a paragraph in an essay?

If you’re like the majority of my students, you might be getting your basic essay paragraph structure wrong and getting lower grades than you could!

In this article, I outline the 11 key steps to writing a perfect paragraph. But, this isn’t your normal ‘how to write an essay’ article. Rather, I’ll try to give you some insight into exactly what teachers look out for when they’re grading essays and figuring out what grade to give them.

You can navigate each issue below, or scroll down to read them all:

1. Paragraphs must be at least four sentences long 2. But, at most seven sentences long 3. Your paragraph must be Left-Aligned 4. You need a topic sentence 5 . Next, you need an explanation sentence 6. You need to include an example 7. You need to include citations 8. All paragraphs need to be relevant to the marking criteria 9. Only include one key idea per paragraph 10. Keep sentences short 11. Keep quotes short

Paragraph structure is one of the most important elements of getting essay writing right .

As I cover in my Ultimate Guide to Writing an Essay Plan , paragraphs are the heart and soul of your essay.

However, I find most of my students have either:

• forgotten how to write paragraphs properly,
• gotten lazy, or
• never learned it in the first place!

Paragraphs in essay writing are different from paragraphs in other written genres .

In fact, the paragraphs that you are reading now would not help your grades in an essay.

That’s because I’m writing in journalistic style, where paragraph conventions are vastly different.

For those of you coming from journalism or creative writing, you might find you need to re-learn paragraph writing if you want to write well-structured essay paragraphs to get top grades.

Below are eleven reasons your paragraphs are losing marks, and what to do about it!

Essay Paragraph Structure Rules

1. your paragraphs must be at least 4 sentences long.

In journalism and blog writing, a one-sentence paragraph is great. It’s short, to-the-point, and helps guide your reader. For essay paragraph structure, one-sentence paragraphs suck.

A one-sentence essay paragraph sends an instant signal to your teacher that you don’t have much to say on an issue.

A short paragraph signifies that you know something – but not much about it. A one-sentence paragraph lacks detail, depth and insight.

Many students come to me and ask, “what does ‘add depth’ mean?” It’s one of the most common pieces of feedback you’ll see written on the margins of your essay.

Personally, I think ‘add depth’ is bad feedback because it’s a short and vague comment. But, here’s what it means: You’ve not explained your point enough!

If you’re writing one-, two- or three-sentence essay paragraphs, you’re costing yourself marks.

Always aim for at least four sentences per paragraph in your essays.

This doesn’t mean that you should add ‘fluff’ or ‘padding’ sentences.

Make sure you don’t:

a) repeat what you said in different words, or b) write something just because you need another sentence in there.

But, you need to do some research and find something insightful to add to that two-sentence paragraph if you want to ace your essay.

Check out Points 5 and 6 for some advice on what to add to that short paragraph to add ‘depth’ to your paragraph and start moving to the top of the class.

• How to Make an Essay Longer
• How to Make an Essay Shorter

2. Your Paragraphs must not be more than 7 Sentences Long

Okay, so I just told you to aim for at least four sentences per paragraph. So, what’s the longest your paragraph should be?

Seven sentences. That’s a maximum.

So, here’s the rule:

Between four and seven sentences is the sweet spot that you need to aim for in every single paragraph.

Here’s why your paragraphs shouldn’t be longer than seven sentences:

1. It shows you can organize your thoughts. You need to show your teacher that you’ve broken up your key ideas into manageable segments of text (see point 10)

2. It makes your work easier to read.   You need your writing to be easily readable to make it easy for your teacher to give you good grades. Make your essay easy to read and you’ll get higher marks every time.

One of the most important ways you can make your work easier to read is by writing paragraphs that are less than six sentences long.

3. It prevents teacher frustration. Teachers are just like you. When they see a big block of text their eyes glaze over. They get frustrated, lost, their mind wanders … and you lose marks.

To prevent teacher frustration, you need to ensure there’s plenty of white space in your essay. It’s about showing them that the piece is clearly structured into one key idea per ‘chunk’ of text.

Often, you might find that your writing contains tautologies and other turns of phrase that can be shortened for clarity.

3. Your Paragraph must be Left-Aligned

Turn off ‘Justified’ text and: Never. Turn. It. On. Again.

Justified text is where the words are stretched out to make the paragraph look like a square. It turns the writing into a block. Don’t do it. You will lose marks, I promise you! Win the psychological game with your teacher: left-align your text.

