constitution of india essay pdf

Essay on Constitution 500+ Words

The Constitution of India serves as the guiding star of our nation, shedding light on the path to justice, equality, and democracy. Furthermore, it is a remarkable document that molds our country’s destiny, guaranteeing that India maintains its status as a diverse and vibrant democracy. In the following essay, we will delve into the Constitution of India, examining its significance, history, and the fundamental principles that distinguish it as truly exceptional.

The Birth of the Constitution:

The Constitution of India, adopted on January 26, 1950, marked the moment when India became a republic. Furthermore, it was the culmination of years of dedicated effort by a distinguished assembly of minds known as the Constituent Assembly. Notably, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the principal architect, played an indispensable role in shaping this significant document.

Guarantor of Rights:

One of the most important aspects of the Indian Constitution is that it guarantees fundamental rights to its citizens. These rights ensure that every Indian is treated fairly and has the freedom to express themselves, practice their religion, and more.

Equality for All:

The Constitution promotes equality in all aspects of life. It does not discriminate based on caste, religion, gender, or place of birth. This principle of equality helps India embrace its diversity and promotes unity among its people.

Democracy in Action:

India is the world’s largest democracy, and the Constitution is the backbone of this system. It outlines how our government works, from elections to the roles of the President, Prime Minister, and Parliament. Every citizen’s vote matters, making India a true democracy.

Directive Principles of State Policy:

The Constitution includes directive principles that guide the government on how to create a just and equal society. These principles focus on eradicating poverty, providing education, and improving the living conditions of the people.

Amendments and Evolution:

The Constitution is not set in stone; it can be amended or changed to suit the evolving needs of the country. This flexibility allows us to adapt to new challenges and make improvements as necessary.

Fundamental Duties:

While the Constitution grants rights, it also emphasizes the importance of responsibilities. It outlines fundamental duties that every citizen should follow to help maintain peace and harmony in the country.

Safeguarding Justice:

The Constitution also established the judiciary as a separate and independent branch of government. The Supreme Court, with its judges, ensures that the laws are followed and justice is served.

Diversity Respected:

India is known for its diversity in languages, religions, and cultures. The Constitution acknowledges and respects this diversity, allowing people to freely practice their religions and preserve their traditions.

Conclusion of Essay on Constitution

In conclusion, the Constitution of India is not just a legal document; it’s the soul of our nation. It embodies the dreams and aspirations of millions, ensuring that India remains a diverse, democratic, and inclusive country. The principles of justice, equality, and freedom that it upholds are the very values that make India a shining example to the world. As citizens of this great nation, it’s our duty to uphold and protect the Constitution, for it is our guiding light towards a brighter and more equitable future. The Constitution of India is not just a piece of paper; it’s the heart that beats within our nation, uniting us all in the spirit of democracy and progress.

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The Constitution Of India Original 1950

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Essay on Constitution of India for Students and Children

500+ words essay on constitution of india.

The constitution of India came into force from 26 January. A special committee is gathered to draw and outline the constitution. The constitution gives all the details related to what is legal and what is illegal in the country. In addition, with the enforcement of the constitution, the Indian sub-continent become the Republic of India . Besides, the drafting committee consists of seven members that were supervised by B.R. Ambedkar. Moreover, the constitution helps in maintaining prosperity and peace in the country.

Salient Features of the Constitution

The list of salient features of the Indian constitution is very long and there are many uniqueness about it that you won’t find in any other countries constitution.

Longest Written Constitution

The first thing that makes the Indian constitution different is its length. The constitution of India contains a preamble, 448fourhundred, and forty-eight Articles, twenty-five groups, twelve Schedules, and five appendices. Moreover, it takes around 3 years to complete the draft of the constitution.

The Rigidity and Flexibility of the Indian Constitution

The constitution is hard as well as soft both at the same time. While on one side the supreme power needs to be followed carefully to maintain the law and order in the country, on the other side the citizen can appeal to amend the outdated provisions. But there are certain provisions that can be easily amended and there are some that take a lot of time and resources to amend. Furthermore, there have been more than 100 amendments in the constitution from the day of its enforcement.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

The original constitution does not have preamble but it was later on added to the constitution. Also, it gives a detailed account of the constitution’s philosophy. The preamble states that India is a Socialist, Secular, Sovereign, and Democratic republic. In addition, it believes in equality, justice, and freedom of its people . The constitution puts the welfare of its people first rather than the state.

A Secular State

According to the constitution of India is a secular country that means that it does not give special status to any religion. Anyone can perform his religion freely.

It means a dictator or monarch does not rule the country. Moreover, it nominates and elects its head every five years.

Fundamental Policies

The constitution of t5he country states every fundamental duty of its citizens under it. These duties have to be followed by all the citizens of the country equally whether it’s a rich person or a poor one. Besides, these duties include the respect of national flag and national anthem , integrity and unity of the country, the safeguard of public property, and various others.

Directive State Principle or Policy

This policy is simple guidelines to the state in which ensure the development of its socio-economy via its policies.

In conclusion, the constitution serves as guidelines for every citizen. Also, law and rule are completely defined in the constitution. The head of the drafting committee Dr. B.R. Ambedkar has done a remarkable job that no one can forget. He and his team draft constitution that no other country has bale to do till date. Besides, the constitution has helped India to attain the status of the Republic in the world.

FAQs about Essay on Constitution of India

Q.1 Define what is the Indian constitution in simple words? A.1 The constitution is the supreme law of the country. Everything is predefined in it. Besides, the constitution is a framework that guides the procedures, policies, and power of the government.

Q.2 Who is known as the father of the Indian constitution? A.2 Dr. B.R. Amberdkar is the father of the Indian constitution because he was the head of the drafting committee that completed the constitution.

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Constitution of India: List of All Articles (1-395) and Parts (1-22)

Last updated on April 6, 2024 by Alex Andrews George

The Constitution of India contains 395 articles in 22 parts. Additional articles and parts are inserted later through various amendments. There are also 12 schedules in the Indian Constitution .

Links are given against each Part to understand the purpose and background of each article of the Constitution of India.

Titles are mentioned for all articles from 1-395, separated under various parts and chapters. The preamble and Repealed articles or parts are specially mentioned.

Table of Contents

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN, SOCIALIST, SECULAR, DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens: JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the nation; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.

