law research paper publication

• Archiving Policy
• Peer Review Policy
• Paper Prints Policy
• Withdrawal Policy
• Refund Policy
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• About the Journal
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Law Research Journal

The Law Research Journal stands as a premier scholarly publication at the forefront of legal academia, dedicated to facilitating the dissemination of high-quality legal research, critical analysis, and advancements in various fields of law. This esteemed journal serves as a platform for legal scholars, practitioners, policymakers, and students to engage in robust discourse, explore cutting-edge legal theories, and contribute to the evolution of legal thought and practice.

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Publishing in Law Reviews and Journals

Publishing in law reviews and journals-home, deciding where to publish, article submission services, author rights, sharing and depositing your papers, conferences and symposia, books, articles and other resources, writing competitions, videos of classes and presentations, tutorial and quiz, getting help.

Have you thought about trying to publish in a law review or journal?  This guide contains a variety of resources to help you in that process.  

Submit to DASH, Harvard University's open access repository

If you are a current HLS student, deposit your work in  DASH  (Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard).

This guide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License .

You may reproduce any part of it for noncommercial purposes as long as credit is included and it is shared in the same manner. 

Comparing Law Journal Impact Factor/Prestige

Over the years, many ranking systems for law journals have evolved, incorporating a variety of methodologies and factors, including frequency of citation, prominence of author, etc..  Although such rankings can be useful for getting an idea of the prestige or "impact factor" of a journal, they should be taken with a grain of salt and in consideration of other factors that might be important to you.  Ranking of journals is frequently a subject of articles and blog postings.  Play close attention to how the data was compiled---e.g. through database searches, opinions of experts in the field, etc..

Law Journal Submissions and Ranking The Washington & Lee Law School Library produces this site that lists law journals by subject, country and other factors, and allows users to rank journals by impact factor or immediacy index. (Both are based on citation counts more or less, see ranking methodology ). Provides contact and submission information.

Allen Rostron & Nancy Levit,   I nformation for Submitting Articles to Law Reviews & Journals .

Bridget J. Crawford,  Information for Submitting to Online Law Review Companions .

Michael Goodyear,  Information for Submitting Articles to Specialty & Non-Flagship Law Journals .

Nancy Levit et al,  Submission of Law Student Articles for Publication .

Clarivate Journal Citation Reports (Harvard ID and PIN required) Ranks journals in a wide range of disciplines including about 100 law journals. Rankings are based on citation counts in thousands of journals in the sciences and social sciences. From the home page, click Categories , then click  Social Sciences, General.  From the expanded menu, click  Law.

Most Cited Journals on HeinOnline This top 100 list is based on HeinOnline's citator feature called ScholarCheck. You can also use ScholarCheck to create your own metric. They also have a collection of most-cited law journals .

Eigenfactor This system ranks journals as Google ranks websites (mapping relationship structures). The coverage of law is not comprehensive, but it is useful for looking at journals in the context of the social sciences generally.

Google Scholar Metrics Google Scholar provides five-year h-index and h-median numbers for ranking purposes.

Bryce Clayton Newell, Law Journal Meta-Ranking 2023 Edition

Measuring Quality - Writing for and Publishing in Law Reviews (Choosing Where to Submit and Publish)   A great guide compiled by the Gallagher Library at the University of Washington Law School, explaining the most common ranking factors, including important an extensive selection of articles and surveys.

Brian T. Detweiler, May It Please the Court: A Longitudinal Study of Judicial Citation to Academic Legal Periodicals

Accessibility of the Content

Is the journal available in places where scholars will find, and hopefully cite to, its contents? Some considerations include:

Is it open access or freely available? Do you encounter a paywall when trying to read an article's full-text? Check the journal's website for contents and the journal's policy. You can also check the  Directory of Open Access Journals , but the coverage for law is not extensive. 

Is it in Westlaw, Lexis, and other subscription databases? 

Is it indexed by Legaltrac (a.k.a Legal Resource Index)? See title list  (downloads as an Excel file).

Is it indexed by Index to Legal Periodicals and Books? See title list .

Is it included in Tables of Contents Services, such as Current Index to Legal Periodicals? See title list  on HeinOnline (Harvard Key required).

Selected Directories of Law Journals

In addition to Washington and Lee's Law Review Submissions and Ranking website , there are several directories that can be used to find out more information about law journals that are currently being published.

• Ulrich's Periodicals Not specific to law, Ulrich's describes periodicals in all disciplines, worldwide. Most comprehensive source for finding law-related serial publications. Includes newspapers, bar journals, and trades. Usually provides a description, contact information, circulation figures, abstracting and indexing services, and links to publishers' sites. Use Advanced Search to find appropriate journals. At minimum, you may want to limit Country of Publication to United States, Subject to law, Status to Active, and Serial Type to Academic/Scholarly.
• Directory for Successful Publishing in Legal Periodicals Call Number: Reference K 36.J69 1997x A bit out of date but still useful. Covers about 500 major law journals. Describes the journal's particular focus, preferred manuscript style; acceptance rates, details about the review process, and occasionally explains factors in manuscript rejections.

Short-Form Publishing

Many law reviews now have blogs and websites that accept shorter submissions. See Information for Submitting to Online Law Review Companions by Bridget J. Crawford . Washington & Lee also lists selected ones on its   Law Journals: Submissions and Ranking website .

Scholastica

Hls student scholastica funding.

The Harvard Law School subsidizes Scholastica journal submissions for current students with publishable academic work. 

Eligibility

To access this support, you must receive sign-off from your faculty supervisor that your work is ready for submission to law reviews and journals.

Before we activate your account, we ask you to complete a tutorial and quiz about submission strategy. You may also want to set up an appointment with a librarian to discuss strategy and how to select journals for submission. We encourage you to review the  Law Library’s Guide to Publishing in Law Reviews and Journals.

How to Participate

Send a request using your Harvard email to [email protected] . Include or separately forward the approval from your faculty supervisor. Your name must be in the body of the email from your faculty supervisor. 

How it Works

When you contact us, we will send you a link to an online tutorial and quiz. Once you have completed the quiz, and we receive your request and faculty approval,  Library staff will add you to our Scholastica account. Once you acknowledge our invitation, you will be free to begin your submissions. Your account will remain active until you reach your maximum number of submissions or expiration after 10 months past your graduation date, whichever comes first.