A good essay paragraph is never ‘justified’.

I’m going to repeat this, because it’s important: to prevent your essay from looking like a big block of muddy, hard-to-read text align your text to the left margin only.

You want white space on your page – and lots of it. White space helps your reader scan through your work. It also prevents it from looking like big blocks of text.

You want your reader reading vertically as much as possible: scanning, browsing, and quickly looking through for evidence you’ve engaged with the big ideas.

The justified text doesn’t help you do that. Justified text makes your writing look like a big, lumpy block of text that your reader doesn’t want to read.

What’s wrong with Center-Aligned Text?

While I’m at it, never, ever, center-align your text either. Center-aligned text is impossible to skim-read. Your teacher wants to be able to quickly scan down the left margin to get the headline information in your paragraph.

Not many people center-align text, but it’s worth repeating: never, ever center-align your essays.

Don’t annoy your reader. Left align your text.

4. Your paragraphs must have a Topic Sentence

The first sentence of an essay paragraph is called the topic sentence. This is one of the most important sentences in the correct essay paragraph structure style.

The topic sentence should convey exactly what key idea you’re going to cover in your paragraph.

Too often, students don’t let their reader know what the key idea of the paragraph is until several sentences in.

You must show what the paragraph is about in the first sentence.

You never, ever want to keep your reader in suspense. Essays are not like creative writing. Tell them straight away what the paragraph is about. In fact, if you can, do it in the first half of the first sentence .

I’ll remind you again: make it easy to grade your work. Your teacher is reading through your work trying to determine what grade to give you. They’re probably going to mark 20 assignments in one sitting. They have no interest in storytelling or creativity. They just want to know how much you know! State what the paragraph is about immediately and move on.

Suggested: Best Words to Start a Paragraph

Ideal Essay Paragraph Structure Example: Writing a Topic Sentence If your paragraph is about how climate change is endangering polar bears, say it immediately : “Climate change is endangering polar bears.” should be your first sentence in your paragraph. Take a look at first sentence of each of the four paragraphs above this one. You can see from the first sentence of each paragraph that the paragraphs discuss:

When editing your work, read each paragraph and try to distil what the one key idea is in your paragraph. Ensure that this key idea is mentioned in the first sentence .

(Note: if there’s more than one key idea in the paragraph, you may have a problem. See Point 9 below .)

The topic sentence is the most important sentence for getting your essay paragraph structure right. So, get your topic sentences right and you’re on the right track to a good essay paragraph.

5. You need an Explanation Sentence

All topic sentences need a follow-up explanation. The very first point on this page was that too often students write paragraphs that are too short. To add what is called ‘depth’ to a paragraph, you can come up with two types of follow-up sentences: explanations and examples.

Let’s take explanation sentences first.

Explanation sentences give additional detail. They often provide one of the following services:

Let’s go back to our example of a paragraph on Climate change endangering polar bears. If your topic sentence is “Climate change is endangering polar bears.”, then your follow-up explanation sentence is likely to explain how, why, where, or when. You could say:

Ideal Essay Paragraph Structure Example: Writing Explanation Sentences 1. How: “The warming atmosphere is melting the polar ice caps.” 2. Why: “The polar bears’ habitats are shrinking every single year.” 3. Where: “This is happening in the Antarctic ice caps near Greenland.” 4. When: “Scientists first noticed the ice caps were shrinking in 1978.”

You don’t have to provide all four of these options each time.

But, if you’re struggling to think of what to add to your paragraph to add depth, consider one of these four options for a good quality explanation sentence.

>>>RELATED ARTICLE: SHOULD YOU USE RHETORICAL QUESTIONS IN ESSAYS ?

6. Your need to Include an Example

Examples matter! They add detail. They also help to show that you genuinely understand the issue. They show that you don’t just understand a concept in the abstract; you also understand how things work in real life.

Example sentences have the added benefit of personalising an issue. For example, after saying “Polar bears’ habitats are shrinking”, you could note specific habitats, facts and figures, or even a specific story about a bear who was impacted.

Ideal Essay Paragraph Structure Example: Writing an ‘Example’ Sentence “For example, 770,000 square miles of Arctic Sea Ice has melted in the past four decades, leading Polar Bear populations to dwindle ( National Geographic, 2018 )

In fact, one of the most effective politicians of our times – Barrack Obama – was an expert at this technique. He would often provide examples of people who got sick because they didn’t have healthcare to sell Obamacare.