PART I: THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY

1 Name and territory of the Union. 2 Admission or establishment of new States. 2A [Repealed.] 3 Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States. 4 Laws made under articles 2 and 3 to provide for the amendment of the First and the Fourth Schedules and supplemental, incidental and consequential matters.

PART II: CITIZENSHIP

5 Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution. 6 Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan. 7 Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan. 8 Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India. 9 Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to be citizens. 10 Continuance of the rights of citizenship. 11 Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law.

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PART III : FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

General 12 Definition. 13 Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights. Right to Equality 14 Equality before law. 15 Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. 16 Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment. 17 Abolition of Untouchability. 18 Abolition of titles. Right to Freedom 19 Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc. 20 Protection in respect of conviction for offences. 21 Protection of life and personal liberty. 21A Right to education 22 Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases. Right against Exploitation 23 Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour. 24 Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc. Right to Freedom of Religion 25 Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion. 26 Freedom to manage religious affairs. 27 Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion. 28 Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions. Cultural and Educational Rights 29 Protection of interests of minorities. 30 Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions. 31 [Repealed.] Saving of Certain Laws 31A Saving of Laws providing for the acquisition of estates, etc. 31B Validation of certain Acts and Regulations. 31C Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles. 31D [Repealed.] Right to Constitutional Remedies 32 Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part. 32A [Repealed.] 33 Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part in their application to Forces, etc. 34 Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is in force in any area. 35 Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part.

PART IV: DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY

36 Definition. 37 Application of the principles contained in this Part. 38 State to secure a social order for the promotion of the welfare of the people. 39 Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State. 39A Equal justice and free legal aid. 40 The organisation of village panchayats. 41 Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases. 42 Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief. 43 Living wage, etc., for workers. 43A Participation of workers in the management of industries. 43B Promotion of co-operative societies. 44 Uniform civil code for the citizens. 45 Provision for free and compulsory education for children. 46 Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections. 47 Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health. 48 The organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry. 48A Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wildlife. 49 Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance. 50 Separation of judiciary from the executive. 51 Promotion of international peace and security.

PART IVA: FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES

51A Fundamental duties.

PART V: THE UNION

Chapter i: the executive.

The President and Vice-President 52 The President of India . 53 The executive power of the Union. 54 Election of President. 55 Manner of election of President. 56 Term of office of President. 57 Eligibility for re-election. 58 Qualifications for election as President. 59 Conditions of the President’s office. 60 Oath or affirmation by the President. 61 Procedure for impeachment of the President. 62 Time of holding the election to fill the vacancy in the office of President and the term of office of person elected to fill the casual vacancy. 63 The Vice-President of India . 64 The Vice-President to be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States. 65 The Vice-President to act as President or to discharge his functions during casual vacancies in the office, or during the absence, of President. 66 Election of Vice-President. 67 Term of office of Vice-President. 68 Time of holding the election to fill the vacancy in the office of Vice-President and the term of office of person elected to fill the casual vacancy. 69 Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President. 70 Discharge of President’s functions in other contingencies. 71 Matters relating to, or connected with, the election of a President or Vice-President. 72 Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases. 73 The extent of executive power of the Union. Council of Ministers 74 Council of Ministers to aid and advise the President. 75 Other provisions as to Ministers. The Attorney-General for India 76 Attorney-General for India. Conduct of Government Business 77 Conduct of business of the Government of India. 78 Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information to the President, etc.

CHAPTER II: PARLIAMENT

General 79 Constitution of Parliament. 80 Composition of the Council of States. 81 Composition of the House of the People. 82 Readjustment after each census. 83 Duration of Houses of Parliament. 84 Qualification for membership of Parliament. 85 Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution. 86 Right of President to address and send messages to Houses. 87 Special address by the President. 88 Rights of Ministers and Attorney-General as respects Houses. Officers of Parliament 89 The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States. 90 Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the office of Deputy Chairman. 91 Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman. 92 The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration. 93 The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People . 94 Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker. 95 Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker. 96 The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration. 97 Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman and the Speaker and Deputy Speaker. 98 Secretariat of Parliament. Conduct of Business 99 Oath or affirmation by members. 100 Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum. Disqualifications of Members 101 Vacation of seats. 102 Disqualifications for membership. 103 Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members. 104 Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 99 or when not qualified or when disqualified. Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members 105 Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Parliament and of the members and committees thereof. 106 Salaries and allowances of members. Legislative Procedure 107 Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills. 108 Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases. 109 Special procedure in respect of Money Bills. 110 Definition of “Money Bills”. 111 Assent to Bills. Procedure in Financial Matters 112 Annual financial statement. 113 Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates. 114 Appropriation Bills. 115 Supplementary, additional or excess grants. 116 Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants. 117 Special provisions as to financial Bills. Procedure Generally 118 Rules of procedure. 119 Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament in relation to financial business. 120 Language to be used in Parliament. 121 Restriction on discussion in Parliament. 122 Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament.

CHAPTER III: LEGISLATIVE POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT

123 Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Parliament .

CHAPTER IV: THE UNION JUDICIARY

124 Establishment and constitution of Supreme Court. 124A National Judicial Appointments Commission. (Declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, however not repealed by the Parliament) 124B Functions of Commission. 124C Power of Parliament to make law. 125 Salaries, etc., of Judges. 126 Appointment of acting Chief Justice. 127 Appointment of ad hoc judges. 128 Attendance of retired Judges at sittings of the Supreme Court. 129 Supreme Court to be a court of record. 130 Seat of Supreme Court. 131 Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. 131A [Repealed.] 132 Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in certain cases. 133 Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in regard to Civil matters. 134 Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in regard to criminal matters. 134A Certificate for appeal to the Supreme Court. 135 Jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court under existing law to be exercisable by the Supreme Court. 136 Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court. 137 Review of judgments or orders by the Supreme Court. 138 Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. 139 Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain writs. 139A Transfer of certain cases. 140 Ancillary powers of Supreme Court. 141 Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts. 142 Enforcement of decrees and orders of Supreme Court and orders as to discovery, etc. 143 Power of President to consult Supreme Court. 144 Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court. 144A [Repealed.] 145 Rules of Court, etc. 146 Officers and servants and the expenses of the Supreme Court. 147 Interpretation.

CHAPTER V: COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR-GENERAL OF INDIA

148 Comptroller and Auditor-General of India. 149 Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General. 150 Form of accounts of the Union and of the States. 151 Audit reports.

