essay on natural resources of assam

Essay on Assam

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100 Words Essay on Assam

Introduction.

Assam, a state in northeast India, is known for its wildlife, archaeological sites, and tea plantations. It’s a region of rich biodiversity and vibrant culture.

Assam is surrounded by seven Indian states and shares international borders with Bhutan and Bangladesh. The Brahmaputra River flows through it, providing fertile land.

Assam’s culture is a blend of various communities like Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, and more. Bihu is the most significant festival celebrated here.

Assam’s economy is based on agriculture, oil, tea, and tourism. The state is the largest tea producer in India.

Assam is home to several wildlife sanctuaries and national parks, including Kaziranga and Manas, both UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

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250 Words Essay on Assam

Assam, a jewel in the crown of Northeast India, is a diverse and culturally rich state. Its geographical location, unique biodiversity, and varied culture make it a fascinating study.

Geographical Significance

Assam is nestled in the lap of the eastern Himalayas, bounded by Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh to the north, Nagaland and Manipur to the east, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram to the south, and Bangladesh and West Bengal to the west. The state is enriched by the mighty Brahmaputra river, contributing significantly to its fertile plains.

Biodiversity and Environment

Assam is renowned for its rich biodiversity. It houses two of India’s biodiversity hotspots, Kaziranga and Manas National Parks, both UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The state is also home to the one-horned rhinoceros, a species endemic to the region, symbolizing Assam’s biodiversity richness.

Cultural Diversity

Assam’s cultural landscape is as diverse as its geographical and biological features. It is a melting pot of various ethnic groups, each with its distinct traditions, languages, and cuisines. The Assamese New Year, Bihu, manifests this cultural diversity through music, dance, and food.

Assam’s economy is primarily agrarian, with tea and silk being significant contributors. Assam produces over half of India’s tea, making it a key player in the global tea industry. The state is also famous for its Assam Silk, particularly Muga, known for its durability and golden hue.

In essence, Assam is a microcosm of India’s diversity and cultural richness. Its geographical uniqueness, biodiversity, cultural vibrancy, and economic potential make it a compelling area of study, offering profound insights into India’s Northeastern frontier.

500 Words Essay on Assam

Assam, a northeastern state of India, is renowned for its rich biodiversity, cultural heritage, and historical significance. It is bordered by Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh to the north, Nagaland and Manipur to the east, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram, and Bangladesh to the south, and West Bengal to the west.

Geographical Features

Assam is characterized by the majestic Brahmaputra River, which is the lifeline of the state, providing both water resources and fertile soil for agriculture. The state’s topography is defined by the Barail hill range and the North Cachar Hills. Assam is also home to the world’s largest river island, Majuli, and Asia’s smallest inhabited riverine island, Umananda.

Biodiversity

Assam’s biodiversity is unparalleled, with several national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. Kaziranga National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage site, shelters two-thirds of the world’s one-horned rhinoceros population. Manas National Park, another UNESCO World Heritage site, is a biodiversity hotspot. These parks and sanctuaries are also home to various other endangered species like Bengal tigers, Asian elephants, and numerous bird species.

Cultural Heritage

Assam’s cultural heritage is a blend of various ethnic groups and tribes, each with its unique traditions, rituals, and festivals. The state is famous for its Bihu dance, a folk dance performed during the Bihu festival. Assam’s music, predominantly Borgeet, and Ankia Naat (a form of one-act play), created by the 15th-century scholar, saint, and cultural icon Srimanta Sankardeva, are significant cultural contributions.

Assam’s economy primarily depends on agriculture, with tea and silk being the most significant contributors. Assam produces more than half of India’s tea and is also known for its unique Muga silk. Additionally, the state has substantial petroleum resources and is home to India’s oldest oil refinery in Digboi.

Challenges and Opportunities

Despite its rich resources, Assam faces numerous challenges. Frequent floods, caused by the Brahmaputra river, lead to significant loss of life and property every year. Similarly, ethnic conflicts and political instability have hindered the state’s development. However, with proper management and strategic planning, these challenges can be turned into opportunities. For instance, the floods can be managed better to recharge groundwater, improve soil fertility, and support fisheries. Similarly, harnessing the state’s rich cultural heritage and biodiversity can boost tourism, creating jobs and supporting the economy.

Assam is a state of immense potential, with its rich natural resources, diverse cultural heritage, and strategic location. However, to fully realize this potential, it is essential to address the challenges it faces and invest in sustainable development. With the right approach, Assam can truly become a jewel in India’s crown.

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Essay on the Natural Resources of Assam

Assam , known as the land of blue hills and red river is a darling of nature. She has lavished upon her abundant natural bounties unseen elsewhere in the country. The state is blessed with rich mineral, water, forest, agricultural and human resources of great potential and value, offering immense possibilities of becoming one of the frontline states of India. The scope of industrialisation, agricultural prosperity and all round economic development are indeed great, if the state’s natural resources are fully tapped and utilised.

Assam is rich in mineral resources. Petroleum, natural gas, coal, and limestone are the state’s principal mineral resources. Among these petroleum is the most important. Oil was first discovered at Digboi as early as 1867. Currently Digboi, Rudrasagar, Narharkatia, Moran, Lakwa, Hugrijan etc. are the leading oilfields of the state. The state’s oil refineries situated at Digboi, Noonmati (Guwahati), Bongaigaon, and Numaligarh not only produce petroleum but also important bye-products such as, crude oil, diesel, kerosene, lubricants, tar, etc.

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The availability of natural gas has helped the state to become the chief supplier of L.P.G (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) to the rest of the Northeastern states. The availability of coal and limestone has been instrumental for the development of cement industry in the state.

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About 25% of the states land area is under forests. Forests in Assam are rich in valuable trees such as, Sal, Simalu, Saral, Segun, Agar, Bossum, Bamboo, Cane, Medicinal herbs, etc. They also supply fruits, fuel and fodder. These forest resources have helped the growth of forest-based industries such as, plywood and paper industries.

Agar oil extracted from Agaru trees is a valuable product highly demanded all over India. The vast forests of the state not only provide employment to thousands of people but also prevent soil erosion, add fertility to the soil, lower down humidity and temperature and bring about abundant rain in the state. The forest-based tourism centres such as Kaziranga National Park and Manas Sanctuary fetch a good deal of income for the state.

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The state produces nearly 55% of the total output of tea in the country. Her main agricultural produces are rice, wheat, pulses, potatoes and maize, while chief cash crops consist of tea, jute, oil seeds, tobacco and sugar cane. Many of these agricultural produces are exported to other parts of India bringing a good deal of revenue to the state. Sericulture made much headway in the state. Silk products such as Muga and Endi’ of Assam are world famous.

Assam is gifted by nature with plenty of rainfall and many swift flowing rivers and streams. Therefore the power potential of the state is immense. It is estimated that in the total water potential of India, Assam alone is capable of providing 28%.

The mighty Brahmaputra and its numerous tributaries have great potential for the generation of hydroelectricity. The existence of numerous rivers has also boosted the growth of fishing and fish-rearing industry in the state.

Although, Assam is blessed with an abundant supply of natural resources, yet she remains one of the industrially backward states of India. The apathy of the state govt., the step-motherly treatment of the central govt., constant political instability in the state, recent spurt in militancy, etc. have primarily been responsible for this state of affairs. Some corrective steps have been taken recently in this direction. But a lot more remains to be done if the state wishes to usher an era of prosperity in the state.

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Information on natural resources of Assam

Assam is rich in natural resources, minerals, forests and water and has vast tracts of fertile land. Detailed information is provided on natural resources of the state such as medicinal plants, minerals, plants, herbs, sericulture, forest resources, mineral resources, etc.

Assam Public Health Engineering Department

Users can get detailed information about the Assam Public Health Engineering Department (APHED). Information on the Rural Water Supply programmes, schemes, sanitary marts, water quality problems and missions etc. is provided. Details of activities carry out by the Department during the natural calamities are also given. Users can access Right to Information (RTI), annual report, contact details, tenders, events and speeches etc.

Website of Assam Project on Forest and Biodiversity Conservation Society

The Assam Project on Forest and Biodiversity Conservation Society was created by the State Government of Assam as a special purpose vehicle registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860. Information about the Society and its functions is provided. Users can also get information about forest types in Assam, Biodiversity of the state, research and development etc.

Open access
Published: 30 June 2016

Changing climate and its impacts on Assam, Northeast India

Debojyoti Das 1

Bandung: Journal of the Global South volume 2 , Article number: 26 ( 2015 ) Cite this article

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A Correction to this article was published on 08 February 2018

This article has been updated

The paper explores climate change induced hydro hazards and its impact on tribal communities in Majuli (largest river island of Brahmaputra River Basin). The island has been experiencing recurrent floods, erosion, and siltation, which has distressed the socio-economic foundation and livelihood of the Mishing—a indigenous community on Northeast India, leading to out migration from the island. The indicators selected to capture the vulnerability of the island to climate change are dependency ratio; occurrence of natural hazards (floods) and coping methods; income of the household; and livelihood diversification. To gather the quantitative and qualitative data on these parameters the methods was designed to conduct both sample survey of households and focus group discussions. The findings reveal that in the selected villages, the dependency ratio is 4 (dependents): 1 (earning member); average income of the household is low i.e. $ 40/month and is declining as compared to last few years because of frequent floods, erosion and siltation that has decreased farm productivity which is the main source of income. The impact of changing climate and heightened flood and erosion risk to farmlands has been forced migration to cities and neighboring urban centers like Jorhar for stable livelihood. Therefore, we propose that a possible way to enhance social resilience to changing climate and vagaries of monsoon (tropical disturbances) is to promote alternative occupation like eco-tourism as (Majuli is the center of Vaisnavism and Satras in Northeast India) and invest in adaptive strategies to mitigate flood by incorporating lay and place-based knowledge of the Mishing community in flood management. Also facilitate community’s participation and awareness towards hydro hazards based on flood proof housing focusing on indigenous knowledge.

Climate change is gaining importance as scientific and socio-economic studies have brought forth substantial evidences (American Meteorological Society 2012 ; Norris et al. 2008 ; Agrawal and Perrin 2008 ; Paavola 2008 ; IPCC 2014 ; UNFCCC 2007 ; Adger and Kelly 1999 ). The impact of climate change is more likely to have an adverse effect in the developing countries due to high dependency on climate sensitive livelihood like rain-fed agriculture, water, and forestry (Moorhead 2009 ). The human development report of 2014 also declared that climate change has limited the choice of an individual and would further erode ‘human freedoms’ (UNDP 2007 ). According to IPCC ( 2007 ) climate change is real and already taking place. The report states that the impacts of climate change and their associated costs will fall disproportionately on developing countries threatening to undermine achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, reduce poverty, and safeguard food security. Climate Change will reduce access to drinking water, affects the health of the poor, will pose a threat to food security. Various researchers have established that larger burden of climate change disproportionately falls in the developing countries of the global south (Agrawal and Perrin 2008 ; Norris et al. 2008 ; Paavola 2008 ; UNFCCC 2007 ; Adger and Kelly 1999 ). Additionally, poor people in developing countries tend to be more vulnerable due to limited opportunities and choices, small land holdings and lack of access to market. Within countries the marginalized groups have limited resources and capacity to adapt and are the most vulnerable (IPCC 2001 ). Climate change policies are crucial for enhancing adaptive capacity of the community.

Institution plays an important role in community’s adaptation to climate change (Berman et al. 2011 ). Various adaptation measures have been under taken across societies to fight the impacts of climate change. One of the most common methods of adaptation is migration. In areas where livelihood choices are limited, decreasing crops yield may lead to out migration. Climate change has been cited as one of the growing drivers of migration across the world (ADB 2012 ). IPCC in its first assessment report has mentioned that by 2050, estimated 150 million people could be displaced due to climate-induced factors like floods, drought on storms (IPCC 1990 ). However, migrations may not be the best methods to adapt to climate change. Various factors like education, health, sanitation, are likely to be affected by migration. Therefore, there is a need for proper adaptation strategies to fight the long-term impacts of climate change.

Both India and Bangladesh face many common challenges. Even as their overlapping geographies allow them to share a climate, with its associated vulnerabilities, their use of common resources like water means that actions in one country can profoundly impact the other. As the impacts of climate change begin to set in, the commonalities in the former will lend greater urgency to the relationship in the latter. As both countries begin to face ever-increasing temperatures and ever more erratic rainfall patterns, they will be forced to find greater common cause in their shared water resources. Majuli River Island in Upper Assam located in the Ganga–Brahmaputra–Meghna (GBM) river basin is the geographic focus of the paper. We will look at a micro region Majuli island as a case study to understand the impact of climate change and glacial ice melt in the Himalayas and Tibet that triggers floods and bank erosion induced displacement of people in the local environment and how communities cope with it in Assam, India.