What effect did this have? It showed the real-world impact of his ideas. It humanised him, and got him elected president – twice!

Be like Obama. Provide examples. Often.

7. All Paragraphs need Citations

Provide a reference to an academic source in every single body paragraph in the essay. The only two paragraphs where you don’t need a reference is the introduction and conclusion .

Let me repeat: Paragraphs need at least one reference to a quality scholarly source .

Let me go even further:

Students who get the best marks provide two references to two different academic sources in every paragraph.

Two references in a paragraph show you’ve read widely, cross-checked your sources, and given the paragraph real thought.

It’s really important that these references link to academic sources, not random websites, blogs or YouTube videos. Check out our Seven Best types of Sources to Cite in Essays post to get advice on what sources to cite. Number 6 w ill surprise you!

Ideal Essay Paragraph Structure Example: In-Text Referencing in Paragraphs Usually, in-text referencing takes the format: (Author, YEAR), but check your school’s referencing formatting requirements carefully. The ‘Author’ section is the author’s last name only. Not their initials. Not their first name. Just their last name . My name is Chris Drew. First name Chris, last name Drew. If you were going to reference an academic article I wrote in 2019, you would reference it like this: (Drew, 2019).

Where do you place those two references?

Place the first reference at the end of the first half of the paragraph. Place the second reference at the end of the second half of the paragraph.

This spreads the references out and makes it look like all the points throughout the paragraph are backed up by your sources. The goal is to make it look like you’ve reference regularly when your teacher scans through your work.

Remember, teachers can look out for signposts that indicate you’ve followed academic conventions and mentioned the right key ideas.

Spreading your referencing through the paragraph helps to make it look like you’ve followed the academic convention of referencing sources regularly.

Here are some examples of how to reference twice in a paragraph:

• If your paragraph was six sentences long, you would place your first reference at the end of the third sentence and your second reference at the end of the sixth sentence.
• If your paragraph was five sentences long, I would recommend placing one at the end of the second sentence and one at the end of the fifth sentence.

You’ve just read one of the key secrets to winning top marks.

8. Every Paragraph must be relevant to the Marking Criteria

Every paragraph must win you marks. When you’re editing your work, check through the piece to see if every paragraph is relevant to the marking criteria.

For the British: In the British university system (I’m including Australia and New Zealand here – I’ve taught at universities in all three countries), you’ll usually have a ‘marking criteria’. It’s usually a list of between two and six key learning outcomes your teacher needs to use to come up with your score. Sometimes it’s called a:

• Marking criteria
• Marking rubric
• (Key) learning outcome
• Indicative content

Check your assignment guidance to see if this is present. If so, use this list of learning outcomes to guide what you write. If your paragraphs are irrelevant to these key points, delete the paragraph .

Paragraphs that don’t link to the marking criteria are pointless. They won’t win you marks.

For the Americans: If you don’t have a marking criteria / rubric / outcomes list, you’ll need to stick closely to the essay question or topic. This goes out to those of you in the North American system. North America (including USA and Canada here) is often less structured and the professor might just give you a topic to base your essay on.

If all you’ve got is the essay question / topic, go through each paragraph and make sure each paragraph is relevant to the topic.

For example, if your essay question / topic is on “The Effects of Climate Change on Polar Bears”,

• Don’t talk about anything that doesn’t have some connection to climate change and polar bears;
• Don’t talk about the environmental impact of oil spills in the Gulf of Carpentaria;
• Don’t talk about black bear habitats in British Columbia.
• Do talk about the effects of climate change on polar bears (and relevant related topics) in every single paragraph .

You may think ‘stay relevant’ is obvious advice, but at least 20% of all essays I mark go off on tangents and waste words.

Stay on topic in Every. Single. Paragraph. If you want to learn more about how to stay on topic, check out our essay planning guide .

9. Only have one Key Idea per Paragraph

One key idea for each paragraph. One key idea for each paragraph. One key idea for each paragraph.

Don’t forget!

Too often, a student starts a paragraph talking about one thing and ends it talking about something totally different. Don’t be that student.

To ensure you’re focussing on one key idea in your paragraph, make sure you know what that key idea is. It should be mentioned in your topic sentence (see Point 3 ). Every other sentence in the paragraph adds depth to that one key idea.

If you’ve got sentences in your paragraph that are not relevant to the key idea in the paragraph, they don’t fit. They belong in another paragraph.

