Vertical Financial Statement Analysis
Horizontal analysis is a vital tool in the arsenal of financial analysts, offering a dynamic view of a company's financial health over time. By providing insights into trends, growth rates, and performance metrics, this technique supports more informed and strategic decision-making. While it should be used in conjunction with other analytical methods, horizontal analysis remains a cornerstone of thorough financial analysis.
What is the difference between horizontal analysis and vertical analysis?
Horizontal analysis compares financial data over multiple periods, while vertical analysis compares different line items within a single period.
How is horizontal analysis used in forecasting?
Horizontal analysis provides historical trends that can be used as a basis for forecasting future financial performance.
Can horizontal analysis be used for non-financial data?
While horizontal analysis is primarily used for financial data, it can also be applied to non-financial data to identify trends and patterns.
What other financial analysis methods complement horizontal analysis?
Vertical analysis, ratio analysis, and cash flow analysis are commonly used alongside horizontal analysis to gain a comprehensive understanding of a company's financial position.
How often should horizontal analysis be conducted?
Horizontal analysis can be performed annually or over any other relevant period, depending on the specific requirements and objectives of the analysis.
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Published on :
21 Aug, 2024
Blog Author :
Wallstreetmojo Team
Edited by :
Ashish Kumar Srivastav
Reviewed by :
Dheeraj Vaidya
Based on historical data, a horizontal analysis interprets the change in financial statements over two or more accounting periods. It denotes the percentage change in the same line item of the next accounting period compared to the value of the baseline accounting period.
Understanding horizontal analysis, horizontal analysis formula, horizontal analysis example, colgate horizontal analysis, uses in financial modeling.
The horizontal analysis evaluates trends Year over Year (YoY) or Quarter over Quarter (QoQ). If you are an investor considering investing in a company, only a year-end balance sheet or income statement would not be enough to judge how a company is doing. It would help if you looked at a couple of years to be sure. Better yet, you can see many years of balance sheets and income statements and compare them.
Through horizontal analysis of financial statements, you would be able to see two actual data for consecutive years and would be able to compare every item. And based on that, you can forecast the future and understand the trend.
You do not need special financial skills to ascertain the difference between the previous and last year’s data. However, it would be best if you had diligence, attention to detail, and a logical mind to decipher why the change happens.
In this GKSR example above, we can identify the YoY growth rate using a horizontal income statement analysis. In addition, it helps us identify potential areas of growth and concerns.
For example, in GKSR, we note that the provision for income tax has increased by 12.6%. However, revenues have increased by only 5.5%. Why did provisions increase at a higher rate? Also, there has been a comparatively higher growth of 9.1% in selling and admin costs. What could have contributed to this increase?
As we see, we can correctly identify the trends and develop relevant areas to target for further analysis.
First, we need to take the previous year as the base year and the last year as the comparison year. So, for example, let us say we are comparing 2015 and 2016. We will take 2015 as the base year and 2016 as the comparison year.
Horizontal Analysis formula = x 100
Let us assume that we are provided with the income statement data of ABC Co. We need to perform a horizontal analysis of the income statement of this company.
200,000 * | 7.14% ** | |||
(-) Cost of Goods Sold(COGS) | (21,00,000) | (20,00,000) | 100,000 | 5% |
100,000 | 12.50% | |||
General Expenses | 180,000 | 120,000 | 60,000 | 50% |
Selling Expenses | 220,000 | 230,000 | (10,000) | (4.35%) |
50,000 | 14.29% | |||
50,000 | 11.11% | |||
Interest expenses | (50,000) | (50,000) | § | § |
50,000 | 12.50% | |||
Income Tax | (125,000) | (100,000) | 25,000 | 25% |
25,000 | 8.33% |
The following is a basic example of dividing our approach into two parts. First, we found the absolute difference between the comparative years.
Likewise, we can do the same for all the other entries in the income statement.
Let us now look at the horizontal analysis of Colgate's income statement. First, Colgate's income statement's YoY growth rates from 2008 until 2015. Then, we calculate the growth rate of each of the line items concerning the previous year.
For example, to find the growth rate of net sales for 2015, the formula is (Net Sales 2015 – Net Sales 2014) / Net Sales 2014.
Here are the following observations from Colgate: -
Horizontal analysis is very useful for Financial Modeling and Forecasting . The approach used here is pretty simple.
Let us now look at Colgate 10K 2013 report. First, we noted that Colgate had not provided segmental information in the income statement. However, as additional information, Colgate has provided some details of segments on page 87.
Since we do not have any further information about the segments, we will project the future sales of Colgate based on this available data. We will use the sales growth approach across segments to derive the forecasts. Please see the picture below. We have calculated the Year-over-Year growth rate for each segment.
Now we can assume a sales growth percentage based on the historical trends and project the revenues under each segment. Therefore, total net sales are in the Oral, Personal & Home Care, and Pet Nutrition Segments .
Horizontal analysis allows for the comparison of financial data over time, highlighting trends, patterns, and changes in performance. It helps identify growth or decline areas, assess strategies' effectiveness, and make informed decisions. It enables businesses to track progress, evaluate financial stability, and identify potential risks or opportunities.
The horizontal analysis relies heavily on historical data, which may not accurately reflect future performance. It doesn't account for external factors or industry changes that may impact financial results. It may overlook qualitative aspects of business performance. Also, horizontal analysis alone may not provide a comprehensive understanding of a company's financial health and requires additional analysis and context.
The vertical analysis involves comparing financial data within a single period by expressing each line item as a percentage of a base figure, typically sales or revenue. It helps assess the composition and proportion of different components within financial statements. Horizontal analysis, on the other hand, compares financial data across multiple periods to analyze trends, changes, and growth rates. It focuses on identifying patterns and variations in performance over time.
This article is a guide to Horizontal Analysis. We discuss the formula of horizontal analysis on the income statement and balance sheet with examples. You may go through the following articles for further readings on financial analysis: -
Reviewed by subject matter experts.
Updated on June 13, 2023
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Horizontal analysis: definition.
Horizontal analysis is an approach to analyzing financial statements .