In Majuli like other parts of South Asia climate change is having disproportionate impact of marginal people particularly the Mishing communities who live and depend on the river island for their livelihood. Majority of the research on Majuli have focused on bank erosion, rainfall pattern, drainage discharge of the Brahmaputra river, geomorphic changes in the river basin and the impact of the 1950 earthquake on settlements and fluvial pattern of the river (Sarma 2014 ). There is hardly any discussion of local knowledge system and resilience of the community to manage natural disasters triggered by global weather change. This paper will make a small beginning in this direction by bringing to the forefront communities adaptation to flood and bank erosion in Majuli River Island focusing on the Mishing community. This is important to understand the human dimension and plight of the local communities and how they evolve resilient strategies to live with floods. The findings of the paper will be of interest to policy makers and experts to design new strategies on how community knowledge can be integrated to policymaking on climate change and disaster risk reduction.

Taking this in perspective, a study was conducted in Majuli Island, located in the river Brahmaputra in India. The following objectives were considered for the study.

What are the strategies adopted by the communities to match the impacts of climate change like flood, erosion and siltation?

Is migration undertaken as an alternative to enhance adaptation to climate change?

What are the plausible options available to the people to enhance the adaptive capacity?

Climate change and migration

Climate change in the developing world is a hindrance in the path of development. Although the basic science of climate change is simple, the causes and likely impacts of climate change on human beings are highly complex (Hepburn and Nicholas, 2009 ). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment report 2007 (AR4) has declared that “Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level” (IPCC 2007 , p. 30). IPCC ( 2007 ) makes it clear that climate change is real and is already taking place. Climate change will have wide-ranging effects on the physical environment as well as on sectors like water resource, agriculture, food security and human health (UNFCCC 2007 ). The fear is that the impacts of climate change in the form of droughts, famines, floods, variability in rainfall, storms, coastal inundation, ecosystem degradation, heat waves, fires and epidemics will undermine the international efforts to combat poverty (HDR 2008 ). Although many areas could experience temperature increases in the region whereas some areas may actually cool under global warming conditions (Houghton et al. 1996 ). Patterns and amounts of precipitation are also likely to change, and it is projected that rainfall will increase in some areas and decrease in others (Houghton et al. 1996 ).

The social and physical impacts of climate change are not uniform or homogenous as the magnitude and direction of climate change across the globe vary and even within the same regions experiencing climate change are likely to vary because some ecosystem, sectors, or social groups are more vulnerable to climate change than others (O’Brien and Leichenko 2000 ). As evident from various literatures (Adger and Kelly 1999 ; UNFCCC 2007 ; Norris et al. 2008 ; Agrawal and Perrin 2008 ; Paavola 2008 ) the impact of climate change will fall disproportionately among the different sections of the population, which is more likely to strike economically developing countries or poor countries even harder. As a consequence natural resource-dependent rural households in developing countries are likely to share a disproportionate burden of the adverse impacts of climate change (Agarwal and Perrin 2008 ).

Recent studies shows that climate change has lead to migration of rural communities in search of better livelihood opportunities. Climate change will increase migration due to factors like warming and drying of some region which will lead to decrease in agriculture productions and high precipitation leading to floods in low lying areas (Shamsuddoha and Chowdhury 2009 ). Climate change will especially lead to forced migration of rural communities in developing countries whose livelihood mainly depends on agriculture (Brown 2008 ). Large numbers of people are displaced every year due to floods and drought in most of the developing countries in Asia and it is likely to increase in the coming years (ADB 2012 ). High rate of poverty, population growth, limited landholding size, limited livelihood opportunities and government policies combined with environmental factors have increased forced migration in the global south. According to a report published by International Organization for Migration (IOM), forced migration increases pressure on urban infrastructure and services, undermine economic growth, increases the risk of conflict thereby leading to low human development among the migrants (Brown 2008 ). Migration due to climate change is likely to evolve into a global crisis (Panda 2015 ). In countries like India and Bangladesh, there are many instances of migration leadings to ethnic tension and conflicts. For example, in Assam the presence of Hindustani people coming from central India and Bihar has caused ethnic tensions and violence in the past. Similarly the perceived threat that people from Bangladesh will immigrate to northeastern part of India due to its low population density once climate change intensifies cyclones, floods and sea level rise in the coastal belt of Bangladesh has raised threats of ethnic clashes and violence in the region. Nonetheless there are both positive as well negative impacts of migration. Positive impacts are in the form of remittances that are likely to boast the economy of the household whereas negative impacts are likely to increase the rate of unemployment, illiteracy and slums in the urban areas. Various human development indicators like education, health, sanitation, access to water, and assets might be missing from the migrant.

The link between migration and poverty is complex and dependent on the specific circumstances in which migration takes place. Migration can both cause and be caused by poverty. Poverty can be alleviated as well as exacerbated by migration. In Kerala, India, for example, migration to the Gulf States has caused wages to rise, reduced unemployment, and improved the economic situation of those left behind (Zacharia et al. 2002 ). In other situations, migration does not lead to economic or social improvement. Research on the impact of labour migration in tribal Western India found that for poorer migrants ‘many years of migration have not led to any long-term increase in assets or any reduction in poverty’. However the study also noted that migration offered poor migrants ‘a short-term means to service debt and avoid the more extreme forms of dependency and bondage’ (Mosse et al. 2002 ).

Therefore, it is important to enhance employment opportunities among rural communities who are likely to face the heat of climate change. Our study will explore whether migration has been undertaken as an alternative ways of adapting to climate change.

Majuli River Island

The study mainly focuses on how climate change may have an impact on the livelihood of the people inhabiting Majuli. It is a river Island located in the midst of the Brahmaputra River in Assam, India and is recognised as one of the largest river Island in the world. The population of the Island is 1.68 lakh (Go 2011 ) with majority of the population belonging to tribal communities namely Mising, Deori, Sonowal Kacharis. The poverty rate of the Island is high with around 21.47 % (District Admistration, Jorhat, India) of people living below poverty line i.e. less than $2 per day. Due to the intrinsic link between poverty and vulnerability (Adger and Kelly 1999 ), poverty has been kept at the centre while assessing community’s vulnerability to any type of changes. The Island has been constantly affected by flood and erosion. Due to continuous erosion the Island is gradually shrinking in the last century (Table 1 ).

The island is vulnerable to flood and bank erosion which has resulted in the shrinking of the land area. More than 90 % of the population is dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. Erosion has been a major problem in the region and every year hectares of agriculture land are eroded along with standing crops. Another problem faced by the people of Majuli is flash flood during the rainy season. Climate change is particularly thought to be adversely affecting the livelihoods in rural locations because of dependence on subsistence agriculture and the vagaries of monsoon rain and unpredictable floods. The impacts of climate change have been felt in the area with continuous shifts in rainfall pattern as well as changes in the temperature. These study mainly focuses on the community’s vulnerability to any type of environmental change mainly climate change and building resilience among the rural communities by enlarging the capability of the people. Pomua, Kumarbari, and Jengrai Chapori are the three villages located in Majuli Island, Jorhat district which were selected as study sites based on the following criteria:

(A) Poor economic conditions: Majority of the population of Majuli are dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. As mentioned earlier, due to constant flooding of the region crops are destroyed leading to high-rise in poverty. (B) Vuloods and erosion: Erosion and flood has been a common problem in the Island. Every year during the time of monsoon due to heavy rainfall fall in the region the area is flooded as well as agriculture land are being eroded making the people vulnerable. (C) Small land holdings of households: Most of the farmers have a small land holding of agricultural land that acts as the prime source of household income.

The research was initiated with identification of research problems followed by a literature review and secondary data collection, based on which villages were selected and schedules were prepared to gather the quantitative and qualitative data. Sample populations were identified to conduct the survey and discussions and data were analyzed and interpreted after aggregation.

The following figure depicts the framework followed (Table 2 ).

Selection of villages for the research study

Kumarbari and Jengrai Chapori are the two villages located in Majuli Islands, Jorhat district which were selected as study sites based on the following criteria:

Poor economic conditions (income).

Vulnerability of the villages to flood and erosion.

Land holdings of households.

Agriculture as the prime source of income.

Preparation of schedules

Schedules were prepared to collect quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data was collected from households through a questionnaire, whereas qualitative data was collected through Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). The questionnaire and the focus group discussion checklist were designed after discussion with a few stakeholders in the village (a NGO called Impact NE, students and community elders who are well informed about the villages.) and secondary data was gathered through literature review.

Questionnaire

The questions in the questionnaire were divided into four categories as follows.

The first section of the questionnaire was intended to gather basic information about the household. It consists of questions on respondent’s name, the social group to which the household belongs their occupation, literacy level, and dependency ratio in the family and agricultural land holdings.

The second section of questionnaire was based on qualitative semi structured questions to gather information on climate change and its impact felt by the respondents. The questions asked were on types of crops cultivated season-wise, changes in rainfall and temperature agricultural pattern and output, incidents and destruction caused by floods, erosion, siltation, adaptation process and migration. The third section of the questionnaire deals with information relating to policies, which includes questions relating to government policies, scheme implementation in the villages etc. This section was prepared based on information gathered from Assam.

Agriculture policy: The last section of the questionnaire was to see the economic status, access to market to sell the agricultural output, the amount of agricultural output sold in the market, and storage for agricultural output of the household.

Sample population: The sample consisted of randomly selected households. Random sample selection is a method, which allows each possible sample to have an equal probability of being picked, and each item in the entire population to have an equal chance of being included in the sample. The household survey was conducted among 30 households in each village.

FGD to collect qualitative data

A FGD checklist was prepared and a facilitator was contacted who informed the people in the village about the discussion to be held. Interaction with the concerned group was held at a convenient time and place, in order to not interfere with the time of their livelihood and daily activities. The discussion was recorded to facilitate recall of important issues and informed consent was taken before organizing the interviews. A survey of the village was done which helped immensely to observe the area with the help of villagers and supervisors to know the surroundings of the villages like fields, farming practices, irrigation facilities, and existing education and health infrastructure. It was very helpful to locate and pinpoint various physical aspects of the villages. The concerns and issues discussed in the FGDs revolved around ownership of cultivable land, agriculture pattern and practices, perception on variation in rainfall and temperature, adaptation mechanism to cope with natural calamities like floods and droughts, migration of youth, participation of women in agriculture and decision-making. In each of the three villages, two FGDs were held, one with the males, and females group, except in Pomua village where one FGD was held with males, and mixed group (males and females). The FGDs were held after a gap of 5–10 days of the survey. The FGD were held with both male and female participants to record their gendered experiences of the vagaries of flood and loss of agricultural land.

Sample population: The affected Mishing community was selected for the FGD, the group comprised of both men and women engaged in agriculture and belonging to lower income group.

Data analysis and drawing interpretation:

Data analysis: The data were analyzed according the land holding of the respondent.

The qualitative information collected through focus group discussion (FGD) are collated and documented as case studies.

Results and interpretations

Tribal communities primarily inhabit the three villages and the random sample selected revealed that all the respondents belonged to Mishing tribe. The results of the household survey are analyzed below. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people represented by 90 % in Kumarbari and 93 % in both Pomua and Jengrai Chapori. A few of them work as government employees. Paddy is the main crop cultivated—Kharif ( Boro Dhaan ) in Monsoon, Rabi ( Sali Dhaan ) in winter, and cash crops like mustard oil, black daal, during autumn etc. During the last few years there has been slight change in agricultural pattern and practices; recently, tractors, and chemical fertilizers (urea) have been introduced in the agriculture fields. But traditional methods of cultivation are still predominant among the villagers. Due to constant occurrences of flood, erosion and siltation in Majuli agriculture production has gone down excessively and agriculture production has no longer been profitable thereby impacting the income of the household from agriculture. Along with destruction of crops, property like houses, cattle, etc. are also washed away due to flood. Most of the farmers in Pomua (43.3 %) Jengrai Chapori (30 %) own 1.0–2.0 ha, and in Kumarbari (40 %) own relatively smaller landholding, i.e. 0.5–1.0 ha. Crops are cultivated in three seasons, summer, winter and autumn by the entire sample population. Paddy is the main crop cultivated during summer ( boro dhaan ) and winter ( Sali dhaan ) season; and cash crops like mustard and pulses (black daal) are grown in autumn season.

Rainwater is the major source of irrigation in all the three villages and a very small number of households depend on water pump (summer season: Pomua and Jengrai Chapori—3 ha each, and Kumarbari—7 ha out of which 3 ha own above 2 ha of land). Rainwater is the only source of irrigation for crops grown in winter ( Sali dhaan ) and season (cash crops). Water demand is relatively higher in summers; therefore, there are a few households, which depend on water pump. The overall perception on the impact of the change in rainfall on the agriculture output is that the produce has decreased with the variation in the rainfall, hence leading to a decrease in their income from agriculture.

