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Communication and Transportation

Communication and transportation.

COMMUNICATION AND TRANSPORTATION. Transportation and communication are central to the development of any society and its economy, and early modern Europe was no exception. Despite some significant advances in the engineering and construction of roads and canals between 1450 and 1750, as well as the construction of ships and, to a much lesser extent, of carriages and wagons, for the most part European travel and, therefore communication, remained as it had been in the Middle Ages , tied to the speeds of man and horse on land, and of wind and current on water. Oceanic transport made the greatest leaps forward during this period. Europeans constructed ships capable of sailing the open seas, and navigational devices and techniques capable of guiding them on these long-distance voyages. As a result, they succeeded in circumnavigating Africa to reach Asia , and in crossing the Atlantic to reach the New World. These voyages of "discovery" opened up vast new markets and sources of labor and products that greatly boosted Europe 's wealth and power. Inland commerce during this period, however, always commanded a much greater share in the European economy than long-distance trade, and thus inland transportation, by land or water routes, remained far more important in the lives of most people than oceanic navigation.

It is ironic, therefore, in light of the revolutionary changes in oceanic travel and trade, that for most of the early modern period prior to the eighteenth century, rulers lacked either the will or the funds to revolutionize inland transportation, and the high price tag of the changes that were made is an indication of the enormous mobilization of resources that would have been required to do the job well. The significance of inland transportation is evident in the growing gap by the end of the eighteenth century between nations and regions that devoted resources to upgrading their roads and inland waterways and those that did not. It is not by accident that Europe's most advanced economies at the end of the early modern period, England , France , and the Netherlands , also possessed the best transportation infrastructures, and those less advanced, Poland , Spain , and Germany , for example, lagged far behind.

Communication was tied closely to transportation as, in the absence of electronic communications, it depended on the speed and efficiency of transportation. Messages had to be carried, orally or in writing, from one place to another, and most traveled in the same vehicles as passengers and merchandise. Communications, therefore, were also tied to the speed of horse, oxen, barge, or a man on foot. People, information, ideas, and products did travel extensively in early modern Europe, probably much more than people imagine today. But they traveled much more slowly and laboriously, and at a higher cost, which makes the volume of movement against so many obstacles that much more impressive.

COMMUNICATION

Early modern communication took place in three main modes: spoken words, manuscript writing — especially letters — and print. Oral communication was the oldest of these three, and in many ways early modern society was still primarily an oral society. Although literacy increased enormously during this period, most people, especially among the lower classes, possessed limited reading and writing skills and relied heavily on memory and speech for preserving and transmitting information. Poets and writers in other genres still composed their works with the assumption that they would be read or sung to their audiences. The most popular form of cheap print for the masses produced in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was ballads, many of them updated editions of songs that had been around for centuries. Another common print purchase among the lower classes was woodcut pictures with, at the most, only a few sentences included to explain the image.

Yet the early modern era was a society in transition, and as literacy spread, so did the importance of writing in people's lives. In this the Reformation played an important role because the ability to read the Bible and the Psalms was essential to a Protestant education, so much so that Martin Luther and John Calvin alike, and most Protestant rulers, made a great although not wholly successful effort to expand educational opportunities for the masses to ensure that the population possessed at least minimal reading skills and a basic knowledge of the Bible. Literacy also increased in Catholic countries, however, indicating that factors other than religion encouraged its spread. Among the most important of these no doubt was the growing use of written contracts in commerce. Merchants needed to be able to write, read, and digest voluminous commercial correspondence. Business letters were the means whereby merchants exchanged vital information such as exchange rates, the availability of products, the level of demand in various markets, and threats to shipping. In fact, early modern postal services, while created to serve the needs of governments, mostly drew their clientele from the business community. Commercial centers like Amsterdam became nexuses of information, much of it in the form of letters. It is thus also no accident that the most literate populations tended to be found in cities and regions with a high concentration of commerce or industry that brought much of the population into regular contact with the market.

Beginning in the Renaissance , writing developed as an important form of personal expression, especially among the erudite and the upper classes. The letter was central to the development of humanism, and most were written with the expectation that they would be read and discussed by a much wider audience than the intended recipient. Moreover, in the style of the ancient ars dictaminis or art of letter writing, in which Renaissance humanists consciously emulated great classical letter writers such as Cicero, scholars discussed philosophy while practicing rhetoric in lengthy, highly stylized letters. Rhetoric formed an intrinsic part of these letters because they were meant to be quasipublic documents, to be read aloud as well as silently. The spread of humanism north of the Alps in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and its inclusion in the education of the upper classes, meant that effective letter-writing skills became a necessity for well-bred ladies and gentlemen. Yet writing also brought unforeseen and unsettling consequences to the lives of European elites, because they increasingly used letters not only to express ideas and information suitable for public consumption, but also to explore and articulate private musings and passions. Nobles wrote for pleasure, as a way of developing richer inner lives, nurturing intimacy with close friends and family, and distinguishing themselves from the classes below them, who might be literate but rarely had the time or inclination to write for anything other than utilitarian purposes. Merchants did also write personal as well as business letters. The correspondence between Magdalena and Balthasar Paumgartner, a merchant couple living in sixteenth-century Nuremberg , discusses both business and personal concerns such as their own and their son's illnesses and family gossip. Their letters evince the Paumgartners' tender regard for each other, although they are written in the formal style common to the early modern period. But their letters were rarely as lengthy or reflective as those of eighteenth-century nobles. Finally, it should be noted that letters played a significant role in disseminating information during the scientific revolution, particularly before the various scientific academies began the practice of printing and distributing their members' papers and treatises.

Print was the newest medium of the three, and brought revolutionary change to early modern society. The volume of printed works available for purchase expanded considerably between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries, although most lower-class Europeans were lucky if they could afford cheap woodcuts, pamphlets, or broadsides, let alone a book. If they did own a book, it was most likely to be religious, a Bible in Protestant countries, a prayer book or hagiography in Catholic ones. Reprints of classical works also were popular. Increasingly the printing press became a means to communicate information, less in the form of newspapers, which did not become common until the eighteenth century, than in the form of almanacs and gazettes filled with practical knowledge. Enterprising publishers began printing handbooks for merchants containing explanations of specialized techniques and business practices, such as double-entry bookkeeping, maritime insurance, and bills of exchange.

News, whether spoken, handwritten, or printed, traveled from place to place within Europe via roads or waterways, the two forms of inland travel. Travel by water was always cheaper than land routes, simply because more weight could be carried on water than on land. Water transport circulated more slowly than land travel, however, which meant that it was suitable for hauling large, bulky freight, but much less so for moving smaller, more expensive items or any cargo or passengers needing to reach a destination quickly. Sizable companies specializing in water transport began to appear in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, although most merchants relied on individual haulers or ship captains or, in the case of coastal or transoceanic shipping, purchased their own ship or a share in a jointly owned vessel.

Inland water traffic had another drawback; it was restricted to navigable waterways, and although they increased in number during the early modern period, they remained far scarcer than roads. Moreover, waterways were not always reliable, since they were often non-navigable due to low water levels in summer, flooding or freezing in winter, and silting or obstructions in the waterway, such as sunken ships, watermills, fish weirs, and sandbars year round. They frequently were encumbered with tolls as well. On heavily traveled routes, barges could easily get backed up for days or more at locks while waiting for obstructions to be cleared.

Land routes had their own hazards, including the poor state of most roads, especially prior to the eighteenth century. Roads tended to follow waterways, and thus to meander. Wagons got stuck up to their axles in mud since very few roads were paved or engineered with the latest techniques to keep water from seeping in and undermining the roadbed. On the other hand, the very fact that most roads, and especially smaller ones, were really little more than paths meant that vehicles could simply drive around obstructions that would have halted water traffic. Land transport was costly primarily because even the hardiest teams of oxen or horses could move far less than a barge. Thus inland transportation depended on both land and water travel, and the two were closely intertwined in early modern European transport networks. By the same token, inland transport intersected with saltwater navigation, as many of the same small vessels that plied the coasts and carried coastal exports around Europe also sailed inland waterways. And products imported from abroad had to be transshipped onto these smaller vessels or onto wagons for transport to their final destinations.

CANALS AND INLAND WATERWAYS

The early modern period saw a significant expansion of navigable waterways. Much of the traffic on these waterways moved via towpaths, in which horses walking on a footpath that followed the waterway dragged barges from place to place. Towpaths were especially vital for canals or rivers in flat areas that lacked a strong current to carry the vessels. Needless to say, low-lying regions blessed with abundant rivers and streams, such as the Low Countries , had an advantage on this score, whereas mountainous regions remained dependent on mules or human carriers until the advent of the railroad and automobile. Still, the needs of commerce and government administration, and the will and ability of the state or private entrepreneurs to spend the capital required to build or improve waterways, determined which countries and regions saw the greatest expansion in inland waterways, and which lagged behind. The Spanish crown, for example, squandered the opportunity to invest the bonanza of wealth it drew from New World silver mines in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in building badly needed infrastructure to stimulate its economy at home. In general, nations with either a powerful, centralizing royal government, or a burgeoning mercantile class, or both, were most likely to build roads and waterways. Regions with weak centralized governments, such as Germany, or a small pool of merchants and few cities, such as Poland, ended the early modern period with poor transportation infrastructures. The result was often a vicious circle, because bad transportation impeded the development of places such as grain-rich Sicily and Poland, which possessed resources but no way to get them to market efficiently. Regions lacking in transport tended also to have underdeveloped economies and to be weaker politically and militarily than their neighbors.

Building waterways was an expensive undertaking, particularly in hilly regions where numerous locks were required. Ideally a natural waterway would already be present, which might be canalized (widened, deepened, or straightened in its route with locks added where needed). In the absence of a preexisting river or stream, however, early modern governments, in what would be called today a "public-private partnership" with entrepreneurs, financed impressive canal-building projects. The most famous of these was the Canal du Midi in France, linking the Mediterranean and the Atlantic via Toulouse and the Garonne River. It was opened for navigation 15 May 1681. Louis XIV 's great minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert was the moving spirit behind the project, and in 1664 he joined with the energetic financier Pierre-Paul Riquet, baron of Bonrepos, who worked tirelessly to engineer and secure financing for the project. The undertaking was enormous, requiring 119 locks, numerous artificial basins, and dams, and even a tunnel under a mountain, not to mentions the construction of a new port, called S è te. The canal is uniformly sixand-a-half feet deep despite the fact that it rises to 620 feet above sea level . The total cost of the 150-mile (240 kilometer) canal was 17,179,330 livres, over four million of which Riquet contributed himself, with the rest borne equally by the crown and the Estates of Languedoc. It was an impressive engineering achievement when it was completed in 1691. Although it is still in use today, the canal never lived up to expectations. Maintenance costs were rarely built into the money allocated for early modern road and canal building, and silting and wear and tear on the locks soon made many stretches of the Canal du Midi unserviceable.

France built other canals in the early modern period, the most successful of which were those that, like the Canal de Briare, begun by Henry IV 's minister the duc de Sully in 1605 and completed in 1640, were designed to link Paris with the everexpanding hinterland the great city required to feed its population. The Canal de Briare was typical in another way, in that it too was financed and completed not by the crown, but by a private company that planned to recoup its investment by charging tolls for its use. By the end of the Old Regime, France had about 625 miles (1,000 kilometers) of canals, far fewer than England, but at least 5,000 miles (8,000 kilometers) of navigable rivers, streams, or canals.

Germany was blessed with good rivers, the foremost of which, the Rhine , acted as a veritable pipeline connecting the North Sea and the Baltic with Switzerland . The Danube provided an equally important route to the grain-producing regions of Central and Eastern Europe and, eventually, the Black Sea . The Elbe, the Oder , the Weser, and the Vistula were also vital to Germany's transportation network. Not surprisingly, German urban networks were tied closely to rivers. On the other hand, Germany possessed by the end of the early modern period only three hundred miles of canals or canalized rivers, compared to the seven hundred miles constructed in England between 1600 and 1760 alone. Some canals were built in Germany, however, including the canal linking the commercial cities of L ü beck and Hamburg, which could get so backed up that barges often took three weeks to make the relatively short trip. The Frederick William Canal was opened in Prussia in 1669. The lack of centralized government made water travel in Germany expensive, however, because without state intervention there was no power able to prune the many tolls and duties cities along waterways had levied since the Middle Ages .

England and Holland were the most aggressive canal builders of Europe, most likely because their economies, and especially that of the Dutch, were heavily dependent on commerce and industry. The Dutch began first, and pioneered engineering techniques others later adopted. The growth of Dutch commercial centers, and especially of the predominant city of Amsterdam, required the reduction of transportation costs and a predictable, dependable supply of goods. The expansion of peat-digging (peat was used for fuel) was another impetus to the growth of Dutch canals, because the bulky commodity could best be brought from the inland areas where it was found to the cities where it was needed via water. The Dutch began using locks on canals in the fifteenth century. In 1529 the first beurtveer (regulated transportation service) was established between the cities of Amsterdam and Hoorn. Boats and their skippers were licensed to carry passengers and required to keep regular departure schedules regardless of whether they were fully loaded. The schedules were published and enforced. This afforded passengers and those freighting cargoes on these boats and barges an assurance that they and their goods would arrive in a dependable and timely fashion. This service spread throughout the Netherlands in the sixteenth century and became linked to wagon routes, thus bringing towns not reachable by water into the network. The barges traveled slowly, on average only at about seven kilometers (about 4.5 miles) per hour. But their dependability was such that cities throughout Holland built canals with towpaths to ensure that they were linked with Amsterdam and from there to the wider world. Soon "night barges" were added, allowing passengers to save even more time by sleeping for part of the journey. These towpath canals carried literally hundreds of thousands of passengers annually between Holland's major cities in the seventeenth century.

The English too were aggressive canal builders, and also went about draining swamps and fens such as those of East Anglia by making cuts that were then used for canals. By the end of the Old Regime, England was second only to Holland in the number of canals built, despite the fact that England was much smaller than France, Spain, or Germany.

LAND TRANSPORT

Although it is true that many more roads were built between the end of the fifteenth century and 1789, probably the major change in land transport in the early modern period was state intervention to construct postal routes and stations, and to ensure some regularity of transport service, especially for passengers and mail via stagecoaches. Here the English made the most progress with their famous turnpikes, surpassing even the Dutch, although the French under Colbert and his successors also advanced. The French and English approaches to the problem of funding well-engineered roads were quite different, however, with the French favoring much greater state control, in part because the primary motivation of French road building was to enhance the ability of the central government to communicate with, and control, the provinces, whereas the English left road building mostly in the hands of private entrepreneurs who received government concessions to build and maintain toll roads. One result of this divergence was that whereas, then as now, the French transportation network converged often inconveniently on Paris, the English network served first and foremost the needs of commerce and was thus much more evenly distributed geographically.

At the beginning of the early modern period, almost all transportation was in private hands. Merchants contracted on an individual basis with haulers, the majority of whom were peasants working part-time as carriers. Their labor was seasonal, an inconvenience to be sure, but the plentiful supply of labor meant that competition kept rates fairly low. Similarly, most barge traffic was also in the hands of self-employed individuals who owned their own vessels and contracted on a job-by-job basis. Private messengers carried all but the most important government mail. Letters frequently reached their recipients through informal carriers. Balthasar Paumgartner often sent his letters to his wife Magdalena via a friend or fellow German merchant who happened to be traveling to Nuremberg, in return, no doubt, for performing the same service himself at other times.

By the seventeenth century the needs of government and business began to outstrip this informal system, however. Private mail and carriage by no means disappeared, but governments, especially in the most "absolutist" states, began to build and maintain roads, set up post offices and state coach services, and eventually to open those services, at first reserved for government business, to private citizens. These postal services began as relay stations or "rest stops" where messengers could exchange tired horses for fresh ones, refresh themselves, and continue their journey. Because carriers did not have to stop frequently to rest their horses, mail could travel much more quickly. Such services were similar to the American Pony Express system, and since they were also often located in inns, with the innkeeper contracted with the government to provide the horses, they doubled as stagecoach stops as well. By the eighteenth century regularly scheduled stage services were available, permitting travelers to begin or end a journey at almost any stage along the route.

In France, Colbert was again the moving force behind the expansion of France's road system. He desired a truly national and integrated transportation network linking the provinces of France to Paris. Before the roads could be built, however, the state had to create a system to finance and administrate them. This Colbert and his successors found difficult to do and even more difficult to sustain. In the mid-seventeenth century, the budget of the bureau of Ponts et Chauss é es (bridges and roads), the branch of the French government responsible for building and maintaining roads, bridges, and canals, represented less than one percent of the state budget. Only in the eighteenth century did it rise significantly, mostly to fund the postal routes that became the heart of French overland transportation. Moreover, in the 1740s the crown authorized the creation of a school, L' É cole des Ing é nieurs (School of engineers), capable of training the engineers needed to build the transportation routes the government intended to commission. The results were striking. By the dawn of the French Revolution in 1789, at least 25,000 miles (40,000 kilometers) of new roads had been constructed.

Transportation remained slow throughout the early modern period, although the improvements of the eighteenth century did speed things up. The trip up the Seine from Rouen to Paris, which today takes one to two hours by train, could take anywhere from ten days to a month (going downstream from Paris to Rouen was usually faster, about three or four days). The voyage by coach and canal from Paris to Lyon fell from ten to eleven days in 1664 to about six days in 1760. Thus the speed of travel nearly doubled, from about twenty-five or thirty miles a day to over fifty. It took fifteen days to get to Paris from Bordeaux in 1660, and only five or six days to make the same trip in 1789. Away from main thoroughfares, however, travel speeds fell precipitously. Merchandise circulated especially slowly, and even under the best conditions rarely moved more than twenty-five miles (forty kilometers) per day. In adverse conditions it moved much slower. Thus for most travelers and their cargoes, unless they were traveling on the best-maintained roads linking France's regional capitals to Paris, there was very little improvement in transport speeds during the Old Regime. Moreover, because most cities had no post offices, French provincial mail usually had to go to Paris before it reached its recipient, even though this entailed a significant delay.

England developed a similar postal service that was opened to the public in 1635. England's greatest innovation was the development of the turnpike system, wherein private investors received royal licenses to build and maintain roads. They recouped their investment by charging tolls. The important innovation was the provision this system made for maintaining roads, in contrast to the French system, in which beautifully engineered roads were built, but then only sporadically maintained despite the use of the corv é e (forced labor) drawn from local peasant populations. And England, like France, saw a similar rise in the speed of overland transport, so that a trip from London to Exeter that required eight to twelve days in the mid-seventeenth century took half that time in 1760. The rest of Europe, including even the Dutch, lagged far behind the French and English in the quantity and quality of their roads.

Although there were some innovations in carriages in the early modern period, travel for the most part remained decidedly uncomfortable for passengers. Most of the improvements in the design of carriages and wagons were less for the sake of comfort than to make them faster and more maneuverable, although glass windows and suspension systems, first in the form of leather straps, and then springs, were introduced into public and private coaches in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Iron tires affixed to carriage wheels improved durability but accelerated the deterioration of roads, which in turn helped to spur improvements such as cobblestone, graded crushed stone sealed with sand, and eventually paving. "Fifth wheel" or turning front carriages, which improved steering and stability, were developed in Germany. Even so, stagecoaches especially, which traveled very fast, remained dangerous on the narrow dirt roads over which they usually moved.

There is no doubt that significant improvement to Europe's transportation and communication networks was achieved in the early modern era. Still, the magnitude of that progress in the lives of ordinary people was not that great. To be sure, travel speeds increased, but only for those who could afford the cost. Most people and most information moved at the end of the Old Regime at a rate very similar to that of the Renaissance. A letter took about the same amount of time — six or seven weeks — to reach Venice in 1765 as it had in 1500, although it is true that more efficient transport networks meant that it cost less for it to reach its destination. Transportation and communication thus acted as a brake on the growth of the European economy until the advent of steam-powered locomotives and ships in the nineteenth century.

See also Communication, Scientific ; Literacy and Reading ; Shipping ; Travel and Travel Literature .

BIBLIOGRAPHY

There are very few works of early modern history devoted entirely to communication and transportation. The works listed below contain sections discussing various facets of these topics.

Beale, Philip. A History of the Post in England from the Romans to the Stuarts. Aldershot, U.K., 1998. Although very general, this is the only complete overview of the development of the British postal system.

Bordes, Maurice. "Les routes des intendants." In his L'homme et la route en Europe occidentale au moyen â ge et aux temps modernes, pp. 151 – 179. Auch, France, 1982. Examines the construction of the famous administrative roads the French government built in the eighteenth century, called the "Intendants' Roads" because they were under the purview of the intendants and designed to aid them in governing.

Braudel, Fernand. Civilization & Capitalism, 15th – 18th Century. Vol. 1, The Structures of Everyday Life: The Limits of the Possible, and Vol. 2, The Wheels of Commerce. Translated by Si â n Reynolds. New York , 1981, 1982. Translation of Les structures du quotidian: Le possible et l'impossible and Les jeux de l' é change. These two entertaining and instructive volumes contain excellent discussions of early modern communication and transport in terms both of economics and of everyday life.

Braudel, Fernand, and Ernest Labrousse, eds. Histoire é conomique et sociale de la France. Vol. 2, Des derniers temps de l' â ge seigneurial aux preludes de l' â ge industriel (1660 – 1789). Paris, 1970. Still the best overview of French transport in relation to the economy during the Old Regime.

Charbon, Paul. Au temps des malles-postes et des diligences. Histoire des transports publics et de poste du XVIIe au XIXe si è cle. Paris, 1979. Contains a brief history of the French postal service and numerous illustrations of postal carriages.

Chartier, Roger, Alain Boureau, and C é cile Dauphin, eds. Correspondence: Models of Letter-Writing from the Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century. Translated by Christopher Woodall. Princeton, 1997. Translation of La correspondance: Les usages de la letters au XIXe si è cle.