Submission Levels

• SJD– up to 50 submissions per academic year during your time at HLS. Unused submissions will roll over to the next year. 
• LLMs – up to 50 submissions  total during your year at HLS.
• JDs – up to 50 submissions total during your three years at HLS.
• Submissions may be used up to 10 months after graduation.

Note:  Please keep track of your journal submissions and notify us when you reach 50, as Scholastica does not limit them automatically. 

JOURNAL POLICIES FOR SUBMISSION

Sherpa Services  is a searchable database of publisher's general policies regarding copyright and the self-archiving of journal articles on the web and in Open Access repositories.  Each entry provides a summary of the publisher's policy, including what version of an article can be deposited, where it can be deposited, and any conditions that are attached to that deposit. 

How You Can Submit an Article

Journals have different policies for receiving submissions.  Your best starting place is to check the journal's website, which usually provides details about its policy.  We have collected on this page some potential resources that you can use for submitting an article.

Learn about Author Rights

If you do get an acceptance for publication, you might be asked to sign an author agreement/contract with the publisher.  Some standard agreements require things such as transferring copyright or prohibiting what you can do with your own work.  See Benjamin J. Keele,  Advising Faculty on Law Journal Publication Agreements  for a brief basic review of terms to consider.

SPARC Author Rights

• Author Rights and the SPARC Author Addendum

Scholar's Copyright Addendum Engine

Hosted by Science Commons, you can enter the article information and choose the rights you want to retain and generate a standard addendum on pdf  to provide for the publisher's consideration.  http://scholars.sciencecommons.org/  

Keep Your Copyrights

Developed by the Kernochan Center for Law, Media, and the Arts and the Program on Law & Technology at Columbia Law School, this website provides a good introduction to author rights and sample publication agreements categorized by level of creator-friendliness.

• https://kernochan.law.columbia.edu/content/keep-your-copyrights

Creative Commons Licenses

Creative Commons (CC)  provides creators with standardized licenses that describe, in plain language, what actions are and are not allowed with their content.

• Read more about the various licenses on the CC website .
• The CC License Chooser tool can help you pick a license that's right for you and your work.

Resources to Learn about Journal Copyright and Self-Archiving Policies

Journal publication agreements vary widely, but there are some resources that help authors get an idea of what a journal's standard policy has typically been.  While the journal publication agreement itself must always be reviewed, looking at these resources at the time of submission can be helpful, particularly if it is important for you to retain certain rights in your work.  Regardless of what a publisher's standard agreement states, you can always try to negotiate different terms. If the publisher is unwilling to budge from its position, you then need to decide how important it is to you to publish in that particular journal.

• Sherpa Services This website lists contains summaries of permissions that are normally given as part of each publisher's agreement.
• Benjamin Keele, Copyright Provisions in Law Journal Publication Agreements
• Dan Hunter, Walled Gardens
• Brian Frye, Christopher Ryan, Franklin Runge, An Empirical Study of Law Journal Copyright Practices

Working papers and self-archiving

Regardless of your plans for formal publication of your work, you are encouraged to deposit your student papers with the university's open access repository, DASH . Doing so will enable you to share your work with other members of the Harvard community, as well as the world at large.  If you are concerned about making your content available open on the Internet, you also have the option of submitting only the metadata (e.g. title, your name). See HLS Student Papers Series in DASH for details.

You might also want to deposit your paper (or its metadata) in SSRN or another working paper repository to associate yourself with the work and make it available for feedback from others in the field.  Scholars frequently make their "working papers" or drafts available for early feedback and reaction from colleagues.

The SSRN Legal Scholarship Network hosts research paper series for academic and other research organizations such as the  Harvard Law School, Public Law & Legal Theory Research Paper Series .  Scholars can publish their work in a large number of law-related e-journals within SSRN's Legal Scholarship Network's four areas including Law  & Economics, Public Law & Legal Theory, Legal Studies and Law Research Center Papers. 

Author Identification

Giving the proper author credit for research is the goal of Open Researcher and Contributor ID ( ORCID ) iDs. ORCID is a non-profit, community-driven, Open Access effort to create a registry of unique researcher identifiers.

“ORCID provides a persistent digital identifier that distinguishes you from every other researcher and, through integration in key research workflows such as manuscript and grant submission, supports automated linkages between you and your professional activities ensuring that your work is recognized.”

You can create a new ORCID or link your existing ORCID using Harvard ORCID Connect , HarvardKey required.

Research Profile Services

• Scholars@Harvard
• Google Scholar Citations
• Academia.edu

Conference Alerts

• Conference Alerts This resource tracks academic conferences worldwide, including ones concerning law. E-mail alerts are available.
• All Conference Alert Lists conferences for a variety of disciplines, including law. Can filter conference list by location and month.

Selected books

Other Guides

• Writing for and Publishing in Law Reviews (Gallagher Law Library, University of Washington School of Law) This very extensive guide covers various aspects of publishing.
• Brian D. Galle, The Law Review Submission Process: A Guide for (and by) the Perplexed
• Scholastica Resources Run by the submission service Scholastica, there are various resources/tips (written from the perspective of a service provider) including their blogs .

Blogs/Current Awareness

• Brian Leiter Law School Reports
• PrawfsBlawg
• Faculty Lounge

HLS also offers many prizes for its students papers generally. See Harvard Law School Writing Prizes for more information.

The American Bar Association (ABA) offers a number of writing competitions for young lawyers and law students, view the full list on their website . 

See also the American University Pence Law Library guide to writing competitions for further resources. 

• Tutorial and quiz to obtain Scholastica account (HarvardKey required)

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Home > NLSJ

The National Law School Journal (NLSJ) is the flagship journal of the National Law School of India University, Bengaluru. It is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal that has consistently published original contributions to contemporary legal scholarship on India and the developing world since 1989. The journal’s Editorial Board includes the Vice-Chancellor and members of the faculty. NLSJ invites contributions from academics, practitioners and researchers across legal studies and allied interdisciplinary scholarship.

NLSJ is published twice a year. The journal is indexed in UGC-CARE.

The National Law School of India University, Bengaluru is India’s premiere law school and has pioneered legal education reforms for over three decades.