All the respondents witnessed the loss of property and crops as a result of floods in the villages; they confirmed the occurrence of major floods in 1998, 2007, 2008 and 2013. In addition, they have experienced erosion and siltation of their agriculture land to a large extent; least impact was in Jengrai Chapori (41 %) and most was in Kumarbari (63 %), in Pomua, on an average 54 % of the respondents are affected by erosion and siltation. Flooding, erosion and siltation hampers the growth in agriculture output in turn impacting the income of the household from agriculture.

Therefore, employment opportunity diversification is central to raise their economic status and enhance their adaptive capacity. Although the literacy rate of Majuli is 73.92 % but the number of people attaining higher education is very low. As a result of these the chances of getting employment is very low thereby forcing people to go for unskilled jobs. As education plays an important role in building the capability of the people, therefore education of the people in the Island is crucial. Highest number of literate respondents was in Pomua (93.3 %) village followed by Kumarbari (83.3 %) and Jengrai Chapori (80 %), respectively.

The damages caused by floods and bank erosion is some times irreversible for example the loss of cropland to the river and salt deposition over farmland when the flood water enters the farmers field through embankment breaches and leaves a heavy silt deposit. Over the past 10 years nearly 30 % of the household income is lost due to erratic rainfall and floods. Most of the respondents particularly male observed that silt deposition is a major threat to their farmland besides loss of cultivable land to the river. These hazards compel households to migrate for alterative livelihood opportunities in the cities. Female members are less mobile unlike man and have to stay in the village to look after their children’s and elderly people in the family. They depend on the money send by their husbands and male family members working outside the village.

Result of focus group discussion

Communities living in Majuli cultivate a variety of crops. The annual crop cycle follows the monsoon— Kharif ( Boro Dhaan ) in summer, Rabi ( Sali Dhaan ) in winter, and cash crops like mustard oil, black gram is grown during autumn. During the last few years there has been a slight change in agricultural practices—tractors and chemical fertilizers like urea have been introduced to the farmers field to improve yield per hectare and to make agriculture more productive and linked to market. But traditional methods of cultivation are still predominant among the villagers. Tractors are rented from larger landowners at the rate of Rs. 150 per bigha .

Rainfall has decreased as compared to a few years back. It is also observed that the rainfall generally does not occur timely as it used to be earlier. As a result of this agricultural production has decreased compared to last few years. The focus group discussions also revealed that lots of dust occurs due to less rainfall during winter seasons. Another problem faced by the people of this village is the frequent floods during monsoon months. Major flood occurred in this village during 1998, 2006, 2007, and 2008. There has been huge amount of loss and destruction caused by these floods (Please see Table 3 ). During floods people face problems of sanitation, health etc. The Mishing tribes live in chang ghars (stilt house), which are made of locally available bamboo to live with rising flood water as there households are located close to the swamps and ponds locally known as ( beel ). This method of adaptation has been integrated in the design of the houses built in Mishing villages.

The interviewed groups expressed that the summers are getting warmer and winters are becoming cooler, compared to the previous years. Vector borne diseases like diarrhea, dysentery and jaundice are widespread in the village during summer. Migration has been another major concern faced by the people. People migrate to different states like Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and other parts of Assam to seek employment opportunities as semiskilled laborers in factories and as security guards. The main reasons for migration are lack of adequate employment opportunities in the village as agriculture is the main source of income. Decline in agriculture output and the vulnerability of livelihood to frequent flood and bank erosion is pushing inhabitants to seek seasonal employment outside the island. The government schemes implemented in this village include tractors, agricultural inputs like seed, fertilizers and pesticides, power tiller, 5 hp diesel pump set, 10 hp diesel power thresher for paddy, hand held sprayers are distributed to households having Kisan Credit Card (KCC). The interviewed group expressed that majority of the people don’t receive government schemes. Households with high income and political patronage benefit from these schemes and not the intended relatively poorer families.

Women shares equal rights as that of men. Women are active counterparts of men in agriculture related activities. They help the male counterparts in the field and in processing of agriculture output like trashing paddy, besides doing the household chores. They also share equal responsibility as men in decision-making process. Overall, the impact of climate change (change in rainfall and temperature) has been significant on the lives of the people. Number of people living below poverty line has risen, migration has taken place and more incidences of water related diseases have been reported by two interviews representing Impact NE (a local NGO) present in the group discussion and there has been a overall decrease in agricultural output in the village.

Adaptation strategies

The adaptation processes includes people moving to high areas during flood and generally live in stilt houses ( chang ghars ), which is a process of adaptation they have learned to live with floods. They also grow water resistant paddy in areas that are perennially inundated. The choice of crop cultivation and identification of worst areas affected by flood is based on their place based tacit knowledge. However, these responses are at risk due to the increase in the vagaries of monsoon and flash flood triggered by ice melt in the Himalayas during the pre monsoon season due to rising temperature over the past few years in northern India. All the respondents also mentioned that there is provision of government aid when natural calamities like drought and floods occur in the villages. Migrations have been considered as an alternative way of adaptation to increased floods. To adapt to flood and erosion people mostly youths are migrating to other places within and outside the state in search of employment. They mostly work as security guards, rickshaw pullers etc. in the urban areas. Migration has been a major problem for the people of Majuli as the workforce has been gradually decreasing in the Island. Most of the youth migrate to states like Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra to find employment opportunities as semi-skilled laborers in factories and as security guards.

All the respondents revealed that migration is prevalent in the village because of the lack of job opportunities, better employment elsewhere, poverty and vulnerability of agriculture to frequent flood and bank erosion.

Our research in Majuli has come out with the following revelation. Firstly, the average number of dependents in the family is four and the number of earning member is one, which is relatively high and requires more resources for subsistence. Secondly, the employment diversification in the village is low as majority of the population is dependent on agriculture (90–93 % of population whose primary occupation is agriculture). Thirdly, Lack of employment opportunities in the region has resulted in a very high rate of migration (100 %) to other states. Most of the sample population (83 % in Jengrai Chapori and 80 % in Kumarbari) earn below Rs 2500/-per month as the income, which is primarily from agriculture and there is an overall response that the income is declining as a result of the changes in rainfall (80 % in Pomua, 60 % in Jengrai Chapori, and 100 % in Kumarbari).

Furthermore, the government schemes implemented in these villages are benefiting a very small section, and the beneficiaries are not the poorest households, the perception revealed in the FGD is that benefits are accrued by the households, which have association with the concerned authority. A combined impact of these changes is increasing poverty in the villages, which would weaken the adaptation capacity, and further result in more vulnerability to climate change. Therefore, the concern raised was that employment opportunity diversification is central to raise their economic status and enhance their adaptive capacity.

Majuli river island is vulnerable to climate change as it experiences frequent floods, which induce erosion and siltation. In addition, climate change is taking a toll on the health and well being of the inhabitants as there is a serious problem of water related vector borne diseases. The vulnerability of the population to climate change is high as the adaptation capacity of the village is declining in light of uncertain flooding that disturbs their crop cycle and annual crop calendar. This is reflected in the flood damage data produced by the Brahamapura Board, a nodal agency established by the government of India in the 1980's to manage flood and erosion in the Brahmaputra river basin (see Table 2 ).

To live with floods the Mishing families lives in chang ghars (stilt house) that are made of locally available bamboo; when the damage induced by the floods is greater they move to higher lands. This has been passed down from generation and does not prevent them from flood damages to their cropland and livestock. Therefore their vulnerability to floods will persist.

While seasonal migration acts a safety valve to the imminent hydro hazards induced livelihood crisis, the real solution lies in finding solution through the use of community’s indigenous ecological knowledge that would enhance their per capita income through participation in other activities that are not dependent on land alone. The promotion of cultural tourism can be one of them. Majuli has been nominated twice as a Cultural Landscape for the UNESCO’S World Heritage Site (2012). Its unique Vaisnavait satra culture ( namghars ) attracts tourist from all over the world. The rich cultural tradition of drama, folk music and monasteries own Assamese literary and philosophical texts (locally known as burunjis ) are of unique interest to promote cultural tourism. The need of the hour is to promote tourism sensibly—by highlighting the tangible and intangible heritage of the island—so that the local communities can economically support themselves by engaged in eco-tourism work such as working as tour guides, restaurant owners, boat owners, lodgers and story tellers. They can earn additional income and compensate the loss caused by flood and bank erosion. Similarly institutions like the Brahmaputra Board and policy makers working on natural disaster management as well as the epistemic community should encourage the incorporation of place based knowledge of the community to be intergrade to mainstream flood management planning. The place-based knowledge of the community has historically developed to cope with growing uncertainty with floods. However, due to the erratic nature of floods and cloud burst induced flash floods during the pre-monsoon season farmers crop calendar has been readjusted. The state agriculture department can help the community by incorporating their local understanding of farming in their agriculture improvement programmes.

Therefore the approach to climate change mitigation and disaster risk reduction should be visualised around local knowledge through the engagement of the communities and civil society groups that could work as facilitators in promoting sustainable livelihood. Climate Change can be combatted by developing alternative livelihood opportunities for the community through community driven development programmes and by incorporating local knowledge in disaster management.

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The Editor-in-Chief is issuing an editorial expression of concern to alert readers that an allegation of plagiarism has been brought with respect to this article (Das 2016). We have submitted the allegation to the institution where the author was affiliated when the article was written and requested an investigation. The author does not agree with this notice.

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Agriculture
Majuli Island
Mising tribes

Natural Resources of Asssam Essay Example

Pages: 5 (1369 words)
Published: December 7, 2016
Type: Article

Assam, the largest state in northeastern India, serves as the gateway to the rest of the region. It presents ample opportunities for exploration and is dedicated to creating an investment-friendly environment with support from both Central and State Governments. Industrial units within Assam receive subsidies and incentives. Moreover, the Central Government allocates 10% of the Union Development Budget specifically for promoting development in Northeast India. The state of Assam boasts abundant natural resources such as minerals, forests, water bodies, and vast fertile land.

Assam's economy relies heavily on agriculture, with 74% of its population engaged in farming and related activities. The region focuses on cultivating crops like paddy, wheat, and tea plantations. In addition to agriculture, Assam is rich in mineral resources, particularly oil, which was discovered more than a century ago. The Digboi oil well and o

ther areas in Assam are significant sources of fuel not only for the North-East but also for the entire nation. The economy of Assam can be categorized into three sectors: primary (agriculture, mining), secondary (manufacturing), and tertiary (services such as electricity, water supply, trade, finance, banking, telecommunication).

Assam is renowned for its abundant hills and forests, which are inhabited by a wide array of medicinal herbs and plants. Examples of these include Sarpagandha (rauvolfia serpentine Benth. ex. Kur), Pippali (Piper longam Linn), Amlakhi (Emblica Officinalis Gaertn), Hilikha (Terinalia Chebula Retz.), Bhomora (Terminalia belerica), and Arjuna (Terminalia arjuna Wight ; Arn.). The state boasts approximately 300 different types of medicinal herbs and plants, with the Brahmaputra valley alone housing 150 varieties that hold significant commercial value.

Assam, with its agrarian economy and

workforce of about 77% involved in agriculture, has only tapped into a small percentage (around 5-10%) of the potential plants and herbs available. This sector contributes approximately 40% to the state's GDP, utilizing around 40% of the total land for cultivation. Among Assam's unique products is the Assam Lemon, rich in Vitamin C (10 mg), as well as Vitamin B (0.02 mg) and Niacin (0.1) per 100 gm. The peel of this lemon variety contains about 0.8% extractable oil content, making it suitable for use in the cosmetic industry.

Hatkora, an exclusive export item from the citrus family, is used for tenderizing meat and enhancing flavor in culinary dishes. Assam is home to over 600 out of the 925 varieties of orchids available in India, with around 200 unique varieties found in the region, of which 60% are ornamental. Joha Rice, an aromatic rice grown in the region, has a quality comparable to popular aromatic rice worldwide. Bhut Jalakia, also known as Capsicum Chinensis Jacq., is the hottest chili on earth with a Scovelli Heat Unit (SHG) of 10,41,047. Additionally, the climate and general environment of Assam are well suited for sericulture.

The state cultivates traditional varieties of silk such as eri, muga, and mulberry. The local silk weaving industry uses muga silk, known for its fine sheen and golden color, which has led to the growth of the muga culture. It also provides opportunities in silk processing and spinning units. Moreover, the favorable agro-climatic conditions support the cultivation of various horticultural crops including plantation crops, fruits, vegetables, flowers, spices, medicinal and aromatic plants, nut crops and tuber crops.