Cohen, Elizabeth S. "Between Oral and Written Culture: The Social Meaning of an Illustrated Love Letter." In Culture and Identity in Early Modern Europe (1500 – 1800): Essays in Honor of Natalie Zemon Davis, edited by Barbara B. Diefendorf and Carla Hesse, pp. 181 – 201. Ann Arbor , Mich., 1993. An example of the way in which sixteenth- and seventeenth-century European culture was still very much in transition from an oral to a written culture.

Cressy, David. Literacy and the Social Order: Reading and Writing in Tudor and Stuart England. Cambridge, U.K., and New York , 1980. The best study of literacy and its spread in early modern England.

Darnton, Robert. "An Early Information Society: News and the Media in Eighteenth-Century Paris." American Historical Review 105, no. 1 (February 2000): 1 – 35. Discusses the circulation of information via a wide variety of media, from spoken gossip to newspaper, poems, and books.

De Vries, Jan. The Dutch Rural Economy in the Golden Age , 1500 – 1700. New Haven , 1974. Especially important for communication and transportation history in this work is de Vries's discussion of the role of the peat industry in the development of the Dutch canal system in the early modern period.

— — . Economy of Europe in an Age of Crisis, 1600 – 1750. Cambridge, U.K., and New York , 1976. Excellent comparative history of early modern European economies, in which de Vries points out the role of transportation, or the lack therein, in the relative development or retardation of European countries.

De Vries, Jan, and Ad van der Woude. The First Modern Economy: Success, Failure, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500 – 1815. Cambridge, U.K., and New York, 1997. A comprehensive survey of the early modern Dutch economy, including its transportation system.

Dewald, Jonathan. Aristocratic Experience and the Origins of Modern Culture: France, 1570 – 1715. Berkeley and Los Angeles , 1993. A thoughtful discussion of aristocratic culture and education, including the importance of letter writing.

Furet, Fran ç ois, and Jacques Ozouf, eds. Reading and Writing: Literacy in France from Calvin to Jules Ferry . Cambridge, U.K., and New York, 1982. Translation of Lire et é crire: L'alphab é tisation des fran ç ais de Calvin à Jules Ferry . The best overview of French literacy and its spread during the early modern and modern eras.

Guillerme, Andr é E. The Age of Water: The Urban Environment in the North of France, A . D . 300 – 1800. College Station, Tex., 1988. Translation of Les temps de l'eau: La cit é , l'eau et les techniques. An unusual overview of urban hydrographic systems, including canals. A pioneering work in urban environmental history.

Jeannin, Pierre. "Guides de voyage et manuels pour marchands." In Voyager à la Renaissance. Actes du colloque de Tours 30 juin – 13 juillet 1983, edited by Jean C é ard and Jean-Claude Margolin, pp. 159 – 171. Paris, 1987. Among the many fascinating topics covered in this book is Jeannin's discussion of handbooks and travel guides published for early modern merchants.

— — . Marchands du Nord: Espaces et traffics à l' é poque moderne. Paris, 1996. This book contains a wealth of information about trade and travel in the North and Baltic Sea regions.

Maistre, Andr é . Le canal des Deux-Mers: Canal royal du Languedoc, 1666 – 1810. Toulouse, 1968. The most complete and authoritative study of the building of the Canal du Midi.

Nordman, Daniel. "Sauf-conduits et passeports en France à la renaissance ." In Voyager à la Renaissance. Actes du colloque de Tours 30 juin – 13 juillet 1983. edited by Jean C é ard et Jean-Claude Margolin, pp. 145 – 159. Paris, 1987. Examines another important facet of early modern travel, the necessity of obtaining passports and safe-conducts when crossing frontiers, and frequently in crossing internal boundaries as well.

Nussdorfer, Laurie. "Writing and the Power of Speech: Notaries and Artisans in Baroque Rome." In Culture and Identity in Early Modern Europe (1500 – 1800): Essays in Honor of Natalie Zemon Davis, edited by Barbara B. Diefendorf and Carla Hesse, pp. 103 – 118. Ann Arbor , Mich., 1993. Analyzes the ways in which illiterate Romans interacted with the world of writing, and the comparative powers of spoken and written words.

Ozment, Steven. Magdalena and Balthasar: An Intimate Portrait of Life in 16th-Century Europe Revealed in the Letters of a Nuremberg Husband and Wife. New York, 1986. This gem of a book is replete with examples of letters sent between a sixteenth-century merchant and his wife.

Poston, M. M., and H. J. Habakkuk, eds. The Cambridge Economic History of Europe. Vol. 4, The Economy of Expanding Europe in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, and Vol. 5, The Economic Organization of Early Modern Europe, edited by E. E. Rich and Charles H. Wilson. 2nd ed. Cambridge, U.K., 1966 – . Although slightly dated, both volumes contain excellent discussions of the role of transport in Europe's economic development.

Smith, Woodruff D. "The Function of Commercial Centers in the Modernization of European Capitalism: Amsterdam as an Information Exchange in the Seventeenth Century." Journal of Economic History 44, no. 4 (December 1984): 985 – 1005. Discusses the role of Amsterdam as a communications center disseminating business information.

Szostak, Rick. The Role of Transportation in the Industrial Revolution : A Comparison of England and France. Montreal and Buffalo, 1991. Szostak argues, not entirely convincingly, that England's primacy in the industrial revolution compared to France was largely the result of England's far superior transportation infrastructure.

Watt, Tessa. Cheap Print and Popular Piety 1550 – 1640. Cambridge, U.K., and New York, 1991. Discusses the access of ordinary people to print communication in the early modern period, and its effects on popular piety.

Witt, Ronald G. "Medieval 'Ars Dictaminis' and the Beginnings of Humanism: A New Construction of the Problem." Renaissance Quarterly 35 (1982): 16 – 35. Witt analyzes the role of the letter in the early development of humanist thought.

Gayle K. Brunelle

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The Thought of Developing Transportation and Communication

First Online: 21 February 2022

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essay on means of transport communication

Jianbo Zhou 4

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The rapid growth of material and information transmission is a prominent feature of modern society. The rise of public transportation and communication has led to the modern social industrial structure and is an important symbol distinguishing modern from medieval society. Shipping, communication, railways, and the postal service represent the “weapons” of modern transportation. The development of modern transportation and communication is closely related to the military and conducive to becoming a modern economy. Therefore, the emergence thereof cannot be stopped. In their discussion on modern transportation and communication, the Westernizationists focused on the significance of economic development, and how to plan and manage related aspects.

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Zhou, J. (2022). The Thought of Developing Transportation and Communication. In: Westernization Movement and Early Thought of Modernization in China. Palgrave Studies in Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86985-4_14

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86985-4_14

Published : 21 February 2022

Publisher Name : Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

Print ISBN : 978-3-030-86984-7

Online ISBN : 978-3-030-86985-4

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Means of Transportation and Communication

Both transport and communication play an essential role in developing our country.

Transportation helps us travel and move goods from one place to another.

The use of transportation depends upon our need to move things from the place of their availability to the place of their use.

Means of Transport

Transport is known as the lifeline of our country.

We, humans, use various modes of transport to travel and move goods from one place to another. This is done with the help of different means of transportation, such as trucks, lorry, containers, buses, rail, aeroplanes and ships.

The four primary means of transport are roadways, railways, waterways and airways.

Roadways are the oldest means of transport.
The means of road transport are cycle, rickshaw, bus, truck, car, scooter, motorcycle, bullock cart, tonga or tanga, camel cart, etc.
Roadways are helpful in the transportation of raw materials, goods and they are connected to far off places. Roadways are available in small villages, as well as in plains, mountains, etc.
Our country has a dense grid of roadways, and the total area of the road network is about 33 lakh kilometres.

Roadways are divided into:

National Highways

These roadways connect the state capitals, major cities, and ports.
Altogether there are 77 national highways, and their total length is 70,935 km.

State Highways

These roadways connect the district headquarters with the main cities.
The State Government maintains the state highways.

District Highways

These roadways are also called the local roadways.
These roadways are respective for districts and villages.
They connect or link the towns with the district headquarters.
The district highways are maintained by the PWD department or the district administration.

Village Roads

These roadways connect with other villages, and to the main roads of the district or the cities.
The village panchayats or district panchayats maintain the village roadways.
In India, Railways was first started in 1853.
The first railway track was built from Mumbai to Thane.
Indian rail transport is the biggest in Asia and second in the world.
Compared to roads and other means of transportation, railways are cheaper.
Most people travel and carry their goods through rail- transport in the world.

Based on the width of the railway tracks, it has been classified into three categories.

Broad Gauge
Metre Gauge
Narrow Gauge
The water transport started before road and rail transport.
It is comparatively less expensive than rail and road transport.
An important role is played by water transport in foreign trades.
About 90 to 92 per cent of Indian foreign business is done through water transport.

The Indian water transport is divided into two categories:

Inland waterways

Inland waterways are also called the National Waterways.
Boats, motorboats and launches, are the source of transport systems used in inland waterways.
This type of water transport uses major rivers and canals to transport people and goods.
The waterways transport goods from one place to another inside a landmass.

Marine waterways

Steamers and ships are the sources of transport systems used in marine waterways.
This type of water transport uses oceans and seas to transport people and goods from one country to another.
Harbours are where big ships stop, and cargo is loaded and unloaded.
India has 92 shipping companies and 12 big ports and harbours.
Airways are the fastest means of transport.
Aeroplanes and helicopters are the sources of transport systems used in Airways.
Air transport is the primary mode of high-speed transport. The Wright Brothers introduced the first flying machine in 1903.

In 1953, airways got nationalised, and all airline companies were classified into two corporations, Indian Airlines and Air India.

There are twelve international airports in India and more than 20 national airports.

Means of Communication

Communication is a process that involves sending and receiving messages through verbal and non-verbal methods.

The various means of communication available to us are telephone, wireless, mobile phones, internet, etc.

Stay tuned to BYJU’S for more information on NIOS, syllabus, notes, along with its important questions and solutions.

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Transport And Communication (Essay Sample)

Transport and communication.

Transportation and communication are two significant infrastructural requirements in our society. Both of them facilitate movement of goods and services. Transport facilitates movement of goods from one place to the other. Transport also facilitates movement of people from one place to the other for various reasons, mostly to seek for various services. While communication keeps us updated on the world events and trends. Both transport and communication play a vital role in our lives because they bring positive changes in our lives enhancing our economic conditions. Just like other resources, transportation and communication lay the foundation for growth in all sectors including agriculture, manufacturing, and commerce.

Transport systems are essential for human growth. Economic growth, transport, and communication go hand in hand because they all contribute to economic growth. People need transport to move from places to conduct business; people need devices to pass messages, be it by telephone, or fax or via satellite or using modern technology like mobile phones. Communication enables people to make quick business decision promoting trade among different people, resulting to an improved economy. Transport infrastructure like roads, railroads, waterways, pipelines bus stations, and seaports are used largely to ferry passengers and cargo.

On the other hand, information communication technology is among the modern tools of communication that have significantly improved the economy in several ways. Isolated regions have been connected and are accessible through modern means of communication like satellites. Many places cannot develop without proper transport and communication systems, infrastructure like rail, road, airways, postal services like telegram and internet services all facilitate movement of services and resources needed to increase trade between people.

Mobility is important in production; therefore, improved transport and communication system can increase mobility as they easily facilitate movement of raw materials, fuel, and machinery at the required time that facilitate production of goods or offer necessary services. With modern forms of transport and communication systems, goods and services are readily available. Hence, prices are stabilized throughout the region. Due to the quick supply of raw materials, goods can be cheaply produced at a lower cost encouraging more purchases. By extensively selling goods in many geographical areas, many countries can generate more profit than before.

Both transport and communication offer valuable means of enhancing the economy, communication is critical because of many reasons, be it for business or for security purposes because it offers real time information to help business people make timely decisions on financial matters. Using modern means of communication business people can be aware of the market prices and have a wide range of information to help them plan in order to meet the market demands.

Similarly, means of transport also play vital roles in development within a region, transportation systems act as the link between producer, suppliers, and consumers. Using appropriate means of transport trade relationships among countries are enhanced. Transport systems are the strongest pillar in protecting people when faced with difficulties. Modern transport and communication system facilitate movement of not only soldiers but also provides timely information to rescue people during natural calamities. With modern technology, communication, and transport system have made life to be convenient as people can easily be in different places and chat anywhere at any time. Many people can keep in touch with their loved ones thanks to modern forms of communication like the internet that is available across the globe. Not only does modern transport and communication system save resources, but they also save lives. It is the fact that transport and communication occupies an important place in both economic and social development of a country.

Essay ON MEANS OF TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

Introduction

Transport includes railway transport, road transport, shipping, inland transport and civil aviation whereas communications include the postal services and tele-communications such as telegraph, telephone, radio and television etc. An effcient and cheap transport and communication system plays a vital role in economic development of an undeveloped country. If agriculture and industry are regarded as the body and bones of the economy, transport and communications constitute its nerves.

Travelling a Natural Craze

Man has always been adventurous. He has been trying to know how the people live in other parts of the world. He has also had a keen desire to travel fast, see now lands. Also, he wanted to trade.

Roads and Sea Routes

Many lers and kings built several roads to link the different parts of their kingdom. Explorers found new lands and discovered more and more Sea Routes. The traders went with goods to far off lands and developed trade links.

Progress in Means of Transport

The growth and advancement of science and technology brought rapid changes in the means of transport and communication. Every time, with the invention of new machines and engines, the speed increased, and the people started covering long distances in a short time, with comfort and safety.

Modern means of Communication

Today, we have a large variety of means of transport and communication. We can travel all over the world with comfort and safety in a short time. We can exchange our goods with those of the other countries of the world. We can converse with our relatives and friends living thousands of kilometres away from us. In India, posts, telephone, telegraph, telex, FAX, mass-media like radio and television, satellite and print-media like newspapers and periodicals are the major means of communication.

Advantages of Good Transport

Good transport by land, sea and air is very essential nowadays. It facilitates the easy movement of people, foodstuffs and other products from town to town, country to country and continent to continent. It is essential to carry raw materials from their sources to the factories where they are processed and turned into manufactured goods, and also to carry those products to people who want to buy them.

Road, Railways, Sea and Air Transport

Most of the local traffic in a country is on the roads. Cars and buses carry people to work on visits, on picnics, and so on. Trucks and lorries carry goods from producers to wholesalers and to shops. For longer distances the railway has many advantages. It can carry more passengers and large amounts of bulky goods quickly, cheaply and with safety. Where distances are thousands of kilometres and oceans and mountains are the barriers, ships and aeroplanes are used. Air transport is very expensive, but very much quicker. However, ships still carry most of the overseas cargo.

Airports, Land ports and Sea-ports

All the countries of the world have airports and landports to handle exports and imports of the country. Countries having coastlines also have seaports. These ports are linked by land routes, ocean routes and air routes. Routes which connect different countries of the world are known as the International Routes. These advanced means of transport and communication have made our world shrink. Mountains and oceans are not barriers any longer.

Advantages of Means of Communication

Means of communication like post, telegraph and telephone not only provide personal service but also contribute a lot in promoting commerce and industry. But mass-media, both electronic, radio and television and print-media are extremely powerful as they transmit information, knowledge, ideals, emotions and skills by the use of symbols etc.

Development of means of transport and communication have helped the National Integration and also increased the human knowledge and social awakening through radio and T.V. programmes. Beside it we have to face Noise Pollution and Air Pollution which are harmful to everybody’s health. On the whole we can say that the transport and communication system is the life line of the country.

Product (here) – things, Emotion- feeling, Communication- correspondence, Promote – increase, Extremely- very great, Pollution- defilement, प्रदूषण, अपवित्रता Advancement- progress, प्रगति । Variety- kind, प्रकार। Converse- talk, बातचीत करना। Advantage- benefit, लाभ, उपयोगिता Expensive- costly, खर्चीला, कीमती।

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इस वेब साईट में हम College Subjective Notes सामग्री को रोचक रूप में प्रकट करने की कोशिश कर रहे हैं | हमारा लक्ष्य उन छात्रों को प्रतियोगी परीक्षाओं की सभी किताबें उपलब्ध कराना है जो पैसे ना होने की वजह से इन पुस्तकों को खरीद नहीं पाते हैं और इस वजह से वे परीक्षा में असफल हो जाते हैं और अपने सपनों को पूरे नही कर पाते है, हम चाहते है कि वे सभी छात्र हमारे माध्यम से अपने सपनों को पूरा कर सकें। धन्यवाद..

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Essay on “Means Of Transport And Communication” Complete Essay for Class 10, Class 12 and Graduation and other classes.

Means Of Transport And Communication

Transport includes railway transport, road transport, shipping , inland transport and civil aviation whereas communications include the postal services and tele-communications such as telegraph, telephone, radio and television etc. An efficient and cheap transport and communication system plays a vital role in economic development of an undeveloped country. If agriculture and industry are regarded as the body and bones of the economy, transport communications constitute its nerves.

Man has always been adventurous. He has been trying to know how the people live in other parts of the world. He has also had a keen desire to travel fast, see now lands, also, he wanted to trade.

Many rulers and kings built several roads to link the different parts of their kingdom. Explorers found new lands and discovered more and more Sea Routes. The traders went with goods to far lands and developed trade links.

Today, we have a large variety of means of transport and communication. We can travel all over the world with comfort and safety in a short time. We can exchange our goods with those of the other countries of the world. We can converse with our relatives and friends living thousands , telex, FAX, mass-media like radio and television, satellite and print- media like newspapers and periodicals are the major manes of communication.

Good transport by land, sea and air is very essential nowadays. It facilitates form town to town, country to country and continent to continent. It is essential to carry raw materials from their sources to the factories where they are processed and turned into manufactured goods, and also to carry those products to people who want to buy them.

Most of the local traffic in a country is on the roads. Cars and buses carry people to work on visits, on picnics, and so on. Trucks and lorries carry goods from producers to wholesalers and to shops. For longer distances the railway has many advantages. It can carry more passengers and large amounts of bulky goods quickly , cheaply and with safety. Where distances are thousands of kilometers and oceans and mountains are the barriers, ships and aeroplanes are used. Air transport is very expensive , but very much quicker. However, ships still carry most of the overseas cargo.

All the countries of the world have airports and land ports to handle exports and imports of the country. Countries having coastlines also have seaports. These ports are linked by land routes, ocean routes and air routes. Routes which connect different countries of the world are known as the international Routes. These advanced means of transport and communication have made our world shrink. Mountains and oceans are not barriers any longer.

Means of communication like post, telegraph and telephone not only provide personal; service but also contribute a lot in promoting commerce and industry. But mass media, both electronic, radio and television and print –media are extremely powerful as they transmit information, knowledge, ideals, emotions and skills by the use of symbols etc.

Development of means of transport and communication have helped the National Integration and also increased the Human knowledge and social awakening through radio and T.V. programmes. Beside it we have to face Noise Pollution and Air Pollution which are harmful to everybody’s health. On the whole we can say that the transport and communication system is the life line of the country.

Essay No. 02

Means of Communication

Methods which are applied to send messages or information to people at individual or mass level are known as Means of Communication. Some people confuse them with means of transport which are different from these.

We know in history Ashoka, the Great, conveyed his messages of love, non-violence and ‘dharma’, that is, adherence to duty through rock edicts. Kings sent messages to each other which were written on the skin or hides of animals and the bark of trees.

The postal system in India is said to have first been introduced by Sher Shah Suri. The carriers of such post from town to town, mainly situated on the Sher Shah Suri Marg (G.T Road) which was built by him, rushed on galloping horses. During the Mughal period a crude form of telephone through which a message could be conveyed by a person in one room to a person in the adjacent room, had come into usage mainly among members of the royal family.

It was, however, during the British period in India that the modern means of communication came into full usage all over the country.

Among such means we have postcards, inland letters, stamped envelopes, foreign letters or airmail or overseas letters, speed post, courier service, telephone, telegrams, fax, fixed line telephone, cellular or mobile phone, pager, etc.

All the means mentioned above are well-known to us and all of them are used to convey messages at personal or individual level.

Now, we have means of mass communication, on which now degrees and diplomas from various universities and institutions are also available.

Some of these means of mass communication are radio, television, including cable TV, DTH, newspapers, etc. TV. programmes are now telecast all over the world through satellites.

The system of telephones which is now so popular and is spread with its area all over the world, also depends on reception through satellites. This system is known as the system of telecommunications. Information Technology which includes computers, www, Internet, etc. is also dependent on satellites. So, satellites, though themselves not a means of communication, have become a part of the system in a big way.

Essay No. 03

Means of Transport

Means of Transport are different from means of communication. Whereas the latter are concerned with conveying of messages at individual or mass level, the former relates to the means used for travelling and carrying goods from one place to another.

In earliest times when the means of transport were virtually non-existent, people had to go from one place to another on foot. They took several days, weeks, months and even years to reach their destination.

The invention of the axle gave an unprecedented fillip to the means of transport. Later, several kinds of vehicles emerged. The earliest perhaps were bullock-carts and carts drawn by dogs, reindeer and horses or oxen.

Thereafter appeared tongas, bicycles, rickshaws, autorickshaws, scooters, motorbikes, buses, trams, trains, etc. Boats and small ships probably came into usage even before buses, trains and cars. Then there came into usage trucks, jeeps, tempos, etc. Aeroplanes and helicopters emerged only in the twentieth century. The mention of different means of transport mentioned here may not necessarily be in the chronological order of their invention or usage.

At present, we have several varieties of each kind of mans of transport, such as cars, trains, aeroplanes, boats, ships, etc.

These means of transport are used to carry passengers and some of them for carrying loads. However, they or some of them are also used for war-purposes which should be discarded.

Essay No. 4

SMS Greetings

The system of sending greetings to friends and relatives on various occasions such as festivals, birthdays, marriage anniversaries, new year, etc. is quite old now.

In present times, this sending of cards costs a lot. The greeting , card is quite a costly item and, besides, the postal charges. are heavy. A person who has to send so many messages has to spend a lot of money.

