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School system in the USA

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Education in the United States of America

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Understanding the American Education System

The American education system offers a rich field of choices for international students. There is such an array of schools, programs and locations that the choices may overwhelm students, even those from the U.S. As you begin your school search, it’s important to familiarize yourself with the American education system. Understanding the system will help you narrow your choices and develop your education plan.

The Educational Structure

Primary and secondary school.

Prior to higher education, American students attend primary and secondary school for a combined total of 12 years. These years are referred to as the first through twelfth grades.

Around age six, U.S. children begin primary school, which is most commonly called “elementary school.” They attend five or six years and then go onto secondary school.

Secondary school consists of two programs: the first is “middle school” or “junior high school” and the second program is “high school.” A diploma or certificate is awarded upon graduation from high school. After graduating high school (12th grade), U.S. students may go on to college or university. College or university study is known as “higher education.”

Grading System

Just like American students, you will have to submit your academic transcripts as part of your application for admission to university or college. Academic transcripts are official copies of your academic work. In the U.S. this includes your “grades” and “grade point average” (GPA), which are measurements of your academic achievement. Courses are commonly graded using percentages, which are converted into letter grades.

The grading system and GPA in the U.S. can be confusing, especially for international students. The interpretation of grades has a lot of variation. For example, two students who attended different schools both submit their transcripts to the same university. They both have 3.5 GPAs, but one student attended an average high school, while the other attended a prestigious school that was academically challenging. The university might interpret their GPAs differently because the two schools have dramatically different standards.

Therefore, there are some crucial things to keep in mind:

• You should find out the U.S. equivalent of the last level of education you completed in your home country.
• Pay close attention to the admission requirements of each university and college, as well as individual degree programs, which may have different requirements than the university.
• Regularly meet with an educational advisor or guidance counselor to make sure you are meeting the requirements.

Your educational advisor or guidance counselor will be able to advise you on whether or not you must spend an extra year or two preparing for U.S. university admission. If an international student entered a U.S. university or college prior to being eligible to attend university in their own country, some countries’ governments and employers may not recognize the students’ U.S. education.

Academic Year

The school calendar usually begins in August or September and continues through May or June. The majority of new students begin in autumn, so it is a good idea for international students to also begin their U.S. university studies at this time. There is a lot of excitement at the beginning of the school year and students form many great friendships during this time, as they are all adjusting to a new phase of academic life. Additionally, many courses are designed for students to take them in sequence, starting in autumn and continuing through the year.

The academic year at many schools is composed of two terms called “semesters.” (Some schools use a three-term calendar known as the “trimester” system.) Still, others further divide the year into the quarter system of four terms, including an optional summer session. Basically, if you exclude the summer session, the academic year is either comprised of two semesters or three quarter terms.

The U.S. Higher Education System: Levels of Study

• First Level: Undergraduate

"The American system is much more open. In Hong Kong you just learn what the teacher writes on the board. In America, you discuss the issues and focus more on ideas."

Paolo Kwan from Hong Kong: Studying English and Business Administration at Sierra College in California

A student who is attending a college or university and has not earned a bachelor’s degree, is studying at the undergraduate level. It typically takes about four years to earn a bachelor’s degree. You can either begin your studies in pursuit of a bachelor’s degree at a community college or a four-year university or college.

Your first two years of study you will generally be required to take a wide variety of classes in different subjects, commonly known as prerequisite courses: literature, science, the social sciences, the arts, history, and so forth. This is so you achieve a general knowledge, a foundation, of a variety of subjects prior to focusing on a specific field of study.

Many students choose to study at a community college in order to complete the first two years of prerequisite courses. They will earn an Associate of Arts (AA) transfer degree and then transfer to a four-year university or college.

A “major” is the specific field of study in which your degree is focused. For example, if someone’s major is journalism, they will earn a Bachelor of Arts in Journalism. You will be required to take a certain number of courses in this field in order to meet the degree requirements of your major. You must choose your major at the beginning of your third year of school.

A very unique characteristic of the American higher education system is that you can change your major multiple times if you choose. It is extremely common for American students to switch majors at some point in their undergraduate studies. Often, students discover a different field that they excel in or enjoy. The American education system is very flexible. Keep in mind though that switching majors may result in more courses, which means more time and money.

• Second Level: Graduate in Pursuit of a Master’s Degree

Presently, a college or university graduate with a bachelor’s degree may want to seriously think about graduate study in order to enter certain professions or advance their career. This degree is usually mandatory for higher-level positions in library science, engineering, behavioral health and education.