The majority

of horticulture products in Assam are organic, with farmers relying on traditional organic farming methods and using minimal Chemical Fertilizers. Assam is renowned for its wide selection of Orchids, boasting over 600 different types, including 200 unique varieties. Out of these orchids, 60% possess ornamental characteristics. Furthermore, Assam showcases a diverse range of aromatic plants like Citronella (Cymbopogan flexuosus Steud Wats), Lemon Grass, Patchouli (Pogostemon cabiln Benth.), and Agar (Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.). Currently, most extracted oils from these plants are sold in their crude form. Additionally, Assam possesses abundant forest resources.

Assam, known for its significant forest cover accounting for approximately 25% of its land area, possesses reserved forests that benefit from ample rainfall. These forests serve as a reserve for valuable resources such as timber, bamboo, stone, and cane. Bamboo, recognized globally as the finest natural engineering material, holds great importance. The Government of Assam aims to promote bamboo as a substitute for wood and establish it as the primary timber choice in the 21st century.

The northeastern region of India where Assam is located holds 64% of India's bamboo growing stock and contributes to 20% of the world's supply. Annually, this region harvests bamboo worth 500 billion rupees. It is noteworthy that wood consumption in India is increasing at a rate of 10% each year.

As an alternative to wood, Assam possesses abundant mineral resources that can be widely utilized in construction, scaffolding, and furniture. These resources consist of Coal (320 Mn. T.), Limestone (703 Mn. T.), Iron Ore (11 Mn. T), Granite (1 Bn. Cu. Mtrs), as well as Fireclay, Lithomarge, Fuller's Earth, Sillimanite, and Glass Sand. However, the

coal in Assam contains high levels of sulphur and volatile matter which diminishes its cokeability. Conversely, limestone is another valuable resource with reserves of approximately 500 million tonnes accessible in various grades.

The Karbi-Anglong district has a valuable resource in the form of China clay, which is essential for the ceramics industry. This has led to the establishment of a few small plants. There are also abundant deposits of decorative stone such as granite, with an estimated volume of over one billion cubic meters, available in various shades and colors. These stones have a significant potential market both locally and internationally. There are several opportunities in the mineral industry, including Gasification & Liquefaction of Coal, De-Sulphurisation of Coal, Coal based Power Plant, Coal Bed Methane (CBM) Extraction, Exploration of Oil & Natural Gas, and HDPE / LLDPE / Polypropylene based industries. The overall focus is on energy, oil, and gas-based industries.Assam possesses approximately 1.3 billion tonnes of proven crude oil and 156 billion cu. mt of natural gas reserves, making it a significant contributor to India's crude output. Notably, the wells located at Digboi, Duliajan, Sivasagar, and other areas also contribute to around 50% of India's onshore natural gas production. The region boasts multiple refineries with varying capacities: Digboi Refinery (0.65 MMTPA), Guwahati Refinery (1.00 MMTPA), Numaligarh Refinery (3.00 MMTPA), and Bongaigaon Refinery & Petrochemicals Ltd. (2.5 MMTPA). Additionally, the Assam Gas Cracker Plant is under development, with an expected production capacity of 220,000 TPA for HDPE/LLDPE and 60,000 TPA for Polypropelene. Over the past four years, private sector/JV companies have made approximately 32 significant hydrocarbon discoveries in the region.

Assam also attracts tourists from various walks

of life due to its abundant natural beauty. From nature lovers and wildlife enthusiasts to sightseers, ornithologists, and photographers, the region offers a diverse range of attractions including lush green forests, wildlife sanctuaries, pilgrimage spots, and tea gardens. Assam truly caters to the preferences of various types of tourists, from leisure seekers to adventure enthusiasts.

The tourism industry is expected to experience significant growth with the removal of the Restricted Area Permit (RAP). There are numerous opportunities in various sectors, including Accommodation Projects (such as Hotels, Motels, Lodges, and Resorts), Food Oriented Projects (including Restaurants, Cafeterias, and Wayside Amenities), and Service Oriented Projects (such as Travel Agencies, Tour Operators, and Training Institutes). Additionally, Ropeways and amusement parks have potential for development. Some of the state's popular tourist destinations consist of Kaziranga, Manas, Orang, Sonai, Rupai,L aokhowa,Pobitora,and Dibru-Chaikhowa Wildlife Sanctuaries.

Scenic Beauty: Chandubi, Bhairabkunda, Daranga, Bhalukpung, Haflong. Pilgrimage: Guwahati, Hajo, Majuli, Batadrawa. Golf courses with air strips: Narengi, Borsola, East Boraoi and 21 others. Manpower availability and skills: Assam has a large number of educational institutions. A significant portion of the population in the major towns, aged between 15 and 25, are computer literate.

Assam has several educational institutions, with a significant portion of its population having a literacy rate of 52.89%. The region's female literacy rate surpasses the national average at 43.3%. Assam is home to four universities and one agricultural university, as well as three medical colleges and one specializing in aquaculture. When it comes to technical education, the state boasts four engineering colleges, including the renowned Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), along with 23 vocational training institutes (ITI), eight polytechnics, and one

junior technical school. Nonetheless, there is an observable disparity between the national average and Assam's statistics for technical education. Consequently, initiatives are underway to bridge this gap and achieve the national average by the end of the IXth Plan.

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অসমৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সম্পদ ৰচনা | Essay on Natural Resources of Assam

অসমৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সম্পদ

আৰম্ভণিঃ প্ৰকৃতিৰ বুকুৰ পৰা যিবােৰ সামগ্ৰী আহৰণ কৰি, অথবা প্ৰকৃতিৰ অনুগ্ৰহত গঢ়ি উঠা যিবােৰ সম্পদ বা সামগ্ৰী মানুহৰ কামত লগােৱা হয় সেইবােৰকেই চমুকৈ প্ৰাকৃতিক সম্পদ বােলা হয়। প্ৰাকৃতিক সম্পদসমূহ মানুহে নগঢ়ে, প্ৰকৃতিৰ বুকুত সেইবােৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক কাৰণতেই ঘূপ খাই থাকে অথবা প্ৰকৃতিৰ উপৰিভাগত নিজে নিজেই সেই একে কাৰণতেই গঢ় লৈ উঠে। অসম প্ৰাকৃতিক সম্পদেৰে এখন চহকী ৰাজ্য। ইয়াৰ ভৌগােলিক অবস্থান অতি বৈচিত্ৰ্যপূৰ্ণ। এই ৰাজ্য সমভূমি, মালভূমি, পৰ্বত-পাহাৰ, নদ-নদী, উপত্যকা, খাল-বিল, হাবি-জংগলেৰে পৰিপূৰ্ণ। অসমৰ গৰ্ভ খনিজ তেল, কয়লা, লোৰ আঁকৰ আদিৰেও পূৰ হৈ আছে। গতিকে সকলাে প্ৰকাৰৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সম্পদেই কম-বেছি পৰিমাণে অসমত পােৱা যায়।

প্ৰাকৃতিক সম্পদসমূহঃ অসমৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সম্পসমূহক ঘাইকৈ চাৰি শ্ৰেণীত ভাগ কৰি আলোচনা কৰিব পৰা যায়—

(ক) খনিজ সম্পদঃ খনিজ সম্পদৰ ভিতৰত খনিজ তেল, চূণশিল, চিমেন্ট, কয়লা, লাে, সীহ আদিৰ আকৰ, সােণৰ চেকুৰা আদি উল্লেখযােগ্য। খনিজ তেলত অসম অতি চহকী। অসমৰ সমগ্ৰ ভূগৰ্ভ আগুবি এই তেল আছে বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা হৈছে। অসমৰ বিভিন্ন ঠাইত ন ন তেলৰ পুং আৱিষ্কৃত হ’ব লাগিছে। ইতিমধ্যে ডিগহৈ, নাহৰকটীয়া, মৰাণ, লাকোৱা, হুগ্ৰীজান, গেলেকী, ৰুদ্ৰসাগৰ আদি ঠাইত খনিজ তেলৰ পুং আবিষ্কৃত। হৈছে। সমগ্ৰ ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ উপত্যকাতে প্ৰচুৰ পৰিমাণৰ তেল সঞ্চিত হৈ আছে বুলি বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে ঠাৱৰ কৰিছে। এই খনিজ তেল শােধন কৰিবলৈকে ডিগবৈ, নুনমাটি, বঙাইগাঁও আৰু অসমৰ বাহিৰতাে শােধনাগৰ স্থাপিত হৈছে।

এই উদ্দেশ্যে, নুমলীগড়তে শশাধনাগাৰ নিৰ্মাণ হৈছে। খনিজ তেলৰ পৰা কেৰাচিন, পেট্ৰ’ল, স্পিৰিট, মবিল, মম, ৰুন্ধন গেছ আদি উৎপাদিত হৈছে। এইদৰে বৰ্তমান মানুহৰ দৈনন্দিন ব্যৱহৃত সামগ্ৰী উৎপাদন হােৱাৰ উপৰিও ইয়াত হাজাৰ হাজাৰ মানুহে নিযুক্তি লাভ কৰিব পাৰিছে। আৰ্থিকভাৱে ৰাজ্যখনক ভালেখিনি সকাহ দিব পাৰিছে। তাৰােপৰি ইয়াৰ গইনা লৈ অন্যান্য উদ্যোগ আৰু ব্যৱসায় প্ৰতিষ্ঠান গঢ়ি উঠিছে।বঙাইগাঁওত পেট্ৰ’কেমিকেল কমপ্লেক্স, দুলীয়াজানত তেল আৰু প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছ আয়ােগৰ কেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপিত হৈছে। লিড়, মাৰ্ঘেৰিটা, বৰগােলাই, টিপং, মাকুম আদি অঞ্চলত কয়লা খনি আছে। কয়লাৰ পৰা আলকাতৰা, নানাবিধ সুগন্ধি মচলা, ৰং আৰু চেকৰিণ তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়।

গাড়ী-মটৰ, যানবাহন, উদ্যোগ আদিত কয়লাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ মন কৰিবলগীয়া। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থনৈতিক দিশটোও উন্নত। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও কোনাে কোনাে ঠাইত লােৰ আঁকৰ, সােৱণশিৰি নৈৰ বালিত, গাৱালপাৰাৰ পাহাৰ অঞ্চলত সােণৰ চেকৰা পােৱা যায়। অসমৰ পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত লিমিনাইট আৰু গুৱাহাটীৰ আশে পাশে তামৰ খনি থকাৰাে সন্ধান পােৱা গৈছে। চণশিলৰৰ সন্ধান পােৱা গৈছে। বােকাজানত চিমেন্ট কাৰখানা স্থাপিত হৈছে। অন্যান্য কিছুমান ঠাইতাে চিমেন্ট তৈয়াৰ হৈছে।

(খ) বনজ সম্পদঃ বনজ সম্পদৰ ভিতৰত অসমৰ হাবি-বননি, পাহাৰ আদিত পােৱা বিবিধ গছ-গছনি, কাঠ-বাঁহ, জীৱ-জন্তু, পক্ষী আৰু শিল আদি। আগতে অসমৰ সমতল ভূমিৰ অধিক অংশই আৰু পাহৰুৱা অঞ্চলসমূহাে হাবি-জংগলেৰে ভৰা আছিল। সেইবােৰত স্বাভাৱিকভাৱেই গজিছিল অতি মূল্যৱান শাল, সােণাৰু, নাহৰ, আজাৰ, কৰৈ, গমাৰি, বনচোম, তিতাচপা, চেগুণ, শিলিখা, শিমলু, গন্ধসৰৈ, অগৰু, চন্দন, পমা অনেকবিধ গছ-গছনি। কিন্তু অসমত বাহিৰা লােকৰ প্ৰব্ৰজন ঘটাত ঘৰ বান্ধি থাকিবলৈ, খেতি-বাতি কৰিবলৈ হাবি-জংগল, গছ-গছনি কাটি খাস্তাং কৰিলে। বৰ্তমান বনবিভাগ বুলি চৰকাৰী বিভাগ এটা খুলি এইবােৰৰ কিছু ঠাই সংৰক্ষণ কৰি তাত গছ-গছনি ৰুইছে; গছ-গছনি কাটি টকলা কৰা পাহাৰবােৰতাে গছ-গছনি ৰুইছে।