It was perhaps for the first time that the computer-savvy Generation-X took to SMS in a big way by sending over One Crore SMS greetings on the occasion of New Year 2006. ‘

There was an unprecendent rush of SMS messages on the occasion and One crore messages were delivered on or before the New Year I’ Day while thousands more were delivered within the next few days.

This sudden popularity of the SMS greetings emerged from the fact that such greetings cost only 60 paise to Re 1 per SMS.

As reported, apart from young customers and IT guys, even the public relations companies, corporate sector, armymen and millions of cellular users all over the country used their handsets to convey their best wishes and greetings to their relatives, friends and clients.

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Essay on Transport

Students are often asked to write an essay on Transport in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Transport

Importance of transport.

Transport is crucial in our lives. It helps us move from one place to another, enabling trade, travel, and communication. Without transport, our lives would be very different.

Types of Transport

Transport can be land, water, or air-based. Land transport includes cars, buses, and trains. Water transport includes ships and boats, while air transport includes airplanes and helicopters.

Future of Transport

With technology advancing, the future of transport looks exciting. We may soon see self-driving cars, hyperloop trains, and more eco-friendly options, making our journeys faster, safer, and greener.

Also check:

10 Lines on Transport

250 Words Essay on Transport

The evolution of transport.

Transportation has evolved significantly, from the primitive methods of walking and animal riding to today’s sophisticated network of planes, trains, and automobiles. This transformation has been driven by technological advancements, societal needs, and economic forces, shaping our globalized world.

Impact of Transport on Society and Economy

The transportation system is the backbone of any economy. It facilitates the movement of goods and people, fostering economic growth and social interaction. The development of transport infrastructures like highways, airports, and railways has directly impacted the industrialization process, facilitating trade and commerce.

Modern Transportation and Environmental Concerns

While transportation has brought numerous benefits, it is also a significant contributor to environmental degradation. Greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles contribute to climate change, while noise and air pollution affect urban living conditions. Hence, sustainable transport solutions are crucial for the future.

The Future of Transportation

The future of transportation lies in sustainability and technological innovation. Concepts like electric vehicles, autonomous driving, and hyperloop transportation promise a future where transport is efficient, safe, and environmentally friendly. However, these innovations require significant investment and policy support to become mainstream.

Transportation is a critical aspect of our lives, shaping economic growth, societal interaction, and environmental health. As we move forward, the challenge lies in balancing the benefits of transportation with its environmental impact, and embracing innovative technologies to create a sustainable future.

500 Words Essay on Transport

Introduction.

Transportation, a critical aspect of human civilization, has developed significantly over the centuries, evolving from primitive means to advanced technology-driven systems. It plays a pivotal role in the social, economic, and political spheres of society, facilitating the movement of people, goods, and services across various geographical locations.

The history of transportation is a testament to human ingenuity and the relentless pursuit of efficiency. Early humans relied on their physical strength and animals for movement. The invention of the wheel marked a significant milestone, leading to the development of carts and chariots. The advent of industrialization brought about steam engines, revolutionizing land and sea transport. In the 20th century, the invention of the internal combustion engine led to the widespread use of automobiles and aircraft, drastically reducing travel times. Today, we stand at the cusp of another revolution with the development of autonomous vehicles and hyperloop technology.

Transportation systems can be broadly categorized into land, water, air, and space transport. Land transport includes road, rail, and pipeline transport, with automobiles, trains, and trucks as the primary means. Water transport, the oldest form, relies on ships and boats, critical for international trade. Air transport, though expensive, provides the fastest means of travel, essential for global connectivity. Space transport, though still in its infancy, has the potential to redefine our understanding of transportation.

Impact of Transport on Society

Transportation has a profound impact on society, shaping our lifestyles, economies, and cultures. It facilitates trade and commerce, enabling the distribution of goods and services across regions, thus driving economic growth. It fosters cultural exchange and social interaction by connecting different communities. However, transportation also has its drawbacks, notably its environmental impact. The transport sector is a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, leading to climate change.

The Future of Transport

The future of transportation lies in sustainability and technological innovation. Electric vehicles (EVs), autonomous driving, and shared mobility are some of the trends shaping the future. EVs, powered by renewable energy, offer a solution to the environmental challenges posed by conventional vehicles. Autonomous driving promises to improve safety and efficiency, while shared mobility can reduce the number of vehicles on the road, alleviating traffic congestion.

Transportation, a cornerstone of human civilization, has evolved in tandem with our advancement. While it has brought numerous benefits, it also poses significant challenges, especially in terms of environmental sustainability. As we move forward, the focus should be on harnessing technological advancements to create a transportation system that is efficient, safe, and sustainable. The future of transport is not just about moving from one place to another; it’s about doing so in a way that benefits us all.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

Essay on Public Transportation
Essay on Road Transport
Essay on Importance of Rivers

Apart from these, you can look at all the essays by clicking here .

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151 Transportation Essay Topics & Writing Tips

Have you ever thought about the importance of transportation? Every day we see cars, trucks, planes, and ships and never wonder what exactly they are doing. In fact, these vehicles not only transport people from one place to another. They also form a vast system that plays a vital role in any country.

Our specialists will write a custom essay specially for you!

This is what transportation essays are devoted to. This article by Custom-Writing.org team will help you with writing your paper. Here, you will find:

a list of 151 excellent topics;
a step-by-step writing guide;
a public transportation essay sample.
🔄 Before You Start
✈️ Transportation Topics
✍️ Outline & Guide
📑 Essay Sample

🔗 References

🔄 essays on transportation: before you start.

First of all, we want to explain the two essential things you should consider before writing an essay. These are narrowing down the scope and planning .

STEP#1: Narrow down the scope.

Needless to say, transportation is a field that offers hundreds of issues to consider. You can start by determining what aspects of transportation interest you the most and using them as a starting point for your essay.

The picture enumerates the aspects that influence transportation essay topic choice.

STEP#2: Plan your paper.

After you’ve collected plenty of material for the essay, the next step is to think what specific points you want to highlight and what particular sources will be necessary. An effective way to do it is to make note cards while researching your topic:

On every note card, write down the point that you want to include in your paper.
Look through your cards and choose ideas that will finally make up your transportation essay.

✈️ Transportation Essay Topics

Now you’re ready to choose a perfect topic. Below you’ll find various exciting ideas that you’ll enjoy writing about.

Transportation Essay Topics: Top 10

Public transport in rural areas.
Road transport’s economy.
The future of public transport.
How to start a car
Gender inequality in driving
Family cars: pros and cons
American vs. British driving
Peculiarities of building bridges
My first driving experience
Preventing road accidents.

Topics for an Essay on Transportation in the Past and Present

Transport plays an integral part in human history . Its development facilitated the expansion of territories and allowed different nations to collaborate. Explore these fascinating transportation topics in your essay:

Importance of mobility: then and now. The role of transport has changed dramatically over time. Are you interested in studying differences in vehicle use between the past and present? This topic is for you.
Transportation modes before and after the Industrial Revolution . Choose several vehicles from the past. Then, compare them to some modern ones. Which of the old transportation modes have survived to this day?
Animal-powered transport: past to present. With this topic, consider the earliest methods of transit. You can focus on horses , camels, or llamas. It’s also interesting to look into the current use of animals for transportation.
How did transport influence expansion? Assess the role of vehicles during the Age of Exploration . How did they facilitate competition between countries?
National Road: connecting the US through the first highway . The National Road was vital for America’s expansion. Write about its past and present impact in your essay.
From the Appian Way to the Silk Road . Compare these two historic roads. Which of their features caused trade to boost? Can we trace present-day trade globalization to them?
Interstate Highway System and its legacy. The Interstate Highway System is a perfect transportation topic. Your essay might address its role in the US transit development. How does it connect America’s past with its present?
Challenges of transport in the past and present. Comparing past issues to the present ones can provide you with a perspective. This topic requires thorough historical analysis. For instance, you may focus on infrastructure development vs. environmental concerns.
From horse-drawn carriages to gasoline cars . The invention of the first automobiles is an exciting essay idea. Describe the significance of this innovation. How did it influence people’s lives?
Air travel : a revolution in the transportation industry. This exciting topic will take you on a journey through history. Describe the invention of a plane starting with the earliest attempts. What makes it a crucial step in global development?
Transport in the military . Vehicles help to accomplish critical tasks in the army. In your essay, explore inventions introduced during wartime. For example, you may examine the role of zeppelins and U-boats in WWI or bombers in WWII .
Transit for indigenous cultures in the past and present. Examine several tribes in your transportation essay. Various aboriginal cultures have unique approaches to transit. What factors influenced their emergence?

Topics for an Essay on Transportation Systems

Transportation systems are various means of carrying goods or people. These include air, water, and land transport. All of their components are interconnected, with each one serving a unique role.

Just in 1 hour! We will write you a plagiarism-free paper in hardly more than 1 hour

Intelligent Transportation Systems : how AI transforms the industry. Explore the latest innovative ideas with this topic. Will AI systems define the future of supply chain management ?
Transport systems and sustainability: working toward a better future. It’s not easy to maintain an environmentally friendly approach in the transportation industry. Your essay can explore several recent solutions.
Connected Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs): what are the prospects? CAVs are a recent yet promising development. Will they be the next milestone in public mobility?
Control of hazardous materials: key concerns. Environmental hazards are often mentioned in conjunction with public transport issues. This concern harkens back to the problem of sustainability. Further research on this topic can help improve road management.
Video detection: opportunities for flexible data capture. This future-oriented essay will be fascinating to write. For example, you can research the options that digital video detection tools offer.
AI-based traffic control frameworks. Traffic control is a crucial factor in road management. What innovative tools were introduced in recent years? Review them in your paper.
Deep learning in transportation systems . Technological updates are essential for preventing accidents. What opportunities does deep learning offer in this regard?
Complex system software for improving the road management system. You can focus your essay on IT tools. What type of software is required to navigate a modern transportation framework? Review its various opportunities.
Construction and structural design of road systems. Road designs change to reflect our current needs. Today it’s essential to make them safe and sustainable . Look into the industry trends and outline them in your paper.
Integration of manufacturing systems. Lean production is an exciting idea to explore. How can manufacturing systems help in improving the transportation sector?
Manufacturing, modeling, and simulation. Explore modeling and simulation as tools for creating safer vehicles . Can they increase the efficacy of current transportation systems?

Ideas for an Essay on Transportation and Communication

Communication is intrinsically connected with transportation. From the dawn of humanity, people exchanged goods and information by traveling. Throughout the ages, the speed of these exchanges increased. Today, our opportunities regarding communication are practically endless. Enjoy researching them in your essay!

Ways of increasing market size using transportation and communication. For this paper, analyze the changes in the target market attributes. What influences market size?
Role of communication in informing the public about disasters. Discuss disaster preparedness and information management.
How do transport and communication improve travel accessibility? Assess the extent of this change. What are its economic implications?
Investments in infrastructure development. Analyze the current model of managing transport-related financial concerns. Does focusing on socioeconomic factors make it effective?
Policymaking as an issue in transportation and communication. Analyze the implications of policymaking on economic development. Will development rates increase if we reconsider the existing policies?
Updating policies for cargo storage handling. In your essay, review the issues of cargo management. How can we make it better?
Investing in transportation and communication. Point out the connections between investment and the socioeconomic environment.

The picture enumerates the main components of transportation.

Spatial problems in building a transport system network . Spatial problems cause multiple infrastructure issues. Study them and expose the issues in building of transportation and communication channels.
Economic issues in transport management: key outcomes. Your essay could also delve into the financial problems of transit. Transport should be linked in a working system. Otherwise, you can expect dire consequences for its management.
Ways of increasing reliability of data management . Information management directly affects the realm of transport. The reliability of the data determines its effectiveness. How can we improve it?
Building a global transportation and communication system. With this topic, you can review critical global transport trends. Explore advantages and drawbacks of the innovation. Pay attention to the development of a worldwide framework.
Transportation and communication: gateway to economic development. Economic changes will lead to improved communication within transport systems . As a result, it will become more efficient. Encourage this improvement by writing an essay about it.

Benefits of Public Transportation: Essay Topics

Nowadays, public transportation is losing its popularity. More and more people prefer buying a car instead. However, buses and subways still have numerous benefits. Explore them with this list of essay topics:

What are the three main benefits of urban public transport ? Talk about how public transportation improves life in the cities. Mention how subways are faster than any type of private urban transport.
How does public transit benefit the environment ? Discuss how it helps to keep the air clean by reducing CO2 emissions.
Private transport is not as safe as public transit. Talk about how safe public transport is. Unlike traveling by car, it has fewer accidents, traffic casualties, and deaths.
In what ways does mass transit reduce health issues ? Here you can mention how the use of subways increases physical activity.
Public transportation gives people more free time. For instance, it allows passengers to read, study, or work instead of watching the road . It can also reduce the commute time.
Why is public transit perfect for tourists? Discuss how it helps tourists to learn more about the places they travel to.
Public transportation contributes to the country’s economy. For example, it creates job opportunities such as drivers and dispatchers.
Mass transit is the best way to travel. You can interview people who prefer to use public transport. Mention how it helps them to save money and time.
How does public transportation help to reduce air pollution? For instance, you can mention that using it leads to fewer car emissions.
The importance of efficient public transportation . Explain how the development of mass transit helps to improve people’s lives. For example, it allows them to commute to work and travel between cities and countries.
Public transit helps to reduce traffic congestion in the big cities . You can assess the role of an efficient transport system with timetables.
How does technology change public transportation? Talk about technological development that helps to improve the mass transit system, making it more convenient.
What makes up an efficient public transport system? Mention various means of transport, as well as good routes and timetables.
Reasons why you should use public transportation . You can discuss its safety, convenience, and other benefits.
The popularity of mass transit in the modern world. Talk about how it allows people to travel to work and visit other cities or countries.

Essay on Air Transportation: Topics & Ideas

The invention of air transport was one of the greatest milestones in human history. It allowed us to travel faster and safer than ever before. Are you interested in aircraft and its various uses? Check out these examples of air transportation essay topics:

The effect of air transportation on tourism . Mention that the developments of air services have shaped tourism in many countries.
The main benefits of air transportation . For example, talk about how it allows people to travel far distances in a relatively short amount of time.
Aviation and its adverse effects on the environment. Discuss how aircraft use contributes to air, noise, water, and soil pollution. and soil pollution.
Economic development and aviation. Discuss how air transportation contributed to the global economy. For instance, you can mention the development of tourism.
Traveling by plane is safer than road transportation. Here you can mention that despite many flights dispatched each day worldwide, the reports of crashes are very rare. On roads, however, no day goes by without a report of a motor accident.
What are the reasons for the rise of air transportation? Explain why it became popular. For example, you can talk about how air travel became more accessible for people.
Why is air transportation more efficient than high-speed rail ? Mention how a plane can get you anywhere, as it doesn’t need roads.
Aviation and its accessibility. For example, you can mention the prices of the tickets and the number of airports in different countries.
Main reasons why air transportation is safe . Talk about the high-security standards in airports . Give some statistics that show how rarely accidents occur. You can also mention how airplanes and helicopters are equipped for emergencies.
Air transportation and globalization. Talk about how aviation contributed to globalization, allowing people to travel and transport goods over significant distances.
What is the importance of air transportation ? Discuss the benefits of air transportation and how it helps to improve people’s lives.
Pros and cons of air transport . The development of air transportation helped to improve communication between the countries. On the downside, it has a serious environmental impact.
Does air transportation have any environmental benefits? Discuss whether aviation affects nature only in a negative way. You can talk about the technological improvements that help modern airplanes to emit less carbon monoxide.
The political importance of air transportation. Here you can talk about how the development of air transportation improved communication between nations. You can also mention how aircraft can be used as a weapon.
Ways to improve air transportation. Talk about technological development that can make traveling by plane more environmentally friendly.

Extra Transportation Topics

Still haven’t found a suitable topic? Well, here are 76 more transportation essay ideas:

The importance of transportation for a country’s economy . Review the main effects of urban transport on different aspects of the economy and assess its significance.
The public transport system. Research the sphere of different transport modes and determine how they’re connected.
Transportation in times of the Industrial Revolution . The industrial revolution has influenced today’s transport economy in many ways. The transport organization of that period is an interesting topic to research.
Urban transport  improvement in developing countries. Focus the research on finding ways to solve transport problems. You may also propose a new transport policy.
Adjustments for transport fares in a city of your choice. The essay may identify issues in the transport economy and suggests measures for its improvement.
Raising funds for transport improvement. With this topic, you can focus on different fundraising strategies , such as public campaigns. With this topic, you can focus on different fundraising strategies, such as public campaigns.
Types of government interventions in  air transport  organization. The essay may review existing governmental instruments for improving air transportation in a region.
Balancing supply and demand in rural transport economy. You can explore this important topic by identifying issues in rural transport and reviewing strategies for matching supply and demand.
Application of economic theory to urban transport. For this essay, study various economic theories and see which of them can be applied to different modes of transport .
Effective transport systems in various countries. One option is to study several examples of public transport in India and South Africa.
Development of water transport. This essay can explore how different modes of water transport could improve a city’s connectivity.
Recent economic trends in rural transport
How to choose transport for people with mental disorders
Current healthcare-related transport issues  in the United States
A dilemma of animal-powered transport and animal rights
The idea of transportation from the Amish point of view
Travel by train or by plane: the importance of psychological factors
Story of the first car made by Francois Isaac de Rivaz
Public  transportation in the USA : the 1990s vs. the 2000s
Rail transport : 5 issues to worry about in the 21st century
Peculiarities of shooting films on trains:  Murder on the Orient Express
Importance of communication during travel by plane
Threats of cruise ships: Titanic’s  story
Passenger 57  vs.  Speed : movies about transportation challenges
The Fast and the Furious : a wave of popularity for car movies
Is it acceptable to text while driving?
Toll roads in the USA: an important inequality issue
Pixar’s Cars : what does it teach us about transport?
Advertisement banners in the subway : a powerful marketing tool or a peril?
School bus transportation in Europe and the United States
What emotional problems do students face when they use school buses?
Bike lanes in parks: the question of safety
Cycling infrastructure: threats and benefits for drivers
Who is responsible for safety in aviation ?
Transport that kills: the case of 9/11
Riding a motorcycle : benefits and possible risks
Special free training programs to support motorcycle safety
Public helipads in the city: equipment that matters
Traffic congestion  in the United States: causes and solutions
Impact of traffic jams on human health and employment
Overpopulation or lack of roads: what toughens traffic congestion?
Safety of cable transport: how to behave in elevators
Reasons to visit the  Moon : spaceflight access for Americans
Gas pipelines: a safe means of transportation or a reason for concern?
Benefits of ferry transport: a place for contemplation
Water bike free access: the necessity of a license
Illegal behavior of drivers : lessons to learn
What are the most common driving distractions?
Traffic  jams and their impact on human behavior
Electric transportation technologies of the 21st century
Hygiene in public transport: subway threats for Americans
Driving accidents : the roles of drivers, passengers, and pedestrians
Transportation lessons from movies: Gone in 60 Seconds
Types of conflicts between motorcyclists and car drivers
Availability of transport for low-income families in the United States
Why do people need vehicles in their lives?
What would happen if all modern transport disappeared?
Pros and cons of transportation progress in society
Competition between different transportation systems
Differences between airline flight classes: are they equally safe?
Child  car seat : a new law and new power
The popularity of monorail tracks in different parts of the world
Do people actually like using transport or do they just have to do it?
The effects of drunk driving on road traffic death rates.
Gas prices and human needs: solutions for drivers
What can your car tell about you?
Environmental concerns in car driving discussions : dilemma without a solution
Public and  private transportation : how to make the right choice
You can  live without a car , but do you want it?
Transportation in healthcare: goals, techniques, and outcomes
Emotions while driving: the importance of control and expert help
Radio, phone calls, and communication:  threats for drivers
Plane and train traveling : history and current situation
Water transportation characteristics and techniques: sea vs. river
Space for people: what should you know about spaceflights?
A variety of transport in the  James Bond  franchise

If you haven’t found what you’re looking for, feel free to use our topic generator !

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✍️ Transportation Essay Outline & Writing Guide

Now that you’ve chosen a perfect transportation topic, you’re ready to learn how to plan your essay. Similar to any other type of academic writing, a transportation essay consists of three main parts:

The picture shows a transportation essay template.

Now, let’s see how to write each essay part.

Transportation Essay Introduction

An introduction is the first part of the essay. Its goal is to let the reader know what they can expect from this work. Try to make your introduction as brief and straightforward as possible.

Since the introductory paragraph starts the paper, it has to draw the reader’s attention. The most effective way to achieve it is by using a hook . A question, an interesting fact, or statistics can work as a hook:

Why is public transportation important?

Did you know that in 2019 Americans took around 9.9 billion trips using public transportation?

After you’re done with the hook, do the following:

Get an originally-written paper according to your instructions!

State what your paper is about. The reader needs to know the essay’s main topic and why it is important.
Provide some background information. It will help you to establish the issue.
Finally, build a strong thesis statement. Want to know how? Read the following section.

What Is the Strongest Thesis for an Essay on Public Transportation?

A thesis statement is a sentence that contains an answer to your paper’s central question. It helps you organize and develop your arguments and ideas. It also makes it easier for the reader to follow your logic.

To generate a good thesis statement, think of a question you will answer in your essay. For instance, let’s say your topic is “Explain how using public transportation can benefit people’s health.” With a topic like this, you may choose a question such as “What are the health benefits of using public transport?”

After you have a question, you can think of some answers to it. For instance:

The possible health benefits of using public transportation are that it helps to be more active, reduces stress, and keeps the air cleaner.
Using public transportation can help people stay more active, avoid stress, and keep the air cleaner.

Keep in mind that a thesis statement shouldn’t be too general. Try to narrow down the topics so that it becomes more specific. Take a look at the following thesis examples:

Transportation Essay: Main Body

In the essay’s body, you prove your thesis and support it with examples. If you have a simple thesis, you probably won’t need many body paragraphs to explain your ideas. Usually, 2 or 3 are enough.

