Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts
Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition
Welcome to the Purdue OWL
This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.
Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.
Please note that although these resources reflect the most recent updates in the The Chicago Manual of Style (17 th edition) concerning documentation practices, you can review a full list of updates concerning usage, technology, professional practice, etc. at The Chicago Manual of Style Online .
Introduction
The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) covers a variety of topics from manuscript preparation and publication to grammar, usage, and documentation, and as such, it has been lovingly dubbed the “editor's bible.”
The material on this page focuses primarily on one of the two CMOS documentation styles: the Notes-Bibliography System (NB) , which is used by those working in literature, history, and the arts. The other documentation style, the Author-Date System, is nearly identical in content but slightly different in form and is preferred by those working in the social sciences.
Though the two systems both convey all of the important information about each source, they differ not only in terms of the way they direct readers to these sources, but also in terms of their formatting (e.g., the position of dates in citation entries). For examples of how these citation styles work in research papers, consult our sample papers:
Author-Date Sample Paper
NB Sample Paper
In addition to consulting The Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition) for more information, students may also find it useful to consult Kate L. Turabian's Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (8th edition). This manual, which presents what is commonly known as the "Turabian" citation style, follows the two CMOS patterns of documentation but offers slight modifications suited to student texts.
Notes and Bibliography (NB) in Chicago style
The Chicago Notes and Bibliography (NB) system is often used in the humanities to provide writers with a system for referencing their sources through the use of footnotes, endnotes, and through the use of a bibliography. This offers writers a flexible option for citation and provides an outlet for commenting on those sources, if needed. Proper use of the Notes and Bibliography system builds a writer’s credibility by demonstrating their accountability to source material. In addition, it can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the intentional or accidental uncredited use of source material created by others.
Introduction to Notes
In the Notes and Bibliography system, you should include a note (endnote or footnote) each time you use a source, whether through a direct quote, paraphrase, or summary. Footnotes are added at the end of the page on which the source is referenced, while endnotes are compiled at the end of each chapter or at the end of the entire document.
In either case, a superscript number corresponding to a note, along with the bibliographic information for that source, should be placed in the text following the end of the sentence or clause in which the source is referenced.
If a work includes a bibliography, which is typically preferred, then it is not necessary to provide full publication details in notes. However, if a bibliography is not included with a work, the first note for each source should include all relevant information about the source: author’s full name, source title, and facts of publication. If you cite the same source again, or if a bibliography is included in the work, the note only needs to include the surname of the author, a shortened form of the title (if more than four words), and the page number(s). However, in a work that does not include a bibliography, it is recommended that the full citation be repeated when it is first used in a new chapter.
In contrast to earlier editions of CMOS, if you cite the same source two or more times consecutively, CMOS recommends using shortened citations. In a work with a bibliography, the first reference should use a shortened citation which includes the author’s name, the source title, and the page number(s), and consecutive references to the same work may omit the source title and simply include the author and page number. Although discouraged by CMOS, if you cite the same source and page number(s) from a single source two or more times consecutively, it is also possible to utilize the word “Ibid.,” ( from the Latin ibidem, which means “in the same place,”) as the corresponding note. If you use the same source but a draw from different new page, the corresponding note should use “Ibid.” followed by a comma and the new page number(s).
In the NB system, the footnote or endnote itself begins with the appropriate full-sized number, followed by a period and then a space.
Introduction to Bibliographies
In the NB system, the bibliography provides an alphabetical list of all sources used in a given work. This page, most often titled Bibliography, is usually placed at the end of the work preceding the index. It should include all sources cited within the work and may sometimes include other relevant sources that were not cited but provide further reading.
Although bibliographic entries for various sources may be formatted differently, all included sources (books, articles, websites, etc.) are arranged alphabetically by author’s last name. If no author or editor is listed, the title or, as a last resort, a descriptive phrase may be used.
Though useful, a bibliography is not required in works that provide full bibliographic information in the notes.
Common Elements
All entries in the bibliography will include the author (or editor, compiler, translator), title, and publication information.
Author Names
The author’s name is inverted in the bibliography, placing the last name first and separating the last name and first name with a comma; for example, John Smith becomes Smith, John.
Titles of books and journals are italicized. Titles of articles, chapters, poems, etc. are placed in quotation marks .
Publication Information
The year of publication is listed after the publisher or journal name .
Punctuation
In a bibliography, all major elements are separated by periods.
For more information and specific examples, see the sections on Books and Periodicals .
Please note that this OWL resource provides basic information regarding the formatting of entries used in the bibliography. For more information about Selected Bibliographies, Annotated Bibliographies, and Bibliographic Essays, please consult Chapter 14.61 of The Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition).
Covering a story? Visit our page for journalists or call (773) 702-8360.
Inside the Lab
Top Stories
- UChicago scientists pioneer technique to visualize anti-ferroelectric materials
- Upgraded synchrotron starts up at Argonne National Laboratory
- First student awarded scholarship in honor of historian, civil rights activist Timuel D. Black
The Chicago Manual of Style, explained
The Chicago Manual of Style is an American English style guide published by the University of Chicago Press. The Manual ’s guidelines for publishing, style and usage, and citations and indexes—known as “Chicago style” rules and recommendations—are among the most widely used in the United States, especially in academic and book publishing.
Jump to a section:
- What is The Chicago Manual of Style?
What is the history of The Chicago Manual of Style?
What is turabian style, what makes something definitively chicago style, what is a chicago-style citation is a quick reference available for chicago style, what is the difference between chicago style, ap style, mla style, and apa style in what contexts is chicago style used most often.
- How did The Chicago Manual of Style become a standard reference?
What is The Chicago Manual of Style ?
The Chicago Manual of Style is an American English style and usage guide published continuously by the University of Chicago Press since 1906. Today, it is used widely in many academic disciplines and is considered the standard for US style in book publishing.
The Chicago Manual of Style has become a staple reference for writers and editors, in part because it was one of the first style guides to be published in book form, and the only one from an academic press in North America. (Other style guides are published by professional associations.) Eventually, the Manual became a canonical work synonymous with its home institution, akin to the Oxford English Dictionary .
The Manual is now in its 17th edition, published in 2017. Sometimes referred to by its acronym, CMOS (pronounced like “sea moss”), The Chicago Manual of Style is available both in print and online , for an annual subscription fee. A free Chicago style Q&A and other resources are also available to the public on the CMOS website.
Grammar enthusiasts celebrate “Chicago style” rules, such as whether to put the title of a book in italics (Chicago style says yes, whereas AP style recommends quotation marks), or whether to use a serial comma—also known as an “Oxford” comma (Chicago style: yes; AP style: no). However, the editors at the University of Chicago Press acknowledge that rules are often context-dependent, and sometimes need to be broken. The Manual is thus also respected for its flexibility.
Opening in 1891, the University of Chicago Press was one of the original divisions of the University of Chicago (founded in 1890). The staff at the Press soon decided that maintaining a consistent, professional style would be essential to streamlining the Press’s publishing across many disciplines, and drew up an initial style sheet that was circulated to the university community.