PART VI: THE STATES

Chapter i: general.

152 Definition.

CHAPTER II: THE EXECUTIVE

The Governor 153 Governors of States. 154 Executive power of State. 155 Appointment of Governor. 156 Term of office of Governor. 157 Qualifications for appointment as Governor. 158 Conditions of Governor’s office 159 Oath or affirmation by the Governor. 160 Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies. 161 Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases. 162 Extent of executive power of State. Council of Ministers 163 Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor. 164 Other provisions as to Ministers. The Advocate-General for the State 165 Advocate-General for the State. Conduct of Government Business 166 Conduct of business of the Government of a State. 167 Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of information to Governor, etc.

CHAPTER III: THE STATE LEGISLATURE

General 168 Constitution of Legislatures in States. 169 Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States. 170 Composition of the Legislative Assemblies. 171 Composition of the Legislative Councils. 172 Duration of State Legislatures. 173 Qualification for membership of the State Legislature. 174 Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and dissolution. 175 Right of Governor to address and send messages to the House or Houses. 176 Special address by the Governor. 177 Rights of Ministers and Advocate-General as respects the Houses. Officers of the State Legislature 178 The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly. 179 Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker. 180 Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker. 181 The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration. 182 The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council. 183 Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Chairman and Deputy Chairman. 184 Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman. 185 The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration. 186 Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and the Chairman and Deputy Chairman. 187 Secretariat of State Legislature. Conduct of Business 188 Oath or affirmation by members. 189 Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum. Disqualifications of Members 190 Vacation of seats. 191 Disqualifications for membership. 192 Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members. 193 Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 188 or when not qualified or when disqualified. Powers, privileges and immunities of State Legislatures and their Members 194 Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Legislatures and of the members and committees thereof. 195 Salaries and allowances of members. Legislative Procedure 196 Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills. 197 Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to Bills other than Money Bills. 198 Special procedure in respect of Money Bills. 199 Definition of “Money Bills”. 200 Assent to Bills. 201 Bills reserved for consideration. Procedure in Financial Matters 202 Annual financial statement. 203 Procedure in Legislature with respect to estimates. 204 Appropriation Bills. 205 Supplementary, additional or excess grants. 206 Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants. 207 Special provisions as to financial Bills. Procedure Generally 208 Rules of procedure. 209 Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the State in relation to financial business. 210 Language to be used in the Legislature. 211 Restriction on discussion in the Legislature. 212 Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature.

CHAPTER IV : LEGISLATIVE POWER OF THE GOVERNOR

213 Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature.

CHAPTER V: THE HIGH COURTS IN THE STATES

214 High Courts for States. 215 High Courts to be courts of record. 216 Constitution of High Courts. 217 Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court. 218 Application of certain provisions relating to Supreme Court to High Courts. 219 Oath or affirmation by Judges of High Courts. 220 Restriction on practice after being a permanent Judge. 221 Salaries, etc., of Judges. 222 Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another. 223 Appointment of acting Chief Justice. 224 Appointment of additional and acting Judges. 224A Appointment of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts. 225 Jurisdiction of existing High Courts. 226 Power of High Courts to issue certain writs. 226A [Repealed..] 227 Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court. 228 Transfer of certain cases to High Court. 228A [Repealed.] 229 Officers and servants and the expenses of High Courts. 230 Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Union territories. 231 Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States.

CHAPTER VI : SUBORDINATE COURTS

233 Appointment of district judges. 233A Validation of appointments of, and judgments, etc., delivered by, certain district judges. 234 Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service. 235 Control over subordinate courts. 236 Interpretation. 237 Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain class or classes of magistrates.

PART VII: THE STATES IN PART B OF THE FIRST SCHEDULE

238 [Repealed.]

PART VIII: THE UNION TERRITORIES

239 Administration of Union territories. 239A Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for certain Union territories. 239AA Special provisions with respect to Delhi. 239AB Provision in case of failure of constitutional machinery. 239B Power of the administrator to promulgate Ordinances during recess of the Legislature. 240 Power of the President to make regulations for certain Union territories. 241 High Courts for Union territories. 242 [Repealed.]

PART IX: THE PANCHAYATS

243 Definitions. 243A Gram Sabha. 243B Constitution of Panchayats. 243C Composition of Panchayats. 243D Reservation of seats. 243E Duration of Panchayats, etc. 243F Disqualifications for membership. 243G Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats. 243H Powers to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Panchayats. 243-I Constitution of Finance Commission to review financial position. 243J Audit of accounts of Panchayats. 243K Elections to the Panchayats. 243L Application to Union territories. 243M Part not to apply to certain areas. 243N Continuance of existing laws and Panchayats. 243-O Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.

PART IXA: THE MUNICIPALITIES

243P Definitions. 243Q Constitution of Municipalities. 243R Composition of Municipalities. 243S Constitution and composition of Wards Committees, etc. 243T Reservation of seats. 243U Duration of Municipalities, etc. 243V Disqualifications for membership. 243W Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities, etc. 243X. Power to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Municipalities. 243 Finance Commission. 243Z Audit of accounts of Municipalities. 243ZA Elections to the Municipalities. 243ZB Application to Union territories. 243ZC Part not to apply to certain areas. 243ZD Committee for district planning. 243ZE Committee for Metropolitan planning. 243ZF Continuance of existing laws and Municipalities. 243ZG Bar to interference by Courts in electoral matters.

PART IXB: THE CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES

243ZH Definitions 243ZI Incorporation of co-operative societies 243ZJ Number and term of members of the board and its office bearers. 243 ZK Election of members of board. 243ZL Supersession and suspension of the board and interim management. 243ZM Audit of accounts of co-operative societies. 243ZN Convening of general body meetings. 243ZO Right of a member to get information, 243ZP Returns. 243ZQ Offences and penalties. 243ZR Application to multi-state co-operative societies. 243ZS Application to Union Territories. 243ZT Continuance of existing laws.

PART X: THE SCHEDULED AND TRIBAL AREAS

244 Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas. 244A Formation of an autonomous State comprising certain tribal areas in Assam and creation of local Legislature or Council of Ministers or both therefor.

PART XI: RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNION AND THE STATES

Chapter i: legislative relations.