Current Issue: Volume 17, Issue 1 (2023)

Tunnels as Temples of 'New Green India': Dominant Narratives of Himalayan Dam Building Manshi Asher and Vivek Negi

Locating the 'Nanny' in Legal Theory Akshat Agarwal

The Uber Conundrum: Analysing the Worker Rights of Uber Drivers in India Shantanu Braj Choubey

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The Difference Method Makes: Judicial Restraint and Judicial Creativity in Rana Nahid v Sahidul Chisti Saptarshi Mandal

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Book Review | Sangeeta Dasgupta, 'Reordering Adivasi Worlds: Representation, Resistance, Memory' (Oxford University Press 2022) Nishant Gokhale

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• Free Full-text Online Law Review/Law Journal Search Engine (ABA Legal Technology Resource Center) "This free search engine searches the free full-text of over 300 online law reviews and law journals, as well as document repositories hosting academic papers and related publications such as Congressional Research Service reports." The site uses the Google search engine though the number of articles that can be retrieved from a search is fairly limited.
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• Law Review Commons (Berkeley Electronic Press (bepress)) Provides access to articles published in over 300 open access law reviews. One can also select the "Digital Commons Network" option (under the "search terms" box) to search the scholarly articles and other publications posted on the digital repositories of a large number of law schools and other academic institutions.
• eScholarship (University of California) This site serves as the institutional digital repository for the 10 University of California (UC) campuses. One can search the repository or just the publications from a specific UC campus. The site also includes a number of e-publications published by UC-affiliated scholars and research units.
• University of Pennsylvania's Online Books, Law Lists law-related books (under Library of Congress call number K) available online.
• Researching for a Scholarly Article or Seminar (SAW) Paper The "Law Reviews & Journals" page of this guide lists several databases for locating law journal articles through UCLA's electronic subscriptions.
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Indian Journal of Law and Legal Research ISSN: 2582-8878 | PIF: 6.605 Indexed at Manupatra, Google Scholar, HeinOnline & ROAD

Call For Papers |  Indian Journal of Law and Legal Research

INDIAN JOURNAL OF LAW AND LEGAL RESEARCH

ISSN: 2582-8878 (O)

Subject Area: Law and Related Disciplines

Plagiarism Limit - Upto 25 Percent

Plagiarism Software - Turnitin and Plagiarism X

Publication Frequency - Bi-monthly

Accessibility - Open Access | PIF: 6.605

Indexed At: Manupatra, Google Scholar, HeinOnline, ROAD (Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources), etc.

CALL FOR PAPERS

How to Submit: Click on submit manuscript or click here

Note: Alternatively, Email the manuscript at [email protected]

Volume & Issue: Volume V, Issue IV

Perks: PIF: 6.605,   Publication Certificate, Excellence Certificate, Hard copy available, Free DOI, Internship Opportunities, Chance to be Student Editor, Timely process (2-3 days).

Who Can Submit?

All academicians, Research Scholars, Lawyers, Law Students and anyone with an interest in the field of law can submit original manuscripts of Articles, Book reviews, Case Comments, and Legislative Comments relating to a recent development in Law and Legal Studies.

Types of Submissions Accepted

The IJLLR Journal invites original, unpublished manuscripts from all academicians, authors, legal professionals, law students and anyone with an interest in the field of law in the following categories:

Long Articles (3000-6000 words, Excluding footnotes)

Essays/Short Articles (1500-3000 words, Excluding footnotes)

Case Notes and Legislative Comments (1200-2500 words)

Guidelines for Submission

The guidelines for publication must be strictly followed. The guidelines for publication to IJLLR Journal can be accessed here .

Processing Charges

Single Authored: 800/-

Co-Authored: 1000/-

General Instructions & Guidelines for submission

Long articles and short articles must be accompanied by an abstract.

An article can be up to authored by up to 3 co-authors.

All works must be original and unpublished, and must not be pending for review before any other journal . Any form of plagiarism will result in immediate disqualification for publication in IJLLR.

While it is advisable to adhere to the word limits of each category, the journal may be flexible on the word limit depending on the quality of the article.

The first page of the manuscript should contain the title of the paper , the name of the authors , and their institutional affiliation followed by an  abstract.

The second page should commence with the main body of the manuscript.

The name of the authors and their institutional affiliation must be mentioned in the manuscript.

The main body of the manuscript should be in Times New Roman style, font size 12 , with 1.5 line spacing and footnotes in Times New Roman Style, Size 10, with 1.0 line spacing . All headings must have uniform formatting.

Texts and footnotes should conform to the Bluebook  19th or 20th Edition.

Contact Information  

All correspondence and queries related to the submission may be addressed to [email protected] | [email protected]  

INDEXING PARTNERS

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Journal of National Law University Delhi

The Journal of National Law University, Delhi (JNLUD) is the flagship journal of the National Law University Delhi, [ISSN No: 2277-4017] one of the premier law schools in India. This peer-reviewed, faculty-edited, open access, international journal promotes inter-disciplinary and empirical discussions on diverse areas of law. It is widely read by scholars, judges, and practitioners across the world. The journal was founded in the year 2013 and within a short span of time, it has achieved wide recognition due to the quality and diversity of works published. JNLUD is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).

Aims & Scope

The Journal of National Law University, Delhi (JNLUD) aims to promote inter-disciplinary and empirical discussions on diverse areas of law. Through publication of high-quality research on diverse and contemporary topics, it aims to contribute to better policy making and judicial discussions. JNLUD encourages academics in law and cognate disciplines to contribute to the Journal by revisiting and reimagining the boundaries of law through innovations in method and form. As is evident from the Advisory Board of the journal as well as the kind of manuscripts published by the journal in the past, the journal has an international focus and outlook.

The journal follows a rigorous blind peer-review policy.

There are no fees payable to submit or publish in this Journal.

Editorial Policies

JNLUD is published annually and includes articles, comments, and book reviews. All submissions must be made online (here) . JNLUD is currently unable to accept submissions from students pursuing undergraduate or post graduate studies. In such instances it invites students to make their submission to the NLUD Journal of Legal Studies . However, submissions from research scholars including doctoral scholars would be considered.

Submission types Manuscripts must be in English. The preferred lengths for submissions are as follows:

• Articles: 6000–8000 words
• Notes/Comments: 4000-5000 words
• Book Reviews: 1500–2500 words

All submissions (except Book Review)) should be accompanied by an abstract of not more than 300 words and important 5 Key words.