Each of the main body paragraphs should contain:

Transportation Essay Conclusion

In a conclusion, you go back to the main focus of your essay. When writing a concluding paragraph, make sure to:

Rephrase the thesis statement. Remind the reader of your main argument using the information you have discussed in the body paragraphs.
Summarize the points you’ve made. It’s better to avoid mentioning new information in your conclusion. Briefly summarize the points you’ve made and explain how they support your ideas.
Talk about the argument’s significance. Demonstrate why the discussion on this topic is important. For instance, you may demonstrate how your argument helps shed light on a neglected issue. You can also suggest what the reader can do with the information they’ve learned.

📑 Public Transportation Essay Sample

Looking for an example a transportation essay? Look no further! Below, you will find an excellent essay example. Check it out:

We hope that this article helped you write your essay. Tell us in the comments which transportation topic you’ve chosen. Don’t forget to check our free tips on other essay types!

Essay on Importance of Transportation (900 Words)

February 18, 2018 by Study Mentor 2 Comments

Transport or transportation is the means for movement of humans, animals, goods, etc. for one place to another for some purpose.

It is transportation that enables communication, trade, exchange, etc. between societies and localities and therefore, it is extremely important for the development of it.

Transportation contributes to the development of economic, social, political and cultural fields of a civilization and leads to the betterment of their conditions.

The revolutions that happened throughout history, such as the Industrial Revolution, or the Russian Revolutions, etc. would have been incomplete and ineffective without good means of transportation’s.

It may also be said that having better and more effective means and lines of transportation than other countries, makes a country more powerful or prosperous. Thus, it becomes a criterion to assess the development of a country.

Table of Contents

Functions of transportation

There are various functions of transportation, because of which it is important. These are:

Physical Supply of Products

Transportation becomes a means to carry necessary raw materials from raw material providers to factories where it is used to for production of goods.

From there, these products are carried to wholesalers and then markets, when it finally reaches in the hands of consumers.

In this process, it is transportation that plays the primary role. Without it, this process of supply of product to the market would not have been possible.

In fact, transport is such a key of marketing, which helps in carrying goods to the scattered consumers in different places, narrows the gap between producers and consumers and facilitates to distribute goods to the consumers at minimum cost and time.

Specialization: Transportation leads to specialization or division of labor. It leads to commercial prosperity of those involved in it, and proved an alternative opportunity for employment for those looking for it.

Stabilization in Price

Transportation helps to bring stability in prices of different commodities. It helps in relocation of goods from more supplied places to scarcely supplied areas.

This results in coherence between demand and supply, and thus brings stability in prices of the commodities. Transportation also encourages healthy competition amongst suppliers, which results in the ultimate development of the society and community.

Modes of transportation

There are various modes of transportation that are employed in its process. These are:

Land Transport System

Land transport is the oldest and most practiced system. The means, which are used to carry people and goods through land transport are called land transportation.

Land transportation is divided in two modes as road transport and railway transport. Road transport has been used since ancient time and it is very useful and important.

The means of road transport are: a). men and labors, b). animals such as mule, horse, sheep, goat, camel etc. c). cart, lorry etc. d). the modern automobile such as motor, bus, truck, tractor, tempo, trolley bus, jeep etc. are also used to transport people and goods.

People, cloths, paper materials, books, machines and machinery, animals, fresh fruits and other goods are transported from one place to another.

On the other hand, railways are used to transport goods and people from one place to another much faster and more efficiently than by road.

Development of railway transport helps much to develop industry, commerce and whole economy of any country.

It is very useful in transporting big and heavy goods and materials such as big machines, coal, food grain, chemicals, automobiles, iron, steel etc.

Water Transport System

Water transport is as an ancient means of transport, it was developed and used to transport goods and people from one country to another before the development of air transport.

It is also operated to transport goods from one part to another of any country through big canals, rivers or sea.

Water transport is a system of transporting goods and people from one place to another by ship, boat, steamer, motorboat etc. through canals, rivers, lake, sea, ocean etc.

Air Transport System

Air transport is a much more modern and faster means of transport. The importance of air transport has gradually growing.

This is the fastest speed means for transporting passengers and goods to different parts within a country and different countries of the world.

Pipeline Transport System

Pipeline is another important means of transport. Raw oil, Petroleum products, processed coal, drinking water, natural gas etc. are transported from one place to another place.

Pipeline transport may be constructed underground or underwater.

Rope-way Transport System

Rope-way is another means of transport. It can transport people and goods. It can be operated in the places where road construction is impractical and costly.

Certain limit of goods or people can be transported with the help of electricity. In the hilly remote countries, rope-way transport system may be suitable means.

Thus, the means of efficient transportation are an indispensable component of modern civilization. The economic development of a country depends largely on an efficient and adequate system of transport.

They form a very important way of gaining instrumental wealth.

No country in the world today can build up its prosperity unless it has a highly developed system of communication and transport. Development of an efficient transport system is a pre-condition of our economic development.

Transportation and Communication have an important bearing on the development of exchange and markets.

It results in increase land values, breaking of economic circles, and thus tend to equalize prices, making labor more mobile, enabling a greater division of labor among different industries and countries, determining the geographical distribution of industries, playing a very important part in relieving distress in the famine-stricken areas by rapid distribution of food-stuffs, resulting in the effectiveness of administration and national defense are inseparably connected with the advancement of transport system.

Thus, importance of transport cannot be denied. Therefore, it is the need of modern times to enhance, innovate, develop and make effective the modes of transportation mentioned above.

Reader Interactions

March 14, 2021 at 7:01 am

Other things are good but its too hard to understand.

February 1, 2022 at 5:13 pm

great writeup. .i have a view to adding up here. transport is one of the most lucrative businesses for any country and for people of that country as well. But looking at the future of automatic cars I believe transportation will going to see a massive change in their way of working. many drivers will get unemployed due to driveless trucks and would help decrease accidents as well on top of the cake.

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Transport and Communication of India and the World

We live in a very connected world. Can you imagine if you couldn’t talk to your friends whether they lived in your building or thousands of miles away? Or if you couldn’t go to your favourite holiday location because there were no means of transport? Latest innovations and inventions have made such concerns invalid. Let us learn about transport and communication .

Browse more Topics under Resources Of India And World

Agriculture of India and World
Animal Husbandry and Fishery
Industries of India and World
Natural Vegetation and Wildlife of India and World
Soils of India and World

Transport in India

India is a country of a vast population. The nearly 1,2 billion people in India means that the development and maintenance of transport and infrastructure are a humongous task for the government . In India, public transport remains the primary mode of transport for the common man.

Automobiles

The motor vehicles numbers in India are actually quite underwhelming. In spite of being the second most populated nation, only around 5% of families in India have a car. But this number is steadily growing over the years at the rate of almost 10% p.a. and the effects are already seen in the congested roads of the metro cities.

India’s nationalized railways are the lifeline of its transport. It has the third longest railways in the world and transports about 18 million passengers daily. It is the busiest railways in the world! The railways cover the length and breadth of the country. Every remote location in India cannot be very far from a railway station. The economical pricing and frequency of trains make it the preferred mode of transport for most Indians.

Just in 2017, the government has introduced a plan to start bullet trains in India. So far high-speed rail has been absent from the country. In fact, the Indian railways are always looking to develop and modernize its ways. We even have a separate budget for railways in our country!

Next, we come to the Roadways. India has the second largest roadways in the world in terms of the length of roads. It is second only to the United States.

India has a very intricate patterned National Highway system. These national highways connect all major cities and towns of the country, making them the highlight of the roadways of India. At present, there are about 228 national highways in India connecting and interlinking various states and cities.

These roadways are the backbone of commodity and goods transport in India. Trucks are still the most used transport vehicle especially for FMCG goods and perishable items. So the conditions and maintenance of these highways have a big impact on our economy as well.

India has a busy network of airports in their country, both domestic and international. But current data there are about more than 20 international airports in India. The Indira Gandhi International Airport in Delhi and the Chattrapati Shivaji Airport in Mumbai handle about half of the international air traffic.

The country also has about 80 domestic airports. The air travel in India has seen a huge increase in the last 10 years due to the economical pricing of tickets and availability of infrastructure. The aviation industry in India is highly regularized, but the government is looking to remedy the situation. Overall the situation looks promising for Indian air transport in the coming years.

India is surrounded by the ocean on three sides, so water transport is quite prominent in India. Almost 95% of international trading in India happens via ships. There are twelve major ports in India with the Nhava Seva in Mumbai being the largest. Other than these there are about 200 minor ports throughout the coastline.

India also has a sizable network of inland waterways which include canals, rivers backwaters etc. However, the use of these waterways is not utilized to its full capacity for commercial purposes. Inland waterways have some scope for development and must be looked into.

Communication in India

Telecommunication.

The three major branches of communication in India are telephones, television broadcast and internet. India has about 1.2 billion phone subscribers as of 2017, making it the second largest telecommunication system in the world! Due to recent innovation and a large number of users, the tariffs are also one of the lowest in the world

India also has the second largest number of internet users in the world. It has about 450 million internet users, which is nearly 13.6% share of the global internet users. Recent developments since 2016 have made internet subscriptions and mobile networks very cheap. This has greatly helped with market penetration.

Since the privatisation drive of 1990, India’s television industry has seen a complete overhaul. What started with only one channel, Doordarshan now is a global network of thousands and thousands of channels and platforms. Even today T.V. broadcast is believed to be the most far-reaching and penetrative source of communication, especially in the rural sectors.

Transport and Communication of the World

Before the invention of modern transport modes and communication systems, the world used to be an isolated place for its inhabitants. But with the invention of modern vehicles and the speed and comfort of travel improving, transportation has brought the world much closer.

But the trouble now is the sustainable development of transport and communication. Better transport and communication facilities can help improve billions of lives around the world. Especially in the rural areas and massively underdeveloped countries (like in Central Africa), these facilities can potentially save lives.

But the trouble we face at a global level is to develop these facilities without causing environmental harm to the planet. Do you transport accounts for almost 25% of the CO2 emissions of the world? Also, the facilities have to be accessible as well as affordable or they can erode the prosperity of a region. The UN and the World Bank are actively trying to bring about the necessary changes in the transport and communication of the world.

Solved Question for You

Q: Which country has the largest railways in the world?

Switzerland

Ans: The answer is D. The USA has the largest railway system in the world of almost 240,000 km connecting 48 states

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3 responses to “Natural Vegetation and Wildlife of India and the World”

which state has maximum forest cover area

if you ask which state has maximum forest cover area percentage then its Mizoram (86.27%). Hope this helps. PLEASE reply by email.

madhya pradesh

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Essay On Means Of Transport And Communication