Distribution of Legislative Powers

245 Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States. 246 Subject-matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States. 246A Special provision with respect to goods and services tax. 247 Power of Parliament to provide for the establishment of certain additional courts. 248 Residuary powers of legislation. 249 Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the State List in the national interest. 250 Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in the State List if a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation. 251 Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament under articles 249 and 250 and laws made by the Legislatures of States. 252 Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more States by consent and adoption of such legislation by any other State. 253 Legislation for giving effect to international agreements. 254 Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws made by the Legislatures of States. 255 Requirements as to recommendations and previous sanctions to be regarded as matters of procedure only.

CHAPTER II : ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONS

256 Obligation of States and the Union. 257 Control of the Union over States in certain cases. 257A [Repealed.] 258 Power of the Union to confer powers, etc., on States in certain cases. 258A Power of the States to entrust functions to the Union. 259 [Repealed.] 260 Jurisdiction of the Union in relation to territories outside India. 261 Public acts, records and judicial proceedings. Disputes relating to Waters 262 Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers or river valleys. Co-ordination between States 263 Provisions with respect to an inter-State Council.

PART XII: FINANCE, PROPERTY, CONTRACTS AND SUITS

Chapter i: finance.

General 264 Interpretation. 265 Taxes not to be imposed save by authority of law. 266 Consolidated Funds and public accounts of India and of the States. 267 Contingency Fund. Distribution of Revenues between the Union and the States 268 Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the State. 268A [Repealed.] 269 Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the States. 269A Levy and collection of goods and services tax in the course of inter-state trade or commerce. 270 Taxes levied and distributed between the Union and the States. 271 Surcharge on certain duties and taxes for purposes of the Union. 272 [Repealed.] 273 Grants in lieu of export duty on jute and jute products. 274 Prior recommendation of President required to Bills affecting taxation in which States are interested. 275 Grants from the Union to certain States. 276 Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments. 277 Savings. 278 [Repealed.] 279 Calculation of “net proceeds”, etc. 279A Goods and Services Tax Council. 280 Finance Commission. 281 Recommendations of the Finance Commission. Miscellaneous financial provisions 282 Expenditure defrayable by the Union or a State out of its revenues. 283 Custody, etc., of Consolidated Funds, Contingency Funds and moneys credited to the public accounts. 284 Custody of suitors’ deposits and other moneys received by public servants and courts. 285 Exemption of property of the Union from State taxation. 286 Restrictions as to imposition of tax on the sale or purchase of goods. 287 Exemption from taxes on electricity. 288 Exemption from taxation by States in respect of water or electricity in certain cases. 289 Exemption of property and income of a State from Union taxation. 290 Adjustment in respect of certain expenses and pensions. 290A Annual payment to certain Devaswom Funds. 291 [Repealed.]

CHAPTER II: BORROWING

292 Borrowing by the Government of India. 293 Borrowing by States.

CHAPTER III: PROPERTY, CONTRACTS, RIGHTS, LIABILITIES, OBLIGATIONS AND SUITS

294 Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in certain cases. 295 Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in other cases. 296 Property accruing by escheat or laps or as bona vacantia. 297 Things of value within territorial waters or continental shelf and resources of the exclusive economic zone to vest in the Union. 298 Power to carry on trade, etc. 299 Contracts. 300 Suits and proceedings.

CHAPTER IV: RIGHT TO PROPERTY

300A Persons not to be deprived of property save by authority of law.

PART XIII: TRADE, COMMERCE, AND INTERCOURSE WITHIN THE TERRITORY OF INDIA

301 Freedom of trade, commerce, and intercourse. 302 Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce, and intercourse. 303 Restrictions on the legislative powers of the Union and of the States with regard to trade and commerce. 304 Restrictions on trade, commerce, and intercourse among States. 305 Saving of existing laws and laws providing for State monopolies. 306 [Repealed.] 307 Appointment of authority for carrying out the purposes of articles 301 to 304.

PART XIV: SERVICES UNDER THE UNION AND THE STATES

Chapter i: services.

308 Interpretation. 309 Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the Union or a State. 310 Tenure of office of persons serving the Union or a State. 311 Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under the Union or a State. 312 All-India services. 312A Power of Parliament to vary or revoke conditions of service of officers of certain services. 313 Transitional provisions. 314 [Repeated.]

CHAPTER II: PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSIONS

315 Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States. 316 Appointment and term of office of members. 317 Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service Commission. 318 Power to make regulations as to conditions of service of members and staff of the Commission. 319 Prohibition as to the holding of offices by members of Commission on ceasing to be such members. 320 Functions of Public Service Commissions. 321 Power to extend functions of Public Service Commissions. 322 Expenses of Public Service Commissions. 323 Reports of Public Service Commissions.

PART XIVA: TRIBUNALS

323A Administrative tribunals. 323B Tribunals for other matters.

PART XV: ELECTIONS

324 Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election Commission. 325 No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included in a special, electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex. 326 Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States to be on the basis of adult suffrage. 327 Power of Parliament to make provision with respect to elections to Legislatures. 328 Power of Legislature of a State to make provision with respect to elections to such Legislature. 329 Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters. 329A [Repealed.]

PART XVI: SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN CLASSES

330 Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People. 331 Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the House of the People. 332 Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assemblies of the States. 333 Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the Legislative Assemblies of the States. 334 Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after sixty years. 335 Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts. 336 Special provision for Anglo-Indian community in certain services. 337 Special provision with respect to educational grants for the benefit of the Anglo-Indian Community. 338 National Commission for Scheduled Castes. 338A National Commission for Scheduled Tribes. 338A National Commission for Backward Classes. 339 Control of the Union over the Administration of Scheduled Areas and the welfare of Scheduled Tribes. 340 Appointment of a Commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes. 341 Scheduled Castes. 342 Scheduled Tribes. 342A Socially and educationally backward classes.

PART XVII: OFFICIAL LANGUAGE

Chapter i: language of the union.

343 Official language of the Union. 344 Commission and Committee of Parliament on official language.

CHAPTER II: REGIONAL LANGUAGES

345 Official language or languages of a State. 346 Official language for communication between one State and another or between a State and the Union. 347 Special provision relating to language spoken by a section of the population of a State.

CHAPTER III: LANGUAGE OF THE SUPREME COURT, HIGH COURTS, ETC.

348 Language to be used in the Supreme Court and in the High Courts and for Acts, Bills, etc. 349 Special procedure for enactment of certain laws relating to language.