Only manuscripts of sufficient quality that meet the aims and scope of JNLUD will be reviewed.

As part of the submission process, you will be required to warrant that you are submitting your original work, that you have the rights in the work, and that you have obtained and can supply all necessary permissions for the reproduction of any copyright works not owned by you, that you are submitting the work for first publication in the Journal and that it is not being considered for publication elsewhere and has not already been published elsewhere.

All parties who have made a substantive contribution to the article should be listed as authors. Principal authorship, authorship order, and other publication credits should be based on the relative scientific or professional contributions of the individuals involved, regardless of their status. A scholar is usually listed as principal author on any multiple-authored publication that substantially derives from the scholar’s dissertation or thesis. All contributors who do not meet the criteria for authorship should be listed in an Acknowledgements section. Examples of those who might be acknowledged include a person who provided purely technical help, or a department chair who provided only general support. Please supply any personal acknowledgements separately to the main text to facilitate anonymous peer review.

Permissions Please ensure that you have obtained any necessary permission from copyright holders for reproducing any illustrations, tables, figures or lengthy quotations previously published elsewhere.

Publishing Policies

Publication ethics JNLUD is committed to upholding academic and research integrity. Authors are encouraged to refer to the Committee on Publication Ethics’ International Standards for Authors.

Please note that submissions not conforming to these guidelines may be returned or rejected. While we strive to provide substantive feedback for every submission we receive, it may not always be possible to do so, given the large number of submissions. We reserve the right to reject submissions without providing substantive feedback.

Plagiarism JNLUD take issues of copyright infringement, plagiarism or other breaches of best practice in publication very seriously. We seek to protect the rights of our authors and we always investigate claims of plagiarism or misuse of published articles. Equally, we seek to protect the reputation of the Journal against malpractice. Submitted articles may be checked with duplication-checking/anti-plagiarism software. Where a manuscript, for example, is found to have plagiarized work or included third-party copyright material without permission or with insufficient acknowledgement, or where the authorship of the article is contested, we reserve the right to take action including, but not limited to: publishing an erratum or corrigendum; retracting the article; taking up the matter with the head of department or dean of the author’s institution and/or relevant academic bodies or societies; or taking appropriate legal action.

Please note that, in the event that a contribution submitted to JNLUD has been submitted and accepted by any other Journal or online platform, the author must withdraw their contribution. If JNLUD accepts the contribution first, the author must withdraw it from all other Journals and online platforms. Failure to do so will lead to removal of the piece from consideration for publication in the JNLUD. Please note that we do not allow cross-posting of articles.

Reference style: Journal of National Law University Delhi adheres to OSCOLA citation style (Link) .

Important Links

Call for papers, submit your article, view online articles, editorial team | editorial policies | advisory board | student editors bios, publishing ethics, further information, any correspondence, queries or additional requests for information on the manuscript submission process should be sent to the jnlud editorial office as follows:.

The Managing Editor Journal of National Law University, Delhi National Law University, Delhi Sector 14, Dwarka, New Delhi – 110078 

Email: [email protected]

Peer review policy

JNLUD adheres to a rigorous blind peer-review policy in which the identity of both the reviewer and author are always concealed from both parties.

Submission of Manuscript

Acceptance and publication.

All submissions made to JNLUD would be subject to a preliminary scrutiny by the JNLUD editorial board to assess its suitability for inclusion in the journal. If found suitable, the submissions will go through a blind peer review process and the final selection will be based on the outcome of the peer review process.

Upon completion of the review process the corresponding author would be notified of the outcome. Authors should be prepared to make suitable changes to their articles as required by the Editorial Board before publication. As this is a time-intensive process, we would be unable to provide a definite timeline as regards the completion of the review process for individual submission.

Proofs will be made available to the corresponding author via email, and corrections should be made directly or notified to us promptly.

All final articles (completed and approved articles awaiting assignment to a future issue) will be published online prior to their inclusion in a journal issue, which significantly reduces the lead time between submission and publication.

Old Journal(s)

INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW

Indian Journal of Legal Review is a Part of Institute of Legal Education, which has been established on January, 2021 with a vision of excellence in legal research and we aim to promote savant excellence in the area of law. 

Indian Journal of Legal Review is Quarterly Publishing Double Blind Peer-Reviewed Online Journal 

IJLR seeks to provide an interactive platform for the publication of Short Articles, Long Articles, Book Reviews, Case Comments, Research Papers and Essays in the field of Law. IJLR welcomes contributions from all legal branches, as long as the work is original, unpublished and un-plagiarized and is in consonance with the submission guidelines.

Indian journal of legal review.

Precious Editors

Paper Published

Paper Reviewed

Indexed Database

Aim and Scope of Indian Journal of Legal Review

The scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Legal Studies. Original theoretical work and application-based studies, which contributes to a better understanding of Jurisprudence and technical challenges, are encouraged.

1. IJLR aims to promote savant excellence in the area of law. 2. IJLR aims to focus on legal issues currently being in India as well as those being debated international with specific reference to India. 3. IJLR aims to focusing on issues of social justice and human rights, critique of the legal system, developments in alternative practice and community legal education.

Important Indexing Identification of IJLR

International standard serial number [issn].

ISSN – 2583-2344

International Standard Name Identifier [ISNI]

ISNI – 5031-1356-9

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List of 10 Websites/Journals you should publish your Legal Articles on!

Updated: Aug 26, 2023

I published my first research article on Livelaw in 2020 and it was the happiest moment of 2020 for me. In the next 1 year I published articles on few other reputed places as well.

My article published on LiveLaw

As I mentioned in my video on Research articles , you should only publish in reputed journals/blogs, otherwise, recruiters, and law firms, won't give much weightage to them.

This is why, here is a list of few websites you should target in mind -

IndiaCorpLaw

This is one of the most reputed blogs on Corporate Law in India. Mr. Umakanth Varottil is the founder of IndiaCorpLaw, I suggest looking at his CV.

He is a graduate of NLS, then he became a partner at the biggest law firm of India and then went switched his career trajectory to become an associate professor at National University of Singapore.

Let me tell you, once you go to this website, you would find it very difficult to understand the articles. But don't worry, start by reading the article you find most interesting and read only 1 article a day.

If you come across difficult legal terms such as Committee of Creditors, or Clean Slate Doctrine, just use ChatGPT to understand their meaning, and you are good to go!