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2. Women During The Kenyan Emergency Of The 1950 s In order to explain the significance of women during the Kenyan Emergency of the 1950 s, Millicent Whitemore composed a powerful argument that highlighted the importance that women played in the Mau Mau Movement against the British colonial government. By contrasting the traditional views of women with the critical roles they played during the conflict, Whitemore showed just how incredibly important women were in the Movement. With the use of an abundance of sources and firsthand accounts, Whitemore created not only a credible and valid argument, but also a more convincing and persuading one as well. As such, the author has developed and formed an effective argument highlighting the importance of women during the Mau Mau movement with the strong ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
3. Period Of Susceptibility In Kittens 1.The period of susceptibility, as defined in the present study, is a critical period in which vision is developed. The researchers discovered that the period of susceptibility in kittens has a sudden onset at the beginning of the fourth week of life. A gradual decline in the period of susceptibility is seen sometime between the sixth and eighth weeks of life and continues through the end of the third month of life. By the end of the third month and the beginning of the fourth month, the period of susceptibility disappears. 2.Figure 2 consists of two histograms (Figure 2A and Figure 2B) depicting the ocular dominance distribution of cells in the left visual cortex of two kittens born of the same litter. In this part of the study, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Figure 9 contains two ocular dominance histograms of the left visual cortexes (9A and 9B) in which two kittens had a period of monocular deprivation in their right eyes during the first three to four months of their lives. In Figure 9A, both eyes were kept open for thirty months and then the results were recorded, which shows ocular dominance in the left eye (expected based on the research). However, in Figure 9B, following the original period of deprivation in the right eye, the kitten s left eye was then sutured closed for a complete year, after which remained open with the right eye for four years and ten months. The results of this cat were recorded at age six years and one month. One may expect the results in Figure 9B to show ocular dominance in the right eye due to the fact that the left eye was closed for a longer period of time (roughly 8 months). However, the results instead show ocular dominance in the left eye like Figure 9A does. This can be explained based off of the research that the period of susceptibility ends around the fourth month of life. Because the right eye was deprived during the period of susceptibility, but the left eye deprivation occurred after the conclusion of this sensitive period of cell growth and connection formation, the left eye displayed dominance. This again suggests that the length of deprivation does not necessarily matter as long as it does not occur during the period of ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
4. Can They Hear Me Now Research Paper John Newman PHYS: Science of Music Sr. Kathy Duffy, SSJ 30 April 2015 Can They Hear Me Now? I have listened to myself on video or a voice recording and thought it didn t sound anything like me. I have also misheard something someone said. I do these things all the time. Why do these things happen? What is the process of how which we hear? It has to do with the different parts of the ear. They are the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear. Each part has a very important role in the way we hear things. However, our perception of the world around us is strongly shaped by our expectations. Expectations alter the auditory cortex of your brain and can change the messages the ear has sent. The outer ear contains the pinna, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... It is pushed inward and outward by the pressure waves in the ear. The three middle ear bones (stirrups,hammer, and anvil) are connected to the eardrum and consequently vibrated when the eardrum oscillates. These bones are called ossicles. All the energy from the vibrations is centered in other smaller areas of the bones. Once a sound is produced it stays near the start of the inner ear which is called the cochlea. Inside the inner ear there is hairs that have nerve cells. Each nerve has a frequency that resonates. It strikes the cochlear faceplate that sends waves through the cochlea. If the frequency matches any of the frequencies of the hair cells in the cochlea, those hair cells will vibrate and resonate with a higher amplitude. This process excites nerve cell so they get rid of electrical impulses to
5. the brain for processing. That how the ear works but what about things we hear? When people speak sound travels through their vocal chords and other parts directed to the cochlea. Your head enhances it to have a much deeper sound and have a much lower frequency than what you are used to hearing. When you listen to yourself on recording, the bone conducted pathway that is your normal voice ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
6. The Bully Quotes Darrell Mercer was forced to leave his home in Philadelphia to move all the way to California to live with his uncle against his will. He will have to go to a new school, to make new friends, and to have new teachers. Darrell will have to watch out for Tyray and Rodney the bullies of the school. It will be a hard time in his Junior years. Darrell is a 15 year old boy living in California. According to the novel, Darrell had always been short for his age. At fifteen years old, he was just under five feet. He was also skinny, without a respectable muscle in his small body, (Page 3). Darrell may be physically weak but he has the same like everyone else. The author also wrote, What Darrell ended up experiencing was torment from a kid who wanted nothing more than to make anyone weaker than him feel as miserable as possible, The kid s name was Jermaine (Page 7). Just like Tyray, Jermaine bullied Darrell for no good reason... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Darrell, a junior at Bluford High is Smaller than his classmates, Darrell became a target for Tyray as soon as he moves in. When Tyray bullies Darrell, he is not treating Darrell the way he wants to be treated. Darrell is being bullied by Tyray when ever he leaves his apartment. Darrell s friend Malik would have protected him, but he was back in Philadelphia. The book states that, Tyray stabbed the orange bag, cutting a wide hole in it with the tip of his knife. Oranges dropped out and went rolling in all directions. Then Tyray shoved Darrell to the ground, (Page 3) and After class started, Tyray glared back at Darrell a few times. Once he even made a fist and punched into his palm, (Page 74). Tyray was telling Darrell that he was going to beat him up after class. Frantic: (Page 68) The frantic struggle ended when Tyray grabbed Darrell s shirt and pushed him against a parked ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
7. Metaphysical Poetry Metaphysical Poetry: Much More Than Wit The two main views of metaphysical poetry, as composed by poets A.E. Housman and T.S. Eliot, are vastly different. Eliot s view of metaphysical poetry is a very positive and respectful one. He admires the uniqueness of the metaphysical poets when he describes them as reflective poets as opposed to merely intellectual ones. Eliot says they have the ability to feel their thought as immediately as the odor of a rose, compared to the strictly thought driven traditional poetryof lyrical poets. Housman s view is significantly more harsh and critical. In reference to metaphysical poetry, he says that poetry, as a label for this particular commodity, is not appropriate. According to Housman,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... An interesting shift, as well as an example of assonance, is seen when the speaker says, but oh, to no end (Line 6). In this moment of lament, the speaker begins to seem pathetic and his other commands to God begin to seem more like emotional begging. He is troubled that his reason [...] proves weak and untrue (Lines 7 8). In line 7, the concept of reason is personified as an ambassador to the town when the speaker says, Reason, your viceroy in me, me [...] This line contains anadiplosis, followed by an example of consonance found in the phrase, should defend, / but is captiv d. Line 8 describes this ambassador of reason as being held captive by sin. In line 9, the poem becomes more personal when the speaker expresses his overall feelings toward God by saying, Yet dearly I love you, and would be loved fain. The speaker uses consonance to show he knows his love is requited. However, he feels he cannot accept God s gift of love because he is betroth d unto [God s] enemy (Line 10). He continues with this metaphor of marriage by asking God to Divorce [him] (Line 11) from his sin. Consonance is present when the speaker ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
8. Where Is The Love Rhetorical Devices Music is a medium in which people can express their feelings, as well as get many strong messages across efficiently. What s wrong with the world mama, people livin like they ain t got no mamas. The song Where Is The Love , by the Black Eyed Peas starts with an audience attention grabbing question making the listener think of something going on with the world today. Even thought this song was released eleven years ago in 2003, it is still relevant with what is going on currently. The Black Eyed Peasare known for being a mainstream hip hop dance group. With the song Where Is The Love , they question everyone s ideologies regarding prejudice, and outlet their feelings towards racism, war, intolerance, greed, United States politics, terrorism,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... In the song Where Is The Love? by the Black Eyed Peas, the artist never gives a statistic with numbers, but instead just describes the things that are actually going on in the United States. They talk about the corrupt CIA, the Bloods, the Crips, and the Ku Klux Klan. Due to the text being a song, there are no actual images, but I believe that the song creates images in the listener s mind as he or she is listening to it. In the lyrics, the Black Eyed Peas say People killin , people dyin , children hurt and you hear them cryin , can you practice what you preach and turn the other cheek? I believe that this lyric creates the image of children crying, people killing others, and also the image of what is wanted, peace. The Black Eyed Peas also once again refer to something that actually happened when they say Nations droppin bombs, chemical gasses fillin the lungs of little ones , even though there is not an actual statistic of how many young children were effected by bombs, they still refer to the event happening. In a way, you could see the song as a cause an effect statement. Because there is no peace in the world, people are dying, countries are at war, and young, innocent children are losing their lives. Even though it is impossible to tell what will happen in the world if the love was more prevalent, it seems as if the Black Eyed Peas definitely believe that ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
9. Target Corporation Mission Statement Target was founded by George Draper Dayton in 1902. He was born in New York and wanted to explore the markets growing in the Midwest. Because of this, he purchased land in Minneapolis and began Dayton Dry Goods Company, which became what we know today as Target. Dayton s principals are the foundation for many of Target Corporations values to this day. Dayton s store soon became synonymous with reliability and fair business practices. After Dayton s death in 1938, he passed his business along to his son, who grew the Dayton Company into a nationwide retailer. In 1911 the company was renamed as The Dayton Company because it better reflected the variety of products and services that the company offers. In 1916 The Dayton Company became a founding... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Dayton is quoted having said, Success is making ourselves useful in the world, valuable to society, helping in lifting in the level of humanity, so conducting ourselves that when we go the world will be somewhat better of our having lived the brief span of our lives. This statement embodies much of what the target values are to this day. (Target Through The Years) In 1954, Dayton opened up its first branch location in downtown Minneapolis. Further, in 1956, the company began to cater towards the needs of busy suburban families and opened another branch in the Southdale Mall. The company continued to expand in the years to come. Looking for new ways to entice consumers, in 1960 The Dayton Company looked to cater towards value oriented shoppers seeking a higher quality experience (Target Through The Years). At this time the company took the first step in moving away from a family run department store chain toward what would become one of the chief discount store chains in America. In 1961, the store officially proclaimed that it was going to form a new discount chain store that was yet to be ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
10. A Comparison Of The Disney Hercules And Disney Hercules Ancient Greeks followed myths and teachings of gods and heroes called Greek Mythology. Gods/desses exist in greek mythology to symbolize events such as weather changes to religious rituals, these stories help set up a social system while also occupying kids minds with thoughts such as where people go when they die. Demi gods are the results of a god and a human making love, they have the appearance of a human, but have better traits than most and are also immortal. Hercules is known for his immense strength from him being a son of Zeus but also a mortal mother. Hercules was very kind and caring, and was the only son of a mortal woman who became a god before dying. We will be discussing the Disney Hercules and the Dwayne Hercules. The Disney movie introduces a child friendly hercules who ends up learning a valuable lesson in the end and becomes a hero. The Dwayne Johnson movie introduces a more realistic hercules who travels the world with his band of mercenaries accomplishing difficult tasks for money and other rewards. The Disney version makes Hercules more friendly and less realistic which is ineffective to the myth itself, but the Dwayne version makes Hercules very realistic which helps make the story effective. The changes the Disney and Dwayne make to Hercule s birth and early life and his own family are both effective in their own ways. Zeus falls in love Alcmene and makes her pregnant, they name the baby Hercules to honor Zeus s wife, Hera. Hera was still mad though so she sends snakes to kill Hercules, but he was so strong that he killed them with his bare hands. Hercules then grows up, marries Megara and has kids, but Hera sends Hercules into madness and makes him murder his wife and kids, he then has to repent for his sins with the 12 labors. In the Disney version, Hercules is made to be an actual god and the child of Zeus and Hera, Hades with his evil plans sends his minions to kidnap Hercules and make him mortal but Hercules doesn t drink the last drop of formula, letting him keep his strength. Hercule the grows up with mortal parents but realizes eventually that he has super strength and that he is not a normal boy. These changes are effective for the audience as Hercules was originally a hero ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
11. Michael Jord The Nba Draft Michael Jordan Biography Summary Michael Jordan was born on February 17, 1963, in Brooklyn New York. Michael Jordan revolutionized the game of basketball on and off the court and this biography (Playing for Keeps Michael Jordan and the World He Made) highlights his journey from a small town to the windy city. Jordan entered the NBA draft after playing three years in college and was selected third in the 1984 NBA Draft by the Chicago Bulls. With Jordan on the team, the Bulls made the playoffs 13 times. Jordan was awarded the NBA s Rookie of the Year Award for his outstanding performance in his rookie season. Jordan would then go on to win five regular season MVPs and three All Star game MVPs to go along with his six finals MVP s, His Love passion and determination made him an icon. Jordan had many record breaking endorsement deals. The sum of his accomplishments helped Jordan to become the most dominate influential and decorated player in NBA history. Michael Jordan is viewed as one of the best players to ever play the game, having dominated the NBA from the 1980s all the way to end on the 1990s. Jordan took the Chicago Bulls to 6 NBA finals and won the NBA s MVP Award five times. Jordan grew up in Wilmington, North Carolina; Jordan was very competitive as a child. He wanted to win every game he played it did not matter if it was his brother or his father on the court with him. Jordan credits his older brother Larry for pushing him to be great When Jordan was cut from ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
12. The Big Issue of Piracy Piracy Piracy is a big issue in the gaming industry and is happening all the time and companies are trying their best to get rid of this issue. The problem with trying to get rid of this issue is that there will always be people figuring out loopholes in the defense of piracy. There are some smart people who make a lot of money pirating items such as Movies for making money. There are people who have made millions of dollars using this illegal way to steal what is not theirs. Most of the time piracy does not impact the consumer because the most popular form of piracy is downloading music. People pirate items for to get a cheaper price out of things or to sell to another person for a higher price then what they pirated it for. If a company s product is being Pirated one solution they might try is to stop making new products for release or they might take disciplinary action and get the police involved. Pirating is a very scummy way to make money and it really hurts the company that made the product. Piracy is not good for the economy and it hurts more than you can imagine. The people that use piracy are usually very poor and doing it to make money to support themselves and their family. I ve seen my friend illegally download music and it really made me sad because I know in the end my friend is going to get hurt in one way or the other. Piracy can happen in many forms but usually happens as a video recording of a famous movie or a D.V.D. some ways to stop piracy our ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
13. Courting And Courtship Being courted is what every woman fantasized about. That is if the suitor is someone who she admires as well, but the guy doesn t need to know that yet. As time goes by, ways of courting also changes. In the old tradition, one cannot just approach a woman on the streets and ask for her number the courting needs to be done in steps. They say that in the traditional way, courting is like playing baseball. The man is said to reach first base if the woman accepts his proposal to go out on a date for the first time. But it s really not that easy. If the guy is really serious and sincere about courting the woman, then he still needs to introduce himself to the woman s parents. It is always expected that the man must show his face to the woman s family and even bring gifts. Going out on several dates is... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... No one can guide and teach the teenagers better than their parents. It is therefore very important that teens wanting to pursue a relationship should first consult their parents especially for girls. They should seek the approval of their parents first. Teenage boys should also seek guidance to their parents in picking the best girl for him. To understand better the role of the parents in courtship , understand first the reason why courtship happens in the first place. Courtship is not a game, it isn t a trial and error kind of thing but it is a serious matter. Courtship is something you have to think deeply and decide carefully. You don t just do it unmindfully or it will leave you with heartache and tragedy. That s why you have parents to provide counsel and guidance. They have experienced going through that stage and have felt what it s like to admire, to love, to be rejected and to be heartbroken. They know the consequences if you date the person who isn t meant for you. So it is important to heed and obey their advice. They will help you in choosing your lifetime ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
14. Why Is Chinatowns Important To The New Chinese Immigrants Chinatowns always are the popular place for the visitors because there have many tasty Chinese food and many different Chinese stores which sell the unique Chinese stuffs. Also, Chinatowns are a very important places for the new Chinese immigrants because there are many Chinese American who can help them in this new country. For many new Chinese immigrants, they can find cheap apartment to rent in Chinatown. Also, they can find many Chinese restaurants and supermarkets to buy the food they used to eat, and there are many organizations to help them settle down in the United stated and find them a job. In general, Chinatowns are very important to the new Chinese immigrants, and they like to live in Chinatowns too. However, there are some Chinese ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
15. The Christian Faith One of the foundations of the Christian faith is the belief that God is actively working in His creation. God did not create the world and leave it to its own fate. Instead, God is still actively involved in every part of His creation today. This belief is crucial for the Christian scientists in today s world. Ones who study cells and molecules can discover how astounding and detailed God, the Creator, is with this belief in mind. God is working through his seen and unseen creation. In the tiniest cell, God s workmanship can be displayed. God made each cell to have a specific purpose towards the human body or the plant. Cells and molecules are the work of an intelligent designer and are not random chances. Without God, cells could not accomplish their purpose. God places every geneon DNAand makes the cells come together to form a human. For you created my inmost being; you knit me together in my mother s womb (Psalm 139:13, NIV). Through cells and molecules, God creates each unique person on His earth. When a Christian scientist knows God is at work in His creation, they can have a new perspective of cells. They will see cells as the design of God instead of results of randomness. Once they observe and study cells, they can learn more about God. They can learn how detail oriented and omniscient He is. God is in control not only of the seen world, but also the world we can only see under the microscope! Each cell and molecule are shaped a specific way to carry out a ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
16. Guantanamo Bay Detention Camp Imagine this. You have just gotten a new watch, one that is cheap and ubiquitous, the Casio F 91W digital watch. However, in a string of contiguous events, you are arrested by U.S. armed forces in Afghanistan, and sent to one of the most widely condemned places in the world Guantanamo Bay detention camp (Ball). While this scenario may sound strange and confusing, it was the sad reality for many innocent men, who committed no crime other than wearing a watch. Admittedly, this watch was given out by al Qaida to trainees, but many of the people who had this watch were innocent, not at all associated with the infamous terror organization. Guantanamo Bay detention camp, also referred to as Gitmo, is a U.S. operated military prison located within the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Gitmo has succeeded in alienating the U.S. from allies. President Obama said this himself in a White House remark on National Security, Because the terrorists can only succeed if they swell their ranks and alienate America from our allies, which is exactly what Gitmo is doing. Additionally, Gitmo encourages further terror, as it is used in terrorist propaganda to paint a negative picture of a hypocritical America (Postel). In fact, the orange jumpsuits worn by victims in Daesh s (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant) execution videos, pay direct homage to the uniform of Gitmo detainees (Bennet). Furthermore, the intelligence received at Gitmo is often invalid because, it was given by detainees who were subject to enhanced interrogation techniques, which were the equivalent of torture. Considering must of the subjects confessions were given under duress, they are invalid and the means by which they were received raise further questions about Gitmo ( Torture ). If the institution itself is not helpful, and must be closed according to the authorities who started it, it seems obvious that Gitmo must be ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
17. The Football Of The Baseball Team As everyone ran to the field eager and excited to begin their freshman year of football I awkwardly stumbled along, following them as the field grew closer. I was scared, no; I was absolutely petrified. Never before had I played a real sport. Sure I played a few seasons on the city s little league baseball team, but in my young mind, that was surely nothing compared to this. Tackle football: I had seen a few minutes of it when my dad and his friends watched, or when my friends played Madden 05 . Although actually playing was another story altogether; I was sure that my out of shape, chubby, fourteen year old body would collapse, and I would die. Only now is it that I know that everyone else on that field was equally as scared as me; that, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... More than a few times I wanted to quit, and more than a few times I thought I was literally going to die. How did all of these kids run this much without dying? I was sure it couldn t have been healthy. FASTER! FASTER! AGAIN! AGAIN! coach Hilliard screamed at the top of his lungs. At the time I fully believed he made us run just to make us stronger, also I think he got some happiness from our pain. Either way, I knew that I hated it and this man was not going to get me to compete for him. One day after practice, he pulled me aside before I could go back to the locker room to change. Hey Jake can I talk to you for a second. he said very nonchalantly, I walked over and stood there nervously wondering what he wanted. Jake, I know that you don t like being here, and I know that you only come because your friends are on the team. But Jake, I see a lot of potential in you. I see a young man who isn t sure about a decision he has made, and I want you to make me a promise. He said all of this in such a calm and kind almost caring manner. I was astonished that someone I thought was so mean and hateful could sound so kind and meaningful. What s the promise? I responded hesitantly. I want you to give this team one hundred percent of your effort Jake. For the rest of the season, I want you to try to care about this team, I want you to push yourself to try and be the best you can be. If at the end of the year you ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
18. Analysis Of You Are What You Eat By Mark Menjivar The fridge is a personal and private space that can reveal a glimpse of one s lifestyle. A person s eating habits can show what kind of person they are and why it maybe they are eating this way. That is what Mark Menjivar aimed to prove as he took photographs of what he saw in different people s fridges and collected them for his series You Are What You Eat . Menjivar traveled to 20 communities throughout the nation, and took pictures inside what was in a total 60 people s fridges. He was trying to explore the tie between eating habits and identity. At first I wasn t quite sure how a photograph could tell about one s character, due to the fact that a picture can say many things and can be quite ambiguous. That was until I further analyzed... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... My favorite one is the photograph of the bartender s fridge. His fridge alone allowed me to envision so many different circumstances. His fridge carried so much character. In both photographs the fridge is completely cluttered and unorganized. The fridge from 2008, was filled with boxes of take out. There isn t any evidence of him cooking anything for himself. This allowed me to come to the conclusion that it s due to him being a male bachelor, who probably doesn t know how to cook. There s also the possibility that it s due to him not having enough time to cook for himself. Most of that food in the Styrofoam boxes are probably bar food that he took home, because it was convenient for him. In the article, Menjivar mentioned how taking the photograph was so unbearable due to the stench coming from the fridge. It s pretty clear the fridge would smell, without him stating it. The fridge looked absolutely atrocious. The second photograph in 2012, was still a cluttered mess, but there were no take out Styrofoam boxes. The fast food had been replaced with some healthier options like humus, tuna, yogurt, some greens, and plenty of drinks. For a bartender, I expected a lot more liquor in to be in both fridges. I was kind of shocked to see there were more in 2012, and barely any in the photo in 2008. It s evident that his bad eating habits had changed, even Menjivar mentions this. He also says that the bartender had significantly lost weight. Not only did his fridge look different, the bartender had changed as well due to his new eating ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
19. Projectile Lab Report Projectile 2 Lab Report Kelsy Ecclesiastre and Sara Lopez AP Physics 1 Period 6 Objective/Purpose: To correctly identify the range of a projectile when fired above the horizontal axis with only a meter stick (i.e. no timer). Background: According to Henderson, speed is how far an object travels during a specific amount of time and does not include the direction. Velocitycan be explained as the speed of an object, but also including the direction the object is heading towards (Henderson, 2015). Giancoli states that the velocity of an object is taken with the magnitude the numerical value and the direction of the object (Giancoli, 2009). Therefore, with these two qualities, velocity can be illustrated as a vector. Acceleration occurs when ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... After performing more than five trials, choose the five closest points on the paper and find the average of those five points. At least ten trials could be performed if the lab was being repeated. References: Elert, G. (2015). Acceleration. Retrieved August 25, 2015, from http://physics.info/acceleration/ Giancoli, D. (2009). Physics: Principles with Applications. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Heald, J. (2015). What is Acceleration? Definition and Formula. Retrieved August 23, 2015, from http://study.com/academy/lesson/what is acceleration definition and formula.html Henderson, T. (2015). Speed and Velocity. Retrieved September 6, 2015, from http:/ /www.physicsclassroom.com/class/1DKin/Lesson 1/Speed and Velocity Lucas, J. (2014, June 26). Force, Mass Acceleration: Newton s Second Law of Motion. Retrieved August 25, 2015 from ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
20. Roland Barthes The Death Of The Author Analysis Roland Barthes The Death of the Author is a seminal text in literary theory. Published in 1977 in London, it had a long lasting influence on literary studies, in particular with regard to ideas of semiotics and logo centric conceptions of meaning and authorship. The text makes a fundamental claim about the nature of literary production, as well as the way in which a text may be related to by its readers. Indeed, the essay can be seen to focus on the relation and disjunction between the writer and the reader, and between the reader and the text. This paper will begin by identifying the specific claims which Barthes makes in relation to the nature of authorship, and will then go on to reflect on how this claim informs the general way in... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... According to Barthes, therefore, previous literary hermeneutics have been predicated on the assumption that to read a text is to place oneself in the position of an audience being spoken to by a single person who wishes to communicate then thoughts and feelings. Barthes claims, however, that such a reading simply cannot be supported by the reality of what a literary text actually is. He claims that a modem reader does not relate to a text as if it were something dictated by a particular sovereign voice. Rather, a modem reader understands a text as a multi dimensional space in which a variety of writings, non them original, blend and clash (146). He notes that a text is a tissue of quotations drawn from innumerable centres of culture (ibid). A text without an identifiable author figure is a text which can only be understood as something whose meaning is potentially legion, and one which contains a number of conflicting histories. Crucial to this argument is the theological position which is given to the idea of the author. According to ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
21. The Lack of Free Speech in the Military As a member of the United States military, there are times that the very freedoms that are being defended are not extended to those sailors and soldiers that are in charge of that task. One of those freedoms is freedom of speech. As a veteran of the United States Navy, I find the limitation of speech for a member of the militaryto be contradictory at best. The very fact that members of the armed forcescannot speak freely about government officials, as well as government issues that affect their lives, seems to be controversial because it limits one of the freedoms these sailors and soldiers have vowed to protect. To oppose the right of free speech of any member of the military takes away from the importance of the job they do. It has been argued that a member of the military should be mindful of whom they work for and the chain of command that orders come from, and that any display of dissatisfaction can be seen as disobedience or even treason. I support members of the military being able to voice their thoughts on issues that impact their lives, as well as the lives of their families. There are a few reasons why I support this. Simply put, as Americans they have the right of freedom of speech. Given the responsibilities of these sailors and soldiers in their day to day jobs, they should be entrusted to know what to say and what not to say. Most people take for granted the right to speak one s mind, right or wrong, and have nearly no ramifications for doing so. When one ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
22. Descartes Dreaming Argument The topic of this essay is Descartes First Meditations and I will be discussing in detail the Dreaming argument and the Evil Demon argument. According to Descartes , As I think about this more carefully, I see plainly that there are never any sure signs by means of which being awake can be distinguished from being asleep. This is the fundamental principle of the Dreaming Argument. The scenarios in which we experience whilst we are asleep are comparable to the scenarios we experience whilst we are awake. Often, we struggle to tell from our own perspective where our experiences are derived from; it is difficult to differentiate whether our experiences stem from reality or our dreams. The issue with this is that our unconscious ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... This can be challenged as to sit in a lecture you must be certain that you re sitting in a lecture, but you cannot be certain that you are not actually dreaming, therefore you cannot be certain that you re sitting in a lecture. P2 there is no way to be certain that the experiences we perceive to be reality are our reality. Descartes argues that there is no way that we can be completely certain that such experiences are not unconscious experiences, Any experience that strikes me as waking experiences such that I am perceiving the environment in a normal way are indistinguishable from possible dreaming experiences. An objection to this argument is that we can distinguish being awake and being asleep. If we can remember our dreams once we are awake, we can recognise them as dreams as they generally don t make sense which differs from our logical conscious experiences. Dreams are usually only coherent for a short period of time which is a distinct difference from being awake. Once we are conscious, even our most vivid unconscious experiences can be recognised as dreams. Your waking experiences can be intensely recalled whereas you do not always remember your unconscious experiences. I believe that this is a weak argument because sometime struggle to fully distinguish between reality and our dreams as our unconscious experiences are overwhelmingly intense and life like. A counterargument ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
23. What Is The Concept Of Inverse Probability Of Treatment... B.Inverse probability of treatment weighting According to Linden et al. (2016; 2010) and Horvitz Thompson (1952), the concept of inverse probability weighting begun in survey works many years ago to adjust for imbalances in sampling pools and continues to be regularly applied in complex survey designs. Several works have been done over the years by researchers to extend this concept to the studies of treatment effects estimation in quasi experimental designs (Robins Rotnitzky, 1995; Rosenbaum, 1987); where weighting estimators are used to model the IPTW. From the sample counterpart of Equation (5), the estimator for the average treatment effect according to Linden et al. (2016; 2010) is specified as: , ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Another limitation of IPTW according to Linden (2015) and Kurth et al. (2006) is that the IPTW framework can perform badly when there is extremely large weights for a few individuals. This leads to an imprecise treatment effect estimates due to large standard errors. C.Marginal mean weighting through stratification The marginal mean weighting through stratification (MMWS) is a more recent approach developed to handle multivalued treatment analysis. It works by combining elements of both propensity score stratification and IPTW (Linden, 2014; Hong, 2012; Linden et al., 2010). It works by first stratifying the analytic sample into quantiles of the generalized propensity score, and secondly, generating a weight for each individual based on their corresponding stratum and treatment assignment (Linden, 2015; 2014). The stratification process is meant to reduce bias in the observed covariates used to create the propensity score (Rosenbaum Rubin, 1984), whilst the weighting processes standardizes each treatment group to the target population (Linden, 2014). In the multivalued treatment situation (Linden, 2014; 2015), the MMWS approach is initiated as follows: first, the GPS is estimated either by an ordered or multinomial response models. Next, each GPS is then stratified into equal sized quantile categories. It is worth noting that stratification is based on the estimated probability of the base ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
24. Rocio Graham s When I Think Of Home I have selected the artworks of Rocio Graham, a contemporary Calgary based photographer, and Hans Bellmer, a mid 20th century German photographer. Specifically, Graham s series When I Think of Home, of her home garden, and Bellmer s photograph La PoupГ©e, or doll (Marien, 2015, 253). While similar in producing still life, they differ stylistically in tone, exposure and composition. Graham s When I Think of Home series and Bellmer s La PoupГ©e are still life photographs shot from an overhead perspective. When I Think of Home is of garden patches composed of living and decayed flowers, shrubs and different organic materials. Despite its fortuitous impression, Graham s series are in fact, carefully planned from the beginning of a plant s life. Parallel to the deliberate arrangement, Bellmer s La PoupГ©e is a still life photograph, also in the overhead perspective, featuring; pieces of furniture, fabric and multi coloured mannequin parts. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Graham s photographs appear rich with vibrant colours and dark tones, due to the short exposure. Planned with dedication, she selects composition materials according to aesthetic quality, starting from seedlings before nursing to maturity. Finally, she delicately places them in such a way that it resembles a painting. Graham s deliberation is inspired comparable to Impressionist photographers, in their pursuit to produce painting like photographs (Marien, 171). Moreover, in light of the earthly colour depth and vibrancy, I consider that Graham s series is an example of Surrealism (Marien, 251), where inanimate objects, the decayed organic materials, look ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
25. Essay about Father Roles Heaney Father Roles Heaney Father Roles There are many factors that will shape a young boy s life, but possibly none more important than the role of that boy s father. Seamus Heaney and Theodore Roethke both have shown the importance of the father role in their poems Digging and My Papas Waltz. Although the roles of the fathers in these poems were different, the respect and admiration shown by their sons is one in the same. Weather it is Heaney s father digging under his window, or Roehtke s father dancing him around as a little boy, the love shown in these two poems, shows a direct relation on the lives they shared with their fathers. Heaney s poem, Digging showed that while the boy still loved his father, he did not wish to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Corked sloppily with paper. This shows that while Heaney decided not to follow in his fathers footsteps, he loved and cared for his father regardless (Glover 543). Overall, Heaney s love for his father was a powerful factor in his deciding to become a writer. Roethke s peom, My Papas Waltz , shows us a completely different relationship among the father and son. In the opening line, we read The whisky on your breath/could make a small boy dizzy; this, to some, arises suspicion as to weather this is a happy dance, or a violent one. Many will debate over weather or not this represents a happy time or a violent relationship, but this is further clarified when Roethke writes But I hung on like death this shows that the boy was in fact having fun dancing with his father (Magill 1453). You can sense the anger in the motheras you read My mothers countenance/could not unfrown itself. This shows that despite the mothers feelings of anger towards the dance, the son was enjoying it, so they went on (Malkoff 344). The last two lines of the poem further illustrate the boys love for the dance with his father; Then waltzed me off to bed/still clinging to your shirt. This shows that after a long day of work, the boys father would come home and have a drink, and then waltz Theodore around the kitchen. The love between Roethke and his father is shown throughout the poem, and can be seen in many ways, some wish to view ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