It compares historical data, which includes ratios and line items, over a series of accounting periods. The accounting period can be a month, a quarter, or a year.
This method of analysis is also known as trend analysis .
The horizontal method of analysis is used to identify changes in financial statements over time and assess those changes.
A base year is initially selected as a benchmark. Either the data of the rest of the years is expressed as a percentage of the base year or an absolute comparison is performed. The base year comparison is known as base year analysis .
This method of analysis makes it easy for the financial statement user to spot patterns and trends over the years.
An absolute comparison involves comparing the amount of the same line of the item to its amounts in the other accounting periods. For example, comparing the accounts receivables of one year to those of the previous year. Any changes are analyzed then.
In percentage comparison, the increase or decrease in amounts is expressed as a percentage of the amount in the base year.
For example, if the base year amount of cash is $100, a 10% increase would make the current accounting period’s amount $110, whereas a 10% decrease would be $90.
Different ratios, such as earnings per share (EPS) or current ratio , are also compared for different accounting periods.
Horizontal analysis focuses on the dollar and percentage changes that occur in specific accounts from year to year.
Determining the percentage change is important because it links the degree of change to the actual amounts involved. In this way, percentage changes are better for comparative purposes with other firms than are actual dollar changes.
For example, a $1 million increase in General Motors' cash balance is likely to represent a much smaller percentage increase than a corresponding $1 million increase in American Motors' cash balance.
To calculate percentage changes, you can use the following formula:
Percentage change = (Amount of dollar change / Base year amount) x 100
The base year is always the first year in the comparison.
For example, suppose that Safeway's total current assets were $1,729,146,000 in 2018 and $1,861,389,000 in 2019. This represents a dollar increase of $132,243,000 and a percentage increase of 7.65%, which is calculated as follows:
Percentage change = ($1,861,389,000 - $1,729,146,000 / 1,729,149,000) x 100
You can also use horizontal analysis in conjunction with both the balance sheet and the income statement .
In the example shown below, comparative balance sheets and income statements are given for Safeway Stores. The tables show the dollar and percentage changes.
Several interesting balance sheet changes are apparent in the tables below. In 2019, Safeway Stores increased its operating of fixed assets. There were rises of more than 12% in all categories of property other than transport equipment.
This increase in capital expenditures is also reflected on the liability side of the balance sheet. In particular, notes and debentures increased by over 53%.
In this discussion and analysis of operations, Safeway's management noted that the increase was due to a growing trend toward mortgage financing.
Horizontal analysis of income statements also produces worthwhile information.
For example, in Safeway Stores' balance sheets, both sales and the cost of sales increased from 2018 to 2019.
However, the percentage increase in sales was greater than the percentage increase in the cost of sales. This led to an increase in gross profit from 2018 to 2019.
Operating and administrative expenses also increased slightly and interest expense increased by over 12%. This resulted in only a slight increase in net income for 2019 over 2018.
Consistency and comparability are generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) .
Consistency is important when performing horizontal analysis of financial statements. When the same accounting standards are used over the years, the financial statements of the company are easier to compare and trends are easily analyzed.
Comparability means that a company’s financial statements can be compared to those of another company in the same industry.
Horizontal analysis enables investors, analysts, and other stakeholders in the company to see how well the company is performing financially.
A company’s financial performance over the years is assessed and changes in different line items and ratios are analyzed. Negative changes and trends are further investigated.
Horizontal analysis also makes it easier to detect when a business is underperforming.
For example, if a company starts generating low profits in a particular year, expenses can be analyzed for that year. This makes it easier to spot inefficiencies and specific areas of underperformance.
Ratios such as asset turnover, inventory turnover, and receivables turnover are also important because they help analysts to fully gauge the performance of a business.
For example, a low inventory turnover would imply that sales are low, the company is not selling its inventory, and there is a surplus. This could also be due to poor marketing or excess inventory due to seasonal demand .
Ratios such as earnings per share , return on assets , and return on equity are similarly invaluable. These ratios make problems related to the growth and profitability of a company evident and clear.
Liquidity ratios are needed to check if the company is liquid enough to settle its debts and pay back any liabilities . Horizontal analysis makes it easy to detect these changes and compare growth rates and profitability with other companies in the industry.
Let’s take a look at this simple example before we discuss any further.
Each item in a financial statement is compared to the base year. In this case, if management compares direct sales between 2007 and 2006 (the base year), it is clear that there is an increase of 3.2%.
This result would be concerning for the company's management. They would investigate this if they expected at least a 10% increase.
To provide another example, consider an investor who is seeking to invest and finds company C. Company C’s figures for the previous year are as follows: net income $2m and retained earnings $10m.
The current year's details are the following: net income $4m and retained earnings $12m. Net income has grown by 100% and retained earnings have increased by only 20%.
The investor now needs to make a decision based on their analysis of the figures, as well as a comparison to other similar figures.
Regardless of how useful trend analysis may be, it is regularly criticized.
One reason is that analysts can choose a base year where the company's performance was poor and base their analysis on it. In this way, the current accounting period (or any other accounting period) can be made to appear better.
Another problem with horizontal analysis is that some companies change the way they present information in their financial statements. This can create difficulties in detecting troublesome areas, making it hard to spot changes in trends.
To conclude, it is always worth performing horizontal analysis, but it should never be relied upon too heavily. Other factors should also be considered, and only then should a decision be made.
What is horizontal analysis.
Horizontal analysis is the use of financial information over time to compare specific data between periods to spot trends. This can be useful because it allows you to make comparisons across different sets of numbers.
By looking at the numbers provided by a company, you should see whether there are any large differences between one year and the next. It is also possible to perform this analysis with time series data to make direct comparisons with other companies.
When Financial Statements are released, it is important to compare numbers from different periods in order to spot trends and changes over time. This can be useful in checking whether a company is performing well or badly, and identify areas where it may improve.
Horizontal analysis involves looking at Financial Statements over time in order to spot trends and changes. This can be useful in identifying areas of concern for a business, as well as improving the performance of companies that are struggling.