Now let's talk about the second website!

This is also a similar blog as IndiaCorpLaw and its considered reputed among the people as you need to write a good quality article to publish here.

3. Bar and Bench and Live Law

Indian Students and Lawyers regular visit this website and if you publish your articles here, it will give you good visibility.

4. Various NLU Blogs

Almost all the National Law Universities have their own blogs where you could publish your articles. Some blogs are highly reputed such as NALSAR Tech Law Forum , NLS Business Review Blog , NLIU Center for Business and Commercial Laws Blog and so on.

Try to publish in these blogs and in case your article doesn't go through, go for newer NLU blogs.

5. International Blogs

Finally we have the most premium blogs such as Oxford Business Law Blog , Wolters Kluwer Arbitration Blog , London School of Economics Blog , and so on.

I had a dream to publish one of my works here, but as I got job by the end of my 4th year, I didn't have any motivation remaining. So I focused more on my YouTube channel and on Freelancing. If I get time in the future, I will definitely try for Oxford Bsiness Law Blog.

Also, as a student if you get published there, I don't think any firm would deny you an internship.

How to Send your Legal Articles for Publishing

Submitting your article is easy. Just go to the 'submission guidelines' page of the website and send a mail on the mentioned email ID.

I have attached one of the mail I sent below -

My email to NUJS International Law Blog

Do keep in mind they will take atleast 1 month to revert back. For example the article in the above mentioned mail took 4 months to finally get published.

What to do if I could NOT publish Anywhere?

I don't think it is that difficult to get published at any reputed place at all. If you read a lot and follow the suggestions I've given in my YouTube video on research article, you will get published somewhere good.

But in case it does not happen, then find some good topics related to corporate law or any area of your interest (corporate law which includes- SEBI regulations, Companies Act, IPR, Arbitration, Insolveny and Bankruptcy are more preferred because they are relevant for law firms), yeah, so find some good topics and get them published on websites such as iPleaders, Latest Laws, etc.

While they won't be reputed places to get published on, but they will provide good reach to your blog as these websites get many views daily.

But never ever 'PAY' to any journal or blog for publishing your articles. Remember this!

That's all from my side.

I have just one request, do comment down something so I know you are reading this post.

It takes 2-3 hours in writing one article and if it isn't read by anyone, it takes away the motivation.

All the best!

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70 Comments

I have a question.

Can we submit our article to more than one publisher at once....if not how do we know that the article has been rejected and we can send it to another journal or do we need to send it to just one journal?

Thank you so much, it was very helpful.

Thank you for sharing your insights and the experience you shared here is more helpful for me.

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Psychedelics Drug Legislative Reform ant legalization in the US

Joshua s siegel , md phd, james e daily , jd, demetrius a perry , ma, ginger e nicol , md.

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Corresponding Author: Joshua S. Siegel, Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 4525 Scott Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA, [email protected] , Phone: +1 240 506 3715

Psychedelic drugs are becoming accessible to Americans through a patchwork of state legislative reforms. This shift necessitates consensus on treatment models, education and guidance for healthcare providers, and planning for implementation and regulation.

To assess trends in psychedelics legislative reform and legalization in the United States in order to provide guidance to healthcare professionals, policy makers, and the public.

Analysis of data compiled from legislative databases (BillTrack50, LexisNexis, Ballotpedia). Legislation was identified by searching for terms related to psychedelics (e.g. psilocybin, MDMA, Peyote, Mescaline, Ibogaine, LSD, Ayahuasca, DMT). Bills were coded by an attorney along two axes: which psychedelic drugs would be affected and in what ways (i.e. the scope of the bill, including medical/legal oversight, when specified). To explore drivers and rate of legislative reform, data were compared to other state indices including 2020 presidential voting margins and marijuana legislative reform.

We find that 25 states have considered 74 bills (69 legislative initiatives, 5 ballot measures), with 10 bills were enacted, and 32 are still active. The number of psychedelic reform bills introduced during each calendar year has increased steadily from 5 (2019), 6 (2020), to 27 (2021), to 36 (2022). Nearly all specify psilocybin (67), and many also include MDMA (27). While bills varied in their framework, a majority (43) propose decriminalization, of which few delineate medical oversight (23%) or training/licensure requirements (35%). Generally, bills contained far less regulatory guidance than the enacted Oregon Measure 109. While early legislative efforts occurred in liberal states, this relationship may be shifting over time, indicating that psychedelic drug reform is becoming a bipartisan issue. Finally, an analytic model based on marijuana legalization projects that a majority of states will legalize psychedelics by 2033–2037.

Conclusions and Relevance

Psychedelic reform is proceeding in a rapid, patchwork fashion in the United States. Further consideration should be given to key healthcare issues such as 1) establishing standards for drugs procured outside the medical establishment, 2) licensure criteria for prescribers and therapists, 3) the clinical and billing infrastructure, 4) potential contraindications, and 5) use in special populations like minors, older adults, and pregnant women.

Introduction

The Controlled Substances Act of 1970 (CSA), established federal control over possession, distribution, and production of drugs. Shortly thereafter, the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) was established to enforce the CSA, which classified psychedelics, 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA), and cannabis as Schedule I substances with ‘no currently accepted medical use,’ a ‘lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision’, and ‘at least some potential for abuse sufficient to warrant control.’ In the intervening years, results from numerous studies in animals 1 and humans, 2 including a large multi-site clinical trials with psilocybin for treatment resistant depression, 3 and MDMA for post-traumatic stress disorder, 4 have supported the safety and medical utility of psychedelics and brought about increasing acceptance and interest in the United States.

In May 2019, Denver, Colorado became the first city to decriminalize psilocybin. 5 By the end of 2019, many cities were considering initiatives to decriminalize psychedelics (for a list of municipalities, see ref 5 ). A review panel appointed by the Denver City Council issued a report in Nov. 2021 finding no significant negative impact of decriminalization on public safety. 6 They recommended training for first responders, public health education and messaging, data collection, and ongoing safety reporting.