CHAPTER IV: SPECIAL DIRECTIVES

350 Language to be used in representations for redress of grievances. 350A Facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at the primary stage. 350B Special Officer for linguistic minorities. 351 Directive for development of the Hindi language.

PART XVIII: EMERGENCY PROVISIONS

352 Proclamation of Emergency. 353 Effect of Proclamation of Emergency. 354 Application of provisions relating to distribution of revenues while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation. 355 Duty of the Union to protect States against external aggression and internal disturbance. 356 Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in States. 357 Exercise of legislative powers under Proclamation issued under article 356. 358 Suspension of provisions of article 19 during emergencies. 359 Suspension of the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III during emergencies. 359A [Repealed.] 360 Provisions as to financial emergency.

PART XIX: MISCELLANEOUS

361 Protection of President and Governors and Rajprakukhs. 361A Protection of publication of proceedings of Parliament and State Legislatures. 361B Disqualification for appointment on remunerative political post. 362 [Repealed.] 363 Bar to interference by courts in disputes arising out of certain treaties, agreements, etc. 363A Recognition granted to Rulers of Indian States to cease and privy purses to be abolished. 364 Special provisions as to major ports and aerodromes. 365 Effect of failure to comply with, or to give effect to, directions given by the Union. 366 Definitions. 367 Interpretation.

PART XX: AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION

368 Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure therefor.

PART XXI: TEMPORARY, TRANSITIONAL AND SPECIAL PROVISIONS

369 Temporary power to Parliament to make laws with respect to certain matters in the State List as if they were matters in the Concurrent List. 370 Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir. 371 Special provision with respect to the States of Maharashtra and Gujarat. 371A Special provision with respect to the State of Nagaland. 371B Special provision with respect to the State of Assam. 371C Special provision with respect to the State of Manipur. 371D Special provisions with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh. 371E Establishment of Central University in Andhra Pradesh. 371F Special provisions with respect to the State of Sikkim. 371G Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram. 371H Special provision with respect to the State of Arunachal Pradesh. 371-I Special provision with respect to the State of Goa. 371J Special provision with respect to the State of Karnataka. 372 Continuance in force of existing laws and their adaptation. 372A Power of the President to adapt laws. 373 Power of President to make order in respect of persons under preventive detention in certain cases. 374 Provisions as to Judges of the Federal Court and proceedings pending in the Federal Court or before His Majesty in Council. 375 Courts, authorities and officers to continue to function subject to the provisions of the Constitution. 376 Provisions as to Judges of High Courts. 377 Provisions as to Comptroller and Auditor-General of India. 378 Provisions as to Public Service Commissions. 378A Special provision as to the duration of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly. 379-391 [Repealed.] 392 Power of the President to remove difficulties.

PART XXII: SHORT TITLE, COMMENCEMENT, AUTHORITATIVE TEXT IN HINDI AND REPEALS

393 Short title. 394 Commencement. 394A Authoritative text in the Hindi language. 395 Repeals.

Indian Constitution: Features
Historical Background of Indian Constitution
Tribunals in India

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January 7, 2020 at 12:10 pm

Sir, the preamble given here states ‘secular’ word and it states that it was accepted on 26 November 1949. As a matter of fact, the word ‘secular’ was added to Indian Constitution in 1976. And the preamble accepted on 26 November 1949 does not have secularism as it’s part.

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Constitution of India Essay

Essay on Constitution of India

The Constitution of India is a document containing the framework of the political system, the duties, rights, limitations, and structure of the government that this nation ought to follow. It also spells out the rights and duties of the Indian citizens. Nobody in India - not even the Prime Minister or the President - has the power to do anything that violates the constitutional rule.

Every year, on 26th January, we celebrate Republic Day. It was on this day in 1950 that the Constitution of India became effective. Although Dr Ambedkar is known for his prominent role in drafting the constitution, it was the fruit of the hard work of 299 people.

How Big Is Our Constitution?

The Indian constitution is the lengthiest constitution in the world. It has 448 articles organised into 25 parts and 12 schedules. Our country is so big with so many cultures, castes and religions, and with so many states that people who drafted the Constitution had to focus on the minutest of detail. Besides, the Constitution has been amended many times and new rules and laws have been added. As a result, the Constitution of India became the lengthiest constitution in the world.

Is Our Constitution Flexible or Rigid?

The beautiful thing about our Constitution is it can be modified if a political party has a supermajority and yet it is not easily modifiable. The Supreme Court has ruled that no provision of the Constitution can be with the aim to destroy that provision. At the same time, nobody has the right to tweak the basic structure of the Constitution. As a result, on one hand, our Constitution remains updated and on the other, no political party with evil intentions can deface it to establish a monopoly.

Crystal clear Notion

Unlike the British constitution, our Constitution is completely written with no ambiguity. It focuses on the minutest aspects of the political, executive and legal systems of the country and it also focuses on the fundamental rights and duties of the citizens of India.

Federal and Unitary Features

The Indian Constitution prescribes that India should have dual governance - the Centre and the regional states. It also ruled that the country must have the three pillars of democracy - legislative system, executive system and the judiciary. Hence, the Indian Constitution supports a federal structure. However, the Constitution has also given some extra power to the Centre. The Centre has the power to preside over matters that concern both the Centre as well as the states; it has the power to announce an emergency; it can modify the Constitution and the state has no power to oppose that modification. Hence, the Constitution has unitary features too.

By the Indians, for the Indians, of the Indians

The Constitution of India was created by the Indians. There is no foreign hand whatsoever. The due democratic process was followed in the form of debates before enforcing the Constitution. And last but not the least, it stands to protect the fundamental rights of every Indian.

The Preamble

The Preamble to the constitution is the soul of it. The preamble says that India is a sovereign country - it is ruled and managed by the Indians and Indians only. It further says that India is a secular country. Unlike our neighbouring country, India, all the citizens of the country can practise their religions without any fear. Ours is a socialist country as per the Constitution- that means that her resources are owned by the community of the people - neither by the State nor by private corporations. Lastly, the preamble says that India is a democratic country where the citizens have the right to choose the members of the government.

A constitution is a bunch of rules and guidelines that oversee a nation's administration. The Constitution is the foundation of the nation's democratic and secular structure. The Indian Constitution is the world's longest, describing the foundation for political ideas, procedures, and government authorities. The Indian Constitution was drafted on November 26, 1949, and went into effect on January 26, 1950. Students will learn about the prominent aspects of India's Constitution and how it was developed in this essay about the Indian Constitution.