Horizontal analysis is important because it allows you to compare data between different periods and makes it easier to identify changes in trends. This can be helpful in making decisions about whether to invest in a company or not.
About the Author
True Tamplin is a published author, public speaker, CEO of UpDigital, and founder of Finance Strategists.
True is a Certified Educator in Personal Finance (CEPF®), author of The Handy Financial Ratios Guide , a member of the Society for Advancing Business Editing and Writing, contributes to his financial education site, Finance Strategists, and has spoken to various financial communities such as the CFA Institute, as well as university students like his Alma mater, Biola University , where he received a bachelor of science in business and data analytics.
To learn more about True, visit his personal website or view his author profiles on Amazon , Nasdaq and Forbes .
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Horizontal analysis is your go-to method for comparing financial data across multiple periods. It’s like having a time machine for your finances, where you can spot trends, identify anomalies, and essentially read between the lines of those monotonous columns of numbers.
Here’s the deal: horizontal analysis involves taking specific line items from your financial statements and comparing them over consecutive periods. Think year-over-year revenue growth or quarter-over-quarter changes in expenses. By doing this, you’re not just seeing what happened in one period, but understanding the story that unfolds over time.
Let’s get real—if you’re in finance, you need to care about horizontal analysis. Here’s why:
Vertical and horizontal analyses are both tools for financial statement analysis, but they differ in purpose.
Horizontal analysis is one of my favorite tools to dig into a company’s financial performance. It’s a simple process that follows four steps:
Let’s kick things off with the basics. The first step in horizontal analysis is grabbing the company’s financial statements. We’re talking about the Income Statement and Balance Sheet—the bread and butter of financial reporting.
Which Statements You Need:
Tips on Where to Find Accurate Data:
Next up, you need to decide which periods you’re comparing. Consistency is key here, folks. Pick intervals that make sense—like year-over-year or quarter-over-quarter comparisons.
Importance of Consistency in Time Periods:
Now, let’s roll up our sleeves and do some math. You’ll be calculating both dollar changes and percentage changes.
Horizontal Analysis Formula
Detailed Walkthroughs with Examples:
You’ve gathered your data and crunched the numbers. Now comes the fun part—analyzing what these changes mean to business performance.
What to Look For (Trends, Anomalies, etc.):
How to Interpret the Findings in a Meaningful Way:
By following these steps, you’ll transform those intimidating columns of numbers into actionable insights. And remember, horizontal analysis isn’t just about identifying trends—it’s about understanding the story your financial data is telling you. So grab your calculator and get ready to decode your financial statements like a pro.
Alright, buckle up, because it’s time to put theory into practice. We’re diving into some real-life examples that’ll make horizontal analysis as easy as pie—or at least easier than understanding your phone bill.
Picture this: You’re analyzing ABC Corp’s income statement , comparing 2023 to 2024. Here’s how it goes down:
Net Income:
Step-by-Step Calculations:
Interpretation:
So, what’s the tea here? Revenues jumped by 20%, which is fantastic. Expenses grew by 16.67%, but not as quickly as revenues—always a good sign. Net income saw a 25% increase, which means ABC Corp is keeping more of that extra revenue as profit. High five, ABC Corp!
Now, let’s shift gears and look at XYZ Ltd’s balance sheet. We’re comparing Q1 2024 to Q2 2024.
Liabilities:
Detailed Analysis with Insights:
Here’s the scoop: XYZ Ltd’s assets grew by 20%, which is a solid gain. Liabilities shot up by 25%, which could raise some eyebrows—why are they taking on more debt? Equity increased by 16.67%, suggesting the company’s net worth is on the rise, but you might want to dig into why liabilities are climbing faster than equity. Could be expansion, could be a cash flow issue. Either way, it’s something to keep an eye on.
Let’s cut through the noise and get straight to the nitty-gritty of horizontal analysis. You’ve got your numbers, you’ve done the math, but there are still some landmines that can blow up your carefully crafted analysis. Here’s how to spot them before they spot you.
You know the saying, “Numbers don’t lie”? Well, that’s only half true. Numbers might not lie, but people sure do misinterpret them. Here are some classic blunders and how to dodge them:
Common Errors:
How to Spot and Avoid Them:
Here’s a little secret: Your financials don’t exist in a vacuum. Market conditions, industry trends, and macroeconomic factors are all playing their part in your numbers game.
The Impact of Market Conditions and Other Variables:
How to Account for Them:
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By Hady ElHady
July 5, 2023
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Financial analysis plays a crucial role in assessing the performance and financial health of a company. One essential technique in financial analysis is horizontal analysis , which allows you to analyze and interpret changes in financial statement data over time. In this guide, we will provide you with a comprehensive understanding of horizontal analysis , its significance, and how to conduct it effectively.
Horizontal analysis , also known as trend analysis , is a financial analysis technique that compares and evaluates the changes in financial statement data over a specific period. It involves analyzing year-to-year variations in financial metrics to identify trends, patterns, and shifts in a company’s financial performance. By examining the historical data and calculating percentage changes, horizontal analysis helps in understanding the direction and magnitude of changes, enabling informed decision-making and strategic planning .
Horizontal analysis plays a crucial role in financial analysis for several reasons:
Overall, horizontal analysis is a valuable tool in financial analysis as it allows for the identification of trends, assessment of performance, detection of anomalies, comparative analysis , strategic planning, and effective communication. By leveraging the insights gained from horizontal analysis, businesses can make informed decisions, mitigate risks, and drive sustainable growth.
How to do horizontal analysis.
Horizontal analysis, also known as trend analysis , involves the comparison of financial statement data across multiple periods to identify trends, patterns, and changes. By examining year-to-year changes in key financial metrics, you can gain insights into a company’s growth, stability, and overall performance.
To perform horizontal analysis, follow these steps:
Horizontal analysis serves several important objectives in financial analysis:
Horizontal analysis involves the analysis of various financial statements:
To conduct horizontal analysis effectively, follow this step-by-step process:
Start by choosing the financial statements that are relevant to your analysis objectives. Consider which statements provide the most meaningful insights based on your analysis goals.