The first iteration of the Manual as we know it today was published in 1906 as Manual of Style: Being a Compilation of the Typographical Rules in Force at the University of Chicago Press, to Which Are Appended Specimens of Type in Use.
The Manual has been revised numerous times, including a major revision—the 12th edition in 1969—that definitively established the Manual as an industry leader on style matters. The first edition to incorporate “Chicago” in the title was the 13th edition, published in 1982; previous titles had been variations on A Manual of Style . The change reflected the way readers typically referred to the manual.
Over the years, each edition has sought to address contemporary questions from readers that have arisen via the continued evolution of language and technology. For example, the proliferation of computers—including digital publishing techniques facilitated by the internet and social media—have created a host of new style-related questions, many of which are addressed in recent editions.
Historical content adapted from The Chicago Manual of Style Online .
The term “Turabian” or “Turabian style” refers to the style guidelines that serve as a standard reference for college and graduate students writing research papers, providing an introduction to Chicago-style formatting and citation.
The guidelines were first set forth in 1937 by Kate L. Turabian—then the University of Chicago’s graduate school dissertation secretary—who wrote the pamphlet that became A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations . Now in its ninth edition, with multiple contributing writers and editors, Turabian (as it is usually known) continues to emphasize the value of strong research questions, evidence-based arguments, logical structure, and source citation.
The Turabian style guide is published by the University of Chicago Press and closely follows The Chicago Manual of Style , such that the term “Chicago/Turabian” is also used in some instances. The primary differences are the scope of the Turabian guide, which is narrower than that of CMOS , and its target audience of students. More information about the Turabian style guide and its history is available on The Chicago Manual of Style ’s website.
When people talk about “Chicago style” rules, they are most often referring either to punctuation or source citations. In the case of punctuation, Chicago is the standard for US style in book publishing, whereas Oxford style is generally associated with British style. Some examples of a few notable differences are below:
- Chicago prefers double quotation marks (“like this”); Oxford prefers single (‘like this’).
- In Chicago style, periods and commas go inside closing quotation marks, “like this,” whereas Oxford puts them after, ‘like this’, though there are exceptions (and exceptions are generally made in British style for fiction and journalism).
- Chicago uses em dashes with no space before or after—like this. Usage at Oxford varies, but in British style many publishers prefer spaced en dashes – like this.
- Oxford style is usually associated with the “Oxford comma”—the comma before the conjunction in a series of three or more (like the one before “and” in “apples, oranges, and pears”). But this comma has also always been Chicago style. CMOS refers to it as a “serial comma.”
- On spelling, Chicago prefers the spellings at Merriam-Webster.com; Oxford follows Oxford’s dictionaries, starting with the Oxford English Dictionary .
Source citations involve the use of numbered notes and a bibliography, each styled and punctuated in a specific way, or author-date citations. Chicago’s citation style, like many of its other rules, goes back to the first edition and its focus on academic publishing. For more information about Chicago-style citations, read on.
This section was adapted from content contributed by Russell Harper, the editor of The Chicago Manual of Style’s Online Q&A.
For detailed information about Chicago-style citations and references, visit the CMOS website and Citation Quick Guide . In general, Chicago-style citations use either an author-date format or numbered notes and a bibliography.
Here is an example of an author-date citation, as it would appear in the text of an essay citing a book:
The primary cheeses used in Chicago-style pizza are mozzarella, Parmesan, and Romano (Bruno 1983, 4).
Here is a full citation for the same book, as it would appear at the end in a list of works cited:
Bruno, Pasquale, Jr. The Great Chicago-Style Pizza Cookbook . New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983.
Here is how the same book would appear as a footnote with a corresponding reference:
Sentence from essay: For best results, stick to high-quality tomatoes, and avoid adding tomato paste to your Chicago-style pizza sauce.¹
Reference at the bottom of the page or end of the text: 1. Pasquale Bruno Jr., The Great Chicago-Style Pizza Cookbook (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983), 3.
Many English style and usage guides exist, and many organizations have their own in-house guides. Some guides are specific to particular fields like law, whereas others have more general applications.
There are many guides in publishing, media, and academia, but four predominate. These are the Associated Press Stylebook (AP style), The Chicago Manual of Style (Chicago style), the Modern Language Association’s MLA Handbook (MLA style), and the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA style). AP style is the standard in journalism, while MLA style is popular in classroom instruction and in some academic disciplines. APA style is often used in the social sciences and related academic fields.
Chicago style is comprehensive, and can address most questions relevant to writing, editing, and publishing in any discipline. Intended originally as a guide for publishers of academic books and journals, it is especially popular in the humanities and social sciences. Chicago style is also used widely by students and by publishers of novels and trade books.
Here is an example of the differences between Chicago style and AP style on common questions, such as styling titles in italics or quotations marks, the use of serial or “Oxford” commas, and possessive nouns ending in the letter “s”:
Chicago style: After Harry Styles’s tour in support of his album Fine Line stopped at the United Center, the pop star made sure to pick up some Chicago-style pizza, hot dogs, and popcorn.
AP style: After Harry Styles’ tour in support of his album “Fine Line” stopped at the United Center, the pop star made sure to pick up some Chicago-style pizza, hot dogs and popcorn.
Though either guide’s recommendations might seem prescriptive, English is a fraught language, with many potential gray areas. The editors at the University of Chicago Press (like those at AP) have sought to establish clarity and consistency while at the same time remaining flexible and cognizant of the fact that context may call for individual discretion on style matters.
How did The Chicago Manual of Style become a standard reference?
The Chicago Manual of Style became a standard reference in part because of its early publication date at a time when university press publishing in the United States was just getting off the ground. Today, the University of Chicago Press is considered the largest academic press in the United States. It is also one of the oldest continuously publishing presses, according to the Association of American University Presses , with Johns Hopkins University Press (founded in 1878) being the oldest.
The University of Chicago Press quickly began to establish itself as a leading American university press, publishing the first edition of the Manual in 1906, before some competing presses, like those at Yale University (1908) and Harvard University (1913), had even been established.
In the United Kingdom, however, Oxford University Press began publishing its own style guide, originally titled Rules for Compositors and Readers at the University Press, Oxford , in 1904 (two years before Chicago). Known informally as “Hart’s Rules,” after the original author, Horace Hart, the Oxford style guide continues to be published today, with the most recent edition titled New Oxford Style Manual (2016).
Oxford University Press and other presses such as Cambridge University Press are older than any North American university press. Oxford traces the founding of its press to the 16th century (as does Cambridge). However, both the University of Chicago and the University of Oxford made their style guides available to the public before competitors early in the 20th century, which helped ensure their influence since then.
University of Chicago faculty, students, and staff can access The Chicago Manual of Style Online from the Library home page .
Editor’s Note: UChicago News follows journalistic convention, meaning that most of our coverage is published in AP style. However, an exception has been made for this piece, which is published in Chicago style in keeping with its subject matter.
