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• Original Article
• Sep 26, 2024

Fractional Doses of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines are an important but costly part of childhood vaccination. This trial assessed immunogenicity of fractional-dose regimens — a key consideration as countries transition out of Gavi support.

• Sep 25, 2024

Systematic vs. Targeted Biopsy for Prostate Cancer Screening

After 4 years of the GÖTEBORG-2 trial, MRI-targeted biopsy led to less detection of clinically insignificant prostate cancer than systematic biopsy without compromising the detection of cancer that may affect survival.

• Clinical Implications of Basic Research

Immunity and Early Colorectal Carcinogenesis

A recent study suggests that reexpression of a protein found during fetal development plays a role in the suppression of immunity in early colorectal adenomas and cancers.

• Interactive Medical Case

Avoiding Rash Decisions

This interactive feature describes a 40-year-old man who presented to the ED with a 5-day history of worsening sore throat, diffuse muscle aches, joint pains, and fevers with temperatures of up to 38.9°C. Test your diagnostic and therapeutic skills.

• Perspective

Celebrating Public Health

The winners of this year’s Lasker–Bloomberg Public Service Award, Quarraisha and Salim Abdool Karim, have dedicated their careers to translating scientific breakthroughs into improved human lives.

• Sep 21, 2024

Dobbs Revisited

After the Dobbs decision, an Ob/Gyn residency program in Wisconsin had to send its residents out of state to obtain abortion training. The process was complicated and costly.

Role of Physicians on Ethics Committees after Dobbs

Determining the legality of a necessary procedure such as abortion lies outside the domain of ethics committees, and committees that take on such a task contribute to the erosion of patient autonomy.

• Case Challenge

A 37-Year-Old Man with Fever, Myalgia, Jaundice, and Respiratory Failure

A 37-year-old man was transferred to the hospital because of fever, myalgia, and hypoxemia. Evaluation revealed leukocytosis, acute kidney failure, and conjugated hyperbilirubinemia.

What is the diagnosis? Cast your vote. Find the answers in the full text of the case, which publishes in the October 10, 2024, issue of the Journal .

Image Challenge

Original Research

Ziresovir in Hospitalized Infants with RSV

In a phase 3 trial involving infants in China, ziresovir, an orally administered RSV F protein inhibitor, led to an improvement in the Wang bronchiolitis score at day 3 and a decline in the RSV viral load by day 5.

Gene Therapy for Factor IX Deficiency

In participants with hemophilia B, fidanacogene elaparvovec was superior to factor IX prophylaxis, with a lower bleeding rate and stable factor IX expression.

• Sep 18, 2024

Blocking CSF1R in Chronic GVHD

A study in patients with chronic GVHD evaluated three doses of axatilimab, a colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor antibody. The lowest dose appeared to maximize response with the fewest adverse effects.

• Editorial  Targeting CSF1R in Chronic GVHD — Lessons in Translation
• Editorial  CSF1R Blockade for Refractory Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease

Phase 2 Trial of Tulisokibart for Ulcerative Colitis

In this phase 2 trial, tulisokibart (a tumor necrosis factor–like cytokine 1A monoclonal antibody) was more effective than placebo in inducing clinical remission in patients with ulcerative colitis.

• Correspondence
• Sep 11, 2024

Influenza A(H5N1) in Wastewater in 10 U.S. Cities

Avian influenza A(H5N1) virus is spreading through dairy herds across the United States. In this report, wastewater surveillance shows the increase of H5N1 across 10 urban communities.

• Sep 16, 2024

Anti–Claudin 18.2 Antibody in Gastric Cancer

The addition of zolbetuximab, an anti–claudin 18.2 antibody, to chemotherapy in gastric and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma led to longer progression-free and overall survival than chemotherapy alone.

Clinical Practice and Review

• Case Records of the Massachusetts General Hospital

A Woman with Kidney Lesions and Lytic Bone Disease

A 45-year-old woman was evaluated in the rheumatology clinic because of possible IgG4-related disease. She had polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia, as well as kidney and bone lesions. What is the diagnosis?