Collect the historical financial data for the selected periods. Ensure the accuracy and completeness of the data, as any inaccuracies can affect the analysis results.
If inflation has influenced the financial data, it is essential to adjust the figures to account for its impact. One common method is using an inflation index or Consumer Price Index (CPI) to calculate the inflation-adjusted values.
Calculate the year-to-year changes by comparing the financial data for each period. This can be done by using the following formula:
(CurrentPeriodValue−PreviousPeriodValue)/PreviousPeriodValue×100
For example, to calculate the percentage change in revenue :
(2021 R e v e n u e − 2020 R e v e n u e ) /2020 R e v e n u e × 100
Analyze the calculated percentage changes and interpret the results. Look for significant variations, both positive and negative, and identify any trends or patterns that emerge.
When interpreting the results of horizontal analysis, consider the following key aspects:
Analyzing the year-to-year changes helps identify long-term trends and patterns. Look for consistent positive or negative changes in financial metrics to assess the overall direction and performance of the company.
Carefully examine the percentage changes to understand the magnitude and significance of variations. Look for major fluctuations that may indicate critical events or shifts in the company’s operations.
Not all variations in financial metrics are equally significant. Evaluate the size of the changes relative to the company’s size, industry benchmarks, and historical performance. Smaller variations may be within an acceptable range, while larger variations may require further investigation.
Horizontal analysis provides insights into a company’s financial performance and health. By assessing the changes in revenues, expenses, profits , assets, and liabilities, you can gauge the overall financial well-being of the organization.
Several key metrics and ratios are used in horizontal analysis to evaluate financial performance:
Common-size financial statements express each line item as a percentage of a base amount, typically total revenue or total assets. This allows for easy comparison and identification of trends across different periods.
Percentage changes show the year-to-year variations in financial metrics and help determine the growth or decline rate of the company’s performance.
CAGR measures the average annual growth rate of a financial metric over a specific period. It helps determine the consistent growth rate, smoothing out fluctuations in year-to-year changes.
Variance analysis compares actual financial performance with the expected or budgeted performance. By identifying and analyzing variances, you can gain insights into the factors driving the deviations from the planned targets.
Trend analysis examines the direction and magnitude of changes in financial metrics over an extended period. It helps identify recurring patterns and assess the long-term performance of the company.
Advantages of horizontal analysis.
Horizontal analysis offers several advantages in financial analysis:
Despite its benefits, horizontal analysis has some limitations and challenges that need to be considered:
To gain further insights from horizontal analysis, consider industry benchmarking and peer analysis:
Benchmark the company’s financial performance against industry averages or key competitors. This helps identify areas where the company excels or lags behind the industry norms.
Analyze the financial statements of key competitors to gain a broader understanding of industry dynamics and identify areas for improvement or potential competitive advantages.
Utilize financial ratios , such as profitability ratios , liquidity ratios , and solvency ratios , to compare the company’s financial performance with industry benchmarks and competitors. This provides a comprehensive view of the company’s relative strengths and weaknesses.
To ensure accurate and meaningful results in horizontal analysis, follow these best practices:
To further illustrate the practical application of horizontal analysis, let’s explore a few more examples that showcase its effectiveness in assessing financial performance and identifying trends.
Let’s consider Company A, a technology firm, and analyze its revenue trends over a five-year period using horizontal analysis. Here’s a simplified representation of their revenue data:
Year | Revenue (in millions) |
---|---|
2019 | $100 |
2020 | $120 |
2021 | $150 |
2022 | $180 |
2023 | $200 |
By calculating the year-to-year percentage changes, we can assess the revenue growth rates:
Through horizontal analysis, we observe that Company A has experienced consistent revenue growth over the five-year period. The growth rates of 20%, 25%, 20%, and 11.11% indicate a positive trend in the company’s revenue generation.
Let’s consider Company B, a retail company, and analyze its expense trends over a three-year period. Here’s a simplified representation of their expense data:
Year | (in millions) |
---|---|
2019 | $50 |
2020 | $55 |
2021 | $60 |
By calculating the year-to-year percentage changes, we can assess the expense growth rates:
Based on the horizontal analysis, we observe that Company B’s operating expenses have gradually increased over the three-year period. The growth rates of 10% and 9.09% indicate a consistent upward trend in the company’s expenses.
Let’s consider Company C, a manufacturing company, and analyze its total assets over a four-year period. Here’s a simplified representation of their asset data:
Year | Total Assets (in millions) |
---|---|
2019 | $500 |
2020 | $550 |
2021 | $600 |
2022 | $650 |
By calculating the year-to-year percentage changes, we can assess the asset growth rates:
From the horizontal analysis, we observe that Company C has experienced consistent growth in total assets over the four-year period. The growth rates of 10%, 9.09%, and 8.33% indicate a positive trend in the company’s asset accumulation.
These examples demonstrate how horizontal analysis enables us to identify trends and patterns in various financial metrics. By analyzing changes in revenue, expenses, and assets over time, companies can make informed decisions and better understand their financial performance.
Horizontal analysis is a powerful tool for understanding and evaluating a company’s financial performance over time. By examining year-to-year changes in key financial metrics, you can identify trends, assess stability, and make informed business decisions. Remember to consider industry benchmarks, peer analysis, and best practices to ensure accurate and meaningful results. By incorporating horizontal analysis into your financial analysis toolkit, you can gain valuable insights into your company’s performance and drive strategic growth.
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By Victoria Collin |
September 23, 2021
Horizontal Analysis is an analytical method used to compare financial statements – primarily the balance sheet and income statement – based on historical data, in order to uncover the financial performance of a company or companies over a specified period of time. To conduct horizontal analysis i.e. evaluate underlying trends, it’s essential to compare financial statements of a company or companies over two or more accounting periods.
Carrying out horizontal analysis of the income statement and balance sheet helps investors and creditors to determine the current financial position of a company. By looking at past performance, it can help assess growth rates, spot trends (by comparing changes from period to period), generate forecasts, or project the insights gained into the future. Horizontal analysis can help evaluate a company’s financial standing or position vis-à-vis its competitors.