Furthermore, international students from some countries are only permitted to study abroad at a graduate level. You should inquire about the credentials needed to get a job in your country before you apply to a postgraduate university in the USA.

A graduate program is usually a division of a university or college. To gain admission, you will need to take the GRE (graduate record examination). Certain master’s programs require specific tests, such as the LSAT for law school, the GRE or GMAT for business school, and the MCAT for medical school.

Graduate programs in pursuit of a master’s degree typically take one to two years to complete. For example, the MBA (master of business administration) is an extremely popular degree program that takes about two years. Other master’s programs, such as journalism, only take one year.

The majority of a master’s program is spent in classroom study and a graduate student must prepare a long research paper called a “master’s thesis” or complete a “master’s project.”

• Third Level: Graduate in Pursuit of a Doctorate Degree

Many graduate schools consider the attainment of a master’s degree the first step towards earning a PhD (doctorate). But at other schools, students may prepare directly for a doctorate without also earning a master’s degree. It may take three years or more to earn a PhD degree. For international students, it may take as long as five or six years.

For the first two years of the program most doctoral candidates enroll in classes and seminars. At least another year is spent conducting firsthand research and writing a thesis or dissertation. This paper must contain views, designs, or research that have not been previously published.

A doctoral dissertation is a discussion and summary of the current scholarship on a given topic. Most U.S. universities awarding doctorates also require their candidates to have a reading knowledge of two foreign languages, to spend a required length of time “in residence,” to pass a qualifying examination that officially admits candidates to the PhD program, and to pass an oral examination on the same topic as the dissertation.

Characteristics of the U.S. Higher Education System

Classroom Environment

Classes range from large lectures with several hundred students to smaller classes and seminars (discussion classes) with only a few students. The American university classroom atmosphere is very dynamic. You will be expected to share your opinion, argue your point, participate in class discussions and give presentations. International students find this one of the most surprising aspects of the American education system.

Each week professors usually assign textbook and other readings. You will be expected to keep up-to-date with the required readings and homework so you can participate in class discussions and understand the lectures. Certain degree programs also require students to spend time in the laboratory.

Professors issue grades for each student enrolled in the course. Grades are usually based upon:

• Each professor will have a unique set of class participation requirements, but students are expected to participate in class discussions, especially in seminar classes. This is often a very important factor in determining a student’s grade.
• A midterm examination is usually given during class time.
• One or more research or term papers , or laboratory reports must be submitted for evaluation.
• Possible short exams or quizzes are given. Sometimes professors will give an unannounced “pop quiz.” This doesn’t count heavily toward the grade, but is intended to inspire students to keep up with their assignments and attendance.
• A final examination will be held after the final class meeting.

Each course is worth a certain number of credits or credit hours. This number is roughly the same as the number of hours a student spends in class for that course each week. A course is typically worth three to five credits.

A full-time program at most schools is 12 or 15 credit hours (four or five courses per term) and a certain number of credits must be fulfilled in order to graduate. International students are expected to enroll in a full-time program during each term.

If a student enrolls at a new university before finishing a degree, generally most credits earned at the first school can be used to complete a degree at the new university. This means a student can transfer to another university and still graduate within a reasonable time.

Types of U.S. higher education

Xujie Zhao from China: Studying Computer Networking at Wentworth Institute of Technology in Boston

1. State College or University

A state school is supported and run by a state or local government. Each of the 50 U.S. states operates at least one state university and possibly several state colleges. Many of these public universities schools have the name of the state, or the actual word “State” in their names: for example, Washington State University and the University of Michigan.

2. Private College or University

These schools are privately run as opposed to being run by a branch of the government. Tuition will usually be higher than state schools. Often, private U.S. universities and colleges are smaller in size than state schools.

Religiously affiliated universities and colleges are private schools. Nearly all these schools welcome students of all religions and beliefs. Yet, there are a percentage of schools that prefer to admit students who hold similar religious beliefs as those in which the school was founded.

3. Community College

Community colleges are two-year colleges that award an associate’s degrees (transferable), as well as certifications. There are many types of associate degrees, but the most important distinguishing factor is whether or not the degree is transferable. Usually, there will be two primary degree tracks: one for academic transfer and the other prepares students to enter the workforce straightaway. University transfer degrees are generally associate of arts or associate of science. Not likely to be transferrable are the associate of applied science degrees and certificates of completion.

Community college graduates most commonly transfer to four-year colleges or universities to complete their degree. Because they can transfer the credits they earned while attending community college, they can complete their bachelor’s degree program in two or more additional years. Many also offer ESL or intensive English language programs, which will prepare students for university-level courses.