হাবি-জংগল, গছ-গছনি কটাৰ ফলত অসমৰ জলবায়ুৱেই সলনি হৈ গৈছে। বৰষুণৰ পৰিমাণ কমিছে। ইয়াত থকা জন্তু-জানোেৱাৰ, পক্ষীয়ে থাকিবলৈ ঠাই নাপাই হয় আন ঠাইলৈ গুচি গৈছে, নতুবা গাঁৱে-ভূঞে, চহৰে সােমােৱাৰ ফলত মানুহৰ হাতত নিধন হৈছে। ঘৰ আৰু দলং আদি সজা আৰু মানুহৰ প্ৰয়ােজনীয় বিভিন্ন সা-সৰঞ্জাম, সজুলি, আদি তৈয়াৰ কৰাৰ বাবে কাঠ-বাঁহ আদি হ’ল অমূল্য সম্পদ। ভাৰতৰ বিভিন্ন ঠাইলৈ মূল্যৱান কাঠ ৰপ্তানি কৰাৰ উপৰিও ৰেলৱে বিভাগে শালগছসমূহ ৰে’লৰ চিৰিৰ তলত শ্লিপাৰ হিচাপেও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি আহিছে। হাবিত পােৱা খেৰ, বতা, খৰি আদিৰ চাহিদা প্ৰচুৰ। শিমলু কাঠৰ পৰা জুইশলা তৈয়াৰ কৰিছে। বৰ্তমান থকাতকৈ জুইশলা নিৰ্মাণ আৰু কাগজ-কল স্থাপনৰ অধিক সম্ভাৱনা অসমত আছে। অসম বিখ্যাত ইয়াৰ হাবিত থকা এশিঙীয়া গঁড়ৰ বাবে।

তাৰােপৰি হাতী, ম’হ, বাঘ, নাৰকমৰ পহু, গাহৰি, ভালুক, বান্দৰ আদি অনেক জীৱ-জন্তু ইয়াৰ হাবিত থাকে। ধনেশ ম’ৰা, হাঁহ, কাউৰী, মইনা, ভাটৌ, টিয়া, শগুণ, হাড়গিলা, কুলি, কেতেকী, শালিকা অলেখ পক্ষী অসমৰ হাবিৰ গছ-গছনিত বাস কৰে। এই জীৱ-জন্তুসমূহ অসমৰ পদ। ইয়াৰ হাবিত অনেক মৌ বাহাে পােৱা যায়। ফল-মূলাে পােৱা যায়।পাহাৰত পােৱা, নদীবােৰত উটি অহা শিল-বালিসমূহকো বনজ সম্পদৰ ভিতৰত ধৰা হয়। শিল-বালিৰ চাহিদা বৰ্তমান সময়ত অতি বেছি। এইবােৰ ৰাস্তা-পদূলি, ঘৰ, দলং আদি নিৰ্মাণত বহুলভাৱে ব্যৱহৃত হৈছে।

(গ) জলজ সম্পদঃ পানীও মানুহৰ অতি মূল্যবান সম্পদ। আনহাতে ইয়াত থকা মাছকাছ আদিও মানুহৰ প্ৰয়ােজনীয় খাদ্য। অসমৰ মাজেৰে ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ আৰু সুৰমা নদী বৈ যােৱাৰ উপৰিও ইয়াত অনেক অন্যান্য নদী-উপনদীও আছে। ইয়াৰ পানী খােৱাৰ উপৰিও জলসিঞ্চনৰ ব্যৱস্থাৰে খেতি পথাৰত দিয়া আৰু বিজুলী শক্তি উৎপাদনৰ কামতাে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে। নদনদী, উপনৈ, বিল-খাল আদিত পােৱা মাছ-কাছৰ ব্যৱসায় কৰিয়েই অনেক লোকে জীৱিকা চলাইছে। আনহাতে নিজাকৈ অনেক লােকে মাছ পুহিবলৈ লৈ আৰ্থিকভাৱে লাভৱান হৈছে।

(ঘ) কৃষিজ সম্পদঃ অসম এখন কৃষিপ্ৰধান ৰাজ্য। ইয়াত মানুহে কৰা বিবিধ খেতিৰ উপৰিও প্ৰকৃতিৰ বুকুত অনেক খাদ্য-সামগ্ৰী পােৱা যায়। চাহ আৰু অনেক ফল-মূল আগতে প্ৰকৃতিবেই দান আছিল।বৰ্তমান অৱশ্যে এইবােৰৰ খেতি মানুহে উন্নত ধৰণে কৰিবলৈ লৈছে। মানুহে ধান মাহকে ভিতৰ কৰি সকলােবােৰ খেতি কৰে যদিও পানীৰ কাৰণে, জলবায়ুৰ কাৰণে প্ৰকৃতিৰ ওপৰতেই বেছিভাগ নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। সেই কাৰণেই অসমৰ কৃষিক প্ৰাকৃতিক সম্পদৰ ভিতৰত ধৰিব পৰা যায়।

সম্পদসমূহৰ পৰা পােৱা উপকাৰঃ এই সম্পদসমূহ মানুহৰ জীৱনৰ এৰাব নােৱৰা সম্পদ। জীৱন নিৰ্বাহ কৰিবলৈ, বিভিন্ন প্ৰয়ােজন পূৰাবলৈ এই সম্পদসমূহ অসমৰ বাবে অমূল্য সম্পদ। ইয়াৰ সম্পদসমূহৰ দ্বাৰা বিভিন্ন উদ্যোগ, কাৰ্যালয় আৰু তান্যান্য কামত অনেক অসমীয়া মানুহে কৰ্ম সংস্থান পােৱাৰ উপৰিও ৰাজ্য চৰকাৰৰ আৰু ব্যক্তিগতভাবেও আৰ্থিক লাভৱান হৈছে।

সামৰণিঃ অসমৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সম্পদসমূহ উচিতভাৰে সংৰক্ষণ কৰিব আৰু কামত লগাব পাৰিলে ইয়াৰ প্ৰচুৰ পৰিমাণে উদ্যোগ গঢ়ি উঠিব। অসমৰ ভয়াবহ নিবনুৱা সমস্যা আৰু অশান্ত পৰিৱেশৰ মােকামিলা কৰিবলৈ এই উদ্যোগসমূহেই মুখ্য ভূমিকা ল’ব পাৰিব। অসম অধিক লাভৱান হ’ব।

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Bellal Hossain Mondal

নাৰী শিক্ষা আৰু ইয়াৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তা ৰচনা | Women’s Education and Its Needs Essay in Assamese

মোৰ প্ৰিয় গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা – চিৰাজ | mor priya grantha chiraj essay, অসমৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক তথা বনজ সম্পদ ৰচনা | natural and forest resources of assam essay.

মহাত্মা গান্ধী ৰচনা | Mahatma Gandhi Essay in Assamese

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✍️Essay on Natural Resources: Samples in 100, 150 and 200 Words

Updated on
Nov 2, 2023

Wondering about how the resources provided by our planet Earth are depleting? Well, that’s true. We have come to the stage where we should start working towards saving our planet. We humans have used our resources in a humongous quantity. Therefore, it’s time we start working towards saving our planet for our future generations. Today we will provide you with a few samples of essay on natural resources which will help you write on this topic easily.

Table of Contents

1 What are Natural Resources?
2 Types of Natural Resources
3 Essay on Natural Resources in 100 Words
4 Essay on Natural Resources in 150 Words
5 Essay on Natural Resources in 200 Words

What are Natural Resources?

Natural Resources are resources which are present in nature independent of human actions.

These are the resources that are created naturally by the environment, without any help from humans. Soil, stone, sunlight, air, plants, animals, fossil fuels, etc. are all natural resources.

In simple language, natural resources are naturally occurring materials which are useful to humankind. They can also be useful in a variety of ways such as in technological, economic or social contexts. These resources include building, clothing materials, food, water, fertilisers and geothermal energy. Natural resources were traditionally within the purview of the natural sciences.

Also Read: Essay on Save Environment: Samples in 100, 200, 300 Words

Types of Natural Resources

Speaking of the type of natural resources, there are mainly two types of natural resources. These include Renewable and Non-renewable resources.

Renewable Resources: These are those resources which are endlessly available to humans for several uses. These resources are trees, wind, and water.

Non-Renewable Resources: These resources are available to humans in infinite quantities as they are not renewable and their supply may eventually run out. Minerals and fossil fuels are a few examples.

Also Read: Essay on the Importance of the English Language for Students

Essay on Natural Resources in 100 Words

Natural resources are parts of the natural world that are useful to humans. Renewable resources are those that can be swiftly replenished, these include soil, water, and air., Non-renewable resources are those that need time to recover, such as minerals, oil, natural gas, etc.

One should note that the survival of all life on Earth depends on natural resources. However, the usage of natural resources in excess use can cause ecosystem disruption. Many nations are taking action these days to protect their natural resources. Natural resources shouldn’t be used for purposes outside our needs. In order to preserve non-renewable resources, we should utilise renewable resources more frequently than non-renewable ones.

Essay on Natural Resources in 150 Words

The organic aspects of nature that contribute to our way of life are known as natural resources. For survival, we rely on natural resources. Natural resources include things like air, water, soil, minerals, crops, etc. Resources like minerals, oil, and other resources are found in non-living organisms and take eons to regenerate.

The distribution of natural resources is not even. Resources like these are also the primary driver of international trade relations for many nations. However, with time, these natural resources have now been overused by the human mankind beyond their limits.

However, the unrestricted exploitation of natural resources is a challenge for all nations these days. To control this, a lot of nations are emphasising garbage recycling and employing more renewable resources than non-renewable ones.

Sustainable development is the use of natural resources for current requirements without wasting them while keeping an eye on the future. It refers to the wise use of natural resources without sacrificing what coming generations will need.

Also Read: Essay on Unity in Diversity in 100 to 200 Words

Essay on Natural Resources in 200 Words

Natural resources are materials found in the environment that humans use to survive. From the very start, humans have been dependent on these resources. While some of these resources can be restored more rapidly than others, some require more time. Resources like sunlight, water, air, and other renewable resources are readily available and have higher recovery rates than consumption rates.

On the other hand, the formation and processing of non-renewable resources, such as minerals, oil, and natural gas, take a long time. Even the usage rate of these non-renewable resources is higher as compared to the renewable resources. While some natural resources are used immediately, others must first undergo processing.

Even while renewable resources are available in huge quantities, they should also be used responsibly. Both renewable and non-renewable resources require time to be created and processed. Therefore, it is very important for humans to use these resources in a limited quantity and leave some for future generations.

With time, humans are using these resources excessively. With the ever-increasing population, humans have already created a huge impact on the environment. To begin, humans are continuously polluting the air, water and noise. Buildings are being constructed on more land. The land is becoming less valuable in this way. Humans are soon becoming the biggest reason behind depleting natural resources, such as land, water, and air.

Therefore, we mustn’t undervalue these resources. The moment has come for us to recognise the importance of using these resources sustainably.

Natural Resources are substances which are naturally obtained from nature. Here are the 5 natural resources: Coal, Oil, Natural Gas, Sand, Gems, and Metals.

Renewable resources are natural resources that can be replenished or regenerated at a rate comparable to the rate at which they are consumed or harvested. For example: Solar energy, Wind energy, Biomass, Geothermal energy, etc.

Conserving and saving natural resources is essential for sustainable development and the preservation of the environment. Here are some easy tips to save natural resources: Implementing the 3Rs in daily life; Adopting energy-efficient practices such as using energy-saving appliances; Reducing water wastage by fixing leaks, using water-efficient appliances, and practising mindful water usage in daily activities, etc.

For more information on such interesting topics, visit our essay-writing page and follow Leverage Edu !

Malvika Chawla

Malvika is a content writer cum news freak who comes with a strong background in Journalism and has worked with renowned news websites such as News 9 and The Financial Express to name a few. When not writing, she can be found bringing life to the canvasses by painting on them.