In late 2020, Oregon became the first state to both decriminalize psilocybin and legalize it for therapeutic use. Oregon Ballot Measure 109 specified extensive guidelines (to be overseen by Oregon Health Authority) regarding psilocybin production, manufacturing requirements and licensure, psilocybin extraction, mandatory testing of purity and potency (testing laboratories themselves must be accredited by the Oregon Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Program), record keeping, and facilitator qualifications, training, and licensure. 7 – 9 Between February and August 2021, Oregon law enforcement observed an 87% reduction in psilocybin-related arrests over previous years. 10 As the first state to both decriminalize possession and provide clinical psilocybin services, the Oregon legislation created an advisory board that recently provided recommendations for training, administration, and communication of risks and benefits of psilocybin therapy to clients. 11 Under the current laws, psilocybin use is restricted to licensed facilities with trained counselors; facilities will be able to apply for licenses beginning in 2023. 12

Political efforts for psychedelics reform have percolated from cities and states to the federal level as Congress considers bipartisan legislation that would further limit DEA control of Schedule I drugs. 13 In response, the federal Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration has recently indicated that it may pursue a policy of “harm reduction, risk mitigation, and safety monitoring” regarding emerging substances such as psilocybin and MDMA rather than strict prohibition. 14

These legislative initiatives are concurrent with rising scientific and business interests in psychedelics. 15 In recent years, philanthropic funding of research has led to the creation of academic centers for psychedelic science across the country – including Johns Hopkins, University of California San Francisco, Massachusetts General Hospital, University of California Berkeley, Mount Sinai, University of Texas Austin, Washington University in St. Louis and others. 16 In 2022, the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) and The National Institute of Drug and Alcohol Abuse (NIDAA) began offering educational programming to support investigators interested in working with psychedelic drugs. 17 NIH support of this research brings greater funding and scientific rigor. However, investment in academic research is still an order of magnitude lower than the value of some of the publicly traded companies in the psychedelics space.

Private investment into psychedelic pharmaceutical R&D has surged since 2018, 18 supported by an FDA breakthrough therapy designation for clinical trials of psilocybin for depression and MDMA for PTSD. In 2021, companies invested more than $730M in the development of psychedelic drugs and novel drug delivery systems; 19 in contrast just $4M was invested by NIH in the same year. While early phase IIb/III results look promising, 3 , 4 FDA approval remains just one step in a complex process to transform these compounds into therapies. It is not yet clear how to handle potential FDA approval of psychedelics in the context of ongoing DEA Schedule I classification. 20 Moreover, it is unclear how the healthcare system would implement psychedelic treatment, which is a dramatic departure from currently available medical and behavioral therapies and raises unique challenges. 21

The future of psychedelics in the United States hinges upon several factors: the outcome and FDA decision on ongoing clinical trials, the potential decisions by the DEA or governing bodies to change the classification of psychedelics, and legislative reform at the state level, which has been the primary driver of cannabis legalization. 22 Cannabis achieved legalization through legislative reform in most states, despite continued DEA Schedule I status and the absence of FDA approval. Now, state legislative reforms are shifting the prospects of psychedelics treatment and illicit drug enforcement.

In the present study, we sought to characterize the current state of legislative reform around Schedule I psychedelic drugs. Archives such as BillTrack50 and Ballotpedia make legislature and ballot initiatives publicly available. We used data from these sources to assess trends in psychedelic decriminalization and legislative reform, with the overall aim of identifying whether key considerations for implementation of psychedelics as medical treatments are being addressed.

We compiled a database of state legislative and ballot initiatives related to psychedelic drug reform introduced in the United States beginning with the 2019 legislative session year. We 1) broadly characterized psychedelic legislative reform efforts occurring in the US, 2) compared decriminalization bills based on how psychedelic and psychedelic treatment will be implemented and regulated, 3) compared the 2020 presidential voting margins of states considering decriminalization to assess political drivers of legislation, and 4) developed an analytic model based on cannabis reforms to predict when psychedelic drugs will likely be legal across the US. We hypothesized that legislation proposed at the state level would vary widely with respect to legislative scope and that right-to-try legislation signed by a conservative president in 2018 would increase conservative state adoption of psychedelic drug reform.

Selection and coding of relevant legislation

Information was obtained from publicly available databases: BillTrack50, 23 Ballotpedia, 24 and LexisNexis, 25 and included all bills and ballot initiatives relating to psychedelic drugs introduced into state legislatures in the 2019–2022 session years (final search was September 28, 2022). BillTrack50 and LexisNexis are commercial legislation databases that include free and paid services. Ballotpedia is a professionally-edited nonprofit free online encyclopedia that covers federal, state, and local politics, elections, and public policy in the United States. BillTrack50 was used for initial collection of relevant legislation. January 1, 2019 was chosen as the start date because signature gathering for the first enacted decriminalization bill (Oregon Measure 109) began in 2019.

BillTrack50 was searched for legislation mentioning the terms psilocybin, psilocyn, psilocin, MDMA, LSD, ibogaine, peyote, ayahuasca, or DMT. The LexisNexis state legislation database was searched for bills enacted since 2010 that mention any of those terms at least three times. This was done in order to eliminate irrelevant enacted bills that mention the search terms only incidentally, typically by repeating the entire schedule of controlled substances as part of the bill text (e.g. when the bill would add or remove an unrelated drug from the schedule). Ballotpedia, a professionally-edited online encyclopedia focused on United States politics and elections, was searched for ballot initiatives mentioning any of those terms.

Legislation and ballot initiatives were coded by an attorney (JD) to determine if the scope of each bill included decriminalization, right-to-try, funding, policy research, or laboratory or clinical research.

“Decriminalization” was defined as reduction or elimination of criminal penalties associated with possessing or distributing a psychedelic drug. “Right-to-try” was defined as legislation allowing access to psychedelics for a particular patient population, such as patients with terminal illnesses for whom other therapies have not been effective. “Funding” was defined as any explicit appropriation of funds or budgeted amounts for psychedelic research, treatments, or regulation. “Policy research” was defined as the establishment of psychedelic therapy advisory boards or the preparation of reports for the legislature, state health department, or similar policy body. “Laboratory or clinical research” was defined as permitting, funding, or requiring the performance of laboratory or clinical research regarding psychedelic therapies

Irrelevant bills that did not include at least one of those policies were excluded, such as prospective bills consisting of a restatement of the state’s schedule of controlled substances laws without changes to Schedule I psychedelics (e.g. bills adding new analogs to the schedule). Inter-rater reliability 26 was evaluated by comparing coding for a subset of bills by an independent rater (DP) for both drug and bill type. For brevity, throughout the rest of this article we will use the terms “bill” and “bills” to refer to both bills and ballot initiatives.