• Images in Clinical Medicine

Button-Battery Ingestion

An 11-month-old girl presented with a 2-week history of progressive dysphagia and cough. A chest radiograph showed a foreign body with a “double-ring” sign. Torrential hematemesis subsequently developed.

Podcast: Intention to Treat

Brain Injury and Consciousness

New research using functional brain imaging reveals that many patients considered to be in a coma or vegetative state and who are unresponsive may actually be conscious and aware.

• Review Article

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, characterized by fever, muscular rigidity, and dysautonomia, occurs with exposure to dopamine-blocking agents. Management, especially in critical care contexts, is described.

Central Nervous System Vasculitis

CNS vasculitis exists in medium- and large-vessel, small-vessel, and amyloid-deposition forms. Diagnosis is difficult, but the typical symptoms include acute focal deficits, cognitive impairment, and headache.

Accessible Weight Scales and Exam Tables

New U.S. rules issued in May 2024 will finally require all health care delivery organizations receiving federal funds to have medical diagnostic equipment that is accessible to patients with disability.

Featured Multimedia See all multimedia

Ziresovir in Hospitalized Infants with RSV Infection

PSA and MRI Prostate Cancer Screening

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Three-step plan to cut overlooked methane emissions could help us stop global warming faster

Methane, the second most important greenhouse gas, has been neglected—but now scientists lay out a new plan and a new tool to cut emissions down to size

Safeguarding peer review to ensure quality at scale

Making scientific research open has never been more important. But for research to be trusted, it must be of the highest quality. Facing an industry-wide rise in fraudulent science, Frontiers has increased its focus on safeguarding quality.

Ecopreneur Prof Thomas Crowther to showcase the power of nature-based solutions at Frontiers Forum virtual event

Visionary ecologist and pioneer in reforestation and ecosystem restoration Prof Thomas Crowther will explore the vital role that nature plays in our fight against climate change, at a unique Frontiers Forum virtual event on 11 September.

Oceanic life found to be thriving thanks to Saharan dust blown from thousands of kilometers away

US scientists found that the further Saharan dust travels, the more iron in it becomes bioreactive. This is crucial for understanding iron's impact on phytoplankton growth, terrestrial ecosystems, and carbon cycling, especially under global change

Your Zoom background could influence how tired you feel after a video call

On many videoconferencing platforms users can set virtual backgrounds. But could this choice have varying effects on how tired people feel after a video call?

When procrastination becomes unhealthy: Here are five Frontiers articles you won’t want to miss

At Frontiers, we bring some of the world’s best research to a global audience. But with tens of thousands of articles published each year, it’s impossible to cover all of them. Here are just five amazing papers you may have missed.

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September 19, 2024

Engineering chloroplasts

Plastids are important organelles that can be engineered to enhance photosynthetic and metabolic traits in plants. Chonprakun Thagun, Masaki Odahara, Yutaka Kodama and Keiji Numata identify a chloroplast-targeting peptide that is highly efficient in delivering biologically functional proteins to plastids in plants.

Image credit: Chonprakun Thagun and Keiji Numata

PLOS Biologue

Community blog for plos biology, plos genetics and plos computational biology..

Research Article

DNA methylation helps plant pathogen evolution

Do epigenetic changes contribute to long-term bacterial adaptation? Rekha Gopalan-Nair, Aurore Coissac, Alice Guidot and co-workers show that changes in DNA methylation enable rapid adaptation of the major agricultural bacterial pathogen Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum to novel hosts, stable over 100 generations.

Image credit: pbio.3002792

Recently Published Articles

• Polygenic scores for complex traits are associated with changes in concentration of circulating lipid species
• An estimate of fitness reduction from mutation accumulation in a mammal allows assessment of the consequences of relaxed selection
• SPOT: A machine learning model that predicts specific substrates for transport proteins

Current Issue August 2024

One   rhoptry or two?

Plasmodium parasites have a pair of unique organelles called rhoptries that are made anew every replicative cycle. David Anaguano, Vasant Muralidharan and colleagues show that the RON11 protein triggers de novo biogenesis of the second rhoptry and is important for parasite invasion of erythrocytes.