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অসমৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক তথা বনজ সম্পদ ৰচনা | Natural and Forest Resources of Assam Essay in Assamese

প্রকৃতিৰ বুকুত উদ্ভূত সম্পদৰাজিয়েই প্রাকৃতিক সম্পদ। উৎস আৰু শ্রেণী অনুযায়ী এই সম্পদ কনজ, প্রাণীজ আৰু খনিজ হ’ব পাৰে। কৃষিজাত সম্পদৰ কথা বাদ দি আমি ইয়াত বাকীকেইবিধ সম্পদৰ বিষয়ে আলােচনা কৰিম।

বনজাত সম্পদত অসম অতুলনীয়। প্রকৃতিয়ে অতুল বৈভৱেৰে ঐশ্বর্যশালী কৰি অসমক স্ৰজন কৰিছে। অসমৰ প্ৰতিটো সেউজীয়া বিন্দুৱেই একোটা অমূল্য সম্পদৰ ভাণ্ডাৰ। অসমৰ পর্বতে-পাহাৰে, পাহৰৰ নামনিত, ভৈয়ামৰ বিভিন্ন প্রান্তত শত-সহস্র মূল্যবান কাঠ আছে। শাল, সােণাৰু, বল বগৰী, আজাৰ, নাহৰ, গমাৰী, কৰৈ, গন্ধসৰৈ, চেমি, শ্যাম, চেগুন, অগৰু, চন্দন, তিতাচপা, হালধিচম্পা, শিমলু, পমা আদি অলেখ অপাৰ কাঠৰ অৰণ্য অসমৰ বুকুত বিৰাজমান। ঘৰ সজাৰ বিভিন্ন সঁজুলি আৰু নানা তৰহৰ আত্বাব-পত্ৰৰ বাবে এইবােৰ অমূল্য সম্পদ; ভাৰতৰ বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যলৈ ৰপ্তানি হয়; পূর্বতে ৰে’লৰ স্লিপাৰ আদি অসমৰ কাঠৰপৰা তৈয়াৰ হয়। অগৰু, চন্দন আদি কাঠৰপৰা সুগন্ধি অতৰ, ধূপকাঠী আদি তৈয়াৰ হয়। শিমলু কাঠ জুইশলা শিল্পত প্ৰচুৰ পৰিমাণে ব্যবহৃত হয়। শিমলু কাঠক জুইশলা শিল্পৰ প্ৰাণ বুলি ক’লেও বঢ়াই কোৱা নহয়। শ্যাম কাঠৰ নাও উৎকৃষ্ট।

Read Also: দৈনন্দিন জীৱনত বিজ্ঞানৰ প্ৰভাৱ ৰচনা | The Impact of Science on Everyday Life Essay in Assamese

অসমৰ হাবিত প্ৰচুৰ পৰিমাণে বাঁহ আৰু বেত পােৱা যায়। বাঁহ-বেতৰ চাহিদা, বাজ্যখনৰ ভিতৰত যিদবে প্রভূত, সেইদৰে ৰাজ্যৰ বাহিৰতাে প্রভূত। কাগজ উৎপাদনৰ কাৰণে কাঠ আৰু বাঁহ দুয়োটাই অতীব প্রয়ােজনীয়। অসমৰ কাঠ, বাঁহ আদিৰ উৎপাদনলৈ চাই অসমত কেইবাটাও কাগজৰ কল স্থাপনৰ সম্ভাৱনীয়তা নুই কৰিব নােৱাৰি। অসম আৰু বিহাৰৰ দ্বাৰভাংগাৰ যুটীয়া প্ৰচেষ্টাত গােৱালপাৰা জিলাৰ যােগীঘােপাত “অশােক পেপাৰ মিল” নামৰ এটা কাগজৰ কল প্রতিষ্ঠিত হৈছে। মৰিগাঁও জিলাৰ জাগীৰােড আৰু কাছাৰতত আন দুটা কাগজৰ কল প্রতিষ্ঠা হৈছে। অৰুণ ভবিষ্যতে আৰু কেইবাটিও কাগজৰ কল স্থাপিত হােৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা আছে। তদুপৰি সমগ্ৰ ভাৰতব্যাপী বাঁহ-বেত শিল্প গঢ়ি উঠিছে অসমৰ উৎপাদনৰ গইনা লৈয়েই।

এইবােৰৰ বাহিৰেও অসমৰ হাবিত প্ৰচুৰ পৰিমাণে ইকৰা, নল, খাগৰি, খেৰ পােবা যার এইবােৰ গৃহনির্মাণৰ কাৰণে অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় সামগ্রী। তদুপৰি অসমৰ অৰণ্যত প্ৰচুৰ পৰিমাণে শাক, পাচলি আৰু ঔষধজাতীয় উদ্ভিদ আছে। এইবােৰ সম্পদৰপৰা এফালে চৰকাৰে লাখ লাখ টকাৰ ৰাজহ লাভ কৰিছে আনফালে অসমীয়া জাতিয়ে এইবােৰ সম্পদ আহৰণ কৰি লাভৱান হৈছে। নানা ফল-মূল জাতীয় উদ্ভিদো অসমৰ হাবিত উভৈনদী হৈ আছে।

আন এবিধ কাজাত সম্পদ হৈছে বনৰীয়া জীৱ-জন্তু। হাতী, গড়, বাঘ, ভালুক, বান্দৰ, সাপ, নেউল, পং, গাহৰি আৰু ধনেশ, মৰাচৰাই, হাঁহ, কাউৰী, শগুণ, ভাটো, মইনা, কুলি, কেতেকী আদি অলেখ-অপাৰ পশু-পক্ষী অসমৰ হাবিত উভৈনদী হৈ আছে। হাতী, গড়, বাঘ, পহু অসমৰ বহুমূলীয়া সম্পদ। বিশেষকৈ এশিঙীয়া গঁড় পৃথিৱীৰ ভিতৰতে এক দুর্লভ সম্পদ। এইবােৰ জীৱ-জন্তু বিদেশলৈ ৰপ্তানি কৰি অসমে কোটি কোটি টকা উপার্জন কৰে। হাতীৰ দাঁত আৰু গঁড়ৰ খজাও বহুমূলীয়া সম্পদ।

সমগ্র অসমৰ নদ-নদী, বিল-খালবােৰত মাছ কাছ উভৈনদী। এইবােৰ অসমৰ এক বৃহৎ পবিমাণৰ প্রাকৃতিক সম্পদ। প্ৰকৃতিৰ বুকুত স্বয়ংপালিত এইবিধ সম্পদৰপৰা বৃহৎ পৰিমাণৰ ৰাজহ অসমৰ ৰাজভঁৰাললৈ আহে তদুপৰি ই সমগ্ৰ অসমীয়া জাতিৰে সুখাদ্য। ইয়াৰ উন্নয়নৰ বাবে চৰকাৰে কৃত্রিম উপায়েৰে প্রজনন ব্যৱস্থা কৰি অধিক উৎপাদনৰ ব্যৱস্থা লৈছে।

অসমৰ আন এবিধ অতি মূল্যবান সম্পদ হৈছে । ই অৱশ্যে উদ্ভিদ আৰু প্রাণী উভয়ৰ মিশ্রিত প্রক্রিয়াৰ দ্বাৰা উদ্ভূত। এবিধ গছত বর্ধিত কীটৰ আঠাৰপৰা লা হয়। ইয়াৰপৰাও অসমৰ যথেষ্ট আয় হয়। এই লা শােধন কৰাৰ ব্যৱস্থা বর্তমান অসমত নাই বাবে প্ৰায়বোেৰ অশােধিত লা বাহিৰলৈ পঠোৱা হয়। চাপৰমুখত থকা একমাত্র কাৰখানাটোও লা যােগানৰ অসুবিধাৰ অজুহাতত বাহিৰলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰা হ’ল। অথচ প্রচুৰ পৰিমাণৰ অশােধিত লা প্রতি বছৰে অসমৰ বাহিৰলৈ যাব লাগিছে।

ধূনাও এবিধ উদ্ভিদজাত বনজ সম্পদ। ইয়াৰ চাহিদা সদৌ ভাবততে আছে। সেইবাবে প্ৰচুৰ পৰিমাণৰ ধূনাও ৰপ্তানি কৰা হয়।

খনিজ পদার্থ অসমৰ আটাইতকৈ মূল্যবান সম্পদ। এই সম্পদতাে অসম অতিশয় চহকী। ভাৰত খনিজ সম্পদৰ ইতিহাসত অসমৰ কেৰাচিন আৰু পেট্ৰ’লৰ কাহিনী সর্বপ্রথমতে সােণালী আখৰেৰে লিখা ৰ’ব চিৰদিন। এনে এটা সময় আছিল, যি সময়ত কেরল ডিগবৈৰ কেৰাচিন তেলেৰেই ভাৰত পােহৰাবলগা হৈছিল। অসমৰ ডিগবৈ, নাহৰকটীয়া, মৰাণ, লাকুৱা, হুগ্রীজান, গেলেকী আৰু ৰুদ্ৰসাগৰত প্ৰচুৰ পৰিমাণৰ কেৰাচিন তেলৰ পুং আবিষ্কৃত হৈছে। বিশেষজ্ঞসকলৰ জৰীপ মতে সমগ্র ব্রহ্মপুত্র উপত্যকাতে বিৰাট পৰিমাণৰ তেলৰ সাগৰ থকা বুলি জনা গৈছে। অসমৰ তেল শােধন কৰিবৰ কাৰণে ডিগবৈত থকা পূৰ্বৰ শোধনাগাৰৰ বাহিৰেও গুৱাহাটীৰ নমাটি আৰু গােলাঘাটৰ নুমলিগড়ত শােধনাগাৰ স্থাপিত হৈছে গােৱালপাৰা জিলাৰ বঙাইগাঁৱতাে পেট্রোকেমিকেল কমপ্লেক্স স্থাপিত হৈছে।

তেল আৰু প্রাকৃতিক গেছৰ অনুসন্ধানৰ বাবে দুলীয়াজানত তেল আৰু প্রাকৃতিক গেছ আয়ােগর কেন্দ্র প্রতিষ্ঠিত হৈছে। ডিব্ৰুগড় জিলাৰ লেপেটকতাত গেছ ফ্ৰেকাৰ প্রকল্প প্রতিষ্ঠা হৈছে। অতিৰিক্ত খাৰুৱা তেলবােৰ বর্তমান বাউনী আৰু হলদিয়ালৈ নি শােধন কৰা হৈছে। অসমৰপৰা আহৰণ কৰা এইসম্পদ অসমতে আৰু অধিক শক্তিসম্পন্ন শােধনাগাৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰি শােধন কৰা ব্যৱস্থা কৰা হ’লে এফালেদি অসমৰ অজস্ৰ নিবনুৱাৰ কর্ম সংস্থান হ’লহেঁতেন। অসমৰ যাতায়াত ব্যৱস্থা উন্নততৰ নােহােৱাৰ অজুহাত দেখুৱাই কেন্দ্রীয় চৰকাৰে অসমতে এই অতিৰিক্ত খাৰুৱা তেলৰ বাবে নতুন শােধনাগাৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা নকৰি অসমক সদায় প্রবঞ্চনা কৰি অহাটো অতি পবিতাপৰ কথা।

কয়লা অসমৰ দ্বিতীয় শ্রেষ্ঠ খনিজ সম্পদ। লিডু, মাৰ্ঘেৰিটা, বৰগােলাই, টিপং, মাকুম অঞ্চলত ইয়াৰ খনি আছে। কয়লাৰপৰা কুৎসিত আলকাতকে আৰম্ভ কৰি নানা বিধ সুগন্ধি মচলা, ৰং আৰু চেকাৰিন তৈয়াৰ হয়।

ইয়াৰ বাহিৰেও অসমৰ বিস্তীর্ণ অঞ্চল জুৰি প্ৰচুৰ পৰিমাণে চুণশিল আৰু বাচিন্দা পােৱা যায়। কামৰূপ আৰু গােৱালপাৰা জিলাৰ সীমান্তৰ এক বিস্তীর্ণ অঞ্চলত “ফুলাৰ্চ আর্থ” সঞ্চিত হৈ আছে। ৰহা অঞ্চলৰ শ্ৰীটিকেন্দ্র সিংহ ৰজা নামৰ এজন লােৰুে ইয়াৰ খনি উদঘাটন কৰি আহৰণৰ ব্যৱস্থা হাতত লৈছিল; কিন্তু মূলধনৰ অভাৱত কাৰখানা স্থাপন কৰিব নােৱৰাত এই বহুমূলীয়া সম্পদবিধ কামত প্রয়ােগ কৰিব পৰা হােৱা নাই।

গােৱালপাৰাৰ কোনাে পাহাৰৰ শিৰাত সােণৰ সন্ধানাে পােৱা গৈছিল; কিন্তু তাক আহৰণ কৰাৰ বা প্রকৃততে কিমান পৰিমাণৰ সােণ উৎপাদন হ’ব পাৰে তাৰ জৰীপ কৰা ব্যৱস্থা হৈছে নে নাই জনা নাযায়। সােৱণশিৰি নৈৰ বালিত সােণৰ ভেঁকুৰা পােৱা যায়। পুৰণিকালত সােপণাৱালসকলে যথেষ্ট পৰিমাণৰ সােণ তাৰপৰা আহৰণ কৰিছিল। অথচ ইয়াৰ উৎস ক’ত আৰু ব্যৱসায়িক ভিত্তিত আহৰণ কৰিব পৰা যায় নে নাযায়, তাৰ গৱেষণা সম্ভৱতঃ আজিলৈকে হােৱা নাই। অসমীয়া মানুহে অসমৰ বুকুৰপৰাই লােহাও আহৰণ কৰিছিল।

অসমৰ পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত চিলিমিনাইটো পােৱা যায়। গুৱাহাটীৰ দাঁতিকাষৰীয়া অঞ্চলত তামৰ খনি থকাৰাে সন্ধান পােৱা গৈছিল। আনকি বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে এই মত পােষণ কৰে যে সমগ্ৰ অসমৰে গৰ্ভত প্ৰচুৰ পৰিমাণৰ খনিজ সম্পদৰ এক অক্ষয় ভাণ্ডাৰ অনাৱিষ্কৃত অৱস্থাত আছে, যাৰ উদঘাটন

সম্ভৱ হ’লে অসমৰ “সােণৰ অসম” নাম কল্পনাৰ শীর্ষ বিন্দুৰপৰা নামি আহি বাস্তৱৰ আকাশলংঘী গৰিমাৰে মহিমামণ্ডিত হব।

কিন্তু দুখৰ বিষয় আমি অসমীয়াই আজি “সােৱণশিৰিৰ সােণৰ ভেঁকুৰা বুটলিব কোনে?” -বুলি গীতৰ ৰাগিণী তুলিয়েই ক্ষান্ত আছে। তাক বাস্তৱত ৰূপায়িত কৰাৰ সৎ সাহস, সামর্থ আমি গােটাব পৰা নাই।

প্রকৃতিয়ে বনজ, প্রাণীজ, খনিজ অজস্র সম্পদেৰে অসমী আইক কেঁচা সােণ, বগা সােণ, কলা সােণৰ অক্ষয় ভাণ্ডাৰ কৰি স্ৰজন কৰিছে। কিন্তু আমি দুখীয়া অসমীয়া জাতিয়ে এই অক্ষয় ভাণ্ডাৰৰ অক্ষয়-অব্যয় সােণবােৰ আহৰণ কৰি অসমীক বৈভৱশালী কৰি তুলিব পৰা নাই। প্রকৃতিয়ে অযাচিতে আগবঢ়াই দিয়া অমূল্য অৱদানখিনি আহৰণ কৰি আমি জাতীয় জীৱন সমৃদ্ধ কৰিব নােৱৰাটো কাপুৰুষালিৰ বাহিৰে কি হ’ব পাৰে?