The Indian Constitution went into force on January 26, 1950. As a result, the 26th of January is observed as Republic Day in India.

How was India's Constitution Created?

After many debates and deliberations, representatives of the Indian people drafted the Indian Constitution. It is the world's most thorough Constitution.

The Indian Constitution was made by a Constituent Assembly, which was formed in 1946. Dr Rajendra Prasad was chosen as the Constituent Assembly's President. A Drafting Committee was formed to design the Constitution, with Dr B.R. Ambedkar served as Chairman. The creation of the Constitution took a total of 166 days, divided across a two-year, eleven-month, and eighteen-day period.

Characteristics of India's Constitution

The Indian Constitution opens with a Preamble that includes the fundamental aims and values of the Constitution. It establishes the Constitution's goals.

The World's Longest Constitution

The Indian Constitution is the world's longest constitution. When it was initiated, it included 395 things isolated into 22 divisions and eight schedules. It now comprises 448 items divided into 25 divisions and 12 schedules. So far, 104 amendments to the Indian Constitution have been made (the last of which took place on January 25, 2020, to extend the reservation of seats for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha and state assemblies).

The Indian Constitution's Rigidity and Flexibility

One of our Constitution's distinguishing traits is that it is neither as rigorous as the American Constitution. It indicates it is both stiff and flexible. As a result, it may readily change and expand with the passage of time.

The Preamble was eventually included in the Indian Constitution. There is no preface in the original Constitution. The Preamble's declared goals are to achieve justice, liberty, and equality for all people, as well as to foster brotherhood in order to safeguard the nation's unity and integrity.

Federal System with Unitary Characteristics

The government's powers are shared between the central government and the state governments. The powers of three governmental institutions, namely the executive, judiciary, and legislature, are divided under the Constitution. As a result, the Indian Constitution advocates for a federal structure. It has several unitary traits, such as a strong central power, emergency measures, the President appointing Governors, and so on.

Fundamental rights and fundamental responsibilities

The Indian Constitution outlines a comprehensive set of Fundamental Rights for Indian citizens. The Constitution also includes a list of 11 responsibilities for citizens, known as the Fundamental Duties. Some of these responsibilities include respect for the national flag and anthem, the country's integrity and unity, and the protection of public property.

India is a republic, which implies that the country is not ruled by a dictator or king.The public authority is composed of, by, and for individuals. Every five years, citizens propose and elect their leader.

The Constitution provides instructions for all citizens. It aided India in achieving the status of a Republic across the world. Atal Bihari Vajpayee once stated that "governments will come and go, political parties would be created and disbanded, but the country should persist, and democracy should exist indefinitely."

We hope that this article on the "Indian Constitution" was useful to Students. Download the Vedantu App as well to view intriguing study videos.

FAQs on Constitution of India Essay

1.What is the distinction between Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Duties?

Fundamental Rights are human rights granted to Indian people. The Constitution initially established seven essential rights. The 44th Amendment eliminated the right to property from Part III of the Constitution in 1978.

Fundamental Duties were acquainted with the constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976, because of the ideas of the Swaran Singh Committee, which was delegated by the public authority.

Fundamental Rights

Part 3 of the Indian Constitution comprises the Fundamental Rights given to the Indian people. Fundamental Rights are addressed in Articles 12-35 of the Indian Constitution.

Fundamental Duties

Article 51-A of Part IV A of the Indian Constitution deals with Fundamental Duties.

2.In India, how many Fundamental duties are there? What are India's seven Fundamental rights?

Originally ten in number, the basic obligations were enlarged to eleven in 2002 by the 86th Amendment, which imposed a responsibility on every parent or guardian to guarantee that their child or ward has access to educational opportunities between the ages of six and fourteen years. The Constitution initially established seven fundamental rights: the right to equality, the right to freedom, the right against double-dealing, the right to strict opportunity, cultural and educational rights, the right to property, and the right to constitutional remedies.

3.Why isn't the right to property a fundamental right?

The right to property was one additional basic right enshrined in the Constitution. The 44th Constitutional Amendment, however, eliminated this right from the list of essential rights.

This was due to the fact that this privilege proved to be an impediment to achieving the aim of socialism and dispersing wealth (property) evenly among the people. Right to property is now a legal right rather than a basic one.

IAS Preparation
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Constitution Of India An Overview

Constitution of India – Indian Polity Notes

To prepare for Indian Polity for any competitive exam, aspirants have to know about the basics of Constitution of India. It gives an idea on all the topics important for IAS Exam and the polity syllabus (GS-II.) Constitution of India, the Preamble and related topics are extremely important for the UPSC exam. This is an essential portion of polity. As IAS aspirants, you should be thorough with the constitution of India.

This article will provide you with relevant details about the Constitution of India. You can also download the notes PDF. The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. It has the unique distinction of being the world’s longest written constitution. For an IAS aspirant, the Constitution of India is an extremely important document both because polity is a major component of the UPSC syllabus and that as future civil servants, he or she will have to work within the confines of the Constitution of India.

What is Constitution of India? – Introduction to the Constitution of India

The Indian Constitution is unique in both spirit and content. Notwithstanding the fact that several features of the constitution have been borrowed from other constitutions from all around the world, it is really a unique piece of work. The original constitution have been considerably changed by the various amendments that have been brought forth such as the 7th, 42nd, 44th, 73rd and 74th Amendments.

Important Amendments of the Constitution of India

The Indian Constitution is not a rigid constitution. It can be amended by the Parliament following a few rules. There have been made many changes in the Constitution of India. Some of the important amendments of the Indian Constitution are:

42nd Amendment
44th Amendment

The 42nd Amendment is also known as the “Mini Constitution” because it made several sweeping changes to the constitution. This was during the Emergency in 1976. In 1973, the Supreme Court had ruled in the Kesavananda Bharati case that the constituent power of the Parliament under Article 368 does not empower it to alter the basic structure of the constitution.

Constitution of India – Preamble

The first constitution to start with a preamble was the American Constitution. The Indian constitution also starts with one. The Preamble is basically the introduction or preface to the constitution. It sums up the essence of the constitution. N A Palkhivala, a constitutional expert, referred to the Preamble as the ‘Identity card of the Constitution’.