Go through all your paragraphs when editing your work and check to see if you’ve veered away from your paragraph’s key idea. If so, you might have two or even three key ideas in the one paragraph.

You’re going to have to get those additional key ideas, rip them out, and give them paragraphs of their own.

If you have more than one key idea in a paragraph you will lose marks. I promise you that.

The paragraphs will be too hard to read, your reader will get bogged down reading rather than scanning, and you’ll have lost grades.

10. Keep Sentences Short

If a sentence is too long it gets confusing. When the sentence is confusing, your reader will stop reading your work. They will stop reading the paragraph and move to the next one. They’ll have given up on your paragraph.

Short, snappy sentences are best.

Shorter sentences are easier to read and they make more sense. Too often, students think they have to use big, long, academic words to get the best marks. Wrong. Aim for clarity in every sentence in the paragraph. Your teacher will thank you for it.

The students who get the best marks write clear, short sentences.

When editing your draft, go through your essay and see if you can shorten your longest five sentences.

(To learn more about how to write the best quality sentences, see our page on Seven ways to Write Amazing Sentences .)

11. Keep Quotes Short

Eighty percent of university teachers hate quotes. That’s not an official figure. It’s my guestimate based on my many interactions in faculty lounges. Twenty percent don’t mind them, but chances are your teacher is one of the eight out of ten who hate quotes.

Teachers tend to be turned off by quotes because it makes it look like you don’t know how to say something on your own words.

Now that I’ve warned you, here’s how to use quotes properly:

Ideal Essay Paragraph Structure Example: How To Use Quotes in University-Level Essay Paragraphs 1. Your quote should be less than one sentence long. 2. Your quote should be less than one sentence long. 3. You should never start a sentence with a quote. 4. You should never end a paragraph with a quote. 5 . You should never use more than five quotes per essay. 6. Your quote should never be longer than one line in a paragraph.

The minute your teacher sees that your quote takes up a large chunk of your paragraph, you’ll have lost marks.

Your teacher will circle the quote, write a snarky comment in the margin, and not even bother to give you points for the key idea in the paragraph.

Avoid quotes, but if you really want to use them, follow those five rules above.

I’ve also provided additional pages outlining Seven tips on how to use Quotes if you want to delve deeper into how, when and where to use quotes in essays. Be warned: quoting in essays is harder than you thought.

Follow the advice above and you’ll be well on your way to getting top marks at university.

Writing essay paragraphs that are well structured takes time and practice. Don’t be too hard on yourself and keep on trying!

Below is a summary of our 11 key mistakes for structuring essay paragraphs and tips on how to avoid them.

I’ve also provided an easy-to-share infographic below that you can share on your favorite social networking site. Please share it if this article has helped you out!

11 Biggest Essay Paragraph Structure Mistakes you’re probably Making

1.  Your paragraphs are too short 2.  Your paragraphs are too long 3.  Your paragraph alignment is ‘Justified’ 4.  Your paragraphs are missing a topic sentence 5 .  Your paragraphs are missing an explanation sentence 6.  Your paragraphs are missing an example 7.  Your paragraphs are missing references 8.  Your paragraphs are not relevant to the marking criteria 9.  You’re trying to fit too many ideas into the one paragraph 10.  Your sentences are too long 11.  Your quotes are too long

Chris Drew (PhD)

Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. [Image Descriptor: Photo of Chris]

• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 15 Animism Examples
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 10 Magical Thinking Examples
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ Social-Emotional Learning (Definition, Examples, Pros & Cons)
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ What is Educational Psychology?

4 thoughts on “11 Rules for Essay Paragraph Structure (with Examples)”

Hello there. I noticed that throughout this article on Essay Writing, you keep on saying that the teacher won’t have time to go through the entire essay. Don’t you think this is a bit discouraging that with all the hard work and time put into your writing, to know that the teacher will not read through the entire paper?

Hi Clarence,

Thanks so much for your comment! I love to hear from readers on their thoughts.

Yes, I agree that it’s incredibly disheartening.

But, I also think students would appreciate hearing the truth.

Behind closed doors many / most university teachers are very open about the fact they ‘only have time to skim-read papers’. They regularly bring this up during heated faculty meetings about contract negotiations! I.e. in one university I worked at, we were allocated 45 minutes per 10,000 words – that’s just over 4 minutes per 1,000 word essay, and that’d include writing the feedback, too!

If students know the truth, they can better write their essays in a way that will get across the key points even from a ‘skim-read’.