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উন্নয়নৰ উপায় আৰু মন্তব্য

এই সম্পদবােৰ আহৰণ কৰিবলৈ আৱশ্যকীয় যন্ত্রপাতি, আমদানি কৰা প্রয়ােজন। তাৰ কাৰণে যাতায়াত ব্যৱস্থা উন্নত হ’ব লাগিব। উপযুক্ত থলুৱা বিজ্ঞানী, বিশেষজ্ঞ, কাৰিকৰ লাগিব। চৰকাৰে শিক্ষিত নিবনুৱা যুৱকসকলক উপযুক্ত প্রশিক্ষণ দিয়াই অনাৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিব লাগে; যাতায়াতৰ ব্যৱস্থা উন্নত কৰক; তদুপৰি আৱশ্যকীয় মূলধনৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰক। এই প্রচেষ্টা অকল ৰাজ্য চৰকাৰে আগবঢ়ালেই নহ’ব; কেন্দ্রীয় চৰকাৰেও এই উদ্যোগৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত অনুন্নত ৰাজ্যখনৰ সম্পদসমূহ আহৰণৰ কাৰণে ঔদ্যোগিক বিকাশৰ কাৰণে আৰু অনগ্রসৰ পূৰ্বাঞ্চলৰ আর্থিক, সামাজিক উন্নয়নৰ কাৰণে হাত উজান দিব লাগিব। নহ’লে এই আপুৰুগীয়া অমূল্য সম্পদসমূহ চিৰদিন অৱহেলিত আৰু অনাবিষ্কৃতভাৱেই ৰৈ যাব; অঞ্চলটোৰ উন্নয়নে ব্যাহত হব।

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অসমৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক তথা বনজ সম্পদ

আৰম্ভণিঃ প্রকৃতিৰ বুকুত উদ্ভূত সম্পদ ৰাজিয়েই প্রাকৃতিক সম্পদ। উৎস আৰু শ্রেণী অনুযায়ী এই সম্পদ—বনজ, প্রাণীজ আৰু খনিজ হ’ব পাৰে। কৃষিজাত সম্পদৰ কথা বাদ দি আমি ইয়াত বাকী কেইবিধ সম্পদৰ বিষয়ে আলােচনা কৰিম।

বনজাত সম্পদত অসম অতুলনীয়। প্রকৃতিয়ে অতুল বৈভৱেৰে ঐশ্বর্যশালী কৰি অসমক স্ৰজন কৰিছে। অসমৰ প্ৰতিটো সেউজীয়া বিন্দুৱেই একোটা অমূল্য সম্পদৰ ভাণ্ডাৰ। অসমৰ পৰ্বতে-পাহাৰে, পাহাৰৰ নামনিত, ভৈয়ামৰ বিভিন্ন প্রান্তত শত-সহস্র মূল্যবান কাঠ আছে। শাল, সােণাৰু, কৰৈ, গন্ধসৰৈ, বনচোম, শ্যাম, চেগুন, অগৰু, চন্দন, তিতাচপা, হালধি চম্পা, শিমলু, পমা আদি অলেখ অপাৰ কাঠৰ অৰণ্য অসমৰ বুকুত বিৰাজমান। ঘৰ সজাৰ বিভিন্ন সঁজুলি আৰু নানা তৰহৰ আচবাবপত্ৰৰ বাবে এইবােৰ অমূল্য সম্পদ ; ভাৰতৰ বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যলৈ ৰপ্তানি হয়; ৰে’লৰ স্লিপাৰ আদি অসমৰ কাঠৰপৰা তৈয়াৰ হয়। অগৰু, চন্দন আদি কাঠৰপৰা সুগন্ধি আতৰ, ধূপকাঠী আদি তৈয়াৰ হয়। শিমলু কাঠ জুইশলা-শিল্পত প্ৰচুৰ পৰিমাণে ব্যৱহৃত হয়। শিমলু কাঠক জুইশলা শিল্পৰ প্রাণ বুলি ক’লেও বঢ়াই কোৱা নহয়। শ্যাম কাঠৰ নাও উৎকৃষ্ট।

অসমৰ হাবিত প্ৰচুৰ পৰিমাণে বাঁহ আৰু বেত পােৱা যায়। বাঁহ-বেতৰ চাহিদা ৰাজ্যখনৰ ভিতৰত যিদৰে প্ৰভূত, সেইদৰে ৰাজ্যৰ বাহিৰতাে প্রভূত। কাগজ উৎপাদনৰ কাৰণে কাঠ আৰু বাঁহ দুয়ােটাই অতি প্রয়ােজনীয়। অসমৰ কাঠ, বাঁহ আদিৰ উৎপাদনলৈ চাই অসমত কেইবাটাও কাগজৰ কল স্থাপনৰ সম্ভাৱনীয়তা নুই কৰিব নােৱাৰি। বৰ্ত্তমান অসম আৰু বিহাৰৰ দ্বাৰভাঙ্গাৰ যুটীয়া প্ৰচেষ্টাত গােৱালপাৰা জিলাৰ যােগীঘােপাত “অশােক পেপাৰ মিল” নামৰ এটা মাত্র কাগজৰ কল প্রতিষ্ঠিত হৈছে। নগাওঁ জিলাৰ জাগীৰােড আৰু কাছাৰত আন দুটা কাগজৰ কল প্রতিষ্ঠা হৈছে। অদূৰ ভৱিষ্যতে আৰু কেইবাটিও কাগজৰ কল স্থাপিত হােৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা আছে। তদুপৰি সমগ্ৰ ভাৰতব্যাপী বাঁহ-বেত শিল্প গঢ়ি উঠিছে অসমৰ উৎপাদনৰ গইনা লৈয়েই।

এইবােৰৰ বাহিৰেও অসমৰ হাবিত প্ৰচুৰ পৰিমাণে ইকৰা, নল, খাগৰি, খেৰ পােৱা যায়। এইবােৰ গৃহ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাৰণে অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় সামগ্রী। তদুপৰি অসমৰ অৰণ্যত প্ৰচুৰ পৰিমাণে শাক-পাচলি আৰু ঔষধজাতীয় উদ্ভিদ আছে। এইবােৰ সম্পদৰপৰা এফালে চৰকাৰে লাখ লাখ টকাৰ ৰাজহ লাভ কৰিছে, আনফালে অসমীয়া জাতিয়ে এইবােৰ সম্পদ আহৰণ কৰি লাভবান হৈছে। নানা ফল-মূল জাতীয় উদ্ভিদো অসমৰ হাবিত উভৈনদী হৈ আছে।

আন এবিধ বনজাত সম্পদ হৈছে বনৰীয়া জীৱ-জন্তু। হাতী, গড়, বাঘ, ভালুক, বান্দৰ, সাপ, নেউল, পহু, গাহৰি, আৰু ধনেশ, ম’ৰা চৰাই, হাঁহ, কাউৰী, শগুন, ভাটো, মইনা, কুলি, কেতকী আদি অলেখ, অপাৰ পশু-পক্ষী অসমৰ হাবিত উভৈনদী হৈ আছে। হাতী, গড়, বাঘ, পহু অসমৰ বহুমূলীয়া সম্পদ। বিশেষকৈ এশিঙীয়া গঁড় পৃথিৱীৰ ভিতৰতে এক দুর্লভ সম্পদ। এইবোেৰ জীৱ-জন্তু বিদেশলৈ ৰপ্তানি কৰি অসমে কোটি কোটি টকা উপার্জন কৰে। হাতীৰ দাঁত আৰু গঁড়ৰ খড়গও বহুমূলীয়া সম্পদ। এই দুয়ােবিধ সম্পদ ঔষধ আদিত ব্যৱহাৰ হােৱাৰ উপৰিও সৌভাগ্যশালী অলঙ্কাৰৰূপে ব্যৱহৃত হয় বাবে ইয়াৰ মূল্য বহুত। ধনেশ পখী আৰু সাপৰ তেল মূল্যবান ঔষধৰূপে পৰিগণিত।

সমগ্র অসমৰ নদ-নদী, বিল-খালবােৰত মাছ-কাছই উভৈনদী। এইবােৰো অসমৰ এক বৃহৎ পৰিমাণৰ প্রাকৃতিক সম্পদ। প্রকৃতিৰ বুকুত স্বয়ংপালিত এইবিধ সম্পদৰপৰা বৃহৎ পৰিমাণৰ ৰাজহ অসমৰ ৰাজ ভঁৰাললৈ আহে। তদুপৰি ই সমগ্ৰ অসমীয়া জাতিৰে সুখাদ্য। ইয়াৰ উন্নয়নৰ বাবে চৰকাৰে কৃত্রিম উপায়েৰে প্রজনন ব্যৱস্থা কৰি অধিক উৎপাদনৰ ব্যৱস্থা লৈছে।

অসমৰ আন এবিধ অতি মূল্যবান সম্পদ হৈছে লা। ই অৱশ্যে উদ্ভিদ আৰু প্রাণী উভয়ৰ মিশ্রিত প্রক্রিয়াৰ দ্বাৰা উদ্ভুত। এবিধ গছত বর্ধিত কীটৰ আঠাৰপৰা লা হয়। ইয়াৰপৰাও অসমৰ যথেষ্ট আয় হয়। এই লা শােধন কৰাৰ ব্যৱস্থা বর্তমান অসমত নাই বাবে প্ৰায়বােৰ অশােধিত লা বাহিৰলৈ পঠোৱা হয়। চাপৰমুখত থকা একমাত্র কাৰখানাটোও লা যােগানৰ অসুবিধাৰ অজুহাতত বাহিৰলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰা হ’ল। অথচ প্রচুৰ পৰিমাণৰ অশােধিত লা প্রতি বছৰে অসমৰ বাহিৰলৈ যাব লাগিছে।

ধূনাও এবিধ উদ্ভিদজাত বনজ সম্পদ। ইয়াৰ চাহিদা সদৌ ভাৰততে আছে। সেইবাবে প্ৰচুৰ পৰিমাণৰ ধূনাও ৰপ্তানি কৰা হয়।

খনিজ পদার্থ অসমৰ আটাইতকৈ মূল্যবান সম্পদ। এই সম্পদতাে অসম অতিশয় চহকী। ভাৰতৰ খনিজ সম্পদৰ ইতিহাসত অসমৰ কেৰাচিন আৰু পেট্ৰ’লৰ কাহিনী সৰ্বপ্ৰথমতে সােণালী আখৰেৰে লিখা ৰ’ব চিৰদিন। এনে এটা সময় আছিল, যি সময়ত কেৱল ডিগবৈৰ কেৰাচিন তেলেৰেই ভাৰত পােহৰাব লগা হৈছিল। অসমৰ ডিগবৈ, নাহৰকটীয়া, মৰাণ, লাকোৱা, হুগ্রীজান, গেলেকী আৰু ৰুদ্ৰসাগৰত প্ৰচুৰ পৰিমাণৰ কেৰাচিন তেলৰ পুং আৱিস্কৃত হৈছে। বিশেষজ্ঞসকলৰ জৰীপ মতে সমগ্র ব্রহ্মপুত্র উপত্যকাতে বিৰাট পৰিমাণৰ তেলৰ সাগৰ থকা বুলি জনা গৈছে। অসমৰ তেল শােধন কৰিবৰ কাৰণে ডিগবৈত থকা পূর্বৰ শােধনাগাৰৰ বাহিৰেও গুৱাহাটীৰ নুনমাটিত শােধনাগাৰ স্থাপিত হৈছে; গােৱালপাৰা জিলাৰ বঙাইগাওঁতাে পেট্রোকেমিকেল কমপ্লেক্স স্থাপিত হৈছে।