If you do not plan to earn a higher degree than the associate’s, you should find out if an associate’s degree will qualify you for a job in your home country.

4. Institute of Technology

An institute of technology is a school that provides at least four years of study in science and technology. Some have graduate programs, while others offer short-term courses.

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• Education at a Glance

Education at a Glance 2023

United states, oecd indicators.

Education at a Glance is the authoritative source for information on the state of education around the world. It provides data on the structure, finances and performance of education systems across OECD countries and a number of accession and partner countries. More than 100 charts and tables in this publication – as well as links to much more available on the educational database – provide key information on the output of educational institutions; the impact of learning across countries; access, participation and progression in education; the financial resources invested in education; and teachers, the learning environment and the organisation of schools.

The 2023 edition includes a focus on vocational education and training (VET), examining participation in VET and the structure of VET programmes. This edition also includes a new chapter - Ensuring continued learning for Ukrainian refugees - which presents the results of an OECD 2023 survey that collected data on measures taken by OECD countries to integrate Ukrainian refugees into their education systems.

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This country note provides an overview of the key characteristics of the education system in the United States. It draws on data from Education at a Glance 2023. In line with the thematic focus of this year’s Education at a Glance, it emphasises vocational education and training (VET), while also covering other parts of the education system. Data in this note are provided for the latest available year. Readers interested in the reference years for the data are referred to the corresponding tables in Education at a Glance 2023.

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Education System in the United States of America

Oct 24, 2014

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Education System in the United States of America. An Overview. Martha R. Green, M.Ed. Program Coordinator: Office of International Outreach & The Confucius Institute at Texas A&M University. The United States has a Decentralized System of Education.

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Education System in the United States of America An Overview Martha R. Green, M.Ed. Program Coordinator: Office of International Outreach & The Confucius Institute at Texas A&M University

The United States has a Decentralized System of Education The United States has a decentralized system of education; there is no national school system. In accordance with the U.S. Constitution, the ultimate authority to create and administer education policy rests with the 50 states, and most states have delegated authority to operate schools to local governments. There are no national laws addressing a prescribed curriculum, the establishment and recognition of institutions, the recognition of degrees or professions, the governance of institutions, or the legal status of students or faculty. The federal government plays a limited but important role in ensuring equity, supporting state and local educational improvement efforts, providing financial support for postsecondary education, gathering statistics and conducting research, and helping to make education a national priority.

Federal Government The United States Department of Education Secretary of Education: Arne Duncan (Cabinet-level position) National Education Budget (2007): $972 billion (public and private funds, all levels) Function: Responsible for federal education policy • Official Mission: To ensure equal access to education and promote educational excellence throughout the nation. • Collecting and disseminating information: educational statistics, research data, best practices; • Playing a leadership role by influencing public opinion and building partnerships with states, communities, educators, parents, and the private sector to improve education; • Ensuring equal educational opportunity by enforcing civil rights laws. The Department can withhold federal funding from any organization that is found in violation of civil rights law • Supporting educational improvement and reform by providing grants to states, local governments, and individual schools (often targeted to disadvantaged groups • Providing financial assistance to students to help pay for postsecondary education. • No Child Left Behind Policy: Requires states to conduct annual proficiency tests

Role of State Governments Education policy and administration in the United States begins at the state level and continues at the local and institutional levels. Regardless of size, each state and territory is internally self-governing and has authority with respect to educational matters within its jurisdiction. Education policy is developed by the State Board of Education and the State Legislature, while the State Department of Education is responsible for implementing policy and overseeing the state's school districts. State Boards of Education are bodies of citizens that are either appointed by the legislature or governor, or elected by the public. Their job is to conduct oversight of statewide educational policies and operations, determine budget priorities, approve new policies and guidelines including curriculum guidelines and textbook selection, approve certain professional appointments, and consider requests from local education agencies. The Texas State Board of Education (SBOE) is the policy-making body of the Texas Education Agency (TEA), which coordinates all public educational activities and services except those of colleges and universities. Texas Education Agency establishes state curriculum guidelines and mandates a yearly schedule of testing to assess student progress (Texas Assessment of Academic Skills)

State Commissioner of Education • Responsible for the day-to-day affairs of state departments of education and report periodically to the state board, the legislature, and the governor • Chartering or licensing institutions to operate within their jurisdictions; • Establishing curriculum guidelines; • Setting the minimum number of school days; • Establishing school health and safety laws; • Licensing or certifying school teachers and administrators; • Developing policies and regulations governing public primary and secondary education; • Designating and appointing agencies and boards to oversee public education at all levels; • Providing funding and technical assistance to local government agencies and schools. • Education tends to be the largest expenditure item in the budget of every state territory. • On average, state education expenditures account for about 48% of total education spending in the United States. • States do not generally regulate postsecondary education as closely as they do elementary and secondary education.