26. The Treatment Of Men And Women Why is there a difference in the treatment of men and women? Why are men and women treated as unequal? If a woman and a man both work for 40 hours a week, the man is more likely to get 15.4% more earnings than the woman. If they both work for 60 hours, the woman earns 21.7% less than the man ( Sexism ). Some men, and even some women, treat women unfairly because today s society says women belong at home with the kids. There have been several worldwide instances of women being treated like they are incompetent if they conform to their genderroles and incompetent if they do not. Women are expected to only have the desire to produce and care for children. They are not livestock. They are expected to care for their husbands, be a housewife.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... In Gender and Double Standards for Competence, Martha Foschi analyzes gender inequality: her research shows that men and women are unequal in gaining leadership positions. If a man becomes an authoritative figure, he is seen as influential. However, if a woman earns some kind of authority, she will be overbearing and bossy. It can be very difficult for women to achieve higher positions and if she does, her co workers might think she had been intimate with an employer. In the subject of skill, if a man is better at his job than a woman, it is only natural. However, if the woman is better at her job than a man, the man is just slacking off or not doing his job at all (Foschi 181). A man and his wife stand in their kitchen, arguing over the prospect of having children. The husband wants children and the wife does not. He screams at her in frustration, Every woman wants to have children! What s wrong with you? Did I marry a defective woman? The husband does not understand that not all women want children or may not be ready for them. Andrew Greeley writes that women are at a new stage in history where they can control their rates of procreation using forms of contraception, such as birth control and/or condoms. They no longer have to give birth if they are not ready, and even might consider abortion or giving the child up for adoption if they have no possible way to take care of it. A young woman is in her home, thinking about making her favorite ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
27. Argue for the Limitation of Speed Limits Essay Argue for the limitation of speed limits In American society today, there are numerous laws designed to protect all citizens. One such law is having a speed limit. This requires motorists to drive reasonably and consider the conditions and potential hazards, regardless of what the speed limit signs say. As the automobile demands grew, the streets and highways expanded throughout the US, lawmakers created speed limits. On thee another hand, some citizens believe with modern day road materials and current automotive technologies, cars can safely exceed the legal limits set on almost every road in the United States. But, endless amount of studies and researches proves that having a speed limit can save lives, not to mention money.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... While each vehicle reaches its optimal fuel economy at a different speed (or range of speeds), gas mileage usually decreases rapidly at speeds above 50 mph. You can assume that each 5 mph you drive over 50 mph is like paying an additional $0.24 per gallon for gas. Sensible driving is also safer for you and others, so you may save more than gas money. $150 is the average speeding ticket in the U.S. And if speeding 80 or higher the fine can be even more, and may have had to appear before a judge, cited for reckless driving and even ended up spending some time in jail. Plus, if you receive points related to an auto accident or speeding, your insurance premium can increase by as much as 30 percent depending on how fast or serious the accident. Drivers who are involved in accidents are considered to be a bad risk because they cost insurance companies large amount of money. Speeding may be the fastest way to get from Point A to Point B, but it s not a very cost efficient or a fuel efficient solution. Rather you agree or disagree with having a speed limit; or even obeying the speed limit. It is our morally duty to accept the fact that lawmakers created speed limits in the citizens best interest to protect drivers for minor and fatal car accidents. Some citizens still question, if in fact the government claims to set speed limits are really for the public well being, or simply to make a quick profit. Of course, one thing we can ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
28. Personal Letter For University Of Kgali Message from the Chairman of the Board of Promoters In 2013, I took a bold step; to start a University that served Rwandans. The founding of the University of Kigali is a dream come true for me, after over 23 years of University lecturing and Administrative experience gained from acclaimed universities in Africa and the world. At UoK we strive to provide an enabling environment for developing innovative solutions for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, through education, research and collaboration; and we go a step further, bringing together industry, government, and academia to cooperate in determining areas in need of change. Our University has been designed to be a first class institution; that will offer the highest quality ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... The University believes in diversity in the creation and dissemination of critical knowledge, embedded in the richness and potential of the region as envisaged by its founders. The University upholds the highest integrity and professionalism in service delivery. Mission To provide quality higher education programs that meet the labor market and development needs of Rwanda to graduates who are capable of contributing to national economic and social development and, who can compete on the international labor market. Vision To be a pole of radiance and excellence nationally and internationally, with our quality education, research and provision of innovative services to the community. Moto Labour for the future Mode of study The University of Kigali provides students with options to adapt their study time to their interests and commitments elsewhere. We have day, evening and weekend sessions. Other facilities offered by the University include online and campus libraries, wireless internet access, a fully equipped computer laboratory, modern lecture rooms, and an easily accessible campus, in a convenient learning environment. Faculties and Schools Faculty of Law Faculty of Business Management and Economics Faculty of Information Technology Architecture School of Accountancy
29. Our Programs The University has three intake seasons in a year: JANUARY, MAY, and SEPTEMBER UNDERGRADUATE 1.Bachelor Degree ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
30. Cochlear Implants Case Study When faced with having to make a major decision for their children, parents are often thrown into a difficult and perplexing situation. These decisions become even more difficult for the parents when the decision involves putting their children through something they cannot relate to. This is the case when parents are required to decide whether to have cochlear implantsurgery performed on their deaf child. The decision of whether to go through with this procedure, which, when successful, provides a deaf individual with the ability to hear, puts parents in a position to make an epistemically and personally transformative decision for their child. Ultimately, the decision comes down to the experiences and preferences of the parents; whether... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Paul begins her exploration into this transformative choice by examining the stances of two different groups regarding this decision: members of the Deaf community, and the remainder of the general population. According to Paul, when considering the necessity of having cochlear implant surgery performed on their children, major ideological differences between the two groups became quite apparent: While large medical corporations, experts in the medical community, and some members of the hearing population strongly supported the use of cochlear implants, especially in children, many members of the Deaf community resisted mass implantation (Paul 57). From the perspective of a hearing individual, this preference may seem baffling. What would prevent someone from wanting their child to have all the advantages of life, including the ability to use all their senses to their fullest potential? This way of thinking, however, only gives insight into how humans make decisions; that is, subjectively based on our own personal values and experiences. In the eyes of Deaf parents (with a capital D, implying that they are members of a community of non hearing, fully capable people, instead of a group of disabled individuals), being Deaf is a blessing, giving their children access to a community that provides its members with shared experiences and support that is unavailable in any other way (Paul 58). Ultimately, the parents do what they personally see as the best course of action for helping their ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
31. The Representation of Young Black Men in the Media News THE REPRESENTATION OF YOUNG BLACK MEN IN THE MEDIA (NEWS) We live in a media saturated environment where everything we know and what we consider to be important is often based on stories produced and displayed to us by the media, Brooks and Hebert (2006). Much of what we know and care about is based on the images, symbols and narratives in radio, television, film, music and other media systems. How individuals construct their social identities, how they come to understand what it means to be male, female, Black, White, Asian, Latino and Native America is shaped by commoditised texts produced by media for audiences that are increasingly segmented by the social construction of race. In short the media are central to what ultimately come to present our social realities. For example for many Whites and people from other races and ethnicities the media s portrayal of young black men is the primary bias for their knowledge and reaction. With a few notable examples in politics, most media present young black men as figures to be admired for their athleticism, artistic, entertainment talent or feared for their criminality. However this essay will focus on the way young black men are portrayed in news. On the local news shows, young black men are disproportionately presented as criminals and white young men as victims despite the egalitarian norms we purport to hold Dixton (2008). They are many historical and contemporary examples of media portraying young black men in the way ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
32. Negative Effects Of Mobile Phones The huge impact of technology is seen most in this era that we live in. A form of technology that has influenced every gesture, words, and action is the mobile phone. The 21st century is the era of cellphones, with this form of technology communication with friends and families has never been easier with the addition of social media, but for every advantage there is always a disadvantage. Among those disadvantages of mobile phones are stress, anxiety, and motor accidents. To illustrate the effect of Mobile Phones, what is technology? Technology is the appliance of scientific information for functional utilization. We use technology to complete tasks in our daily lives. Humans have used technology to extend their abilities and knowledge. In this technology based era, technology is included in everything we do, it is used at work, education settings, communication, and transportation. If technology is wrongly applied, it can cause more harm than good. Mobile technology has made humans overtly dependent on its abilities, at the rate individuals are on their smartphones, many of our math and reading capabilities will decrease drastically. Firstly, is Stress an effect of mobile technology on a person. Stress is a state of mental or emotional strain resulting from various challenging situations. The development of mobile phones consequently created social media applications, such as Facebook, Instagram, and snapchat. In this age, the constant checking of number of likes or hearts, the compulsion to check if someone unlike a post is the norm. As a result, it causes angst and worry, subsequently causing an individual to question each post made on their feed; Was the post offensive? Were the pictures or videos unflattering? Even to upload pictures, or just say something of yours, one begins to seek approval from strangers one will never see nor speak to in the nearest future. These are just the basic examples of the power of stress from the use of social media on mobile devices. Furthermore, having a mobile phone often tempts individuals to spend all day cemented to their devices, texting and talking; even if the individual is not actually texting nor calling anyone but just scrolling through old text messages, at the ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
33. Who Is Forrest Gump A Hero The movie Forrest Gump was directed by Robert Zemeckis and released July 6, 1994. This was an American drama based on the 1986 novel Forrest Gump by Winston Groom. Forrest Gump, played by Tom Hanks is a simple man who had a low I.Q and often told he was stupid but he always had good intentions with everything he did. In the movie Forrest Gumpwas told by his mother that he was named after a civil war hero, Nathan Bedford Forrest. The man who founded the Klu Klux Klan during the 1800 s. In this Tom hanksis actually superimposed onto a picture from the movie, Birth of a Nation.In this movie the members of the KKK were portrayed as heroes and Forrest said that the reason he was named that was becauses his mother said the name Forrest was to ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
34. Political Changes In America Throughout American history, political campaigns were a great part of the nation. These campaigns are a successful tool in benefitting the United States by ensuring the best solution; therefore, eliminating stress for the political party and the people of the U.S. In 1948, article writers Lazarsfeld PF, Berelson B, and Gaudet H of The People s choice: how the voter makes up his mind in presidential campaign, in the Columbia University Press, records about an experiment, in 1948 that impacted the voting behavior of Democrats and Republicans. With further research, they found that many voters were influenced by commentary and made changes to their votes. With these vote alterations, it becomes clear that the persuasion of socioeconomics causes... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Many believe that religion is a great factor in the voting process, especially on controversial topics like abortion and homosexuality, which affects the votes immensely. Moreover, the varieties of different religions all have contrasting opinions on numerous issues, which then results in many different conclusions; thus affecting the political votes. Religion, not only is a great aspect in the voting process today, but was also a tremendous political feature in the nineteenth century. Robert P. Sweirenga, author of Ethnoreligious Political Behavior in the Mid Nineteenth Century, promotes that, the most exciting development in American history since the 1960 s is the recognition that religion was a key variable in voting behavior. In the past time and eras before the 1960 s, religion was the main element for solving complex issues, which is why religion was a big part of the political campaigns. Religion has been a part of people s life style for many years; thus affecting their opinions on controversial topics that are connected with campaigns. In the 1800 s, the church was an influential role in the government and society. Moreover, majority of the people at this time were extremely religious, including the government party, which greatly affected the laws of the country and the votes of the campaigns. In 1832, the political party realized that religion was becoming such a great factor and influence, that they did not allow any Roman Catholics to be a part of the Executive Council until 1840. Even still, after that date, they majority of the government were a part of the church, showing that religion has such a major impact on the influence of voting even still in the twenty first ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
35. Student Lo 7 Students Loan 7 student loan myths debunked When it comes to student loans, there is a lot of information to take in especially for a new college student who is exploring their financing options for the first time, or a new graduate who has just started paying off their student loan debt. With all of the different information out there, it can be easy to get confused, and perhaps even misunderstand certain things about student loans. The following are some common student loan myths, debunked: Myth #1: I m not worried about my student loan debt, because I can just have some or all of my debt forgiven Fact: It s not easy to qualify for student loan forgiveness. The criteria can be rather strict, and you usually have to be working in a specific industry ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... You can usually get your payments adjusted and lowered based on your income, so if you haven t exactly reached the salary you were hoping for post graduation, don t fret. You may also be able to temporarily defer payments as well. However, you ll want to consider the disadvantage of not opting for a standard repayment schedule. You are essentially lengthening your loan by delaying the inevitable, which means you ll pay more interest in the end. Myth #3: I can discharge my student loan debt through bankruptcy if I ever really need to Fact: Not all debts can be discharged through bankruptcy, and typically, student loan debt falls into that category. That doesn t mean it s impossible, but isn t as easy as discharging other types of debt, and you may not be eligible. As such, it s important to not just assume that bankruptcy can be an automatic solution for any student loan debt troubles. Myth #4: I probably don t qualify for financial aid, so I should just take out student loans Fact: Not necessarily. Many students qualify for some level of funding, and unlike student loans, financial aid usually doesn t need to be paid back (there are some exceptions to this for example, if you fail a class). It doesn t cost anything to just apply and see what you re eligible for. Even if you don t receive enough financial aid to avoid student loans completely, every little bit helps, and that s less you ll need to borrow. Myth #5: I ll be required to borrow far more ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
36. Marion Nestle Research The choices that consumers make are influenced by grocery stores, as a result of the supermarket s extenuous research in customer distraction. Marion Nestle describes in her article that if [customers] find [themselves] in a supermarket buying on impulse and not minding a bit, [they] are behaving exactly the way store managers want [them] to (504). The constant background music, fresh smell of bakery, and endless foodsamples are just some of the methods supermarkets use to as a form of distraction. They want to appeal to the senses of their consumers in order to push customers to steer away from their original list of groceries to buy more. Although this may be good for the business of the supermarkets, it does not have the same benefits ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
37. Castro Rise To Power Many people welcomed Castro into their country with a relief that someone was finally going to save them from their previous dictator but they were wrong. Not knowing what the result was going to be they adored him from saving cubans from the corrupt dictator that U.S. backed up. Castro turned out to be their most corrupt dictator they ever had. Cubans believed that Castro was going to be a lifesaver from Batista but they were all wrong. Castro ended up being the total opposite. At first Castro did support his people by providing some education by providing tutors and teachers to teach the people that didn t have much to read and write. This campaign was very successful. The literacy rate was at 60% and rose to 96%. He had programs that Castro converted Cubainto a communist state which left it with many problems. Throughout the time when Soviet Union and United States were in an argument about having missiles in Cuba, the people in USSR didn t know what was going on. Since their government is also communist, the government was controlling what was showing on the news. People in Russia thought U.S. was the bad person in this whole situation. No one knew the United States had nuclear missiles hidden in Turkey nor in Italy. If the Soviet Union would of made an aggressive act it would of been the end of Earth ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Eisenhower, the CIA made several attempt on assassinating Castro. The plan started in August 1960 and they didn t stop attempting until late 1963. Many challenges that historians have with situations like these is that they couldn t find out what Castro s motives were to being so cruel and corrupt. The difference between bias and selection is that bias is more of an opinion that someone stays with and refuse to believe any other way. Selection are more open minded to situations and will be open to hearing both sides of the story. Historical events are identified when it changes the way we live our lives on a daily ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
38. Financial Performance Of The Companies Within Your Industry For the companies within your industry, conduct the following analysis of the financial performance of each person s firm within the industry. Then, the group compares the firms to each other. This should cover the most recent (FY 2005 2014) period. 1. Provide inventory for each firm over the period. What is the percent change in both ending inventoryand COGS each year relative to the overall percent change in sales? a. Calculate/show the Inventory Turnover and the Days Inventory Held ratios for each quarter. How do these change during the 10 year period? What does this mean? Cabela s Cabela s inventory relative to the overall percentage change in sales saw steady increases of 22% and 25% in 2006 and 2007. They ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... This means that in the second quarter of each year Cabela s sell its inventory at a slower rate than the rest of the quarters. The Day s Held ratio calculates how long it takes a company turn inventory into sales. Cabela s sells mostly goods that are non perishable, meaning that their goods can last in their shelves much longer. For Cabela s there is a continuous pattern showing their days held in inventory ratio being much lower in the 4th quarter of each year. This may be due to consumers purchasing gifts for the holiday season. Dick s Sporting Goods Dick s Sportings goods saw relative increases in both their inventory and COGS over the period. Their inventory percentage change/overall sales change for the period, and their COGS percentage change/overall sales change for the period experienced very similar fluctuations across the period. Both ratios saw a sharp decline from 2006 2007, indicating the time of the recession. The inventory % change ratio even dropped to 2.3%. Since 2008, both ratios have seen minor increases and decreases. Dick s sporting goods inventory turnover ratio increased by an overall percent of 8.82%. This means that the company is 8.82% better (quicker) at selling its inventory after they have purchased it. They seem to have their highest turnover ratios in the fourth quarter of every year. Their most recent inventory turnover ratio is 3.7x, with a DIO (Days in Inventory Ratio) of 97.8 days. This means that it takes 98 days for ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
39. Women In Pleasantville One of my favorite movies that taught me the most about the roles of women in the United States is Pleasantville directed by Gary Ross. The 1950s and 60s have always been an interesting time period within women s history for me. In that time period, women were homemakers where their job would be to cook, clean, and take care of their families. It is so interesting to me because that is not at all how my family life is now. Pleasantville depicts the life of women in that era by telling the story of two teens who are brought into the world of Pleasantville where they take on the roles of Bud and Mary Sue Parker. In this world, everything is black and white and their lives are seen as perfect family. Nothin ever went wrong in Pleasantville,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... As most of our popular culture, everything is always changing. What is in while we are teenagers will be ancient in 10 years. The same goes for the wardrobes of women. I think that the clothing options have had a positive progression because of the acceptance of female sexuality. In the early 1920s women were extremely modest by showing little to know skin in their daily lives. Women were expected to be made up all of the time and that is something that I couldn t even imagine. Being a Marian girl, there is nothing I love more than throwing my hair up every morning with no makeup. As you move into the 60s and 70s women began wearing skirts, dresses, and girdles. YUCK. There is nothing wrong with a more modest look, the problem I have with clothing is that even when mothers were cleaning the house they were expected to be in dresses or other types of uncomfortable, but nice looking clothing. It has been cool to see how slowly skirts have gotten shorter and more skin is being shown, but the central issue is the mindset of seeing women as sexual object rather than a person. Although in our time no type of clothing is surprising, there is still a sense of judgement from men and even older women when you wear something that makes your look like a slut . It saddens me that people really can t look past what you are wearing. I hope the future for women is going to be ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
40. Essay on Accreditation Audit Raft 1 Executive Summary Even though Nightingale Hospital has a very detailed Site Identification and Verification Protocol, some areas do not meet JHACO s standards. Updating the Universal Protocol and Preprocedure Hand Off Check sheet will not only bring the facility into compliance but may eliminate any potential failure in communication between patient, caregiver and provider. Areas that require further documentation will be on the following Elements of Performance: A.Compliance Status UP.01.01: Conduct a preprocedure verification process Documentation is lacking which demonstrates nursing and preanesthesia assessments were completed Process does not indicate that diagnostic and radiology test results are correctly labeled and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... ctly labeled and documentation properly displayed in the resident s chart Update Preprocedure Hand Off Checklist to include verification of appropriate blood products, implants, devices, and / or special equipment for the procedure has been accounted for UP.01.02.01: Markthe procedure site Protocol to indicate, in opening paragraph, sites are marked when there is more than one possible location for the procedure and when performing the procedure in a different location would negatively affect quality or safety In Marking the Operative / Invasive Site of protocol, insert markings be made large and clearly, leaving no room for misinterpretation after the third item Protocol to indicate adhesive markers are not the sole means of marking a site Protocol to indicate an alternative method of marking premature infants must be used instead of permanent markers UP.01.03.01: A time out is performed before the procedure Procedure to indicate a time out must occur when two or more procedures are performed on the same patient and the individual performing the next procedure changes Training and In servicing The Site Identification and Verification Protocol, along with Preprocedure Hand off will be updated and reviewed by the facility s Compliance Department Mandatory in services of all pre op and surgical team will be conducted in regards to updated processes Three monthly audits to be conducted regarding updated processes Quarterly audits ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
41. Hillsborough Community College History College History Hillsborough Community College was first known as Hillsborough Junior College. It was established on October 4th, 1967 and was the 27th educational institute organized under the 28 other community junior colleges the council recommended. The founding president of HJC was Dr. R. William Graham. In the summer of 1968, a curriculum was developed that made it possible for students to get the necessary courses to help the student achieve an associates of arts degree. After getting an AA the student would be able to transfer to a university. According to the HCC fact book The College started with just six full time administrators, seventeen full time faculty and seventy part time instructors. The budget that was given for the 1968 1969 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Students are given a variety of options to help them work toward an AA degree. Employees are given the opportunity to help change a person s life on a daily basis by helping the students progress to a higher education. Employees are also given healthcare benefits, a pension, and paid vacation. With this job, every holiday is paid for and the employee gets two week off for winter break paid. An employee is given vacation time, sick leave and personal leave as soon as they start working. Each fiscal year, the time not used is carried over and more time is added. While HCC does have amazing benefits, it is the primary goal to boost enrollment and continue to strive for excellent services to the students ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
42. Essay on Native American Ritual Dancing Native American Ritual Dancing It has often been said that the North American Indians dance out their religions (Vecsey 51). There were two very important dances for the Sioux tribe, the Sun Dance and the Ghost Dance. Both dances show the nature of Native American spirituality. The Ghost Dance and the Sun Dance were two very different dances, however both promote a sense of community. The Sun Dance was the most spectacular and important religious ceremony of the Plains Indians of 19th century North America (Lawrence 1). The Sun Dance became a time of renewal and thanksgiving for Native Americans. Everyone had a role to play either in the preparation leading up to the dance, or within the dance itself. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... In the conversation the Sioux woman has with the tree she explains why they are killing it, and what their plans for the tree are. After the tree is cut down, it is not allowed to touch the ground. McGaa states that the men can only set the tree down four times to rest on the way back to the reservation (86). There is an arena set up where the dancing and other activities will take place. Once the cottonwood is brought back, the men place it in the center of this arena. Some fifty men then join the group and raise the tree with rope. Four songs are sung four times to the each of the four winds. Cloth banners representing the four directions are tied to the branches, and then two hides are tied above the cloth (one in the shape of a human and the other of a buffalo). The cutouts represent thankfulness. Twelve chokecherry branches are tied crosswise beneath the buffalo and the human images. The branches symbolize the twelve moons, the twelve months of the year (McGaa 86). The same evening the dancers who will be pierced in the ceremony participate in a Sweat Lodge ceremony. On the first actual ceremonial day of the Sun Dance another Sweat Lodge is held for those men and women who are going to participate in the dancing. A Sweat Lodge is believed to help heal a person spiritually. Groups that participate in Sweat Lodges are supposed to gain empowerment. The dancers then dress and prepare him or her self in the tipi. There is a traditional dress ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
43. Analysis Of Disney And French Culture Buyer Behaviour STUDENT NAME: Mohsin khoja ID NO:14095282B STREAM: B DATE: 13/05/2015 TUTOR NAME: Anika Que: 1 which strategies action Disney took in term of consumer focused initiatives? Ans: To keep maintain balance between Tradition of Disney and French culture. Its structure has change to adopt French culture. The vice president in charge of park operations and marketing at euro Disney taken number of steps. The name was change from Euro Disney to paris Disneyland, so that French would be more receptive. The strategy of Burke to attract customers to Disney land is follow : 1. Highly Training. 2. target on recruit an outgoing and friendly Disney cast. 3. Liberal rules on alcohol for customers in theme park. 4.Lowering the corporate Disney premium on admission, merchandise, hotels and food. 5. Relaxing Disney Hierarchical Management structure. 6. cutting managerial staff by almost 1000 to make flexible management and empower employees. Hong kong has been a ideal choice for many corporations to launch in into china. Price waterhouse predicts a 25.2 % rise in chinese entertainment and media spending through to 2009 making china the fastest growing market for entertainment in asia. denoting an exact meaning of the idea of amusement park has been dodged because of the presence of numerous comparative configurations that upset such an undertaking. At this point, numerous definitions that have been made are fragmented or ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
44. Environmental Changes In African Savanna Essay ear future tribute, In the African Savanna, the world s greatest diversity of Ungulates can be found. The most important change is climate which affects every aspect of life. Comparing the mild seasonal climate of Virginia to the climate of the tropical Savanna is a dramatic change. Instead of mild seasons; high rainfall and periods of drought take place. Another change that must be made is housing. Using limited natural resources, a house that is made of clay and wood best utilizes the environment. Clay is in abundance in the soil, and trees are sparse but numerous. The last change that must be made relates to food. A diet readily available in the wilderness of the Savanna would include primarily plants such as Marula and Guardi, but also include insects and small animals. In conclusion, great changes from middle class Virginia to the wilderness of the Tropical Savanna include climate, housing and diet. In a survival situation, life changes drastically, ranging from housing to diet and everything in between. First of the important changes is climate, which exceedingly changes. In the coldest moths of the year, temperatures range from 68 78 degrees and many plants shrivel up and die, or are destroyed in wild fires as a result of the dry season. During the wet ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Great changes such as a new diet, and a unfamiliar climate and different housing will be difficult to adjust to from life in a first world country, but once these obstacles are overcome, adopting to the life in the Tropical Savanna will be effortless. Although it will be challenging to overcome to a new lifestyle, it is possible and can be achieved through effort, and knowledge. The most important thing to remember is that following ones instincts and using common sense will result in the survival of anything that ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
45. Country Club Golf Degree During the high school summers, I worked on a country club golf course. My job mainly consisted of greeting the members as they came to golf, clean their clubs, and wash the carts. I was basically the face of the country club golf operations. Many members are regular golfers whom come by the club multiple times a week. Through the years, I met and formed really close friendships with a select few members. These members collectively decided to take me under their wing. This was around the time I was applying for colleges. Through our many conversations, and learningabout their lives (they are both in the business field), I changed my intended major from chemistry to finance, and switched my intended school from the out of state University of Michigan to the in state Indiana University. These men have influenced my life so significantly, I would not be where I am today without them. Because of this experience, I hope to mentor an ambitious, young student one day.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Often times, inspiration gives an individual motivation to complete a task/problem. When a problem is complex enough, it may take a few days to find a solution. Inspiration is a sudden insight, or source of creativity. It is a possible solution to a problem or a strong emotion to complete a certain task. Motivation is the desire to dedicate time to a specific task. My personal inspiration is to achieve something great, which I belief contributes to how motivated I am towards my academics. I want to impact the world in some positive way, and I know I will only achieve this if I stay motivated. So far, this system has worked out. Rarely have I dedicated a lot of time to something, and not gained from the experience in some ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
46. Analysis Of A Simple Heart By Flaubert In Gustave Flaubert s short story A Simple Heart Flaubert tells of the life of Felicite, a poor woman who does not seem to have any luck at all. Felicite is the kind of character that makes the reader pity her while at the same time finding her to be incredibly strange. Flaubert uses human emotions in a story that is incredibly simple in both word and tale to tell the reader of a woman who does not live a particularly exciting or happy life. Through this short story, Flaubert has given the reader a character that is simple but loving, strange yet human, and easily attached to things. Through his use of realism and a firm grasp on human emotions Flaubert has crafted a tale that is unlike any other. Felicite is a simple character. She does not have an education for one and for another she agrees to marry the man who tries to rape her. Flaubert writes At the edge of a field of oats, he pushed her roughly to the ground (785). One would think that Felicite would be done with a man that tried to do something like that to her, but instead, she forgives him almost immediately and agrees to marry him. This forgiving and forgetting part of Felicite s character is precisely why she is so simple yet loving. In her mind, she does not seem to see anything wrong with marrying the man who tried to force himself on her. In fact, it seems as if she is looking for any excuse in the world to find someone to loveand to be able to love them in return. Felicite is also a seemingly very ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
47. Persian Empire Chapter Summaries The Achaemenid Persian Empire (559 330 B.C.) As we are introduced to the Great Persian Empire, we find that Amy Chua s thesis talks about how tolerance was critical in allowing the Persians to not only establish and prosper their world dominant empire, but to maintain it for over two centuries. The thesis of the book, Day of Empire by Amy Chua, is about the study of colossal power and the conditions needed to maintain it . Not only this, but it discusses the contest between ethnic purity and ethnic pluralism . Amy Chua argues that The Achaemenid Persian Empire was one of the first hyper powers in world history, governing a territory larger than all the ancient empires, including even Rome s. (Day of Empire pg. 4) Along with this, she argues that the Persian Empire was one of the most culturally diverse and religiously open empires in history. (Day of Empire pg. 4) Therefore, the author argues that The Persian Empire is relevant when discussing large powerful world authorities with a large size, long period of ruling, and ethnic tolerance it... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... As the king Xerces started ruling, the beginning of the decline of tolerance and the Persian Empire as a whole began. Although we do not have the exact facts from this late time period, historians have studied Greek depictions of increasing brutality and repression of the later Achaemenid kings, provoking violent uprisings among the subject people. (Day of Empire pg. 21) The pivotal point of failure occurred when Darius III took the power of the Empire. During this time, growing intolerance, unrest, and violence (Day of Empire pg. 21) was happening amongst the subject peoples. As more and more people were conquered, the Persian Empire had so many diverse people that there was no unity amongst the Persian Empire. Soon, the whole empire came to a fall when Alexander of Macedon began to conquer cities and replace the Persian ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
48. Ammonium Nitrate On April 19th, 1995 in downtown Oklahoma City, there was a domestic terrorist bomb attack on the Alfred P Murrah Federal Building. The blast killed 168 people and hundreds more were injured and before September 11, 2001, it was considered the worst terrorist attack to take place on U.S. soil (History.com, 2015). The bomb used was an Ammonium Nitrate Truck/Fertilizer Bomb. Ammonium Nitrate (NH4NO3) is a small, colorless crystal that is made by mixing nitric acid and ammonia salt used all around the world. It is an oxidizing agent, which means that by itself, it isn t flammable unless put under extreme conditions of heat and pressure in a confined space. However, but if put around something combustible like wood, paper or oil, it will ignite... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... It can be used for negative things like disasters such as the Oklahoma City bombing, where a truck full of fertilizer bombs blew up the north side of a federal building, where ammonium nitrate was used in a malicious intent, or the Texas City Disaster where a truck full of Ammonium Nitrate fertilizer blew up from a stray cigarette. For neutral things such as miners using ANFO to clear rocks so that they can keep mining for resources. Or for good like farmers use fertilizer to grow crops to eat or laughing gas at dentist ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
49. Athletes Stand As Role Models, Like It Or Not Joe Black is writer for The Daily Times. In Athletes Stand As Role Models, Like It Or Not Black sheds light on the tendency of star athletes to shape society s perception of right and wrong, and criticizes athletes for not promoting moral conduct. He argues that young folk are highly impressionable and that the influential nature of being a professional athlete obligates sportspeople to uphold a higher level of moral integrity than members of the general public (par. 3). According to Black, by putting sportspeople in a position to directly influence the ideology of fans, the media has inadvertently designated professional athletes as role models. As a result, he argues that athletes have a social obligation to conduct themselves in a... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Nonetheless, this in no way obligates sportspeople to maintain an ethical lifestyle outside of sports. Just because athletes are promoted on television and media for their prowess in tackling or scoring touchdowns, doesn t mean that people should rely on them to establish their moral constructs. In other words, it is impractical to think that someone who excels at playing a sport automatically possesses the values and character required to positively mold the ideology of others. Yet, this is exactly the argument that Black attempts to make. By depicting professional athletes as role models, Black makes the inference that playing a sport is in some way virtuous. This post hoc ergo propter hoc argumentation is flawed because it promotes the idea that being a proficient athlete somehow qualifies someone as righteous. However, athletic ability in no way translates to the quality of an individual s value system. To highlight this issue, one can focus on the case of Tiger Woods, a professional golfer who was heavily criticized in 2009 when it became public that he had an affair (Falzone par. 4). Although Woods is considered to be one of the most talented golfers of al time, he leaves much to be desired in terms of character (Falzone par. 4). Consequently, it is unfair to discriminate against professional athletes, and to generalize their occupation as noble. In sports, just like in any other profession, there are individuals who deserve to be role models and those who do ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