I hope to write candidly on this website – i.e. some of this info will never be written on university blogs because universities want to hide these unfortunate truths from students.

Thanks so much for stopping by!

Regards, Chris

This is wonderful and helpful, all I say is thank you very much. Because I learned a lot from this site, own by chris thank you Sir.

Thank you. This helped a lot.

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11 Types of Paragraphs in Academic Writing (with Examples)

The types of paragraphs in academic writing whose examples you will discover in this tutorial include the narrative paragraph, descriptive paragraph, expository paragraph and persuasive paragraph. Others are the definition paragraph, process paragraph, compare and contrast paragraph, introduction paragraph and concluding paragraph.

But the above is not the complete list of types of paragraphs we shall be looking at. You really need to continue reading if you want to learn more about the various types and examples of paragraphs in academic English writing.

Are you ready? Let’s do it.

Types of Paragraphs

There are several types of paragraphs. In writing, each paragraph has a specific purpose.

Please note that it is possible to combine these types of paragraphs within a larger piece of writing to create well-structured essays, reports, and articles.

Also, the choice of a particular paragraph type depends on the writer’s purpose as well as the message they want to convey to their audience.

If you are a high school or university student, here are some common types of paragraphs you need to know.

1. Introduction Paragraph

The introduction paragraph is one of those types of paragraphs you cannot afford to overlook in most academic English writing situations.

An introduction paragraph is the opening section of an essay, article, or any written piece. Its primary purpose is to grab the reader’s attention, provide essential context, and present the thesis statement or main idea of the entire work.

Please, note the following vital features of a typical introduction paragraph.

An introduction paragraph starts with a hook.

A hook is a compelling sentence or phrase designed to capture the reader’s interest. It can be a surprising fact, a thought-provoking question, a relevant quote, or a vivid description.

Always ensure that the hook has a bearing on the topic of your essay.

Background Information

Another important element of an introduction paragraph is its background information.

After the hook, you often provide some background information. The purpose of this background information is to help readers understand the broader context of your topic.

For instance, if you are writing about a historical event, you might briefly mention when and where it happened.

Thesis Statement

The most critical part of an introduction in paragraph writing is the thesis statement. This is a clear and concise sentence that states the main argument or purpose of your essay.

It is the thesis statement that tells the reader what your essay will be about and what position you’re taking.

Always ensure that your thesis statement is as specific and arguable as possible.

You can find practical examples of thesis statements at the end of this post.

Finally, some introduction paragraphs include a brief roadmap. Think of the roadmap as an outline of the main points that will be covered in the essay.

Thus, the roadmap gives readers a preview of what to expect in the main essay.

Please, check out examples of roadmaps in paragraph writing at the end of this tutorial.

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2. Narrative Paragraph

Narrative paragraphs tell a story or recount a series of events. They often include details about characters, settings, and actions as part of the overall narrative structure.

3. Descriptive Paragraph

Descriptive paragraphs focus on details that paint a clear picture of a person, place, object, or experience.

They appeal to the reader’s senses of sight, sound, smell, taste, and touch among others.

4. Expository (Informational) Paragraph

Expository paragraphs provide factual information and explanations about a specific topic. They aim to educate the reader and often include statistics, examples, or evidence to support their points.

5. Persuasive Paragraph

The primary purpose of persuasive paragraphs is to convince the reader to adopt a particular viewpoint or take a specific action.

Such paragraphs present arguments and evidence that appeal to the audience’s emotions as a way to convince them.

6. Compare and Contrast Paragraph

Among the types of paragraphs that high school and college students will, at some point in their academic journey, be compelled to write is the compare and contrast paragraph.

These paragraphs highlight the similarities and differences between two or more subjects or ideas.

Typically, compare and contrast paragraphs help readers understand the relationships between the concepts, ideas or objects under consideration.

7. Cause and Effect Paragraph

Cause and effect paragraphs explain the reasons (causes) behind a particular event or situation and the outcomes (effects) that result from such.

Simply put, compare and contrast paragraphs show the cause-and-effect relationship between events.

8. Process Paragraph

Have you ever written an essay in which you needed to describe how something is done? For example, you might have described the process of preparing a particular dish.

Types of paragraphs that describe a series of steps or actions in an orderly sequence are what we call process paragraphs.

Process paragraphs provide a clear guide on how to do something or how something works.