Image credit: pbio.3002801

Functional network modules in the developing human brain 

Network modules in the human brain have mostly been considered to be non-overlapping during development. This neuroimaging study of functional connectome maturation during childhood and adolescence in over 300 children, by Tianyuan Lei, Xuhong Liao, Yong He and co-authors, reveals its overlapping architecture, which is associated with structural properties.

Image credit: pbio.3002653

Methods and Resources

Tracking organelles

Organelles have unique structures and molecular composition, but traditional methods have failed to reflect their heterogeneity and ontogenetic dynamics. Yoshitaka Kurikawa, Ikuko Koyama-Honda, Noboru Mizushima and co-workers introduce a multi-parametric, fluorescence spectroscopy method that allows simultaneous visualization of a wide array of organelles in different maturation states.

Image credit: pbio.3002777

A new tree for opisthokonts

Opisthokonta is the major lineage that includes animals, fungi, and their unicellular relatives, but some ancient divergences remain contentious. Hongyue Liu, Antonis Rokas, Yuanning Li and colleagues present a genome-scale phylogeny and establish the geological timeline of opisthokont diversification.

Image credit: Hongyue Liu

Integrating gene expression with neuroimaging data

Integrating neuroimaging and molecular brain data across people, brain regions and states can help to understand human brain individuality. Nhung Hoang, John Capra, Mikail Rubinov and co-workers present a resource that uses computational genomics to estimate genetically regulated components of gene expression and infer associations of this expression with neuroimaging and clinical phenotypes.

Image credit: pbio.3002782

Perspective

Reusable methods and protocols (PRO-MaP)

This Perspective article describes PRO-MaP, which aims to increase and improve the reporting of detailed, structured and open methods and reusable step-by-step protocols in the life sciences.

Image credit: European Union

Consensus View

New nomenclature for dengue virus

There is currently no suitable system to classify circulating dengue virus (DENV) variants. This Consensus View proposes a new nomenclature system and free online tools to identify and track lineages of potential epidemiological and/or clinical importance.

Image credit: pbio.3002834

Code sharing in biology

For those who want to share their code but don't know where to start, this Essay distils dozens of articles on reproducibility and research software, collecting the most important practical details of how to provide computational transparency even if you aren't a trained software developer.

Image credit: pbio.3002815

Fixing science: stop gaming the system

The open science movement has gained ground, but improvements to the practice of science move at a glacial pace. This Perspective explores the misaligned incentives that are hindering progress to more open, reproducible research.

Image credit: Pixabay user PIRO4D

Decision making for conservation and biodiversity

Translating conservation and biodiversity research from the field into the real world is a complex problem. This collection discusses issues around economics, policy, and how to do research that answers questions that decision makers have.

Symbiosis across the tree of life

Symbiosis research has become a holistic and pervasive field with a mature theoretical basis. This collection showcases symbiotic relationships across the tree of life, exploring their evolutionary basis and underlying mechanisms.

PLOS Biology 20th Anniversary

PLOS Biology is 20 and we are celebrating with a collection that contains articles that look back at landmark studies that we published, others that look past and future, and others discussing how publishing and open science have evolved and what is to come.

Engineering plants for a changing climate

This collection explores engineering strategies to help us adapt plants to a changing climate, including breeding techniques, genome engineering, synthetic biology and microbiome engineering.

Going for green

The green collection explores biological solutions that could be applied to reduce CO2 emissions, get rid of non-degradable plastics, produce food in a sustainable manner or generate energy.

CSHL: Mechanisms of Aging 2024

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Chinese Neuroscience Society meeting 2024

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Meet Senior Editor Christian Schnell ([email protected])

EMBL: defining and defeating metastasis

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Meet Senior Editor Richard Hodge ([email protected])

RS: The ecology and evolution of microbial immune system

September 30 - October 1

Meet Editor in Chief Nonia Pariente ([email protected])

EMBL: Molecular mechanisms in evolution and ecology

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Papahānaumokuākea Marine Debris Project (PMDP) technicians recover a mass of derelict fishing gear from a reef in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. A new study demonstrates that a decades-long effort to remove dangerous plastic debris from marine and terrestrial habitats has succeeded in lowering endangered Hawaiian monk seal entanglement rates. See page 1491. Photo: James Morioka