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Transportation in the past and present essay 16 models

Transportation in the past and present essay, through which we learn a lot of information about the means of transportation and how it evolved from horse-drawn vehicles until we reached the latest types of transport. All this will be learned here in Transportation in the past and present essay.

Transportation in the past and present essay

Transportation is one of the most important things that every day has a tremendous development. Here we will know how transportation developed and how it was in the past and how it has become in the present. All of this we will know here through Transportation in the past and present essay.

Transportation

Transport and communication are considered the cornerstones of many human civilizations because of their importance in linking neighboring cities and villages to each other.

Therefore, man has been seeking innovation and discovery for thousands of years to develop and improve these means.

Without transportation there is no Interconnection and communication between people. In this paragraph we will talk about transportation in the past and present.

Transportation in the past

The development of transport during the stages of history was very slow and difficult, as people were carrying their goods on their heads or on their backs or run on the ground.

In about 5000 BC, people began to use animals to transport loads and goods like mules and donkeys. After 3000 BC, the vehicles were invented. They were made up of four wheels without a motor.

Boats were also invented, and humans began using animals, vehicles and boats to carry loads to many places faster and easier than before.

In the late 18th century inventors produced the first vehicles, and then the inventions in the means of transport until the fifteenth century AD, Where improvements have been made in the construction of large vessels; to make long journeys possible across the various seas and oceans.

In the 18th century steam engines were invented, leading to the emergence of steam-powered vehicles and trains. In the late 19th century, oil and natural gas were discovered and harnessed to serve and develop various means of transport by building vessels and vehicles powered by gas and oil engines.

Transportation in the present

Today’s transportation has seen a significant leap forward, transforming the world into a small village, These include:

Cars: The development of the world of cars has been a great speed, we are now witnessing many different shapes, types and designs of them, and the car companies are more competitive; to manufacture the latest cars and the fastest and most comfortable and safe.

Trains: trains are one of the most modern means of transport, through which thousands of people are transported through long distances and vast inside or outside their countries, and through which we transfer many different materials and goods, and at a lower price compared to other means.

Buses and trucks: Buses are one of the most important modes of mass transport, transporting many people to and from their workplaces. Buses are used as a public transport. It is cheap and saves time and effort to move around.

How transportation has changed from past to present

When I wonder about how transportation has changed from the past to the present, I find there is a very wide difference in speed and comfort.

I find that the speed is relative to the person and the extent of his interest in arriving early. Because I see that there is always a lesson that we learn when we travel long distances and time does not go in vain. But there are always interesting events happening around us.

As for convenience, I can say that it has become very different between the past and the present. The old means of transportation were more difficult to move or rest periods in places that were not qualified for that.

Therefore, I find that the current amenities, such as comfortable chairs designed to suit your sitting for a long time, using the best and finest fabrics and materials, is very wonderful. Amenities vary according to the means of transportation, whether it is a plane, train, car, or steamer.

There is a vast difference that helps you spend a safe and comfortable travel. Therefore, it is great that we are living in this present time and enjoy all these convenient means of transportation.

Transportation in the past

In the past, transportation depended on a lot of hard work. Whether to prepare for it since a great time earlier. Preparing many items of food and clothing. And provide plenty of money so that a person can move. This is because of the distances and the presence of large areas that are not qualified for the population, which makes moving from one area to another difficult and fraught with many natural and abnormal risks.

One of the most famous ancient means of transportation was the horse or carts that were drawn by horses. Come later after that car or train.

And certainly cars were not made to carry heavy weights or travel long distances. Also, the roads were not qualified in all countries for movement.

Which makes us feel grateful that we live in a time of more development in the means of transportation and also more grateful for the rehabilitation of all countries of the appropriate infrastructure to facilitate transportation.

Paragraph about transportation

There is no doubt that the means of transportation are of great importance in the growth of the economy of countries.

Man has known the importance of transportation since ancient times and used it to move from one place to another, in addition to using it to transport products and merchandise to the markets.

Transportation has witnessed a great development, as it has become more comfortable and faster than before, and has used clean fuels such as gas and electricity to maintain a clean environment and reduce diseases that were spread due to air pollution with car exhaust.

Car exhaust was causing chest and respiratory diseases as a result of emitting large amounts of carbon dioxide. In addition, car exhaust contains high levels of lead, which is very harmful to health.

Transportation in the past and present

Undoubtedly, the history of transportation development indicates the extent of technological development that occurred during the past few decades. A series of successive inventions have occurred that revolutionized the world of transportation.

Example of transportation in the past

About fifty years ago, my grandfather and my father used the steam train to travel, and its speed was slow as it covered a distance of 100 kilometers in several hours, and the seats were made of wood and uncomfortable, and this train was very noisy as it went, in addition to the smoke coming from it which pollutes the air

An example of transportation in the present

Today, we ride an electric express train, it runs 100 km in several minutes, and its seats are leather, which is very comfortable, and it does not pollute the environment because it uses clean energy, and it does not make noise while it is running.

Compare transportation in the past and present

Undoubtedly, we saw in the old films some of the means of transportation that our ancestors used, and we noticed the great difference between them and modern transportation.

The benefits of technological development in transportation

The technological development in the means of transportation has provided several benefits that have brought all countries economic progress and growth, such as:

Increasing the speed of transportation, which saved a lot of time, in addition to encouraging many people to travel and move from one place to another.
Transportation has become more comfortable, in terms of the quality of seats, in addition to providing places on long roads for passengers to rest for some time.
Transportation is now able to transport heavier loads than in the past.

transportation before and now

Every day scientists and engineers work to improve the properties of transportation. Almost sixty years ago, the steam engine was used in all means of transportation, such as cars, buses, trains, and ships.

This was considered a huge development in the transportation industry. Coal continued to be used to power the steam engine until the discovery of petroleum.

They used gasoline and gas as fuel to obtain the energy needed for the various means of transportation. Then another progress occurred, where gas was used instead of gasoline in many means of transportation.

Transportation past and present

Reduce costs and increase efficiency

The most important concern of scientists specialized in the development of transportation means is to reduce costs and increase efficiency.

Because the most important goal is to improve the transportation service, while maintaining the reduction of transportation costs.

Because this is one of the reasons for the recovery of trade between countries, where the prices of goods do not increase by a high rate as a result of the high cost of transportation.

And the cost reduction leads to a boom in tourism as well, as the cost of transportation is within the reach of many categories of people.

Means of transportation in the past

What is the motivation behind the development of transportation

Global trade is the most powerful driver of transportation development. This trade began since ancient times, when commercial trips were to India to buy spices and fabrics, and transport them to the countries of the Middle East or to Europe. As well as trips to Africa to transport gold and slaves to Europe and America. The means of transportation used in the past depended on animals.

Till the invention of ships, cars and planes, and as a result exports and imports increased. The development of means of transportation had the greatest role in trade exchange between countries.

Transportation then and now essay

Roads and transportation

We cannot talk about transportation without talking about roads. Where there is a close link between road construction and transportation development.

Would it be useful to develop means of transportation without creating roads that allow transportation to move easily?.

Therefore, it has become necessary to establish new roads commensurate with the speed of transportation, as well as with the increasing number of vehicles.

Gas stations are also set up at suitable distances, especially on long roads. Some maintenance centers are also being established, and services are provided to travelers

Transportation today compared to the past

The first modern highway was designed in 1756-1836 by John Loudon Mack, using soil and gravel as paving. And when the means of transportation developed, especially in Germany in 1886 AD and the United States in 1908 AD, the need for the construction of asphalt roads increased accordingly.

The Red Cliffy Nottingham Road became the world’s first paved road. Iron bars were also used to construct the railways on which the trains travel.

Thus, the road and railways were expanded, which revolutionized the travel of people and the transport of goods.

Describe the evolution of transportation and travel essay

What are the benefits of the development of means of transportation and what are its harms?

Undoubtedly, we are benefiting from the tremendous development that has occurred in the means of transportation. It saves us time and becomes more comfortable.

We do not feel the trouble of traveling as our ancestors did in the past. Where travel has become an enjoyable journey, we can watch a movie or enjoy reading a book.

However, there are risks to our lives due to transportation, such as:

Frequent traffic accidents, which claim the lives of many people.
Severe congestion, the streets became crowded with public and private cars.
An increase in the level of pollution in the environment.

A comparison of past and present transportation methods

To compare the means of transportation in the past and the present, we can compare speed, effort, cost and risks.

Comparison in terms of speed

Transportation in the present has become very fast compared to transportation in the past.

Comparison in terms of effort

The current means of transportation provide us with comfort and enjoyment of travel.

Cost comparison

Despite the advantages of modern means of transportation, it is considered less expensive.

Comparison in terms of risk

Modern means of transportation have become more dangerous due to the huge number of means of transportation that are on the road.

Transportation changes from past to present

In the past, humans relied on animals to move from one place to another. Man used donkeys, horses, camels, and mules to move him or carry his goods. Also, some peoples were able to use elephants to move and carry goods.

Then the means of transportation developed little by little, until we reached the modern means of transportation with better quality and lower cost.

Also, we can transport thousands of tons of goods from one country to another with ease. This development had a significant impact on the flourishing of trade and the exchange of goods, whether at the local or international levels.

What is the difference between transportation then and now

The difference between the means of transportation in the past and the present is very big. Scientists will continue to work on the development of means of transportation in the future. As it is the most important reason for economic progress.

You find that local and international trade depends on the development of the transportation network, whether land, sea or air.

In addition to the movement of individuals from one country to another, whether for tourism, work or study. The lower the cost of transportation, the more people will travel and move from one place to another.

The best day of my life speech

The most beautiful day of my life is the day when I turned 18, so I can get a driver’s license, my father promised me that he would buy me a car when I turned 18, I love to drive and I learned to drive last year in preparation for getting the license, today I will I go with my father to the car show, in order to choose the right car for me. I am still confused and did not decide what kind of car to choose, so I will take my older brother with me, to give me advice, I trust him completely.

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Essay on Transport in 500 Words

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Jan 2, 2024

Essay on Transport: There are four transport modes: air, water, land and rail. Railways and roads are the most commonly used modes of transport. The Grand Trunk Road or the GT Road is one of the world’s oldest roads and the largest in Asia. Since the domestication of animals in the Mesolithic period, humans started to work on different types of transport mechanisms. Developments in transport systems have come a long way. Today, aeroplanes and jets are the fastest modes of transport. Humans have built jets. Some of the fastest planes and jets are the USAF X-15, SR-71 Blackbird, and MIG-25 Foxbat.

Also Read: Speech on Make Public Transport Free

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Student Essays

5 Essays on Transportation [ Types & Importance in Life ]

Transportation is an important part of our lives. They facilitate our daily journeys, travel, tours etc, from one place to another. This Essay I have written for students that talks about the transportation, importance & types of transportation in life. This essay is very helpful for children and students for their school exams and written tests.

Essay on Transportation | Importance of Transportation in our Life

Transportation is an important part of our lives. It helps us get from one place to another. There are many different types of transportation, such as cars, buses, trains, planes, and boats. Each type of transportation has its own advantages and disadvantages.

Transportation refers at the process of transferring people or goods from one place to another. It is an important aspect of both our economic and social lives, facilitating the movement of goods and people between locations.

>>>> Read Also : ” Essay on My Travel Experience “

Types of Transportation:

There are many different types of transportation. Some of the most common are:

Cars: Cars are the most popular type of transportation in the United States. They are fast and can go anywhere. However, they are expensive to buy and to operate.

Buses: Buses are cheaper than cars, but they are not as fast. They also have to stop at bus stations, which can be inconvenient.

Trains: Trains are faster than buses and can go to more places, but they are also more expensive.

Planes: Planes are the fastest type of transportation, but they are also the most expensive.

Boats: Boats are a popular way to travel in the United States and around the world. They are slower than planes and cars, but they are cheaper than both.

Importance of Transportation in our Life:

Transportation is important because it helps us get from one place to another. It is also important for economic development. Transportation helps businesses move goods and services around the country and the world. It also helps people travel for work or pleasure.

Transportation is also important for safety. When people can get to hospitals, police stations, and fire stations quickly, it can save lives.

>>> Related Post: ” Essay on Effects of Global Warming ”

Short Essay on Transportation:

Transportation is the movement of people, goods and animals from one place to another. It has always been an important aspect of human civilization, enabling trade and communication between different regions.