9. Definition Paragraph

Definition paragraphs clarify the meaning of a term, concept, or idea. This type of paragraph often includes both dictionary definitions and explanations in the writer’s own words.

10. Illustration (Example) Paragraph

Illustration paragraphs provide specific examples to support a point. In other words, they illustrate a concept.

The main objective of illustration paragraphs is to make abstract ideas more concrete and relatable.

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11. Concluding (Summarizing) Paragraph

Concluding paragraphs summarize the main points of an essay or section. This type of paragraph gives a brief recap of the key ideas discussed.

In a nutshell, a concluding paragraph helps tie the piece of writing together.

Types of Paragraph Examples

Find below a practical demonstration of the various types of paragraphs in academic writing. These paragraph examples should further clarify the points we’ve been discussing in this tutorial (and related ones) about paragraph writing best practices.

I’ve tried to use a wide variety of paragraph-writing topics to help you get a full feel of the things you need to do to come up with your best paragraphs.

Introduction Paragraph Example

Here’s an example of an introduction paragraph for an essay about the importance of lifelong learning:

“Did you know that in today’s rapidly changing world, the skills and knowledge you acquire today may become obsolete in just a few years? The concept of lifelong learning has never been more crucial. In this essay, we will explore the significance of continuous learning in personal and professional development. Lifelong learning empowers individuals to adapt to new challenges, seize opportunities, and lead fulfilling lives. We are about to discuss the reasons why lifelong learning is a key to personal growth and success in the 21st century.”

This introduction begins with a hook (the mention of rapidly changing skills), provides background information (the importance of lifelong learning), presents a clear thesis statement (the significance of continuous learning), and offers a roadmap (mentioning the reasons why it’s essential).

An effective introduction sets the tone for your entire essay. It entices the reader to continue reading so as to learn more about your topic.

Narrative Paragraph Example

The sun hung low in the sky, casting long shadows across the sandy beach. As I walked along the shoreline, the gentle waves lapped at my feet, and seagulls soared overhead. It was the perfect evening for a beachside picnic with friends, a memory I’ll cherish forever.

Descriptive Paragraph Example

Nestled in the heart of the forest, the cabin stood in solitude. Its weathered wooden walls, adorned with ivy, seemed like a time capsule from another era. A small creek whispered nearby, and the scent of pine trees filled the air. This tranquil retreat offered respite from the chaos of city life.

Expository Paragraph Example

Photosynthesis is a crucial process in the plant kingdom. During this remarkable transformation, plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen. This energy-conversion process not only sustains plants but also provides the oxygen we breathe, underscoring its significance in the ecosystem.

Persuasive Paragraph Example

The impact of climate change on our planet is undeniable. Rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and melting ice caps are clear signs of the crisis. It’s our moral duty to take action now. By reducing our carbon footprint, supporting renewable energy, and advocating for sustainable policies, we can collectively combat this urgent threat and preserve our planet for future generations.

Definition Paragraph Example

Resilience is a quality that many admire and aspire to cultivate. It refers to the ability to bounce back from adversity, to withstand challenges and setbacks, and to adapt in the face of change. Resilience is not the absence of difficulties but the capacity to navigate them with strength and determination.

Concluding Paragraph Examples

The below two examples of concluding paragraphs are suitable for a school prefect’s speech about the achievements and challenges facing their school.

Example 1 – Inspirational Conclusion

In closing, as we reflect on our school’s remarkable achievements and the challenges we have faced, I want to leave you with this thought. Our school’s journey has been marked by resilience, unity, and an unwavering commitment to excellence. Yes, we have encountered obstacles, but they’ve only strengthened our resolve to overcome them. Together, we can turn challenges into opportunities, and achievements into stepping stones for an even brighter future. Let’s carry the spirit of determination forward, and with our collective efforts, there’s no doubt that we shall continue to shine as a beacon of education and inspiration. Thank you.

Example 2 – Call to Action Conclusion

In conclusion, our school’s journey has been one of both triumphs and trials. But remember, challenges are what make our victories even sweeter. As we move forward, let’s not only celebrate our achievements but also channel our energy into addressing the challenges that lie ahead. Let’s work together, students, teachers, parents, and staff, to create solutions and forge a path toward an even more prosperous future for our school. With determination and collaboration, there’s no challenge too great, and there’s no limit to what we can achieve. Thank you for your attention, and let’s embrace this exciting journey ahead.

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We cannot finish this discussion of the various types of paragraphs in academic English writing without taking a brief look at some examples of certain parts of the introduction paragraph.