An RGB composition of chemical element distributions from God the Father by Raphael. Macro x-ray fluorescence (MA-XRF) is a noninvasive technique routinely used for painting investigation, but the large amount of data generated poses analytical challenges. Using a deep learning algorithm trained on a synthetic dataset, Preisler et al. performed fast and accurate analysis of the XRF spectra in MA-XRF datasets. This analysis can provide insights into an artist’s painting techniques; for instance, the use of copper-based pigment around the eyes and ochres for shadowing can be seen in the RGB image of God the Father. Credit: Preisler et al./Science Advances

IgE Plasma Cells Are Cut from a Different Cloth. Immunoglobulin E–producing plasma cells (IgE PCs) are key players in allergic reactions and are an attractive target for the treatment of allergic diseases. A deeper understanding of IgE PC phenotypic and transcriptional profiles is needed, however. Vecchione et al. characterized IgE PCs from mice exposed to house dust mite allergen. IgE PCs were transcriptionally and phenotypically different from PCs producing other immunoglobulin isotypes, with increased endoplasmic reticulum stress due to higher levels of antibody production. IgE PCs in the lung-draining lymph node (dLN) and bone marrow (BM) showed distinct transcriptional profiles: The relatively short-lived IgE dLN PCs expressed genes indicative of recent class switching, whereas BM PCs were enriched for genes involved in survival and BM homing. This month’s cover illustration depicts plasma cells secreting a profusion of allergy-driving IgE antibodies. Credit: Noelle Burgess/AAAS

Grasping Objects with Prosthetics. Amputation of a limb can affect the ability of an amputee to carry out simple tasks, such as grasping an object. Several prosthetic devices rely on the use of electrical signals from nerves and muscles to control their motion. Gherardini et al. have developed an approach that uses implanted magnets that harness muscle deformation to control a myokinetic prosthetic hand. A participant with a transradial amputation recruited for the study showed the ability to carry out functional tests to demonstrate dexterous motor skills. This month’s cover is an image of the participant’s prosthetic hand grasping a clothespin. Credit: OneFrame Creative Science Communication

This week, Dasgupta et al. demonstrate that the local synthesis of amyloid precursor protein in response to proneurotrophins at the axon initiates retrograde signaling that promotes the degeneration of basal forebrain neurons, a phenomenon often seen after traumatic brain injury and in Alzheimer’s disease. The image shows microfluidic-chamber cultures of rodent basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. Image: Dasgupta et al./Science Signaling

NET Benefits. The cover image shows a bladder section from a mouse with uropathogenic Escherichia coli-induced cystitis, with neutrophils stained red, myeloperoxidase, a component of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), stained green, and nuclei stained blue. Stewart et al. identified NETs in the urine of healthy individuals and used mouse models of urinary tract infection to show that these NETs interact with uromodulin to entrap bacteria and block ascent of infection into the kidneys, thereby preventing development of pyelonephritis. The leukocyte esterase dipstick test was also found to specifically detect the presence of neutrophils undergoing NETosis, but not intact neutrophils, highlighting the importance of NETs to both the prevention and diagnosis of urinary tract infection. Credit: Stewart et al./Science Translational Medicine

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The Power Behind the Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine's Research Engine

Collaborating with researchers around the world continues to expand and enhance biostatistician Kavita Batra's reputation in the scientific community.

Kavita Batra is an assistant professor, medical research biostatistician, and interim executive director of research and scholarly activity at the Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV. (Photo by Julian Fox)

• September 25, 2024
• By Paul Joncich

From her office in the Las Vegas Medical District, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV biostatistician Kavita Batra  routinely fires off information-packed emails to places like Turkey, Poland, and Italy.

Collaborating with researchers all over the world and working on multiple projects at a time, the sheer volume of information that flows back through Batra’s inbox would make your head spin. There are data sets, spreadsheets, formulas, graphs, and research-related queries. Not only must she stay organized, but she also must compartmentalize and prioritize her workday to meet multiple deadlines imposed upon her by similarly overachieving colleagues, students and collaborators eager to see their work go to publication.

On top of that, as her reputation grows, there are new requests to collaborate and invitations to sit on editorial boards of science and medical journals, where she’ll be tasked with even more responsibility to make unbiased decisions on the manuscripts submitted by the scientific community.