The earliest forms of transportation were walking, swimming and riding animals. However, with advancements in technology, various modes of transportation have emerged such as roadways, railways, airways and waterways. Each of these modes has its own unique characteristics and benefits, catering to different needs and requirements.

Roadways are the most common form of transportation, with a vast network of interconnected roads allowing people and goods to travel within cities, towns and across countries. They provide flexibility and convenience for short distances, but can also lead to traffic congestion and pollution.

On the other hand, railways are a more efficient mode of transportation for long distances, carrying heavy loads of goods and people at high speeds. They also have a lower carbon footprint compared to roadways.

Airways have revolutionized transportation with the ability to travel long distances in short periods of time. However, they also contribute significantly to air pollution and climate change.

Waterways are another crucial form of transportation, especially for transporting goods across large bodies of water. They are also a popular mode of travel for tourists and provide a scenic and relaxing experience.

In conclusion, transportation plays a vital role in our daily lives and the economy. It has greatly evolved over time, making the world more connected and accessible. However, it is important to consider its impact on the environment and work towards sustainable solutions for the future. Transportation will continue to shape our society and it is important to adapt to its advancements while also being mindful of its consequences .

Essay on Transportation in India:

Transportation is an essential aspect of any country’s development and progress. In a vast and diverse country like India, having a robust transportation system is crucial for connecting people, goods, and services across the nation.

India has made significant strides in its transportation infrastructure over the years. The Indian Railways, with its extensive network of trains running on more than 121,000 kilometers of track, is the lifeline of the country. It carries millions of passengers and tons of freight every day and plays a vital role in the economy.

Apart from railways, India also has an extensive road network covering over 5 million kilometers. The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is responsible for constructing and maintaining highways connecting major cities and towns. This well-connected road network has facilitated the growth of trade and commerce, making it easier for businesses to transport goods across the country.

In recent years, India has also seen significant progress in air transportation. With the privatization of airlines and the modernization of airports, flying has become more affordable and accessible to a wider population. The improvement in air connectivity has not only made traveling within the country more convenient but has also boosted tourism and foreign investments.

In conclusion, transportation in India has come a long way, and its continued development is crucial for the country’s growth. With technological advancements and increased investment in infrastructure, India’s transportation system is only expected to get better, making it easier for people and goods to travel across the nation.

Essay on Transportation and Communication:

Transportation and communication have always been essential aspects of human civilization. They are crucial for the growth and development of any society, allowing people to exchange ideas, goods, services, and knowledge. In this short essay, we will explore the history of transportation and communication and how they have developed over time.

The earliest form of transportation was walking or using animals as a means to move from one place to another. As time passed, humans began using boats and ships for transportation over water bodies. The development of the wheel and cart revolutionized land transportation, enabling people to transport goods and travel longer distances.

With the invention of steam engines in the 19th century, railways became a popular mode of transportation. Later on, automobiles were introduced, changing the face of transportation forever. Today, we have a wide range of transportation options such as airplanes, high-speed trains, and even space shuttles.

Similarly, communication has undergone significant changes throughout history. In ancient times, people used smoke signals and drums to send messages over long distances. With the invention of writing systems came letter writing and the development of postal services. The telegraph, telephone, and radio were game-changing inventions that made communication faster and more efficient.

In recent years, the internet has revolutionized communication by providing instant messaging and video calling services. The rise of social media platforms has also changed the way we interact and communicate with each other.

Transportation and communication have not only connected people but also played a crucial role in shaping cultures, economies, and societies. They continue to evolve and improve, making the world a smaller and more connected place. So let us appreciate the advancements in transportation and communication that have made our lives easier and more efficient. After all, these are the pillars of human progress.

Essay on Transportation Problems:

Transportation is an essential component of our daily lives. It enables us to move from one place to another, delivering goods and services, and connecting people across the world. However, transportation also brings forth various challenges that continue to pose significant problems for society.

One of the most pressing transportation problems is traffic congestion. With the increasing number of vehicles on the roads and limited infrastructure, traffic congestion has become a common phenomenon in cities worldwide. This results in wasted time, increased air pollution, and reduced productivity for individuals and businesses.

Another transportation issue that affects our lives is the high cost of transportation. The rising fuel prices and maintenance costs make it difficult for people to afford their daily commute. This becomes even more challenging for low-income individuals who rely on public transportation.

Moreover, the reliance on non-renewable sources of energy for transportation has contributed to environmental issues such as air pollution and climate change. The emissions from vehicles are major contributors to greenhouse gases, which have a detrimental impact on our planet.

In addition, there is also the problem of accessibility in transportation. Many communities, particularly in rural areas, lack proper infrastructure and public transportation options, making it challenging for individuals to access basic necessities such as healthcare and education.

Transportation problems also have a significant impact on the economy. The inefficiencies in transportation systems can lead to delays in the delivery of goods and services, resulting in increased costs and lost opportunities for businesses.

Q: What is transportation in essay?

A: In an essay, transportation refers to the movement of people, goods, or information from one place to another, exploring its various modes, significance, and impacts.

Q: What is the importance of transportation in your life?

A: Transportation is crucial as it enables mobility, access to resources, economic activities, and connection with others, making it an integral part of daily life.

Q: What should I write about transportation?

A: You can write about the different modes of transportation, their role in society and the economy, challenges in transportation systems, and the impact of transportation on the environment.

Q: What is a transportation paragraph?

A: A transportation paragraph discusses various aspects of transportation, such as modes (e.g., road, rail, air, sea), their importance, and how they influence people’s lives and the movement of goods and services

The Importance of Effective Communication in Logistics

Aug 18, 2023 | Future in Logistics

Effective communication serves as the linchpin of the shipping and logistics industry, facilitating the smooth flow of information across intricate supply chains. In this dynamic landscape, where goods traverse vast distances and intricate networks, clear and timely communication acts as the compass that guides every shipment’s journey. Beyond its operational significance, communication holds the key to a superior customer experience. The concept of customer experience encompasses every touchpoint, from order placement to final delivery, and hinges upon the seamlessness and transparency of communication. Customers today expect not only their products to arrive on time but also to be informed every step of the way. Thus, effective communication is not just a logistical necessity; it is a direct conduit to a positive and memorable customer journey.

The Significance of Clear and Timely Communication

At the heart of every thriving logistics operation lies the critical role of communication, serving as the very backbone that sustains its functionality. Picture logistics as an intricate dance of countless moving parts – suppliers, carriers, warehouses, and customers – all harmonizing to ensure products reach their intended destinations. This dance, however, can only be orchestrated smoothly when communication takes center stage. Clear and timely communication is akin to the conductor’s baton, guiding each participant with precision and coordination. When accurate and real-time information flows seamlessly, it not only optimizes the entire logistical process but also cultivates a profound impact on customer satisfaction. Imagine the relief of a customer knowing exactly when their eagerly awaited package will arrive, thanks to timely updates that traverse the entire supply chain.

On the flip side, the repercussions of inadequate communication cannot be understated. Poorly communicated delays can disrupt the rhythm of the supply chain dance, leading to confusion, inefficiencies, and disgruntled customers. It’s not just about a late shipment; it’s about the trust that diminishes with each miscommunication. Customers left in the dark might feel as though they’re navigating a labyrinth blindfolded, and these negative experiences can ripple through word-of-mouth and online reviews. The consequences of poor communication are not merely logistical hiccups – they’re tarnished reputations, eroded trust, and missed opportunities for lasting customer loyalty. In a world where information flows at the speed f a click, the importance of effective communication in logistics cannot be overemphasized; it’s the linchpin that either fortifies or fractures the customer’s perception of your brand.

Advanced Tracking Systems

Delving into the realm of modern logistics, advanced tracking technologies emerge as the heralds of transparency, offering customers a level of insight that was once the stuff of dreams. These cutting-edge systems are the bridge that connects the intricate supply chain operations with the end consumer’s curiosity. Imagine a customer receiving a package and, with a few clicks, being able to visualize its journey from inception to their doorstep. This is the power of advanced tracking, providing real-time shipment location updates that transform uncertainty into clarity.

The benefits bestowed by these technologies are manifold. Real-time updates on shipment whereabouts not only alleviate customer anxiety but also empower them with the ability to anticipate delivery with a newfound sense of confidence. No more waiting in limbo; these systems hand customers the reins to make informed decisions, adjusting schedules and plans according to the precise progress of their order. Furthermore, the provision of estimated delivery times paints a concrete picture of anticipation, allowing customers to eagerly anticipate the arrival of their package, right down to the hour.

In a world of fast-paced e-commerce and ever-evolving consumer expectations, advanced tracking systems represent more than just technological advancements; they symbolize the democratization of information. No longer are customers left in the dark, wondering about the status of their orders. Instead, they become partners in the logistics dance, armed with knowledge that empowers them to actively engage in the journey their purchase undertakes. Advanced tracking systems don’t merely enhance logistics; they usher in a new era of customer-centric empowerment, where knowledge truly is power.

Proactive Notifications

In the realm of customer-centric logistics, proactive notifications emerge as unsung heroes, weaving a tapestry of assurance and engagement throughout the entire purchasing journey. These notifications, ranging from the initial order confirmation to the triumphant delivery announcement, offer customers a sense of companionship through their anticipation. Imagine receiving an instant confirmation of your order, followed by updates detailing each stage of its expedition – from the moment it departs the warehouse to the instant it arrives at your doorstep. These are not mere messages; they are the breadcrumbs of reassurance strewn along the path of logistics.

The value of such proactive notifications extends far beyond the realm of convenience; they wield the power to alleviate customer anxiety, transforming the uncertain waiting period into a reassuring process of anticipation. Instead of fervently checking tracking websites or impatiently glancing out the window, customers are equipped with real-time insights that mirror the progress of their order. This constant connection to the journey ensures they are never left in the dark, and as a result, their trust in the company’s competence deepens.

Successful companies today harness the magic of proactive communication to forge lasting bonds with their customers. Think of Amazon, a trailblazer in transforming the online shopping experience. With notifications for every step, from “Your Order Has Been Shipped” to “Out for Delivery,” they convert apprehensive waiting into active participation. Similarly, companies like FedEx and DHL offer live tracking features that put customers at the center of their logistics narrative. In these instances, proactive communication isn’t just about relaying information; it’s about creating a profound sense of trust and partnership between business and customer. In an era where every click and scroll counts, proactive notifications stand as the pillars of a relationship built on transparency, care, and the shared journey toward delivery.

Responsive Customer Support

In the intricate web of logistics, where even the most well-orchestrated plans can encounter turbulence, responsive customer support emerges as the guiding North Star, ready to navigate through storms of inquiries and concerns. Picture a scenario where a customer’s shipment encounters an unexpected delay or arrives in a less-than-ideal condition. It’s at these crossroads that the role of responsive customer support shines. By promptly addressing inquiries and concerns, this support becomes the bridge between potential frustration and swift resolution.

Accessible communication channels serve as the foundation of this support structure. In a world where communication takes myriad forms, the availability of diverse channels such as phone, email, and chat is the embodiment of customer-centricity. Whether a customer prefers the warmth of a human voice or the convenience of a quick chat, these options extend a hand of reassurance, letting customers know that their concerns matter and help is just a click or call away.

Consider the tale of a small business owner who received a shipment of goods that didn’t quite match their expectations. A quick call to customer support not only clarified the situation but also resulted in an immediate solution, restoring both confidence and loyalty. Similarly, stories of online retailers turning disgruntled customers into raving fans through empathetic email exchanges abound. These anecdotes underscore the transformative power of responsive customer support; it’s not just about issue resolution, but about turning challenges into opportunities for connection.

In the digital age, responsive customer support goes beyond fixing problems; it’s about nurturing relationships. Exceptional service isn’t merely a sign of goodwill; it’s a strategic investment in a reputation that can spread like wildfire through word-of-mouth and online reviews. As logistics evolve and the journey of every package becomes intertwined with the journey of the customer, responsive customer support remains the unwavering companion, ensuring that every concern finds a listening ear and every question is met with a timely and helpful response.

In the intricate tapestry of logistics, the thread of effective communication weaves a narrative of seamless operations and enriched customer experiences. From the bustling warehouses to the final doorstep, every moment hinges on the clarity and timeliness of communication. The significance of this cannot be overstated – it’s the difference between a journey embarked upon in darkness and one illuminated with knowledge and assurance. Advanced tracking technologies empower customers to be active participants in their package’s journey, transforming the waiting game into an informed adventure. Proactive notifications serve as constant companions, turning anxiety into excitement as customers traverse the stages of their order. Meanwhile, responsive customer support stands as a beacon, guiding through uncertainties with prompt solutions and empathetic care. In this age of heightened customer expectations, communication is not just a function; it’s the very pulse of customer satisfaction and loyalty. As logistics providers and businesses continue to prioritize transparency, empathy, and accessibility in communication, they pave the way for stronger partnerships, trust, and a customer experience that resonates long after the last package is delivered.

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Airlines Sue US Over Fee Disclosure Rules, Citing Overreach (1)

By Allyson Versprille

Several major US airlines and their lobbying group sued the US Transportation Department over new regulations mandating up-front disclosure of certain fees, in a fight over rules the agency says could mean big savings for travelers.

The lawsuit was filed Friday at the 5th US Circuit Court of Appeals by industry trade group Airlines for America and the carriers, including American Airlines , Delta Air Lines , United Airlines and JetBlue Airways . They claim the department overstepped its legal authority in issuing the new requirements and called them “arbitrary, capricious” and “an abuse of discretion.”

Airlines for America called them “a bad solution in search of a problem.”

The final rules, unveiled last month, require carriers and ticket agents to clearly communicate their extra charges up front for checked luggage and carry-on bags and for canceling or changing reservations. The department said at the time that they would save fliers more than half a billion dollars a year by helping them avoid surprise fees.

Read More: Airlines Must Now Pay Automatic Refunds for Canceled Flights

The legal battle will be a key test of new consumer protections sought by the Transportation Department. The agency has also issued final rules requiring airlines to provide automatic refunds if flights are canceled or significantly delayed. It has plans, at various stages of drafting, for regulations that would expand rights for passengers who use wheelchairs and to allow parents to sit with their children without being charged a fee.

Airlines for America said in a statement that the carriers already provide fee disclosures and that the new rules “will greatly confuse consumers who will be inundated with information that will only serve to complicate the buying process.”

The Transportation Department vowed to fight the suit.

“We will vigorously defend our rule protecting people from hidden junk fees and ensuring travelers can see the full price of a flight before they purchase a ticket,” department spokesman Sean Manning said in a statement. “Many air travelers will be disappointed to learn that the airline lobby is suing to stop these common-sense protections.”

The suit was reported earlier by Reuters.

The case is Airlines for America v. Department of Transportation, 5th US Circuit Court of Appeals (New Orleans).

(Updates with comments, quotes, details and context throughout, starting in first paragraph.)

--With assistance from Madlin Mekelburg , Ava Benny-Morrison and Mary Schlangenstein .

To contact the reporter on this story: Allyson Versprille in Washington at [email protected]

To contact the editors responsible for this story: Benedikt Kammel at [email protected]

Peter Jeffrey, Ryan Beene

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PDF TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION
TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION 169 of evolution." 7 What is behind this proposition, generally speaking, is that transportation is a means to or a cost that one bears in order to obtain some thing else.8 It has what value theorists call 'instrumental value', as opposed to 'intrinsic value'.9 As a report of the U.S. Department of Transportation had
The Transportation-Communication Revolution: 50 Years of Dramatic
Lower transportation and communication costs have led to higher rates of integration, entrepreneurial activity, and exchange of both goods and ideas — among people living in both high‐ and low ...
Communication and Transportation
Canal, Canal A canal is a human-made waterway or channel that is built for transportation, irrigation, drainage, or water supply. Although canals are among… Transportation, Transportation systems move goods and people around the world. Physical distribution of goods is accomplished by various means: truck, railroad, airp… Cleanliness, Virginia Smith In the mid-twentieth century, the ...
The Thought of Developing Transportation and Communication
The rise of public transportation and communication has led to the modern social industrial structure, and is an important symbol distinguishing modern from medieval society. Shipping, communication, railways, and the postal service represent the "weapons" of modern transportation. The development of modern transportation and communication ...
(PDF) The Role of Transport and Communication ...
The importance. of specific transport activities and infrastructure can thus be assessed for each sector of the economy. Transportation accounts on average between 1 0% and 15% of household ...
Means of Transportation and Communication
Transport is known as the lifeline of our country. We, humans, use various modes of transport to travel and move goods from one place to another. This is done with the help of different means of transportation, such as trucks, lorry, containers, buses, rail, aeroplanes and ships. The four primary means of transport are roadways, railways ...
Transport And Communication (Essay Sample)
Transport also facilitates movement of people from one place to the other for various reasons, mostly to seek for various services. While communication keeps us updated on the world events and trends. Both transport and communication play a vital role in our lives because they bring positive changes in our lives enhancing our economic conditions.
Essay ON MEANS OF TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION
Progress in Means of Transport. The growth and advancement of science and technology brought rapid changes in the means of transport and communication. Every time, with the invention of new machines and engines, the speed increased, and the people started covering long distances in a short time, with comfort and safety. Modern means of ...
Essay on "Means Of Transport And Communication ...
Information Technology which includes computers, www, Internet, etc. is also dependent on satellites. So, satellites, though themselves not a means of communication, have become a part of the system in a big way. Essay No. 03 . Means of Transport . Means of Transport are different from means of communication.
Essay on Transport
High-quality essay on the topic of "Transport" for students in schools and colleges. ... travel, and communication. Without transport, our lives would be very different. Types of Transport. Transport can be land, water, or air-based. ... evolving from primitive means to advanced technology-driven systems. It plays a pivotal role in the social ...
Communication vs Transportation: Meaning And Differences
In this case, the bicycle serves as both a means of transportation and a form of communication, as it enables people to connect with others in different parts of the region. 3. Cultural Differences. Cultural differences can also play a role in determining whether communication or transportation is the preferred method of interaction.
transportation
The movement of people and goods from place to place is known as transportation. Together with communication—the movement of ideas—transportation has been essential in bringing about the integration of regions and nations into a single world community. Transportation movements, combined into various systems and networks, are by way of land ...
151 Transportation Essay Topics & Writing Tips
Ideas for an Essay on Transportation and Communication . Communication is intrinsically connected with transportation. From the dawn of humanity, people exchanged goods and information by traveling. Throughout the ages, the speed of these exchanges increased. ... Mention various means of transport, as well as good routes and timetables. ...
CBSE Notes, Papers, NCERT Solutions
Detailed explanation with examples on means-of-transport-and-communication helps you to understand easily , designed as per NCERT. QnA , Notes & Videos
Essay on Importance of Transportation (900 Words)
Transport or transportation is the means for movement of humans, animals, goods, etc. for one place to another for some purpose. It is transportation that enables communication, trade, exchange, etc. between societies and localities and therefore, it is extremely important for the development of it. Transportation contributes to the development ...
Digital technologies of transportation-related communication: Review
The study aims to address critical knowledge gaps concerning the ways: (a) Digital technologies can improve transportation-related communication in the transportation sector, including public, private, and active transportation; and specifically, and; (b) Advances in digital technologies are being implemented in the transportation sector to ...
Transport and Communication of India and the World
On the other hand, communication is the passing of information or data from one source to another. (Source: pixabay) Transport usually involves means of transport such as roadways, railways, air travel etc. While the examples of means of communication are email, telephones, letters etc. Both transport and communication are complementary to each ...
Essay On Means Of Transport And Communication
Essay On Means Of Transport And Communication 1. Step To get started, you must first create an account on site HelpWriting.net. The registration process is quick and simple, taking just a few moments. During this process, you will need to provide a password and a valid email address. 2.
Transportation in the past and present essay 16 models
The development of transport during the stages of history was very slow and difficult, as people were carrying their goods on their heads or on their backs or run on the ground. In about 5000 BC, people began to use animals to transport loads and goods like mules and donkeys. After 3000 BC, the vehicles were invented.
Essay on Transport in 500 Words
Ans: Transport refers to the movement of humans and goods through different means. There are different modes of transport, such as roads, railways, air and sea. Early humans used to walk to travel to different places. Later on, with the domestication of animals, people started to ride large animals like horses and elephants.
5 Essays on Transportation [ Types & Importance in Life ]
Essay on Transportation and Communication: Transportation and communication have always been essential aspects of human civilization. They are crucial for the growth and development of any society, allowing people to exchange ideas, goods, services, and knowledge. ... The earliest form of transportation was walking or using animals as a means ...
The Importance of Effective Communication in Logistics
Thus, effective communication is not just a logistical necessity; it is a direct conduit to a positive and memorable customer journey. The Significance of Clear and Timely Communication. At the heart of every thriving logistics operation lies the critical role of communication, serving as the very backbone that sustains its functionality.
Describe your favourite means of transport
So, I started using the bicycle in my everyday transportation. A bicycle is my preferred mode of transportation for different reasons. Firstly, it is economic to ride on a bicycle as the price of fuels and gas is on the rise. So, if you are on your bike, you are saving your bucks. Secondly, riding helps to feel you relaxed physically.
Free AI Paraphrasing Tool
Reword sentences in seconds. With Grammarly's free online paraphrasing tool, you can use AI to instantly paraphrase text for essays, emails, articles, and more. Enter the text you'd like to paraphrase below. You can further modify a sentence by selecting another option below. 0/500 characters.
Airlines Sue US Over Fee Disclosure Rules, Citing Overreach (1)
Allyson Versprille. Several major US airlines and their lobbying group sued the US Transportation Department over new regulations mandating up-front disclosure of certain fees, in a fight over rules the agency says could mean big savings for travelers. The lawsuit was filed Friday at the 5th US Circuit Court of Appeals by industry trade group ...
Airlines Sue US Transportation Department Over Rules Requiring Fee
May 13, 2024 at 10:00 AM PDT. Listen. 2:07. Several major US airlines and their lobbying group sued the US Transportation Department over new regulations mandating up-front disclosure of certain ...

Communication and Transportation

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Transport And Communication (Essay Sample)

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