Recommended Stories
An editor takes the fear out of The Chicago Manual of Style
Chicago Manual of Style reflects changes in social media, new…
Related Topics
Latest news, a uchicago student finds connection and career path in berlin.
Big Brains podcast
Big Brains podcast: What makes something memorable (or forgettable?)
Pride Month
How UChicago’s Center for the Study of Gender and Sexuality ‘is here for everyone’
UChicago graduate student selected as 2024 Paul and Daisy Soros Fellow
Go 'Inside the Lab' at UChicago
Explore labs through videos and Q and As with UChicago faculty, staff and students
David B. Rowley, geologist who overturned conventional wisdom about Earth’s surface evolution, 1954–2024
Conservation lab: preserving the world’s oldest objects, around uchicago.
Quantum Computing
Researchers draw inspiration from ancient Alexandria to optimize quantum simulations
Quantrell and PhD Teaching Awards
UChicago announces 2024 winners of Quantrell and PhD Teaching Awards
Campus News
Project to improve accessibility, sustainability of Main Quadrangles
National Academy of Sciences
Five UChicago faculty elected to National Academy of Sciences in 2024
Polsky Center
Supply chain software startup FreshX takes first place at 2024 NVC
The College
Two UChicago students honored for commitment to environmental work
Biological Sciences Division
“You have to be open minded, planning to reinvent yourself every five to seven years.”
Kavli Prize
UChicago President Paul Alivisatos shares 2024 Kavli Prize in Nanoscience
- Writing and Citation Style Guides and Tools
- East Tennessee State University
- Chicago Manual of Style
- Starting Points
- AMA Manual of Style
- MLA Handbook
- Academic Writer (APA Style)
- EndNote Basic
- ETSU Graduate Thesis & Dissertation Style by Department
Online Chicago Manual of Style Resources
Chicago Manual of Style Online
- Includes the text of the Chicago Manual, plus a quick guide, blog, Q&A section, video tutorials, and resources.
Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) Chicago Manual of Style
- Brief information about Chicago Manual of Style (17 th edition) created at Purdue University.
Books on the Chicago Manual of Style
Quick Reference
Using the notes and bibliography variation.
1. Juan Gonzalez, Harvest of Empire: A History of Latinos in America (New York: Penguin Group, 2011), 232.
2. Gonzalez, Harvest of Empire , 232.
Gonzales, Juan. Harvest of Empire: A History of Latinos in America . New York: Penguin Group, 2011.
- Electronic Book
3.Neema Avashia, Another Appalachia: Coming up Queer and Indian in a Mountain Place (Morgantown: West Virginia University Press, 2022), 46, https://etsu.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/openurl?institution=01ETSU_INST&vid=01ETSU_INST:ETSU&isbn=1952271428&sid=books_widget.
4.Avashia, Another Appalachia , 46.
Avashia, Neema. Another Appalachia: Coming up Queer and Indian in a Mountain Place . Morgantown: West Virginia University Press, 2022. https://etsu.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/openurl?institution=01ETSU_INST&vid=01ETSU_INST:ETSU&isbn=1952271428&sid=books_widget.
- Journal Article
5.Visa Immonen, Janne Harjula, Mia Lempiäinen-Avci, Ilkka Leskelä, Elina Räsänen, and Katri Vuola. “The Life of Wood in North-Eastern Europe in AD 1100–1600.” Antiquity 94, no. 378 (December 2020): 35, doi:10.15184/aqy.2020.209.
Last name, "Title," page/page range.
6.Immonen et al., French Crossings IV , 3-35.
Jones, Colin. “French Crossings IV: Vagaries of Passion and Power in Enlightenment Paris.” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 23, no. 3 (2013): 3–35. Proquest.
- Reference List
- Chicago allows for different types of bibliographies (Full, Selected, Annotated, Essay).
- A Full Bibliography usually has a heading labeled "Bibliography" in centered, plain text.
- All reference entries should be formatted with a hanging indent and listed in alphabetical order.
- Refer to our citation tools page for automated bibliography solutions
Jones, Colin. “French Crossings IV: Vagaries of Passion and Power in Enlightenment Paris.” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 23 (2013): 3–35.
Using the Author/Date variation in-text
In-text citations when using the Author/Date variation are more simple than the Notes/Bibliography option, and are similar to other non-Chicago citation styles. To cite in-text using Author/Date you will typically look like: (Author Last Year, Page numbers).
(Levy 2005, 10-15)
Last Name, First Name. Year. Title. Publisher City: Publisher.
Levy, Ariel. 2005. Female Chauvinist Pigs: Women and the Rise of Raunch Culture. New York: Simon and Schuster.
(McHugh et al. 2019, 23)
McHugh, Peter, Bonner, Kieran and Raffel, Stanley. 2019. Redefining the Situation : The Writings of Peter McHugh. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press. Ebscohost.
(Jones 2013, 33-35)
Jones, Colin. 2013. “French Crossings IV: Vagaries of Passion and Power in Enlightenment Paris.” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 23 no. 2 (Winter): 33–35. Project MUSE.
- A Full Bibliography usually has a heading labeled "References" in centered, plain text.
Jones, Colin. 2013. “French Crossings IV: Vagaries of Passion and Power in Enlightenment Paris.” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 23 no. 2 (Winter): 33–35. Project MUSE.
- << Previous: APA Style
- Next: CSE Style >>
Call Local Call Toll-Free Text Email Research Help
Call Toll-Free
- Last Updated: Oct 9, 2023 7:07 AM
- URL: https://libraries.etsu.edu/research/writecite
How To: Citation and Style Guides
- Avoiding Plagiarism
- Copyright & Fair Use
- Chicago Manual of Style
Quick Links
- Academic Coaching
- Databases A-Z
- Library Home
- Locations & Hours
- Password Reset
- Research Guides
- Reserve a Room or Testing Seat
- Wifi Access
- WNC OER Project
- WNC Homepage
Chicago Manual of Style Publication Manual
Chicago Manual of Style Basics
- Chicago Style Guide (Purdue OWL) Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) provides extensive explanation and examples of Chicago style.
- Turabian Quick Guide A brief overview of the most common examples of citation formats from Kate Turabian's Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers.
Please note: Chicago Manual of Style has two different citation options:
- Notes-Bibliography Style
- Author-Date Reference Style
If you are unsure which one to use, please contact your instructor.
Chicago Manual of Style Formatting
Formatting Citations and the Works Cited/Reference List
- Chicago Style Citation Guide An excellent guide to using the Chicago style citation format from Western Oregon University Library.
- Chicago Style Citation Guide (Seattle) This useful guide from the Seattle Central Community College Library covers the basics of the Chicago citation style in an easy to use format.
- Chicago Style Guide Chicago citation style guide from the Santa Fe College (Gainesville, FL) Library.
Other Resources
- Term Paper Handbook for Chicago (Turabian) Style A detailed guide on how to format your research paper in the Chicago citation style from the Sierra College Writing Center. Includes examples citations of notes and a bibliography.