The latest editorial board invitation came from Scientific Reports , the fifth most cited journal in the world. Batra also sits on editorial boards or consults for publications including Annals of Epidemiology and the Journal of Medicine, Surgery and Public Health , among others.

Growing up in India, she attended one of the country’s most prestigious dental schools and practiced dental surgery for five years before becoming a public health officer, where she fell in love with statistics that revealed disease trends. Moving to the U.S. at the age of 30, she received her master’s and PhD from UNLV School of Public Health .

In less than four years since joining the school of medicine, Batra has collaborated with dozens of medical students, residents, fellows, and faculty, publishing more than 100 peer-reviewed publications, including full-length journal articles, book chapters, monographs, and books. Her collaborations extend beyond the school of medicine as she also works with the UNLV Schools of Public Health and Dental Medicine.

But that’s not all. She has nearly 100 additional scholarly outcomes, including editorials, published abstracts, posters, and oral presentations at various levels, ranging from local to international, resulting from her independent research and mentoring efforts.

Busier than ever, Batra still manages to look up from her computer screen and greet visitors with a smile. “Have time to answer a few questions for a magazine article?” I ask.

“I would be honored to participate,” she replies, unfailingly polite.

What drives you to work in research?

The primary motivation behind my research stems from my desire to solve problems and the sense of accomplishment that comes with it when you are doing meaningful work. I take pride in being a part of multidisciplinary research teams that are dedicated to improving patients’ well-being. Additionally, it is fulfilling to know that the work I do has practical applications.

What project/accomplishment are you most proud of?

To me, nothing is bigger than contributing to the pool of knowledge by offering my expertise to help our clinicians and medical trainees achieve their scholarly goals. My clinical training in dental medicine and doctorate in public health allow me to share both the perspectives of the individual patient and the population’s health. With these two lenses, I am positioned well to make significant contributions to interdisciplinary research.

In addition, I, along with my co-investigators, received a $650,000 grant from the Department of Health and Human Services-Division of Healthcare Financing and Policy to perform a robust linkage of the large datasets for analyzing maternal and neonatal drivers of the high Medicaid burden in Nevada.

Any interesting projects in the pipeline you’d like to talk about?

Yes, my long-term goal — shared with our associate dean for research, Dr. Deborah Kuhls — is to develop a structured, research-focused mentoring program for our school community. Research is a long journey to the end result, and it is important that we create an environment conducive to learn and conduct research. In this initiative, we have a long road ahead, and the office of research is well committed to travel this long distance.

How does research help raise the image and reputation of the school of medicine?

I think research is an integral part of the foundational skills and offers a competitive advantage that medical professionals need to acquire in the continuum of their learning process. Publications and high-quality scholarly outcomes can position our learners and medical trainees well in this professional world. Needless to mention, more research and scholarly productivity of our learners, trainees, and faculty will work better with our university’s goal to maintain its R1 designation overall.

Simply put, more research leads to more scholarly outcomes, which in turn leads to more funding, more visibility nationally and internationally, all of these lead to a strong reputation, brand name, and a good standing in academic health. In addition, I am thankful to our leadership, [Dr. Marc J. Kahn, dean of the medical school and vice president for health affairs; Dr. Kuhls; and Dr. Robert Hernandez] who are constantly supportive of expanding our medical research enterprise.

Do you feel like the school is developing in this area?

Yes, I can totally see that we are heading in the right direction — no doubt! Quantitatively, I have witnessed a significant increase in research output since the time I was hired almost four years ago. This is definitely a good sign.

I also noticed that the completion rates of the research projects have also increased with more emphasis on manuscripts. It is evident that we are transitioning to the “Getting Things Done” model, in which we are taking a more structured and action-oriented approach to stimulate the research and scholarly activity. A huge thanks to Dr. Aditi Singh and Dr. Buddhadeb Dawn for supporting the first structured research elective for our residents in the internal medicine department.

Is there anything else you would like to share?

Yes, I would like to share my belief and what I have learned in my research journey. And that is: “If the right opportunity does not knock, build a door.” Always remember that the starting point of great success begins when you discipline yourself.

Campus Units:

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