In horizontal analysis, the changes in specific items in financial statements i.e. net debt on the balance sheet or revenue on the income statement– are expressed as a percentage and in a specific currency – for example, the U.S. dollar.
The horizontal analysis involves two types of formulas – one to compute percentage change and the other to calculate the absolute change in a specific currency. For example, take the income statement of a company and we can select a line item, e.g. net income. The formula for horizontal analysis will be:
Historical analysis (%) = net income in year 2 – net income in the base year (year 1) / net income in a base year * 100
Note, year 2 is the comparison year. If the comparison year is year 3, then we will input the net income of year 3 and compute the percentage change between year 3 and year 1 (base year).
Horizontal Analysis (US$) = Net income in year 2 – Net income in the base year (year 1)
We use the same formula for other items in the income statement and balance sheet.
These formulas are used to evaluate trends which can either be quarter-on-quarter or year-on-year depending on the accounting period from which the data is sourced. For horizontal analysis, it’s best to take several years of historical data to gain useful insights into how a company is performing. This can help determine what is a clear trend and what may be a one-off event.
To perform horizontal analysis vis-à-vis either the income statement or the balance sheet, we will have to first compare the financial results i.e. the change in the line items from one accounting period to the other in order to discern if the change from one period to the other is positive or negative and how strong is the growth or decline.
For example, let’s take the case of the income statement – if the gross profit in year 1 was US$40,000 and in year 2 the gross profit was US$44,000, the difference between the two is $4,000. Here the change is positive and we can calculate the percentage change.
When we use percentage change, it is very useful to carry out a more in-depth analysis and identify trends. In the example above, the percentage change in the gross profit from year 1 to year 2 is calculated as 4,000/40,000 * 100 = 10%.
If we take historical data of the financial statements of a company for year 1 and year 2, then one can compare each item and how it has changed year-over-year. We can use this trend to project the line items for future years.
In other words, one can take year-on-year or quarter-on-quarter growth rates of all the items of the income statement or the balance sheet – based on the historical data. Thereafter, one can make assumptions about the future growth rates. For example, in the income statement, we can, based on historical data and trends, make assumptions about sales growth and then forecast the sales growth rates through the forecast periods.
Given below is a horizontal analysis in excel of a comparative income statement (i.e. year 1 – base, year 2, and year 3). Using the aforesaid formulas, we have computed the absolute change (in US$) and percentage change (%) of all line items in the income statement between year 1 (base year and year 3. This can be viewed from the last two columns and the formulas can be viewed in the Excel spreadsheet. This is the first type of horizontal analysis. This Excel sheet is available in our free downloads.
We can now see how much any item, such as net income, increased or decreased from year 1 (base year) to year 3 in absolute and percentage terms. In other words, we can calculate how much net income increased or decreased from year 1 to year 3 (or for that matter any year). Here net income has decreased by $2,750 or 12% in year 3 when compared to year 1.
Secondly, in the second type of horizontal analysis, we are interested in knowing about the underlying trends in the line items of the income statement. For this, we compare the absolute change ($) and percentage change (%) in all the line items from one period to the other. One should ideally take three or more accounting periods/years to identify trends and how a company is performing from one year/accounting period to the next year/accounting period.
Here, for the sake of illustration, we have shown the absolute change (in US$) and percentage change (%) of all line items in the income statement between year 1 and year 2 only. The computations of the same have been done in columns F and H.
Such analysis provides valuable insights into why any of these line items rose or fell sharply or markedly in year 2, compared to year 1. For example, net income could fall sharply in year 2, despite a rise in sales, due to a marked rise in the cost of goods sold, marketing expenses, administrative expenses, and/or depreciation expenses.
This type of analysis is also very useful if an investor wants to determine the performance of a company prior to investing in the same. For example, an investor may want to evaluate the performance of a company over the past year– relative to the base year in order, to decide whether it is worthwhile investing in this company or not.
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Home › Finance › Financial Ratio Analysis › What is Horizontal Analysis?
Definition: Horizontal analysis, sometimes called trend analysis, is the process of comparing line items in comparative financial statements or financial ratios across a number of years in an effort to track the history and progress of a company’s performance. In other words, it’s a way for analysts to compare accounts or performance metrics over time to see if the company is improving or declining.
This formula for evaluation is typically done by either investors and internal company management since both need to understand how well a company is doing in order to make decisions. Investors have to make the decision whether or not they want to invest or sell their current investment; while management needs to know what moves to make in order to improve the future performance of the company.
Since, any line item in a financial statement or financial ratio can be compared across a period of time, it makes the horizontal analysis extremely useful for anyone trying to track a company’s performance over time.
An investor can see if a business is expanding and becoming more valuable or becoming less efficient and less valuable. For example, an investor can use the horizontal analysis of the balance sheet to track the earnings per share ratio on a company he is thinking about investing in. If the ratio continues to grow year over year, the investor’s analysis would show a positive trend and he would probably choose to invest in the company granted other metrics are equally as positive.
A manager, on the other hand, is concerned with the day-to-day operations of the company, so he uses this evaluation technique to pinpoint areas for improvement. For instance, a manager might compare cost of goods sold and profit margin over a two or three-year span to see how efficient the company is becoming. This comparison of income statements will give the manager not only a benchmark for future performance; it will also help him understand what needs to be changed in the future.
Alhtough this comparison is useful on its own, investors and management typically use both horizontal and vertical analysis technuques before making any decisions.
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While analyzing financial statements, horizontal analysis is used to analyze historical data from various accounting periods, such as ratios or line items. In a horizontal analysis, comparisons can be done using either absolute comparisons or percentage comparisons. In the latter case, the statistics from each succeeding period are expressed as a percentage of the baseline year's total, with 100% serving as the baseline value. This is also known as base-year analysis.
To understand what has been affecting a company's financial performance over a period of years, investors and analysts can use horizontal analysis to detect trends and growth patterns. Analysts can evaluate relative changes in various line items over time and forecast them into the future using this sort of analysis. A thorough picture of operational outcomes is provided by a time-series analysis of the income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement, which exposes what motivates a company's success and if it is profitable and functioning efficiently.