Chicago Manual of Style Citation and Research Paper Examples
Citation Examples
- Citation Examples from the Chicago Manual of Style Online
Research Paper Examples
- Chicago Style Sample Paper (Purdue OWL) An example of a paper written in the Chicago citation style, including extensive explanatory notes and examples. (Footnotes and bibliography.)
- Chicago Style Sample Research Paper: Notes/Bibliography Style OWL (Online Writing Lab) at Purdue University. Notes and Bibliography (NB) Style
- Chicago Style Sample Paper: Author/Date Style OWL (Online Writing Lab) at Purdue University. Author/Date Style
Chicago Manual of Style Tutorials
- Chicago Style: The Basics A video tutorial created by the OWL at Purdue.
- Chicago Manual of Style Citations Tutorial This tutorial from Western Michigan University Libraries covers the difference between the two basic citation styles used in CMOS.
- << Previous: MLA Style
- Last Updated: Oct 24, 2023 1:54 PM
- URL: https://library.wnc.edu/citing-sources
Contact the Library at WNC
Carson Campus Library 2201 W. College Parkway Carson City, Nevada 89703 (775) 445-3229
Fallon Campus Library 160 Campus Way Fallon, Nevada 89406 (775) 445-3392
Report a problem Print Page Login to LibApps (Staff Only)
©2021 Western Nevada College | Privacy Policy | Title IX | WNC en Español
The Chicago Manual of Style Guide: Welcome
- Books & Single Printed Works
- Scholarly Journal Articles
- Magazines and Newspapers
- Reference Works
- Conference Papers, Interviews, & Personal Communications
- Digital Sources
- Artificial Intelligence & Chatbots
- Blackboard Content / Lecture Notes
- Quoting and Paraphrasing
- Author-Date vs. Notes and Bibliography
- References List / Bibliography
Chicago Manual of Style
Citation isn't just about doing the right thing, it's about making your writing stronger and improving the quality of all research performed.
Here's three good reasons why we cite:
- Giving credit. The idea is fairly straightforward: great writing of all types is built at least in part on the work of others. We honor and acknowledge the ideas that give birth to our own.
- Strengthening our position . A large percentage of writing is persuasive in nature. Citing authoritative sources helps to support our key ideas and arguments. By attributing original works, we place our own ideas in a broader, ever-expanding context.
- Showing diligence . Without citation, every word, fact, and idea is attributed to you by default. If some of that information turns out to be wrong, it is on you. Citations show our research and our processes. Without them, any error is an error of negligence. In this way, citation isn't just about providing credit, it's about protecting yourself if mistakes are made in your research.
Source: Bailey, J. (2017, May 16). "Why cite? Three reasons to cite your sources." Plagiarism Today.
Chicago Manual of Style 17 - What's New?
Chicago style for scholarly documentation is used primarily in the humanities, particularly in the discipline of history. The Manual prescribes two systems of documentation: a " Notes and Bibliography " (NB) system and an " Author-Date " system. The NB system uses footnotes or endnotes and offers the author an opportunity to comment or elaborate on the source or text. The author-date system involves in-text citation using parenthetical references. The Chicago Manual of Style (CMoS) offers useful tips on how to correctly format your paper and how to cite the resources you used in your paper. Some examples are featured in the tabs above.
Three most salient changes in the 17th (2017) edition are:
1. Titles for websites
The formatting for titles of websites can now be treated in various ways. What dictates the treatment is whether the website also has a print counterpart, such as newspaper websites. If the site has one, the title is in italics. If it does not, then it is not stylized.
- The New York Times
2. Use of “ibid.”
In previous versions of CMoS , the abbreviation “ibid” was used in footnotes to show the reader that the previous cited source is being cited immediately after. The 17th edition, however, discourages the use of “ibid” in favor of shortened citations. The footnote can instead start with the author’s last name, and include the page number.
Examples ( congruent footnote citations without “ibid.” ):
- William P. Tornow, Tokyo Cyberpunk: Posthumanism in Japanese Visual Culture (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), 124.
- Tornow, 11.
- Tornow, 17.
3. Repeating the Year in Certain Author-Date Citations
Chicago Manual of Style has two main sub-styles: “author-date” and “footnote-bibliography.” In an author-date reference list entry, the year may now be repeated for sources that are also identified by month and day, such as journals or websites. This, however, is optional.
Osborne, Mary. 2021. “Futurist Shock.” Lingua Franca (blog). Chronicle of Higher Education , February 15, 2021. https://www.chronicle.com/blogs/linguafranca/2021/02/15/futurist-shock/
New York Times. 2020. “In New York, Ad Heats Up Race for Mayor.” July 30, 2020.
Below are a few web resources designed to assist you in formatting and structuring your citations according to CMoS .
- Chicago Style Quick Guide
- Questions and Answers About Chicago Style
- Chicago Style - The Purdue OWL
- Chicago Style on Facebook
Attribution
This guide was created by my wonderful colleague, librarian Robert Delaney. It has been modified to reflect changes in the seventeenth (2017) edition.
- Next: Books & Single Printed Works >>
- Last Updated: Mar 18, 2024 3:09 PM
- URL: https://liu.cwp.libguides.com/chicagostyle
Chicago Manual Of Style Online
- HOW TO Use CMOS as a Quick Guide
- NEED HELP? Make an Appointment with Your Librarian
- Other Authoritative Chicago Style Sources
Chicago Manual Of Style
Find it. Write it. Cite it. The Chicago Manual of Style Online is the venerable, time-tested guide to style, usage, and grammar in an accessible online format. ¶ It is the indispensable reference for writers, editors, proofreaders, indexers, copywriters, designers, and publishers, informing the editorial canon with sound, definitive advice. ¶
- Next: HOW TO Use CMOS as a Quick Guide >>
- Last Updated: Apr 29, 2024 12:21 PM
- URL: https://libguides-phd.antioch.edu/cmos
- Collections
- Research Help
- Teaching & Learning
- Library Home
Chicago Citation Style Guide
- Get Started With Chicago Style
- Note-Bibliography Basics
- Author-Date Basics
- Citing Journal Articles
- Citing Newspaper Articles
- Citing Magazines
- Citing Websites & Blogs
- Sound Recordings
- Radio Program (Podcast)
- Broadcast Radio & TV
- Video Recordings (DVD/VHS)
- TV & Video (Web)
- Images & Art
- Reference Materials
- Religious Texts
- Legal & Government Documents
Theses & Dissertations
Citing a published thesis, citing an unpublished thesis, citing a thesis in online database or repository.
- CMS 14.224: Theses and dissertations
Titles of unpublished works appear in "quotation marks"—not in italics . This treatment extends to theses and dissertations, which are otherwise cited like books.
The kind of thesis, the academic institution, and the date follow the title. Like the publication data of a book, these are enclosed in parentheses in a note but not in a bibliography.