Categorization of decriminalization bills by regulatory frameworks

To assess the variability in decriminalization legislation, the subset of bills proposing decriminalization were further coded based on the description of their specific regulatory framework. These categories included “Physician Involvement” (whether a physician must prescribe the psychedelic or certify a qualifying diagnosis), “Medical Involvement Required” (whether some clinical provider or medical setting, such as a “treatment center”, is required for legal use), and “Training and Licensure Required” (whether the bill indicated that some psychedelic-specific training or licensure would be required to prescribe psychedelics or to facilitate their use).

Comparison of decriminalization bills to state partisanship

To evaluate potential political drivers of decriminalization, political leaning (on the liberal-conservative spectrum) was compared between states with decriminalization bills (active or enacted) and those without. Public data for each state’s 2020 presidential voting margin was used as a proxy for each state’s leaning. To assess trends over time, states with decriminalization bills were further divided into those proposing decriminalization before versus after Jan 1, 2022. Both comparisons were tested using a t-test of two samples, assuming equal variance and 𝝰<0.05 threshold for significance.

Analytic model based on cannabis reforms

Based on the assumption that psychedelics would follow a similar legislative trajectory to cannabis, medical and recreational cannabis decriminalization data 27 , 28 were used to generate two analytic models. In each analytic model, the independent variable was years since the first state passed decriminalization (California legalized medical cannabis in 1996, Colorado legalized recreational cannabis in 2012), the dependent variable was the cumulative number of states passing decriminalization laws. In this analysis, Washington D.C. was counted as a state, thus “the majority of states” was defined as 26/51. Then, using the rate of cannabis reform adoption (states/year) and 2020 as the index case of psychedelic decriminalization (Oregon, both medical and recreational), we modeled the rate of future psychedelics reform adoption. From this, we projected the year by which a majority of states will decriminalize psychedelics.

Summary of Legislation

In total, our search identified 648 unique bills or ballot measures (collectively “bills”). 573 bills not related to psychedelic reform were excluded. One federal bill, US HR7900 (a failed appropriations bill that proposed funding to study treatments, including MDMA and psilocybin, for members of the armed forces on terminal leave) was excluded from further state analysis.

After screening, 25 states have considered 74 bills proposing reform of existing laws restricting access to psychedelic drugs or proposing further research into reform legislation. Of those, 10 (14%) have been signed into law. Those ten laws are from seven states (Colorado, Connecticut, Hawaii, New Jersey, Oregon, Texas, and Washington) and include one passed by a ballot initiative (Oregon ballot measure 109). Three bills mention decriminalization: Colorado passed a trigger law decriminalizing prescription MDMA contingent on FDA approval; New Jersey reclassified possession of psilocybin as a disorderly offense; and Oregon decriminalized both medical and (effectively) recreational psilocybin. As of August 1, 2022, 32 bills (46%) were dead, and 32 (52%) remained active. The number of new psychedelic reform bills introduced each calendar year has increased from 5 (2019), 6 (2020), to 29 (2021), to 35 (2022, prior to September 28).

Bill Contents

Most bills specifically referred to psilocybin (67, 90%), with many also including MDMA (27, 36%), and relatively fewer included other psychedelics such as LSD, ibogaine, and peyote ( Figure 1A ). 43 bills (58%) proposed reducing or removing existing penalties for possessing or distributing psychedelic drugs (‘decriminalization’ in Figure 1B ). Excluding dead/failed bills, 13 states have signed or were considering decriminalization laws ( Fig 1D ). Just under half of the bills (31 bills, 42%) specifically called for policy research to explore paths to decriminalization.

Fig 1. Trends in psychedelic drug reform bills.

Bills are categorized by what drug would be affected (A) and in what way (B). Curve in C shows the cumulative number of bills since January 1, 2019 based on the date the bill was first proposed. The map (D) only includes decriminalization bills (reducing or removing criminal penalties for possession of psychedelics). “Some Municipalities” indicates that municipal legislatures (e.g. Oakland, Santa Cruz, Arcata CA, Ann Arbor, DC, Washtenaw County MI, Somerville MA, Cambridge MA, Northampton MA) have passed legislation but not the state, and “Considering” means currently active bills (as of August 1, 2022). Colorado HB1344 (trigger law decriminalizing prescription MDMA contingent on FDA approval) was excluded.

Independent categorization of 53 bills by a second rater yielded very high inter-rater reliability - 100% on all psychedelic drug categories, ‘right-to-try’, and ‘funding’, 98% on ‘decriminalization’ and ‘policy research’, 92.5% on ‘lab or clinical research’.

Bills calling for decriminalization varied widely in the extent to which a regulatory framework was established for the safe and effective use of psychedelics. Approximately half (22/43, 51%) called for legalization of possession of at least one psychedelic drug for therapeutic (15 bills – though the description of ‘therapeutic’ varied widely) or recreational purposes (it was not possible to precisely quantify recreational legalization because circumstances, amount, and penalties varied so widely). Approximately one-third (15/43, 35%) indicated that some training or licensure would be provided to prescribe psychedelics or to provide psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. Approximately one quarter (10/43, 23%) mandated that access to psychedelics be restricted to some medical environment, such as a registered treatment center (with the implication that health departments would provide further guidance on treatment center requirements). Only 12% of legalization bills would explicitly mandate physician involvement in prescribing psychedelics or making qualifying diagnoses.

State characteristics

Next, we compared state political leaning (on the liberal-conservative spectrum) to decriminalization. As expected, states considering decriminalization (n=13 states with enacted or active bills, shown in Fig 1D ) were more liberal-leaning than states not considering decriminalization (n=37) (11.9% vs −11.1% D-R margin; p<0.001, two tailed t-test). States with decriminalization legislation proposed prior to Jan 1, 2022 (n=9) had a 16.8% D-R margin, while states with first decriminalization legislation proposed in 2022 (n=4) had a 1.1% D-R margin. This trend was not significant (p=0.12, two-tailed t-test). From a geographical perspective, bills introduced before 2022 were mostly in coastal states, whereas in 2022, more midwestern states (MO, CO, KS) have introduced decriminalization bills.

