literature review on women's political participation in india

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Factors impeding women’s political participation - A literature review

2017, International journal of applied research

Gender equality in political participation is a fundamental aspect of modern democratic governance. Under international standards, both men and women should have equal rights and opportunities to participate fully in all aspects and at all levels of political processes. Although, women have made great strides forward in obtaining a vote and right to be elected to political offices in many countries, they comprise less than 11 per cent of the Members of Parliament. Though the various legislative enactment and different commissions established for promoting gender equality, gender disparity still exists particularly in political arena too. Promoting women’s participation in politics is one of the core areas of women empowerment. The presence of women in the decision-making levels not only enhances their social, political and economic status, but also strengthens democratic institutions by making them more inclusive and meaningful. Though women have achieved greater strides still they ...

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IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)

Dr Pankaj Kumar

The presence of women in Parliament across the globe is a positive effort, whereby women are coming to Parliament. Now, if this study is seen now, at some socio-political level, some women from all over the world have themselves been presenting in Parliament and able to make themselves decisions. As mentioned in this letter, in 2017, there is only 23.3 percent of the female parliamentary seats in the world, which is very limited. The question arises that why women are not the leaders in politics? When women participate in politics, what problems do they face in front of them? In this letter, problems in women's politics have been faced. In political empowerment, women have to face the challenges of many difficulties. Women are not given the responsibility of creating their own nations. The representation of women in the parliament is weak. Due to the conviction of a woman, the elected women did not get much power in Parliament. This letter tells about enforcement measures which prevent a positive change in women's political participation. This paper has found that there are still many countries in which women's representation is non-existent such as women's participation in the Arab countries such as Yemen, Kuwait etc. is the lowest in the world and on the other hand, women's participation in the parliament of Nordic countries is better such as Sweden, Iceland and Denmark. It has been observed that differences in low political representation of women can be some difficulty, which has been evaluated in this paper. Interpretation has been given in the women's participation in Parliament has been done to reduce or improve barriers and to analyze the political empowerment of women and in the end, the suggestions have been given in this paper

Naema Ali Abdullah

Naema A L I Abdullah

One of democracy's major principles are the basic human rights, which includes the political rights of both women and men. Equitable participation of women in politics and all decision making positions is essential to building and sustaining a democracy. A requirement of a fair democracy is that citizens' interests is to be heard, deliberated and legislated on. Women are half of the world's population, and as such their voice should be heard and considered in the democratic process for a better representation of the public. Democracy is determined not only by the form of institutions, but also by the extent of a degree in different social groups participation, which gives a better involvement to the purpose of democracy. Democratic governance need women participation in order to be a true representative of the public and build a viable and sustainable democratic system in society. However, without women participation, democratic governance is neither achievable nor sustainable as a great number of the society's voices are unheard. The participation of women in democratic governance is an important element of building a democracy and ensuring open, transparent and accountable decision–making processes are taken into an account to achieve gender equality society. In previous periods of history women were and are still facing obstacles in their political participation worldwide. The socioeconomic factors emerge as an obstacle to the advancement of women and inhibit their ability to make significant changes in politics. Women involved in politics for most cases have not got sufficient funds to run a successful campaign and have a lack of support from their political parties. Furthermore, the lack of access to good education for women, the complex nature of electoral system, huge burden of domestic tasks and general perception of women (that politics is always dirty and pure masculine sphere) are some of the many obstacles described to the advancement of women in being heard or being involved in politics. For the equal participation of women in policy-making, effort must be put into promoting gender fair government policies to increase participation of women such as legislative measures. Many countries have adopted some kind of quota system, during the elections to the parliament there are some seats that are reserved for women only, in order to level the playing field and enable women to enter this male-dominated field. The quota system was one of the biggest contributors towards increased political representation, which operates in more than 120 countries. The basic purpose of the quota system is to promote participation in women's government, in order to involve women in politics. The quota is applied temporarily to battle the barriers to women's political participation and to remove them.