If the document was consulted online, include a URL or, for documents retrieved from a commercial database, give the name of the database and, in parentheses, any identification number supplied or recommended by the database.
For dissertations issued on microfilm, see 14.120 . For published abstracts of dissertations, see 14.197 .
Note-Bibliography
First-name Last-name, "Title of Thesis: Subtitle," (Publisher, Year).
Mihwa Choi, “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty,” PhD diss., (University of Chicago, 2008).
Short Note:
Last-name, "Title of Thesis."
Choi. “Contesting Imaginaires ."
Bibliography Entry:
Last-name, First-name. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle." Year.
Choi, Mihwa. “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.” PhD diss. University of Chicago, 2008.
Author-Date
Text Citation:
(Last-name Year)
(Mihwa 2008)
Reference Entry:
Last-name, First-name. Year. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle."
Choi, Mihwa. 2008. “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.” PhD diss. University of Chicago.
Note -Bibliography
Note #. First-name Last-name, "Title of Thesis: Subtitle," Unpublished thesis type, University. Year.
Barry C. Hosking, "The Control of Gastro-intestinal Nematodes in Sheep with the Amino-acetonitrile Derivative, Monepantel with a Particular Focus on Australia and New Zealand," PhD diss., (Ghent University, 2010).
Note #. Last-name,"Title of Thesis."
Barry C. Hosking, "The Control of Gastro-intestinal Nematodes."
Bibliography:
Last-name, First-name. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle." Unpublished thesis type. University. Year.
Hosking, Barry C. "The Control of Gastro-intestinal Nematodes in Sheep with the Amino-acetonitrile Derivative, Monepantel with a Particular Focus on Australia and New Zealand." PhD diss., Ghent University, 2010.
(Hosking 2010)
Last-name, First-name. Year. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle." Unpublished thesis type. University.
Hosking, Barry C. 2010. "The Control of Gastro-intestinal Nematodes in Sheep with the Amino-acetonitrile Derivative, Monepantel with a Particular Focus on Australia and New Zealand." PhD diss., Ghent University.
Note #. First-name Last-name, "Title of Thesis: Subtitle," Database Name (Identifier if given), Year, Internet address.
12. Meredith Stewart, "An Investigation into Aspects of the Replication of Jembrana Disease Virus, " Australasian Digital Theses Program (WMU2005.1222), 2005, http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20051222.104106.
Note #. Last-name, "Title of Thesis."
21. Stewart, "An Investigation into Aspects."
Last-name, First-name. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle." Database Name (Identifier if given), Year. Internet address.
Stewart, Meredith. "An Investigation into Aspects of the Replication of Jembrana Disease Virus ." Australasian Digital Theses Program (WMU2005.1222), 2005. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20051222.104106.
(Stewart 2005)
Last-name, First-name. Year. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle." Database Name (Identifier if given), Internet address.
Stewart, Meredith. 2005. "An Investigation into Aspects of the Replication of Jembrana Disease Virus ." Australasian Digital Theses Program (WMU2005.1222), http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20051222.104106.
- << Previous: Legal & Government Documents
- Next: More Help >>
- Last Updated: Feb 13, 2024 2:03 PM
- URL: https://libguides.wvu.edu/chicago
Citation guides
All you need to know about citations
How to cite a PhD thesis in Chicago
To cite a PhD thesis in a reference entry in Chicago style 17th edition include the following elements:
- Author(s) of the thesis: Give first the last name, then the name as presented in the source (e. g. Watson, John). For two authors, reverse only the first name, followed by ‘and’ and the second name in normal order (e. g. Watson, John, and John Watson). For more than seven authors, list the first seven names followed by et al.
- Title of the thesis: Give the title in quotation marks.
- Degree: Type of degree.
- University: Give the name of the institution.
- Year of publication: Give the year of publication as presented in the source.
Here is the basic format for a reference list entry of a PhD thesis in Chicago style 17th edition:
Author(s) of the thesis . " Title of the thesis ." Degree , University , Year of publication .
Take a look at our reference list examples that demonstrate the Chicago style guidelines in action:
A PhD thesis with one author
Confait, Marina Fatima . " Maximising the contributions of PHD graduates to national development: the case of the Seychelles ." PhD thesis , Edith Cowan University , 2018 .
Bowkett, David . " Investigating the ligandability of plant homeodomains ." PhD thesis , Oxford University , 2015 .
This citation style guide is based on the Chicago Manual of Style (17 th edition).
More useful guides
- Chicago Citation Quickguide
- How to Cite A Dissertation
- Citing and referencing: University theses and dissertations
More great BibGuru guides
- APA: how to cite a government report
- AMA: how to cite a 10-q report
- APA: how to cite a video game
Automatic citations in seconds
Citation generators
Alternative to.
- NoodleTools
- Getting started
From our blog
- 📚 How to write a book report
- 📝 APA Running Head
- 📑 How to study for a test
- MyExperience
Chicago Citation Style, 17th Edition
- Bibliography
- One Author or Editor
- Multiple Authors or Editors
- Author and Editor
- Author and Translator
- Organization as Author
- Anonymous Work
- Chapter from an Edited Work
- Multivolume Work
- Edition Other than the First
- Dictionary or Encyclopedia
- Journal Article
- Magazine Article
- Newspaper Article
- Book Review
- Basic Webpage
- Blogs and Social Media
- Government Website
- Audio/Video Recording
- Online Multimedia
- Interview or Personal Communication
- Lecture or Presentation
- Primary Source Published in an Edited Collection
- Thesis or Dissertation
- Pamphlet or Brochure
- Sacred Text
- Indirect Source
- Government Document
- Paintings, Illustrations, Tables
- AI Generated Content
- Plagiarism This link opens in a new window
Thesis or Dissertation (14.215)
Example 1 – Print
N: 1. Lindsey Bingley, "From Overalls to Aprons? The Paid and Unpaid Labour of Southern Alberta Women, 1939-1959" (master's thesis, University of Lethbridge, 2006), 58.
B: Bingley, Lindsey. "From Overalls to Aprons? The Paid and Unpaid Labour of Southern Alberta Women, 1939-1959." Master's thesis, University of Lethbridge, 2006.
Example 2 – Online (Commercial Database)
N: 1. Libra Rose Hilde, "Worth a Dozen Men: Women, Nursing, and Medical Care during the American Civil War" (PhD diss., Harvard University, 2003), 295, ProQuest ( 3091579).
B: Hilde, Libra Rose. "Worth a Dozen Men: Women, Nursing, and Medical Care during the American Civil War." PhD diss., Harvard University, 2003. ProQuest (3091579).
Example 3 – Online (Institutional Repository)
N: 1. Hiroshi Ishida, "A Geography of Contemporary Maori Agriculture." (PhD diss., University of Auckland, 1966), 110-16, https://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz/handle/2292/2489.
B: Ishida, Hiroshi. "A Geography of Contemporary Maori Agriculture" PhD diss., University of Auckland, 1966. https://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz/handle/2292/2489.