I’m referring specifically to examples of the thesis statement and the roadmap.

Thesis Statement Examples

Next, we shall have examples of thesis statements that can be used as part of an introduction paragraph for different essay topics.

Essay on Climate Change

In this essay, we will explore the impact of human activities on climate change and argue that urgent action is needed to mitigate its consequences, protect our environment, and secure a sustainable future for generations unborn.

Essay on Technology’s Influence on Society

This essay will examine the profound influence of technology on modern society. We shall highlight both its benefits and challenges, and emphasise the need for responsible and ethical technological advancement.

Essay on the Importance of Education

In today’s knowledge-driven world, education plays a pivotal role in individual growth and societal progress. This essay will discuss the significance of education as a catalyst for personal development and social change.

Essay on Gender Equality

Gender equality is a fundamental human right, yet disparities persist in many aspects of life. This essay will analyze the ongoing challenges and advocate for a more equitable society that values and empowers all genders.

Essay on the Impact of Literature on Society

Throughout history, literature has served as a reflection of society, offering insights into culture, values, and human experiences. This essay will explore how literature has shaped and influenced societies, leaving a lasting impact on our collective consciousness.

Roadmap Examples in Paragraph Writing

Have a look at the below examples of roadmaps in paragraph writing.

Example 1 – Roadmap for an Argumentative Essay

“In this argumentative essay, we will explore the controversial topic of mandatory vaccinations. First, we will establish the importance of vaccinations in preventing the spread of diseases and protecting public health. Next, we will delve into the arguments against mandatory vaccinations, addressing concerns about personal freedom and potential risks. Then, we will present counterarguments to refute these concerns and emphasize the collective responsibility for community immunity. Finally, we will conclude with a call to action, advocating for informed vaccination decisions and the greater good.”

In this roadmap, each step of the argumentative essay is clearly outlined, from introducing the topic to presenting arguments and counterarguments to concluding with a call to action.

Example 2 – Roadmap for a Descriptive Paragraph

“This descriptive paragraph will paint a vivid picture of a bustling farmer’s market on a sunny Saturday morning. First, we will set the scene by describing the location and the time of day, creating a sense of time and place. Then, we will explore the vibrant colours and diverse array of fresh produce, capturing the sensory experience of the market. Next, we will highlight the sounds and aromas that fill the air, immersing the reader in the bustling atmosphere. Finally, we will conclude by conveying the overall sense of community and vitality that defines this beloved local market.”

In this roadmap, the descriptive paragraph is broken down into steps that guide the reader through a sensory journey of the farmer’s market, from the setting to the details that make it come to life.

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The above examples of types of paragraphs in academic writing should serve as a guide as you develop your skills in constructing your best paragraphs. In case you are a tutor, I believe that using this resource to help your students learn how to write the various types of paragraphs in any academic setting or in life situations, in general, will immensely advance your teaching objectives.

Finally, there is a lot more you can learn about essay writing at Cegast Academy. So make sure to look around for as much information as you can.

Did you find this information helpful? Then share it on your favourite social media platform for the benefit of others you care about. Thank you!

Ralph Nyadzi

Ralph Nyadzi is the Director of Studies at Cegast Academy. He is a qualified English tutor with decades of experience behind him. Since 2001, he has successfully coached thousands of High School General Arts WASSCE candidates in English, Literature and related subjects. He combines his expertise with a passion for lifelong learning to guide learners from varying backgrounds to achieve their educational goals. Ralph shares lessons from his blogging journey on BloggingtotheMax . He lives with River, his pet cat, in the Central Region of Ghana.

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• Writing Tips

How Many Paragraphs Should an Essay Have?

• 6-minute read
• 19th May 2023

You have an essay to write. You’ve researched the topic and crafted a strong thesis statement . Now it’s time to open the laptop and start tapping away on the keyboard. You know the required word count, but you’re unsure of one thing: How many paragraphs should you have in the essay? Gee, it would’ve been nice if your professor had specified that, huh?

No worries, friend, because in this post, we’ll provide a guide to how many paragraphs an essay should have . Generally, the number of paragraphs will depend on how many words and how many supporting details you need (more on that later). We’ll also explore the concept of paragraphs if you’re wondering what they’re all about. And remember, paragraphs serve a purpose. You can’t submit an essay without using them!

What Is a Paragraph?