The percentage changes in specific financial statement figures are indicated in the U.S. Selecting the base year and comparative year is the first step in computing the percentage change. Then, divide the result by the base year to arrive at the dollar change by deducting the value from the base year from the comparative year. Next, the outcome is multiplied by 100.
Formula To Calculate Horizontal Analysis Percentage
Amount In Comparison Year - Amount In Base Year/Amount In Base Year * 100
Formula To Calculate Horizontal Analysis Dollars
Amount In Comparison Year - Amount In Base Year
When reviewing a company's financial statements over a number of periods, horizontal analysis is utilized.
The most common way to represent it is as a percentage increase over the identical line item in the base year.
Users of financial statements can quickly see trends and growth patterns thanks to horizontal analysis.
A company's growth and financial situation in relation to competitors are displayed via horizontal analysis.
If certain historical eras of underperformance are chosen as a comparison, horizontal analysis can be used to make the current period appear better.
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Horizontal analysis of financial statements involves comparison of a financial ratio, a benchmark, or a line item over a number of accounting periods. This method of analysis is also known as trend analysis. Horizontal analysis allows the assessment of relative changes in different items over time. It also indicates the behavior of revenues, expenses, and other line items of financial statements over the course of time.
The analyzing accounting periods can be two or more than two periods. The accounting period can be a month, a quarter, or a year. It is up to the analyst's discretion to choose the appropriate number of accounting periods. During the investment appraisal, the number of accounting periods for analysis is based on the time horizon under consideration.
Horizontal analysis is a method of financial statement analysis that compares financial data from one period to another. This technique is used to identify trends or changes in a company's financial performance over time and can be applied to various financial statements. Horizontal analysis of financial statements can be performed on any of the item in the income statement, balance sheet and statement of cash flows . For example, this analysis can be performed on revenues, cost of sales, expenses, assets, cash, equity and liabilities. It can also be performed on ratios such as earnings per share (EPS), price earning ratio, dividend payout, and other similar ratio.
Horizontal analysis can be performed in one of the following two different methods i.e. absolute comparison or percentage comparison.
One way to perform a horizontal analysis is to compare the absolute currency amounts of some items over time. For example, the cash balance at the end of one accounting period can be compared to other accounting periods. This method is helpful in identifying the items that are changing the most.
The second method of horizontal analysis compares percentage differences in certain line items over a period of time. The absolute currency amounts are converted to percentages for comparison. For example, a change in cash from $5,000 to $5,500 is reported as a 10% increase in cash. It can also be reported as 110%, meaning that the cash is 110% of the cash at the end of the previous accounting period. This method is useful when comparing the performance of two companies of different scope and size.
Let's take an example of a company that has generated an income statement for the last two years.
Income Statement
Absolute comparison : By using horizontal analysis, we can compare the income statement from Year 1 to Year 2 and evaluate the changes in both absolute and percentage terms.
Percentage c omparison : From the above example, we can see that the company's revenue has increased by 20% from Year 1 to Year 2, while the cost of goods sold has increased by 17.14%. This means that the company's gross profit has increased by 26.67%. We can also see that the company's net income has increased significantly by 42.86%. This indicates that the company's cost-cutting efforts have been successful and the company has been able to improve its profitability over the past year.
As a result, horizontal analysis is a helpful tool for analysts and investors to spot trends in a company's financial performance over time. This method can be applied to assess a company's financial standing and assist investors in making defensible investment choices. Investors can discover potential risks and opportunities that could affect a company's future financial performance by comparing financial data from one period to the next.
Horizontal analysis and vertical analysis are two common methods of analyzing financial statements.
Horizontal analysis , also known as trend analysis, compares financial data over a specific period to identify changes and trends. The analysis compares line items from the same financial statement in different periods to identify whether there have been increases or decreases in the figures. The analysis can be conducted on both the income statement and the balance sheet, comparing the figures for multiple years or quarters.
For example, if a company’s revenue was $1 million in 2019 and $1.2 million in 2020, then the horizontal analysis would show a 20% increase in revenue. This method is useful for identifying trends and changes in a company’s financial performance.
On the other hand, vertical analysis , also known as common size analysis, involves analyzing financial statements by expressing each line item as a percentage of a base figure. The base figure can be either total assets for the balance sheet or total revenue for the income statement. The analysis provides insight into the relative importance of each item in the financial statement.
For example, if a company’s total assets are $10 million and inventory is $1 million, then the vertical analysis of the balance sheet would show inventory as 10% of total assets. This method is useful for comparing the relative importance of line items in the financial statement.
Both horizontal and vertical analysis are useful tools for analyzing financial statements and can be used together to gain a comprehensive understanding of a company’s financial performance. Horizontal analysis provides information on the trend of financial performance over time, while vertical analysis provides information on the relative importance of line items in the financial statement.
Horizontal and vertical analysis are commonly used by financial analysts, investors, and managers to gain insight into a company’s financial performance and to make informed decisions based on the analysis.
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Horizontal analysis, also known as trend analysis, is used to spot financial trends over a specific number of accounting periods. Horizontal analysis can be used with an income statement or a balance sheet.
At least two accounting periods are required for a valid comparison, though in order to spot actual trends, it’s better to include three or more accounting periods when calculating horizontal analysis.
How detailed your initial financial statements are depends largely on the accounting software application you’re using. If you’re using an entry-level application, it’s likely you’ll need to use spreadsheets in order to complete the horizontal analysis.
Horizontal, or trend, analysis is used to spot and evaluate trends over a specific period of time.
For instance, instead of creating a balance sheet or income statement for one specific period of time, you would also create a comparative income statement or balance sheet that covers quarterly or annual activity for your business.
The comparative statement is then used to highlight any increases or decreases over that specific time frame. This enables you to easily spot growth trends as well as any red flags that may need to be addressed.
Horizontal analysis uses a line-by-line comparison to compare the totals. For example, if you run a comparative income statement for 2018 and 2019, horizontal analysis allows you to compare revenue totals for both years to see if it increased, decreased, or remained relatively stagnant.