Help & Guide Contents
Home General Guidelines Notes Bibliography Books One Author or Editor Multiple Authors or Editors Author and Editor Author and Translator Organization as Author Anonymous Work Chapter from an Edited Work Multivolume Work Edition Other than the First Dictionary or Encyclopedia E-Book Articles Journal Article Magazine Article Newspaper Article Book Review Websites Basic Webpage Blogs and Social Media Government Website Audiovisual Media Audio/Video Recording Online Multimedia Other Sources Interview or Personal Communication Lecture or Presentation Primary Source Published in an Edited Collection Thesis or Dissertation Pamphlet or Brochure Sacred Text Indirect Source Government Document Paintings, Illustrations, Tables Plagiarism
- Last Updated: Jun 14, 2024 9:32 AM
- URL: https://library.ulethbridge.ca/chicagostyle
AP Style and Chicago Style: 15 Major Differences
If you’re a copy editor, you likely use AP style for some projects and Chicago for others. Problem is, keeping track of where the two styles diverge can be a challenge. Here’s a guide to help you out.
| Academic Degree Abbreviations | Use periods in , , and other similar abbreviations. | Do not use periods in , , , and other similar abbreviations. |
| Co- Prefix | Hyphenate words that begin with the prefix when indicating occupation or status: , . Also hyphenate words like and for clarity. Otherwise, do not hyphenate: , . | In general, do not hyphenate words that begin with the prefix: , , , coworker. Exceptions: , . |
| Colon | Capitalize the first word after a colon if it begins a complete sentence or if it’s a proper noun. | In general, lowercase the first word after a colon, even if it begins a complete sentence. Exceptions: capitalize the first word if it’s a proper noun or if the colon is introducing a question, quotation, or series of related sentences. |
Download the guide below for more tips!
Thanks for your interest in Dragonfly's field guides!
We love making these free downloads for you, but we’d love it if you’d sign up for our newsletter in return. We promise that it’s chock-full of editorial tips ‘n tricks, and we’ll never send you spam or ads. You can always unsubscribe at any time.
Thank you for signing up to our mailing list.
Enjoying our content.
Sign up for our monthly newsletter, with tips on writing, editing, and design.
Thank you for signing up for our newsletter!
- Link to facebook
- Link to linkedin
- Link to twitter
- Link to youtube
- Writing Tips
How to Cite a Thesis or Dissertation in Chicago Footnote Referencing
- 2-minute read
- 6th May 2020
Have you found useful ideas or data in someone else’s dissertation or thesis to support an argument in your own work? Our guide below explains how to cite a thesis or dissertation correctly in the Chicago footnote style.
Footnote Citation for a Thesis or Dissertation
The Chicago Manual of Style ’s footnote referencing system uses superscript numbers to point to citations. For instance:
Usually at the end of a sentence, like this. 1
The footnote format for a thesis or dissertation in Chicago referencing is similar to the one used for a book . The main difference is that you should use quote marks instead of italics for the title:
n. Author name, “Title of paper” (type of paper, academic institution, year of completion), page number, URL/database name (document ID).
Of course, you only need to give a URL or database name and ID if you accessed the paper online! To cite page 42 of John Smith’s printed PhD thesis, then, your footnote would look like this:
1. John Smith, “Useful Ideas for Research” (PhD diss., University of Learning, 2006), 42.
If you’re citing only an abstract, simply add the word “abstract” after the title:
2. Tom Persson, “Great Thoughts and Stuff,” abstract, (master’s thesis, Educational Establishment of City Name Here, 2012), 81, https://CityNameUniversity.edu/1901.11/39144.
Find this useful?
Subscribe to our newsletter and get writing tips from our editors straight to your inbox.
For repeat citations, use the standard shortened footnote format .
The Bibliography Entry
The bibliography entry for a thesis or dissertation will be similar to the first footnote citation. However, there are a few differences in the format:
- You will need to use a period between each element, not a comma.
- The first author’s name should be inverted (i.e., “Surname, First Name”)
- You do not need parentheses for the additional paper information (i.e., the paper type, institution, and year of completion).
- No page number is required.
So, bibliography entries for these sources should look like this:
Author Surname, Author First Name. “Title of paper.” Type of paper, academic institution, year of completion. URL/database ID.
Thus, you would present your bibliography entries as follows:
Persson, Tom. “Great Thoughts and Stuff.” Abstract. Master’s thesis, Educational Establishment of City Name Here, 2012. https://CityNameUniversity.edu/1901.11/39144.
Smith, John. “Useful Ideas for Research.” PhD diss., University of Learning, 2006.
The points above will help you cite a dissertation or thesis in Chicago footnote referencing. Want further help checking your references and writing are error free? Our team of expert proofreaders is available 24/7.
Share this article:
Post A New Comment
Got content that needs a quick turnaround? Let us polish your work. Explore our editorial business services.
9-minute read
How to Use Infographics to Boost Your Presentation
Is your content getting noticed? Capturing and maintaining an audience’s attention is a challenge when...
8-minute read
Why Interactive PDFs Are Better for Engagement
Are you looking to enhance engagement and captivate your audience through your professional documents? Interactive...
7-minute read
Seven Key Strategies for Voice Search Optimization
Voice search optimization is rapidly shaping the digital landscape, requiring content professionals to adapt their...
4-minute read
Five Creative Ways to Showcase Your Digital Portfolio
Are you a creative freelancer looking to make a lasting impression on potential clients or...
How to Ace Slack Messaging for Contractors and Freelancers
Effective professional communication is an important skill for contractors and freelancers navigating remote work environments....
3-minute read
How to Insert a Text Box in a Google Doc
Google Docs is a powerful collaborative tool, and mastering its features can significantly enhance your...
Make sure your writing is the best it can be with our expert English proofreading and editing.
You are using an outdated browser. Please upgrade your browser to improve your experience.
- Exhibitions
- Visit and Contact
- UCD Library
- Current Students
- News & Opinion
- Staff Directory
- UCD Connect
Chicago Style Guide 17th Edition: Theses
- Introduction
- Chicago Tutorial
- Book with one author
- Book with two or three authors
- Book with more than three authors
- Book with a corporate author
- Book with an editor
- Chapter in an edited book
- Print journal article, one author
- Print journal article, two or three authors
- Print journal article, more than three authors
- eJournal article
- Generative AI
- Social media
- Podcasts and Other Multimedia Sources
- Email communication
- Official publications
- Legal or parliamentary materials
- Conferences
- Film and television
- Group or individual assignments
- Secondary sources
- Paintings, Photographs, Sculptures
- Group or Individual Assignment
- Archival or Manuscript Collections
Back to Academic Integrity guide
Reference : Author Last name, First name. "Title of Thesis." Award/type of thesis, Name of academic institution, Year. URL.
Feeney, Thomas. "Seán MacEntee and the Development of Public Policy in Independent Ireland." PhD thesis, University College Dublin, Ireland, 2005. https://go.exlibris.link/YJPXJH38 .