Journal ijmr.net.in(UGC Approved)

Women constitute 70% of the world's 1.3 billion absolute poor. They earn only 10% of the worlds Income, own less than 1% of the world's property. Around 81% of the total female population of the country lives in rural areas. Even after 60 years of independence, women continue to be in subjugation with a unequal socioeconomic and political status. Women's participation in formal politics in India reveals that there has been a marked increase in their voting turnout and election campaigning. Therefore demand for 33% reservation in national and state legislature has become a major demand of various women's organization. While there have been significant gains in these two areas, women continue to be under-represented in legislative bodies both at the national and state level and in political parties. An analysis of the factors influencing participation reveals that these differ for women in elections as voters and their involvement as campaigners.

Interal Res journa Managt Sci Tech

A good way to understand the importance of gender in politics is to examine the position of women in political Institutions and processes and link the differences and similarities in the way state operates in relation to the representation of women in politics. In public life, gender is normally a hierarchy in which men have more presence and power than woman, a syndrome especially apparent in politics. Thus it is necessary to map the power differentials between women and men to understand how gender affects politics. Ever since the advent of women‟s suffrage, women activists has been concerned with increasing the participation of women in political life. Women all over the world now vote in near equal proportion to men, but nowhere do they serve in equal numbers in political office. A threshold was set by the United Nations in 1995 i.e. 30% of the legislature as the necessary minimum of women representatives needed for women to be fairly represented.The right to political participation is a human right- inherent, in alienable and indivisible. As a right, states have the duty and obligation to fulfill and implement the right of women to participate in politics equally with men. This and other human rights of women are guaranteed in articles

isara solutions

International Res Jour Managt Socio Human

The present article focused on the factors affecting women’s participation and awareness in political field. The factors are responsible for the backwardness of women in all the fields especially their political participation and awareness i.e. lack of education, unhealthy maternity, high rate of mortality, poor contraception services and equipment, impact of pollution on women, women are overworked, women roughly work twice as many hours as men, unavailability of resources to the women, maltreeatment and humiliation, sexual harassment at workplace violence to mind and so on. The national policy focused on the equal access to women to health care, quality education at all levels, career and vocational guidance, employment, equal remuneration, occupational health and safety, social security and public office etc. In real sense, it depends upon the will power of the society, organisation and Government to improve women’s participation and awareness in political field. The Government as well as society must take such steps which enable to take part in all the activities equally i.e. social, political, economic, after this their awareness and participation in politics will increase itself.

Perry World House Fellows

Du'aa Moharram

International Conference on Recent Innovations in Science, Agriculture, Engineering and Management held in University College of Computer Applications Guru Kashi University, Punjab (India) 20th November, 2017.

Dr. Usman Bappi , Salihu Ahmed

According to the World Bank, gender equality enhances economic development, improves prospects for future generations and strengthens political and social systems. Though women now comprise more than 40 percent of the world's labor force, they still lag behind men in terms of possessing power, earnings and productivity. Women also face greater obstacles when it comes to participation in social and political institutions. Particularly in developing nations, the gender gap hinders economic and social development and destabilizes the political environment (World Development Report 2013). Women have the right to participate in political processes that affect them, their families, and their societies. Countries with increased women's participation and leadership in civil society and political parties tend to be more inclusive, responsive, egalitarian, and democratic. When women meaningfully participate in peace processes, they can help to expand the scope of agreements and improve the prospects for durable peace.

Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik

Akhlaq Ahmad Assistant Professor

Political participation of women has improved significantly in many western democracy settings; in Asian countries however, women are still left behind in terms of political participation. This article explores political participation of women in a gender-segregated society where women have disproportionate social status in a strongly patriarchal culture and political system. Femininity, political socialization, political interest, political efficacy, and patriarchal political culture were taken as predictors to assess the political participation of women. Structured interview schedules were administrated to 414 women voters from two randomly selected Tehsils, i.e. Jhang and Gujar Khan, of the Punjab Province in Pakistan. Data from the interviews were processed using Stepwise Multiple Linear Regression. The results revealed that predictors explained 58.3% of the variance in the political participation of women voters in Punjab. However, two constructs of femininity: morality and loy...

Richard Matland

araceli galaviz

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