তেল আৰু প্রাকৃতিক গেছৰ অনুসন্ধানৰ বাবে দুলীয়াজানত তেল আৰু প্রাকৃতিক গেচ আয়ােগৰ কেন্দ্র প্রতিষ্ঠিত হৈছে। অতিৰিক্ত খাৰুৱা তেলবোৰ বৰ্তমান বাবাউনী আৰু হলদিয়ালৈ নি শােধন কৰা হৈছে। অসমৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা এই সম্পদ অসমতে আৰু অধিক শক্তিসম্পন্ন শােধনাগাৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰি শোধন কৰাৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰা হ’লে এফালেদি অসমৰ অজস্ৰ নিবনুৱাৰ কৰ্ম্ম সংস্থান হ’লহেঁতেন। আৰু আনফালেদি তাৰপৰা হােৱা আয় অসমৰ উন্নয়নত প্রয়ােগ কৰিব পৰা গ’লহেঁতেন। অসমৰ যাতায়াত ব্যৱস্থা উন্নততৰ নােহােৱাৰ অজুহাত দেখুৱাই কেন্দ্রীয় চৰকাৰে অসমতে এই অতিৰিক্ত খাৰুৱা তেলৰ বাবে নতুন শােধনাগাৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা নকৰি অসমক সদায় প্রৱঞ্চনা কৰি অহাটো অতি পৰিতাপৰ কথা ।

কয়লা অসমৰ দ্বিতীয় শ্রেষ্ঠ খনিজ সম্পদ। লিডু, মাৰ্ঘেৰিটা, বৰগােলাই, টিপং, মাকুম অঞ্চলত ইয়াৰ খনি আছে। কয়লাৰপৰা কুৎসিত আলকাতৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি নানাবিধ সুগন্ধি মচলা, ৰং আৰু চেকাৰিণ তৈয়াৰ হয়।

ইয়াৰ বাহিৰেও অসমৰ বিস্তীর্ণ অঞ্চল জুৰি প্ৰচুৰ পৰিমাণে চূণশিল আৰু বালিচন্দা পােৱা যায়। কামৰূপ আৰু গােৱালপাৰা জিলাৰ সীমান্তৰ এক বিস্তীর্ণ অঞ্চলত “ফুলার্চ আর্থ” সঞ্চিত হৈ আছে। ৰহা অঞ্চলৰ শ্ৰীতিকেন্দ্র সিংহ ৰজা নামৰ এজন লােকে ইয়াৰ খনি উদঘাটন কৰি আহৰণৰ ব্যৱস্থা হাতত লৈছিল ; কিন্তু মূলধনৰ অভাৱত কাৰখানা স্থাপন কৰিব নােৱাৰাত এই বহুমূলীয়া সম্পদবিধ কামত প্রয়ােগ কৰিব পৰা হােৱা নাই।

গােৱালপাৰাৰ কোনাে পাহাৰৰ শিৰাত সােণৰ সন্ধানাে পােৱা গৈছিল; কিন্তু তাক আহৰণ কৰাৰ বা প্রকৃততে কিমান পৰিমাণৰ সােণ উৎপাদন হ’ব পাৰে তাৰ জৰীপ কৰা ব্যৱস্থা হৈছে নে নাই জনা নাযায়। সােৱণশিৰী নৈৰ বালিত সােণৰ চেকুৰা পােৱা যায়। পুৰণিকালত সােণােৱালসকলে যথেষ্ট পৰিমাণৰ সােণ তাৰপৰা আহৰণ কৰিছিল। অথচ ইয়াৰ উৎস ক’ত আৰু ব্যৱসায়িক ভিত্তিত আহৰণ কৰিব পৰা যায় নে নাযায়, তাৰ গৱেষণা সম্ভৱতঃ আজিলৈকে হােৱা নাই। অসমীয়া মানুহে অসমৰ বুকুৰপৰাই লােহাও আহৰণ কৰিছিল। ক’ৰপৰা কেনেকৈ কৰা হৈছিল তাৰ সন্ধান উলিওৱাৰ চেষ্টা অসমীয়া জাতিয়ে কেতিয়াবা কৰিব নে নাই সন্দেহ।

অসমৰ পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত চিলিমিনাইটো পােৱা যায়। গুৱাহাটীৰ দাঁতি কাষৰীয়া অঞ্চলত তামৰ খনি থকাৰো সন্ধান পােৱা গৈছিল। আনকি বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে এই মতাে পােষণ কৰে যে সমগ্র অসমৰে গৰ্ভত প্ৰচুৰ পৰিমাণৰ খনিজ সম্পদৰ এক অক্ষয় ভাণ্ডাৰ অনাবিষ্কৃত অৱস্থাত আছে, যাৰ উদঘাটন সম্ভৱ হ’লে অসমৰ “সােণৰ অসম” নাম কল্পনাৰ শীর্ষ বিন্দুৰপৰা নামি আহি বাস্তৱৰ আকাশলঙঘী গৰিমাৰে মহিমামণ্ডিত হ’ব।

কিন্তু দুখৰ বিষয় আমি অসমীয়াই আজি “সােৱণশিৰীৰ সােণ চেকুৰা বুটলিব কোনে ?— বুলি গীতৰ ৰাগিণী তুলিয়েই ক্ষান্ত আছোঁ। তাক বাস্তৱত ৰূপায়িত কৰাৰ সৎ সাহস, সামর্থ্য আমি গােটাব পৰা নাই।

প্রকৃতিয়ে বনজ, প্রাণীজ, খনিজ অজস্র সম্পদেৰে অসমী আইক কেঁচা সােণ, বগা সােণ, ক’লা সােণৰ অক্ষয় ভাণ্ডাৰ কৰি স্ৰজন কৰিছে। কিন্তু আমি দুখীয়া অসমীয়া জাতিয়ে এই অক্ষয় ভাণ্ডাৰৰ অক্ষয় অব্যয় সােণবােৰ আহৰণ কৰি অসমীক বৈভৱশালী কৰি তুলিব পৰা নাই। প্রকৃতিয়ে অযাচিতে আগবঢ়াই দিয়া অমূল্য অৱদানখিনি আহৰণ কৰি আমি জাতীয় জীৱন সমৃদ্ধ কৰিব নােৱাৰাটো কাপুৰুষালিৰ বাহিৰে কি হ’ব পাৰে?

উন্নয়নৰ উপায় আৰু মন্তব্যঃ এই সম্পদবোব আহৰণ কৰিবলৈ আৱশ্যকীয় যন্ত্রপাতি আমদানি করা প্রয়ােজন। তাৰ কাৰণে যাতায়াত ব্যৱস্থা উন্নত হ’ব লাগিব। উপযুক্ত থলুৱা বিজ্ঞানী, বিশেষজ্ঞ, কাৰিকৰ লাগিব। চৰকাৰে শিক্ষিত নিবনুৱা যুৱকসকলক উপযুক্ত প্রশিক্ষণ দিয়াই অনাৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিব লাগে; যাতায়াতৰ ব্যৱস্থা উন্নত কৰক; তদুপৰি আৱশ্যকীয় মূলধনৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰক। এই প্রচেষ্টা অকল ৰাজ্য চৰকাৰে আগবঢ়ালেই নহ’ব; কেন্দ্রীয় চৰকাৰেও এই উদ্যোগৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত অনুন্নত ৰাজ্যখনৰ সম্পদসমূহ আহৰণৰ কাৰণে ঔদ্যোগিক বিকাশৰ কাৰণে আৰু অনগ্রসৰ পূৰ্বাঞ্চলৰ আর্থিক, সামাজিক উন্নয়নৰ কাৰণে হাত উজান দিব লাগিব। নহ’লে এই আপুৰুগীয়া অমূল্য সম্পদসমূহ চিৰদিন অৱহেলিত আৰু অনাৱিষ্কৃতভাৱেই ৰৈ যাব আৰু অঞ্চলটোৰ উন্নয়নো ব্যাহত হ’ব।

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Natural Resources of Assam || असम के प्राकृतिक संसाधन

November 9, 2021 by Souvik Leave a Comment

असम के प्राकृतिक संसाधन

Natural Resources of Assam

नीली पहाड़ियों और लाल नदी की भूमि असम प्रकृति का प्रिय है। प्रकृति ने अपनी सारी संपत्ति असम को दी है। वह प्राकृतिक संसाधनों में बहुत समृद्ध है। उसके पास खनिज, पानी, जंगल और कृषि के भरपूर संसाधन हैं। असम के प्राकृतिक संसाधनों को चार प्रमुखों (ए) खनिज (बी) वन (सी) कृषि और (डी) जल संसाधन के तहत वर्गीकृत किया जा सकता है।

खनिज संसाधन : असम खनिज संसाधनों में बहुत समृद्ध है। कोयला, पेट्रोलियम और प्राकृतिक गैस असम के प्रमुख खनिज संसाधन हैं। डिगबोई, रुद्रसागर, नहरकटिया, मोरन, लकुआ आदि असम के प्रसिद्ध तेल-क्षेत्र हैं। डिगबोई, नूनमती और बोंगाईगांव में तीन रिफाइनरियां कच्चे तेल से मिट्टी के तेल, पेट्रोल, डिसेल, एल.पी. गैस आदि का उत्पादन करती हैं। असम का कच्चा तेल असम से बिहार के बरौनी रिफाइनरी में पंप किया जाता है। असम भारत में कच्चे तेल का सबसे बड़ा उत्पादक है। कोयला ऊपरी असम में लेडु और मार्गेरिटा कोयला क्षेत्रों में पाया जाता है। बोकाजन में चूना-पत्थर पाया जाता है। इसका उपयोग सीमेंट बनाने के लिए किया जाता है।

वन संसाधन : असम का एक बड़ा हिस्सा पहाड़ियों और जंगलों से आच्छादित है। इन पहाड़ियों और जंगलों में साल, गमरी, बोनसम, आगर जैसे मूल्यवान पेड़ बड़ी मात्रा में पाए जाते हैं। ये वन हमें फल, ईंधन की आपूर्ति करते हैं; और चारा। औषधीय जड़ी बूटियां भी प्रचुर मात्रा में पाई जाती हैं। असम के जंगलों में पाई जाने वाली एक और कीमती चीज है ‘अगर’ तेल। कागज के उत्पादन के लिए एक महत्वपूर्ण कच्चा माल बांस असम में प्रचुर मात्रा में पाया जाता है। कारीगरों द्वारा बांस और बेंत से बनी वस्तुएं हर जगह बिकती हैं। असम के जंगलों में बाघ, हाथी, हिरण, गैंडे जैसे जानवर बड़ी संख्या में पाए जाते हैं। असमिया गैंडे दुनिया के हर चिड़ियाघर में पाए जा सकते हैं। मानस और काजीरंगा के राष्ट्रीय उद्यान भारत और विदेशों से बड़ी संख्या में पर्यटकों को आकर्षित करते हैं।

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कृषि संसाधन : कृषि असम के लोगों का मुख्य व्यवसाय है। असम के लगभग 80% लोग कृषि पर निर्भर हैं। असम जूट जैसी नकदी फसलों का उत्पादन करता है। असम की चाय प्रसिद्ध है। वह भारत में चाय की सबसे बड़ी उत्पादक हैं। यह भारत के लिए विदेशी मुद्रा अर्जित करता है।

जल संसाधन : शक्तिशाली ब्रह्मपुत्र और उसकी सहायक नदियों में जल-विद्युत उत्पादन की अपार संभावनाएं हैं। कपिली परियोजना इस दिशा में एक महत्वपूर्ण परियोजना है। ब्रह्मपुत्र का उपयोग माल ले जाने के लिए अंतर्देशीय जल परिवहन के रूप में किया जा सकता है। यह भूतल परिवहन का एक अच्छा विकल्प हो सकता है।

इस प्रकार असम बहुत सारे प्राकृतिक संसाधनों से संपन्न है। फिर भी वह भारत के सबसे औद्योगिक रूप से पिछड़े राज्यों में से एक है। इसका मुख्य कारण राज्य सरकार की उदासीनता और केंद्र सरकार का सौतेला व्यवहार है। यह एक अच्छा संकेत है कि स्थिति में सुधार हो रहा है। असम को अपने प्राकृतिक संसाधनों का उपयोग करने के लिए उद्योग स्थापित करने का प्रयास करना चाहिए। यह उनकी बेरोजगारी की समस्याओं का समाधान करेगा औ र असम में समृद्धि के युग की शुरुआत करेगा।

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