In-Text Citation: Use a superscript number (like this: ¹) in the text at the place where you are indicating that you are citing from a source.
Thomas Feeney suggests that the influence of Seán McEntee on post-independence Ireland has been deliberately underplayed by some of his detractors.¹
Footnote : #. Author First name Last name, "Title of Thesis" (Award/type of thesis, Name of academic institution, Year), Page.
1. Thomas Feeney, "Seán MacEntee and the Development of Public Policy in Independent Ireland" (PhD thesis, University College Dublin, 2005), 30.
Still unsure what in-text citation and referencing mean? Check here .
Still unsure why you need to reference all this information? Check here .
- << Previous: Film and television
- Next: Group or individual assignments >>
- Last Updated: Mar 22, 2024 9:51 AM
- URL: https://libguides.ucd.ie/chicagostyle
Generate accurate Chicago citations for free
- Knowledge Base
- Chicago Style
- Chicago Style Format for Papers | Requirements & Examples
Chicago Style Format for Papers | Requirements & Examples
Published on September 25, 2019 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on April 9, 2024.
The information in this article is largely drawn from Turabian style —a version of Chicago style aimed at students and researchers. When writing a paper in Chicago style, these are the guidelines to follow; for the sake of simplicity, the term “Chicago” is used here.
Chicago Citation Generator
To apply Chicago format:
- Use a standard font like 12 pt. Times New Roman.
- Double-space the text.
- Use 1 inch margins or larger.
- Indent new paragraphs by ½ inch.
- Place page numbers in the top right or bottom center.
Note that any specific formatting advice from your instructor or faculty overrules these guidelines. Template documents set up in Chicago style are available to download below. Just select the one with the citation style you’re following.
Author-date Notes and bibliography
Instantly correct all language mistakes in your text
Upload your document to correct all your mistakes in minutes
Table of contents
General formatting, block quotes, numbers and acronyms, in-text citations and notes, bibliography or reference list, frequently asked questions about chicago format.
Chicago doesn’t require a specific font or font size, but recommends using something simple and readable (e.g., 12 pt. Times New Roman). Use margins of at least 1 inch on all sides of the page.
The main text should be double-spaced, and each new paragraph should begin with a ½ inch indent. Text should be left-aligned and not “justified” (meaning that the right margin should look ragged).
Page numbers can be placed either in the top right or the bottom center of the page—one or the other, not both.
Receive feedback on language, structure, and formatting
Professional editors proofread and edit your paper by focusing on:
- Academic style
- Vague sentences
- Style consistency
See an example
A Chicago title page isn’t required—often it’s sufficient to just include your title at the top of the first page—but if you’re asked to include one, Turabian provides guidelines for how to present it.
All text on the title page should be center-aligned and double-spaced, and written in the same font as the rest of your text. The title should appear about ⅓ of the way down the page, in headline capitalization and in bold.
If you have a subtitle, the main title ends with a colon and the subtitle appears on the following line, also in bold and the same size as the main title.
About ⅔ of the way down the page, add any information your instructor requests you to include—your name, student code, the course name and code, the date, etc. Each new piece of information appears on a new line.
The title page should not have a page number, but should be included in the page count—in other words, the page numbering starts on page 2.
Headings should use headline capitalization:
- Summary of results
- Summary of Results
If you use different levels of heading (e.g., chapters, sections, subheadings), make sure your presentation makes clear which type of heading each one is.
All headings of one level should be presented the same way, and higher-level headings should stand out more from the text. For example, you might use a larger font for chapter headings, bold for section headings, and italics for subheadings:
Prose quotations of five or more lines (or more than 100 words), as well as poetry quotations of two or more lines, are presented as block quotes .
Block quotes do not use quotation marks . Instead, a blank line separates them from the surrounding text on both sides and they are indented by an additional ½ inch. Unlike the rest of the text, they are not double-spaced.
Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.
Chicago recommends using words, not numerals, for numbers lower than 100. For example, you would write “ninety-five,” not “95.” But numerals should still be used when you’re referring to a specific measurement (e.g., “15 cm”) and when using decimals (e.g., “1.5”).
Acronyms should be introduced the first time you refer to the thing they stand for:
After this point, you can use the acronym alone.
Neither numerals nor acronyms should be used at the beginning of a sentence. Either rewrite the sentence so that the numeral or acronym appears elsewhere, or write out the full phrase or number:
- 100 people responded to the survey.
- One hundred people responded to the survey.
- The survey received 100 responses.
Chicago provides guidelines for not one but two citation styles : author-date and notes and bibliography.
In author-date style , citations are placed directly in the text in parentheses . In this style, you have some flexibility about how exactly to integrate the citation:
In notes and bibliography style, citations appear in Chicago footnotes or endnotes (the format is identical either way), and the reader is referred to them by superscript numbers in the text.
Footnote and endnote numbers appear at the end of the relevant clause or sentence, after any punctuation except a dash .
Endnotes appear on their own page just before the bibliography ; footnotes appear at the bottom of each page. Footnotes should be separated from the text by a short rule and be presented in the same font size as the main text, or smaller. Word’s footnote function automatically creates footnotes like this:
At the end of your paper, you’ll likely include a bibliography (for notes and bibliography style) or a reference list (for author-date).
Bibliographies and reference lists are not double-spaced, but leave a blank line between entries.
If an entry extends onto a second line, a ½ inch indent should be applied to all but the first line of the entry.
If you have to create a Chicago style annotated bibliography , follow the same format as a normal bibliography, but indent and double-space the annotations under each source reference.
Turabian style is a version of Chicago style designed specifically for students and researchers. It follows most Chicago conventions, but also adds extra guidelines for formatting research papers , theses and dissertations .
More information can be found in A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations by Kate L. Turabian, now in its ninth edition.
- A reference list is used with Chicago author-date citations .
- A bibliography is used with Chicago footnote citations .
Both present the exact same information; the only difference is the placement of the year in source citations:
- In a reference list entry, the publication year appears directly after the author’s name.
- In a bibliography entry, the year appears near the end of the entry (the exact placement depends on the source type).
There are also other types of bibliography that work as stand-alone texts, such as a Chicago annotated bibliography .
In Chicago author-date style , your text must include a reference list . It appears at the end of your paper and gives full details of every source you cited.
In notes and bibliography style, you use Chicago style footnotes to cite sources; a bibliography is optional but recommended. If you don’t include one, be sure to use a full note for the first citation of each source.
Footnotes appear at the bottom of the relevant page. Endnotes appear in a list at the end of the text, just before the reference list or bibliography. Don’t mix footnotes and endnotes in the same document: choose one or the other and use them consistently.
In Chicago notes and bibliography style , you can use either footnotes or endnotes, and citations follow the same format in either case.
In APA and MLA style , footnotes or endnotes are not used for citations, but they can be used to provide additional information.
Chicago format doesn’t require you to use any specific font, as long as you choose something readable. A good standard choice is 12 pt Times New Roman.