Adding a third year to the analysis will be even more helpful, as you’ll be able to see if there is a definite trend.
Horizontal analysis looks at changes line by line between specific accounting periods, usually quarterly or yearly, whereas vertical analysis restates balance sheet or income statement amounts as a percentage of total assets (balance sheet) or net sales (income statement).
While horizontal analysis is used to compare line items over specific periods of time in order to spot trends, vertical analysis is used to restate and compare changes in percentages, and is more frequently used by investors and creditors to compare company performance with other companies in the same industry.
Use the following steps to begin performing a horizontal analysis:
Step 1: Run a comparative income statement and balance sheet for the periods you wish to compare. You’ll need a minimum of two periods to compare, but you’ll be able to spot trends much better if you use at least three periods.
Step 2: Decide how you want to approach your horizontal analysis. You have several options:
$13,000 ÷ $54,000 x 100 = 24%
That means that from 2017 to 2018, your revenue increased by 24%.
To compare 2019 revenue to 2017 revenue, you’ll complete the following calculations:
$73,000 - $54,000 = $19,000 variance
$19,000 ÷ $54,000 x 100 = 35% increase in revenue
You can also choose to calculate income statement ratios such as gross margin and profit margin.
Horizontal Analysis - Income Statement
2017 | 2018 | 2019 | |
---|---|---|---|
Revenue | $54,000 | $67,000 | $73,000 |
Cost of goods sold | 22,000 | 29,000 | 31,000 |
Gross profit | 32,000 | 36,000 | 42,000 |
Sales and marketing | 1,000 | 2,200 | 3,500 |
Administrative | 900 | 1,100 | 2,100 |
Operating Expenses | 30,100 | 32,700 | 36,400 |
Depreciation | 150 | 550 | 1,250 |
Operating Income | 29,950 | 32,150 | 35,150 |
Interest Expense | 500 | 750 | 1,000 |
Income before taxes | 29,450 | 31,400 | 34,150 |
Income tax expense | 1,100 | 1,550 | 1,750 |
Net Income | 28,350 | 29,850 | 32,400 |
Step 3: Review your results. The quickest way to spot trends is to view the changes from period to period, but for more substantial analysis, you’ll want to view variances, either as dollar amounts or percentages.
If you’d rather see both variances and percentages, you can add columns in order to display changes in both. While this format takes the most time to create, it also makes it easier to spot trends and better analyze business performance. This method works best when you’re comparing two years side by side.
2017 (Base Year) | 2018 | Change $ | Change % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Revenue | $54,000 | $67,000 | $13,000 | 24% |
Cost of goods sold | 22,000 | 29,000 | 7,000 | 32% |
Gross profit | 32,000 | 36,000 | 4,000 | 12.5% |
Sales and marketing | 1,000 | 2,200 | 1,200 | 120% |
Administrative | 900 | 1,100 | 200 | 22% |
Operating Expenses | 30,100 | 32,700 | 2,600 | 8.6% |
Depreciation | 150 | 550 | 400 | 266% |
Operating Income | 29,950 | 32,150 | 2,200 | 7.4% |
Interest Expense | 500 | 750 | 250 | 50% |
Income before taxes | 29,450 | 31,400 | 1,950 | 6.6% |
Income tax expense | 1,100 | 1,550 | 450 | 41% |
Net Income | 28,350 | 29,850 | 1,500 | 5.3% |
Using the comparative income statement above, you can see that your net income changed by $1,500 from 2017; a percentage increase of 5.3%, but what really stands out on the income statement is the 266% increase in depreciation expense.
If you purchased several fixed assets during 2018, the increase is easily explained, but if you didn’t, this would need to be researched.
Calculating the horizontal analysis of a balance sheet is a similar process. You can choose to run a comparative balance sheet for the periods desired, or complete a side-by-side comparison of two years.
The example from Safeway Stores shows a comparative balance sheet for 2018 and 2019 following a similar format to the income statement above.
This example from Safeway Stores shows a horizontal analysis balance sheet. Image source: Author
Source: playaccounting.com.
While financial statements are essential for managing your business, an income statement or balance sheet for a single period of time will not tell the complete story. Horizontal analysis answers a lot of questions, including:
There’s a reason horizontal analysis is often referred to as trend analysis. Looking at and comparing the financial performance of your business from period to period can help you spot positive trends, such as an increase in sales, as well as red flags that need to be addressed.
Whether you do a horizontal analysis quarterly or yearly, it’s worth the time and effort to perform this calculation regularly.
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Investigation of the temperature and horizontal freezing force of loess in three-dimensional freezing.
2. materials and methods, 2.1. experimental details, 2.2. tps calibration curve test, 3. results and discussion, 3.1. temperature variation pattern, 3.2. analysis of freezing force test results, 3.3. effect of temperature on freezing force, 4. conclusions, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.
Click here to enlarge figure
Natural Water Content /% | Dry Density /g∙cm | Optimum Moisture Content /% | Maximum Dry Density/g∙cm | Liquid Limit % | Plastic Limit/% | Liquidity Index% | Plasticity Index % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
14.9 | 1.59 | 17.5 | 1.7 | 29.6 | 18.6 | −0.3 | 11.3 |
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Yin, Y.; Liu, F.; Tang, D.; Chen, L.; Yang, B. Investigation of the Temperature and Horizontal Freezing Force of Loess in Three-Dimensional Freezing. Materials 2024 , 17 , 4614. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17184614
Yin Y, Liu F, Tang D, Chen L, Yang B. Investigation of the Temperature and Horizontal Freezing Force of Loess in Three-Dimensional Freezing. Materials . 2024; 17(18):4614. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17184614
Yin, Yidan, Fei Liu, Dongqi Tang, Longze Chen, and Binbin Yang. 2024. "Investigation of the Temperature and Horizontal Freezing Force of Loess in Three-Dimensional Freezing" Materials 17, no. 18: 4614. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17184614
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Horizontal analysis is used in financial statement analysis to compare historical data, such as ratios or line items, over a number of accounting periods.