The Preamble is based on Pandit Nehru’s Objective Resolution that he moved and was adopted by the Constituent Assembly . The Preamble has been amended in 1976 by the 42nd Amendment which added words ‘socialist’, ‘secular’ and ‘integrity’ to it.

Ingredients of the Preamble

The Preamble gives 4 components:

Source of authority of the Constitution: it mentions that the constitution derives its power from the people of India.
Nature of the Indian State: it says India is a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic and republican State.
Objectives of the Constitution: it gives the objectives as – justice, liberty, equality and fraternity.
Constitution date of adoption: 26th November 1949

Why Constitution of India is called Bag of Borrowing?

The constitution has many borrowed features. The country’s founding fathers were wise enough to borrow good features from different nations and mould a constitution that best suits India. The influences from other constitutions are listed below.

Constitution	Borrowed Features
British
US
Australian
Irish
Weimer Constitution of Germany
Canadian
South African	, follow the linked article.)

To read about the Sources of Indian Constitution , you may follow the linked article.

Features of Indian Constitution

The chief features of the Indian Constitution are described below:

Federal System with Unitary Bias

The constitution establishes a federal government system in India. All the expected features of a federal state such as two government levels, division of power, supremacy and rigidity of the constitution, written constitution and bicameralism are present. But, the constitution also contains many features of a unitary form of government such as single citizenship, strong centre, single constitution, flexibility of constitution, all-India services, integrated judiciary, appointment of state governor by the Centre, emergency provisions, and so on. In addition, the term ‘federation’ is not mentioned in the constitution. Article 1 says India is a ‘Union of States’, implying –

The Indian federation is not the result of an agreement by the states.
States do not have the right to secede from the federation.

Parliamentary Form of Government

The parliamentary form, borrowed from the British system, is based on the principle of cooperation and coordination between the legislative and executive. This form of government is alternatively known as the Westminster model of government. It is also called responsible government and cabinet government. According to the constitution, not only the centre, the parliamentary form is followed even in the states.

In India, the features of the parliamentary form of government are as follows:

Nominal and real executives
Rule of the majority party
Collective responsibility of the executive to the legislature
Membership of the ministers in the legislature
Leadership of the prime minister or the chief minister
Dissolution of the lower House

There are some basic differences between the Indian and the British models, even though both follow the parliamentary form of government. The Indian parliament is not a sovereign body; the British Parliament is. Also, the Indian State has an elected head (since it is a republic) while the British head is hereditary (since Britain is a constitutional monarchy).

Parliament: Structural and Functional Dimensions

According to Article 79, there is a Parliament and 2 Houses or chambers – the House of the People ( Lok Sabha ) and the Council of States ( Rajya Sabha ).
The President is the head of the executive and also a constituent part of the legislature. He performs many functions with regard to the Parliament.
However, the president cannot sit in or take part in the discussions in the houses.
The president summons and prorogues the houses whenever required.
He is also a vital part of the process of legislation in India as he has to give his assent to every bill passed before it can become a law.
He has the power to dissolve the Lok Sabha.
At the start of the first session after each general election to the Lok Sabha and at the commencement of the first session each year, the President addresses both the chambers which is known as the special address.
Article 123 also gives the president the power to promulgate ordinances. (Read about President in the linked article.)

Constitution of India – UPSC Notes:- Download PDF Here

Introduction to the Constitution of India will help UPSC aspirants to draw key facts for polity answers in Mains GS-II paper. Also, essay on Constitution of India is not directly asked in the paper, however, certain relevant facts about the Indian Constitution can be used in other essays related to polity.

Frequently Asked Questions on Constitution of India

Q 1. who is known as the father of indian constitution, q 2. how many laws are there in the indian constitution.

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Essays on Indian Constitution and Fundamental Duties Reading Time : 7 minutes -->

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Celebrating the 70th anniversary year of the adoption of the Indian Constitution by the Constituent Assembly, an Essay Competition was hosted on MyGov across thematic areas of Indian Constitution, Fundamental Duties, Judicial Dynamics, Securing Rights, Role of Citizens Duty etc. An overwhelming response of 8175 entries were received across the country which were divided into three categories : Junior, Senior and Open category for declaring the Winners. 3 winners in each category were declared here at – https://blog.mygov.in/winner-announcement-of-constitution-day-essay-contest/

Some snippets of the Winning Essays are as follows:

Aniksha Chandna, 2nd Prize in Junior Category

To value and preserve the rich heritage of the mosaic that is India should help to weld our people into one nation but much more than article 51A will be needed to treat all human beings equally, to respect each religion and to confine it to the private sphere and not make it a bone of contention between different communities of this land. The most important task before us is to reconcile the claims of the individual citizen and those of the civic society. To achieve this, it is important to orient the individual citizen to be conscious of his social and citizenship responsibilities and so shape the society that we all become solicitous and considerate of the inalienable rights of our fellow citizens. Therefore, awareness of our citizenship duties is as important as awareness of our rights.”

Continue reading at – https://static.mygov.in/rest/s3fs-public/mygov_157969378664705891.pdf

Nairul SK, 3rd Prize in Senior Category

It is universal fact that by being national duty-bound, the national rights automatically reach to us, the citizens. The dedicating reformer, Gandhiji guided that “the true source of right is duty. If we all discharge our duties, rights will not be far to seek. We, the citizens must learn extraordinary lessons from Guru Nanak, Guru Gobind and Guru Arjan to write” no one is my enemy, no one is a stranger, I’m connected with all” and in the same stretch, we the citizens need to recall Tagore’s resonant “ come Aryans, come non-Aryans/ Hindu and Mussalman/ come today Englishmen/ come Christian/ come Brahmin cleansing your mind/ join hands with all” wherein both are subordinate upon the vital role of citizens from every periphery, irrespective of religions, colours, caste or ethnicity.

Continue reading at – https://static.mygov.in/rest/s3fs-public/mygov_158003980864894341.pdf

Sakshi Arora, 1st Prize in Open Category

The relation between rights and duties it is pertinent to mention here that the One’s right is other’s duty and it is obligatory to a citizen that while enjoying the rights one should also follow its duty in order to respect other individual, family, society and the nation. One cannot enjoy the rights without performing the duties. The fundamental rights are protected by the highest court of India under Article 32 of the Constitution of India and the duties implied from the fundamental rights are obligatory in nature. The other rights enshrined in the Constitution of India are Constitutional rights and the duties in Chapter IV-A which are fundamental duties are not legal obligation but moral and social obligation. The DPSP given under Chapter IV of the Constitution of India are not enforceable by the Law these are guidelines for the Government. We secure the rights of other by performing our duties.