Analytic Model using Cannabis Legalization

To predict the rate of psychedelic drug reform adoption in coming years, we made the assumption that psychedelics would follow a similar trajectory to cannabis and thus used cannabis legalization data to develop an analytic model. Specifically, we generated two models (medical vs. recreational cannabis) based on the rate of reform adoption (states/year) in the years after the state passed decriminalization. California was the first state to legalize medical cannabis in 1996. In the 26 years since, 40 states have adopted medical legalization at a roughly linear rate (1.53 states per year, 95% CI 1.36–1.7). By comparison, since Colorado legalized recreational cannabis in 2012,19 states and Washington DC have adopted recreational cannabis legalization (2 states per year, 95% CI 1.45–2.23).

Using 2020 as the year of the first psychedelic decriminalization (Oregon, both medical and recreational), the cannabis models predict that a majority of states (26/51) will legalize psychedelics by 2033 (based on the recreational cannabis model) - 2037 (based on the medical cannabis model).

This analysis of publicly available data establishes several important findings relevant to developing a cohesive national plan for the safe regulation and administration of psychedelic drugs. First, the momentum behind psychedelic drug reform is increasing. Since 2019, 25 states have considered 74 bills, with 10 already signed into law. The number of bills considered has risen steadily from 5 (2019), to 6 (2020), to 27 (2021), to 36 (2022). Second, bills varied widely in their framework, with a majority proposing decriminalization, of which only a few would require medical oversight and some would not even require training or licensure. Most offer far less detailed guidelines and regulations than Oregon’s approved decriminalizing laws. While early legislative efforts occurred in liberal states, this relationship may be shifting over time, indicating that psychedelic drug reform is becoming a bipartisan issue. While proposed laws differ considerably, all effectively contradict or sidestep the Controlled Substances Act.

It is unusual for a pharmaceutical to be made accessible by legislation rather than FDA regulatory approval, which includes a careful review of drug manufacturing, shipping, efficacy, adverse events, oversight/monitoring, and appropriate post-market monitoring. The American Psychiatric Association released a position statement in July 2022 which concludes “Clinical treatments should be determined by scientific evidence in accordance with applicable regulatory standards and not by ballot initiatives or popular opinion.” 10

Based on data from cannabis legalization, we project that most states will have passed legislation legalizing psychedelics by 2033–2037. It is possible that psychedelic reform will occur even more rapidly than cannabis reform due to the higher apparent likelihood of FDA approval, the early shift towards bipartisan legislative support, early interest in reform at the federal level, and the fact that marijuana reform has paved the way for increased access to Schedule I drugs. Alternatively, the path the legalization may be slowed if current FDA applications do not result in approval or the public perceives psychedelics to be more dangerous than cannabis. Another key influence is the amount of money spent on lobbying for legislative reform. New Approach PAC previously focused decriminalizing marijuana but has turned its focus to psychedelics. For example, New Approach has contributed $2.8M in support of Colorado ballot initiative Prop 122 that will be considered in the November 2022 election. 29

Perhaps most important are the issues upon which the current decriminalization legislation remains silent: 1) there is no precise mechanism for verifying the chemical content and makeup of drugs procured outside the medical establishment, 2) there is little discussion regarding training, licensure, and monitoring for providers who wish to facilitate treatment (35% of bills delineated treatment requirements, 12% specified physician involvement), 3) the clinical and billing infrastructure for providing psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy has yet to be developed, 4) we do not yet have clinical consensus on pharmacological interactions with co-medications and potential contraindications to treatment (e.g. psychotic disorders or cardiovascular disease) 30 , 5) there is no information to guide use in special populations like older adults, children, and pregnant women. The minimal involvement of physicians in the majority of these legislations stands in contrast to FDA regulation of esketamine, which includes extensive guidelines regarding medical diagnosis prior to initiation and oversight during treatment.

Despite the relative rapidity with which some have embraced psychedelics as legitimate medical treatments, critical questions about the mechanism of action, dosing and dose frequency, durability of response to repeated treatments, drug-drug interactions, and the role psychotherapy plays in therapeutic efficacy remain unanswered. This last point is critical, as a significant safety concern associated with drugs like psilocybin, MDMA, or LSD is the suggestibility and vulnerability of the patient while under the influence of the drug 31 . Thus, training and clinical oversight is necessary to ensure safety and also therapeutic efficacy for this divergent class of treatments 32 , 33 . Some efforts along these lines are underway in the US 34 and Canada 35 .

Our analysis and interpretation are subject to limitations. First, we treated all proposed legislation equally without regard for likelihood of enactment. Second, our definition of “psychedelic” included MDMA, which has psychedelic effects at higher doses, but is not classified as a classic psychedelic. Third, we counted three bills introduced in prior legislative sessions (e.g. Hawaii SB738 & SB2575) that were reintroduced during the study period. Fourth, our model predicting when states might pass legalize psychedelics relies on the assumption that psychedelic decriminalization will follow a similar trajectory to cannabis decriminalization. Finally, although we have acknowledged the socio-political importance of municipal and federal legislative efforts, they were not included in the analysis.

The data presented above demonstrate that, after decades of harsh legal restriction, the United States are swiftly moving towards increased access to psychedelics. Decriminalization is just one step in a complex process to transform these compounds into safe and effective therapies. This process will have important consequences for the medical and scientific community. Integrating psychedelic treatment into clinical practice will require peeling back many layers of legal prohibition, FDA approval, clarifying prescribing guidelines, and developing treatment models that work for drug makers, physicians, and patients.

Comparison to Cannabis Legalization

Acknowledgements

We thank Eapen Thampy and Rep. Anthony Lovasco for helping us to interpret legislative trends. This work was supported by the Taylor Family Institute Fund for Innovative Psychiatric Research grant GF0010787, NIMH grant R25 MH112473, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences grant UL1 TR002345 (ICTS Award #5157), NIDA grant T32DA007261, and McDonnell Center for Systems Neuroscience Award #202002165, and the Washington University Center for Empirical Research in the Law. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official view of the NIH or other supporting institutions.

Author JSS sits on the scientific advisory board of Silo Wellness (unpaid) and has received consulting fees from Forbes Manhattan. Author GEN has received research support from Usona Institute (drug only). She has served as a paid consultant for IngenioRx, Alkermes, Inc., Sunovion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp. Authors JED and DAP report no relevant conflicts of interest. All authors report no financial in cannabis or psychedelics companies beyond what might be in a broad index fund

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