Horizontal analysis is an approach used to analyze financial statements by comparing specific financial information for a certain accounting period with information from other periods. Analysts use such an approach to analyze historical trends. Trends or changes are measured by comparing the current year's values against those of the base year.
Horizontal analysis is the evaluation of an organization's financial performance over many reporting periods. Side by side they do this to determine if the company's performance is improving or declining. The goal is to find significant changes in the data. Later, this data could be used to conduct a more in-depth examination of financial ...
The research determined that horizontal analysis offers substantial insights into financial trends, which facilitates the development of more informed strategic decisions. ... Horizontal Analysis: Vertical Analysis: Definition: A method of financial statement analysis where data in financial statements from two or more time periods are compared ...
Horizontal Analysis Formula. Select the base and comparison periods and the values for your chosen variable, then calculate the percentage change between them. Calculating this involves subtracting the base period's value from the comparison period's value, dividing the result by the base period's value, then multiplying by 100.
The formula for conducting horizontal analysis is as follows. Horizontal Analysis ($) = Comparison Period - Base Period. To standardize the output for the sake of comparability, the next step is to divide by the base period. Horizontal Analysis (%) = (Comparison Period - Base Period) ÷ Base Period. In order to express the decimal amount in ...
Horizontal analysis is a financial analysis technique used to evaluate trends over time by comparing financial statements across multiple periods. This method allows analysts and stakeholders to assess how specific items in financial statements, such as revenues or expenses, change from one period to another, providing insights into performance and growth patterns.
Horizontal analysis is a financial evaluation method that compares financial data over a series of reporting periods to identify trends and growth patterns. This technique enables decision-makers to assess how specific line items in financial statements change over time, which can be crucial for forecasting future performance and making informed business decisions.
Horizontal analysis is a financial analysis technique that evaluates trends in financial statement data over a specific period, typically by comparing line items from multiple reporting periods. This method allows users to assess growth patterns and identify changes in performance by calculating the percentage change between periods, providing a clearer picture of how a company's financial ...
Definition and Purpose. Horizontal analysis is a method of financial analysis where financial statements are compared across multiple periods. This approach allows analysts, investors, and management to assess relative changes in financial statement items, such as revenue, expenses, and profits. The primary purpose of horizontal analysis is to:
Horizontal analysis is very useful for Financial Modeling and Forecasting. The approach used here is pretty simple. Step 1 - Perform the horizontal analysis of the income statement and balance sheet historical data. Step 2 - You can assume future growth rates based on the YoY or QoQ growth rates.
Horizontal Analysis: Definition. Horizontal analysis is an approach to analyzing financial statements. It compares historical data, which includes ratios and line items, over a series of accounting periods. ... The articles and research support materials available on this site are educational and are not intended to be investment or tax advice ...
Step-by-Step Process of Horizontal Analysis. Step 1: Gathering Financial Statements. Step 2: Selecting the Time Periods for Comparison. Step 3: Calculating the Changes. Step 4: Analyzing the Results. Case Studies Of Performing Horizontal Analysis. Example 1: ABC Corp Income Statements Analysis.
Horizontal analysis, also known as trend analysis, involves the comparison of financial statement data across multiple periods to identify trends, patterns, and changes. By examining year-to-year changes in key financial metrics, you can gain insights into a company's growth, stability, and overall performance.
For example, take the income statement of a company and we can select a line item, e.g. net income. The formula for horizontal analysis will be: Historical analysis (%) = net income in year 2 - net income in the base year (year 1) / net income in a base year * 100. Note, year 2 is the comparison year. If the comparison year is year 3, then we ...
Definition: Horizontal analysis, sometimes called trend analysis, is the process of comparing line items in comparative financial statements or financial ratios across a number of years in an effort to track the history and progress of a company's performance. In other words, it's a way for analysts to compare accounts or performance metrics over time to see if the company is improving or ...
Horizontal Analysis. While analyzing financial statements, horizontal analysis is used to analyze historical data from various accounting periods, such as ratios or line items. In a horizontal analysis, comparisons can be done using either absolute comparisons or percentage comparisons. In the latter case, the statistics from each succeeding ...
Horizontal analysis of financial statements can be performed on any of the item in the income statement, balance sheet and statement of cash flows. For example, this analysis can be performed on revenues, cost of sales, expenses, assets, cash, equity and liabilities. It can also be performed on ratios such as earnings per share (EPS), price ...
Horizontal analysis, or trend analysis, is a method where financial statements are compared to reveal financial performance over a specific period of time. Use it to spot trends in your business.
Horizontal analysis is a financial analysis of the value of an income statement from a base year to a comparison year. In this analysis, the very first year is considered as the base year and the entities on the statement for the subsequent period are compared with those of the entities on the statement of the base period.
Vertical analysis is focused on the relationships between the numbers in a single reporting period, while horizontal analysis spans multiple reporting periods. Quality of analysis. The horizontal analysis method is more likely to spot anomalies, since it is relatively easy to identify spikes and drops within a report line item over an extended ...
Horizontal and vertical analysis are two types of analysis you can do that use simple mathematical formulas. Ideally, two years (or periods) of data is required to conduct these types of analysis because knowing the horizontal or vertical analysis for one year of a business is useful, but you obtain greater insights by observing firm trends ...
rate financial models ".According to john Myer, "financial statement analysis is largely a study of relationship among the various financial factors in a business as disclosed by single set of statements and a study of the trend of these factors as shown. in a series of statements.According to Kennedy and Muller, "the analysis and ...
Such increasing relevance triggered an exponential growth of dedicated research. Yet, this research often features a quantitative approach based on a reified conception of technocracy, resulting in a rationalist and functionalist perspective neglecting the political dimension.
Seasonal frozen soil has significant impacts on changes in soil mechanical properties, settlement, and damage to foundations. In order to study variations in the temperature and horizontal freezing force of loess during three-dimensional freezing, a three-dimensional freezing model test of loess was carried out. This experiment analyzed and studied the soil temperature change distribution ...