Continue reading at- https://static.mygov.in/rest/s3fs-public/mygov_158005892864916641.pdf

All winning essays are mentioned below-

Riddhi Hasmukhbhai Solanki, 2nd Prize in Junior Category, read here – https://static.mygov.in/rest/s3fs-public/mygov_157976284650490621.pdf

S.Y. Pavithran, 3rd Prize in Junior Category, read here – https://static.mygov.in/rest/s3fs-public/mygov_157974207964690901.pdf

Pulak Mohanty, 1st prize in Senior category, read here – https://static.mygov.in/rest/s3fs-public/mygov_158002665364850941.pdf

Bhavil Pisal, 2nd Prize in Senior Category, read here – https://static.mygov.in/rest/s3fs-public/mygov_158003887264621201.pdf

Sumit Kumar, 2nd Prize in Open Category, read here – https://static.mygov.in/rest/s3fs-public/mygov_158005676432237674.pdf

The level of enthusiasm showcased by each participant demonstrated the amount of talent that exists in our country. Keep visiting MyGov and continue taking part in such activities in the future as well!

Winners of the Contests organised by National Archives of India announced

Closure Announcement for Unseen India – 75 Lesser-Known sites in India

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Essay on Indian Constitution in 100, 250, and 350 words

Updated on
Jan 3, 2024

The constitution of India was written and adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26th November 1949 but it became effective on 26th January 1950. It is a set of rules and regulations that guide the administration of the country. It is the backbone of every democratic and secular fabric of the nation. The Indian Constitution is the longest in the world and describes the framework for political principles, procedures and powers of the government. This is just a brief paragraph on the Indian constitution, we have provided samples of essay on Indian Constitution. Let’s explore them!

Table of Contents

1 Essay on Indian Constitution in 100 words
2 Essay on Indian Constitution in 250 words
3 Essay on Indian Constitution in 350 words
4 Indian Constitution Defines the Fundamental Rights and Duties of Indian Citizens
5 The Constitution Defines the Structure and Working of the Government
6 Conclusion

Learn more about the Making of Indian Constitution

Essay on Indian Constitution in 100 words

The Indian Constitution became effective on the 26th of January 1950 although the Constituent Assembly adopted it on the 26th of November 1949. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar headed the drafting committee that wrote it. Hence, it was the longest-written constitution of India and provides a detailed account of the fundamental rights and duties of the citizens of India. The original constitution of India is the lengthiest in the world and is hand-written and calligraphed. It is the supreme law of India that is drafted by the Constituent Assembly which is even superior to the Parliament. After the constitution came into effect, the status of India changed from “Dominion of India” to “Republic of India”. Hence, 26th January is celebrated as The Republic Day of India.

Essay on Indian Constitution in 250 words

The Indian Constitution was drafted under the chairmanship of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar who is known as the ‘Father of Indian Constitution’. It took almost 3 years to draft the same. Various aspects of the society such as economic, socio-political, etc were taken into consideration while drafting the constitution. While drafting the Indian Constitution, the drafting committee took into consideration various constitutions of other countries such as France, Japan and Britain to seek valuable insights.

The Fundamental Rights and Duties of the Indian Citizens, the Directive Principles of State Policy and the Federal Structure of the Government of India, all were included in the Indian Constitution. Every policy, duty and right has been explained at length in the Indian Constitution hence making it the lengthiest written constitution in the world.

There were more than 2000 amendments that had to be made to the Indian Constitution to get it approved. The same was adopted on November 26th, 1949 and was enforced on January 26th, 1950. From that day onwards, the status of India changed from “Dominion of India” to “Republic of India”. And that is why since then, 26th January is celebrated as the Republic Day. On this occasion, the National Flag of India is hoisted at various places across the nation and the National Anthem is sung to rejoice the day. There is a special day that is dedicated to the Indian Constitution known as the ‘National Constitution Day’ that came into existence in 2015.

Essay on Indian Constitution in 350 words

The Indian Constitution is the supreme document that gives a very detailed account of what the citizens of India can and also cannot do. It has been set up as a standard that needs to be followed to ensure law and order in society and also to help it develop and prosper.

Indian Constitution Defines the Fundamental Rights and Duties of Indian Citizens

The duties and the Fundamental Rights of the Indian citizens have been clearly stated and defined in the Constitution of India. The Fundamental Rights include:

The Right to Equality
The Right to Freedom
The Right to Freedom of Religion
Cultural and Educational Rights
Right Against Exploitation
Right to Constitutional Remedies

These are the basic rights and all the citizens across the country are entitled to the same irrespective of their colour, caste, creed, or religion.

Fundamental Duties of the Indian CItizens that are included in the Indian Constitution are:-

Respecting the Constitution of India
To always honour the National Anthem and the National Flag
To protect the unity
Preserving the heritage of the county
Protecting the integrity and sovereignty of India
Promoting the spirit of brotherhood
To have compassion for living creatures
To strive for excellence
To protect public property and contribute your bit to maintaining peace

These are also mentioned in detail in the Indian Constitution.

The Constitution Defines the Structure and Working of the Government

The working of the Government as well as its structure is also mentioned in detail in the Indian Constitution. The Indian Constitution mentions that India has a parliamentary system of government that is present at the centre as well as in states. The power to take major decisions lies with the Prime Minister and the Union Council of Ministers. The president of India on the other hand, has nominal powers.

Deepansh Gautam

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Celebrating the 70th anniversary year of the adoption of the Indian Constitution by the Constituent Assembly, an Essay Competition was hosted on MyGov across thematic areas of Indian Constitution, Fundamental Duties, Judicial Dynamics, Securing Rights, Role of Citizens Duty etc. An overwhelming response of 8175 ent ...
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Essay on Indian Constitution in 100, 250, and 350 words
The constitution of India was written and adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26th November 1949 but it became effective on 26th January 1950. It is a set of rules and regulations that guide the administration of the country. It is the backbone of every democratic and secular fabric of the nation. The Indian Constitution is the longest in ...
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