You likely know what a paragraph is, but can you define it properly in plain English? Don’t feel bad if that question made you shake your head. Off the top of our heads, many of us can’t explain what a paragraph is .

A paragraph comprises at least five sentences about a particular topic. A paragraph must begin with a well-crafted topic sentence , which is then followed by ideas that support that sentence. To move the essay forward, the paragraph should flow well, and the sentences should be relevant.

Why Are Paragraphs Important?

Paragraphs expand on points you make about a topic, painting a vivid picture for the reader. Paragraphs break down information into chunks, which are easier to read than one giant, uninterrupted body of text. If your essay doesn’t use paragraphs, it likely won’t earn a good grade!

 How Many Paragraphs Are in an Essay?

As mentioned, the number of paragraphs will depend on the word count and the quantity of supporting ideas required. However, if you have to write at least 1,000 words, you should aim for at least five paragraphs. Every essay should have an introduction and a conclusion. The reader needs to get a basic introduction to the topic and understand your thesis statement. They must also see key takeaway points at the end of the essay.

As a rule, a five-paragraph essay would look like this:

• Introduction (with thesis statement)
• Main idea 1 (with supporting details)
• Main idea 2 (with supporting details)
• Main idea 3 (with supporting details)

Your supporting details should include material (such as quotations or facts) from credible sources when writing the main idea paragraphs.

If you think your essay could benefit from having more than five paragraphs, add them! Just make sure they’re relevant to the topic.

Professors don’t care so much about the number of paragraphs; they want you to satisfy the minimum word requirement. Assignment rubrics rarely state the number of required paragraphs. It will be up to you to decide how many to write, and we urge you to research the assigned topic before writing the essay. Your main ideas from the research will generate most of the paragraphs.

When Should I Start a New Paragraph?

Surprisingly, some students aren’t aware that they should break up some of the paragraphs in their essays . You need to start new paragraphs to keep your reader engaged.

As well as starting a new paragraph after the introduction and another for the conclusion, you should do so when you’re introducing a new idea or presenting contrasting information.

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Starting a paragraph often involves using transitional words or phrases to signal to the reader that you’re presenting a new idea. Failing to use these cues may cause confusion for the reader and undermine your essay’s coherence.

Let’s consider examples of transitional words and phrases in action in a conclusion. Note that the essay is about too much mobile device screen time and that transitional words and phrases can occur later in a paragraph too:

Thanks to “In conclusion” and “Additionally,” the reader clearly knows that they are now in the conclusion stage. They can also follow the logic and development of the essay more easily.

How Do I Know Whether I Have Enough Paragraphs?

While no magic number exists for how many paragraphs you need, you should know when you have enough to satisfy the requirements of the assignment. It helps if you can answer yes to the following questions:

• Does my essay have both an introduction and a conclusion?
• Have I provided enough main ideas with supporting details, including quotes and cited information?
• Does my essay develop the thesis statement?
• Does my essay adequately inform the reader about the topic?
• Have I provided at least one takeaway for the reader?

 Conclusion

Professors aren’t necessarily looking for a specific number of paragraphs in an essay; it’s the word count that matters. You should see the word count as a guide for a suitable number of paragraphs. As a rule, five paragraphs should suffice for a 1,000-word essay. As long as you have an introduction and a conclusion and provide enough supporting details for the main ideas in your body paragraphs, you should be good to go.

Remember to start a new paragraph when introducing new ideas or presenting contrasting information. Your reader needs to be able to follow the essay throughout, and a single, unbroken block of text would be difficult to read. Transitional words and phrases help start new paragraphs, so don’t forget to use them!

As with any writing, we always recommend proofreading your essay after you’ve finished it. This step will help to detect typos, extra spacing, and grammatical errors. A second pair of eyes is always useful, so we recommend asking our proofreading experts to review your essay . They’ll correct your grammar, ensure perfect spelling, and offer suggestions to improve your essay. You can even submit a 500-word document for free!

1. What is a paragraph and what is its purpose?

A paragraph is a group of sentences that expand on a single idea. The purpose of a paragraph is to introduce an idea and then develop it with supporting details.

2. What are the benefits of paragraphs?

Paragraphs make your essay easy to read by providing structure and flow. They let you transition from one idea to another. New paragraphs allow you to tell your reader that you’ve covered one point and are moving on to the next.

3. How many paragraphs does a typical essay have?

An essay of at least 1,000 words usually has five paragraphs. It’s best to use the required word count as a guide to the number of paragraphs you’ll need.

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