Cite this Scribbr article
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
Caulfield, J. (2024, April 09). Chicago Style Format for Papers | Requirements & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved June 24, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/chicago-style/format-paper/
Is this article helpful?
Jack Caulfield
Other students also liked, creating a chicago style bibliography | format & examples, chicago in-text citations | styles, format & examples, chicago style footnotes | citation format & examples, what is your plagiarism score.
- Table of Contents
- List of Figures
- List of Tables
- Go to 17th Ed.
Search Results
- The Chicago Manual Of Style
- Chicago Style Q+A
| - of for . |
|
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
Find it. Write it. Cite it. The Chicago Manual of Style Online is the venerable, time-tested guide to style, usage, and grammar in an accessible online format. ¶ It is the indispensable reference for writers, editors, proofreaders, indexers, copywriters, designers, and publishers, informing the editorial canon with sound, definitive advice. ¶ Over 1.5 million copies sold!
To see search results from any of these areas of The Chicago Manual of Style Online, click on the appropriate tab. Results 1 - 10 of 24 for phd... . FAQ Item Abbreviations Q. We have a new employee who holds two PhDs. She insists on having her name...listed as "Jane Doe, PhD, PhD.". We are in a university environment and agree that degrees ...
Homepage to The Chicago Manual of Style Online. University of Chicago Find it. Write it. Cite it. The Chicago Manual of Style Online is the venerable, time-tested guide to style, usage, and grammar in an accessible online format. ¶ It is the indispensable reference for writers, editors, proofreaders, indexers, copywriters, designers, and publishers, informing the editorial canon with sound ...
The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) covers a variety of topics from manuscript preparation and publication to grammar, usage, and documentation, and as such, it has been lovingly dubbed the "editor's bible.". The material on this page focuses primarily on one of the two CMOS documentation styles: the Notes-Bibliography System (NB), which is ...
The Chicago Manual of Style (sometimes referred to as Turabian style) is the standard citation style for many Arts & Humanities fields, including History, Religion, Philosophy, and Art. It may also be an optional citation style for other fields such as Cultural Studies and Social Sciences. While Chicago allows for in-text citations, most ...
The Chicago Manual of Style is an American English style guide published by the University of Chicago Press. ... The guidelines were first set forth in 1937 by Kate L. Turabian—then the University of Chicago's graduate school dissertation secretary—who wrote the pamphlet that became A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, ...
The Chicago Manual of Style (16th edition) by University of Chicago Staff (Editor) The Sixteenth Edition is available in book form and as a subscription website. The same content from The Chicago Manual of Style is in both versions. While digital technologies have revolutionized the publishing world in the twenty-first century, one thing still remains true: The Chicago Manual of Style is the ...
Chicago Manual of Style Basics. Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) provides extensive explanation and examples of Chicago style. A brief overview of the most common examples of citation formats from Kate Turabian's Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers.
Chicago style for scholarly documentation is used primarily in the humanities, particularly in the discipline of history. The Manual prescribes two systems of documentation: a "Notes and Bibliography" (NB) system and an "Author-Date" system.The NB system uses footnotes or endnotes and offers the author an opportunity to comment or elaborate on the source or text.
The Chicago Manual of Style Online is the venerable, time-tested guide to style, usage, and grammar in an accessible online format. ¶ It is the indispensable reference for writers, editors, proofreaders, indexers, copywriters, designers, and publishers, informing the editorial canon with sound, definitive advice.
Theses & Dissertations. CMS 14.224: Theses and dissertations. Titles of unpublished works appear in "quotation marks"—not in italics. This treatment extends to theses and dissertations, which are otherwise cited like books. The kind of thesis, the academic institution, and the date follow the title. Like the publication data of a book, these ...
To see search results from any of these areas of The Chicago Manual of Style Online, click on the appropriate tab. The Chicago Manual Of Style; Chicago Style Q+A; ... PhD, PhD." We are in a university environment and agree that degrees are...(a PhD following someone's name doesn't mean "I have one and only one PhD degree," it means ...
To cite a PhD thesis in a reference entry in Chicago style 17th edition include the following elements:. Author(s) of the thesis: Give first the last name, then the name as presented in the source (e. g. Watson, John). For two authors, reverse only the first name, followed by 'and' and the second name in normal order (e. g. Watson, John, and John Watson).
A University of Lethbridge Library guide to Chicago Manual of Style citations. Home; General Guidelines Toggle Dropdown. Notes ; Bibliography ; Books Toggle Dropdown. ... Women, Nursing, and Medical Care during the American Civil War" (PhD diss., Harvard University, 2003), 295, ProQuest (3091579). B: Hilde, Libra Rose. "Worth a Dozen Men: Women ...
AP Stylebook: Chicago Manual of Style: Academic Degree Abbreviations: Use periods in B.A., M.A., Ph.D. and other similar abbreviations.: Do not use periods in BA, MA, PhD, and other similar abbreviations.: Co- Prefix: Hyphenate words that begin with the co-prefix when indicating occupation or status: co-author, co-worker.Also hyphenate words
The Chicago Manual of Style's footnote referencing system uses superscript numbers to point to citations. For instance: Usually at the end of a sentence, like this. 1. ... To cite page 42 of John Smith's printed PhD thesis, then, your footnote would look like this: 1. John Smith, "Useful Ideas for Research" (PhD diss., University of ...
Find it. Write it. Cite it. The Chicago Manual of Style Online is the venerable, time-tested guide to style, usage, and grammar in an accessible online format. ¶ It is the indispensable reference for writers, editors, proofreaders, indexers, copywriters, designers, and publishers, informing the editorial canon with sound, definitive advice. ¶ Over 1.5 million copies sold!
This referencing style guide is based on the Chicago Manual of Style, 17th Edition. It has many different reference types. ... PhD thesis, University College Dublin, Ireland, 2005. https://go.exlibris.link/YJPXJH38 . In-Text Citation: Use a superscript number (like this: ¹) in the text at the place where you are indicating that you are citing ...
General formatting. Chicago doesn't require a specific font or font size, but recommends using something simple and readable (e.g., 12 pt. Times New Roman). Use margins of at least 1 inch on all sides of the page. The main text should be double-spaced, and each new paragraph should begin with a ½ inch indent.
The results of your search have been divided into the following tabbed sections. To see search results from any of these areas of The Chicago Manual of Style Online, click on the appropriate tab. Results 1 - 7 of 7 for phd... . International System). For the omission of periods in abbreviations like "BS," "MA," and "PhD," see 10.4 .
The Chicago Manual of Style by University of Chicago Press Editorial Staff. Call Number: Z253 .U69 2017. Publication Date: 2017.
The Chicago Manual of Style Online is completely searchable and easy to use, providing quick answers to your style and editing questions. The Q & A content is fully searchable along with the content of The Chicago Manual of Style. The Chicago Manual of Style Online also provides convenient Tools, such as sample forms, letters, and style sheets.