Role of Local Government • Even though constitutional authority over education is ultimately vested in the state governments, most states delegate the operation and many aspects of policymaking to local school districtsAuthority over the curriculum varies, with some states prescribing general curriculum guidelines, while others require compliance with specific requirements. Local school districts are governed by a School Boardwhose members can be elected and/or appointed. School board selects and hires the District Superintendentas the individual responsible for implementing policy and managing the day-to-day operations of the school district. School districts are responsible for the following: • Hiring teachers, principals, and other staff; • Setting teacher and administrator salaries; • Administering teacher in-service training; • Coordinating school bussing; • Allocating budgets among schools and programs; • Overseeing building construction and maintenance; • Entering into partnerships with the community.

Organization and Administration of Local School Districts Elementary and secondary education generally spans 12 academic years, or grades. The academic year generally lasts approximately 9 months, or 180 days. Classes normally are in session September to June. The school day for all but the youngest children lasts from about 8:00 A.M. to 3:00 P.M. Ages for compulsory schooling in the United States vary by state, but all jurisdictions require school attendance. In general, school attendance is required between the ages of 6 and 16. There are about 26 million children in public elementary schools (grades K-5) and almost 17 million children in public secondary schools (grades 6-12). Private elementary and secondary schools enroll another 5 million children.

School Finance The funding of public elementary and secondary schools in the United States is decentralized. The federal government provides approximately 7% of total funding, while 47% and 46% of funding comes from the state and the local governments, respectively. The federal government provides grants to states and school districts to support improved educational quality and reforms. The state governments also provide grants to school districts and individual schools. In addition, states generally administer to school districts those funds granted to the state by the federal government. In Texas, the state allocates funds to local districts based on the average daily attendance of each student.In addition to the funding received from the federal government, the state government, and the private sector, local school districts receive a significant portion of their budget from local government funds such as bond issues and local property taxes

Curriculum Development There is no standard national curriculum set by law. The federal government is barred from establishing curriculum. States establish their own guidelines and policies for the curriculum and considerable freedom is often left to local and school authorities. Elementary education is not divided into different tracks such as academic or vocational. Secondary school students generally have the option to pursue a university preparationor a vocational-technical curriculum.

Structure of the Education System in the United States • Primary School: Kindergarten to fifth grade (Early Childhood Education) • American children start school at the age of five years. It is required of all American children enrolled in the American education system. • Secondary school: Grades six through twelve • Middle School: Grades six through eight • High School: Ninth through twelfth grades • High School Diploma: Certificate indicating completion of the twelfth grade.In the American education system, students must obtain a high school diploma before they are admitted into college or university. • Undergraduate Schools: Course of study In a specific area • Associate degree (two year degree) • Bachelors Degree) (four-year degree) • Graduate School • Students who obtain a bachelor’s degree can continue their education by pursuing one of two types of degrees: • Master’s degree (a two-year degree that is highly specialized in a specific field). • PhD degree (three to seven years depending on required research) • Certain courses of study are only available at the graduate school level in America: law, dentistry, and medicine.

Special Programs in Secondary Education • Individuals with Disabilities Education Act: The federal law that grants children with disabilities the right to receive “a free appropriate public education.” • Inclusion/Mainstreaming Individual Education Plan (IEP)/ Educational Modifications • Gifted Education: Inquiry Academy, Jane Long Middle School & Harmony Science Academy • “Gifted and talented student’ means a child or youth who performs at or shows the potential for performing at a remarkably high level of accomplishment when compared to others of the same age, experience, or environment and who: • Exhibits high performance capability in an intellectual, creative, or artistic area; • Possesses an unusual capacity for leadership; or • Excels in a specific academic field.” • Bilingual Education/English as a Second Language Programs: Every student in the state who has a home language other than English and who is identified as limited English proficient shall be provided a full opportunity to participate in a bilingual education or English as a second language program • Alternative Education Programs (AEP) Each school district shall provide a disciplinary alternative education program in a setting other than a student's regular classroom; provides that students who are assigned to the disciplinary alternative education program be separated from students who are not assigned to the program; focuses on English language arts, mathematics, science, history, and self-discipline; provides for students' educational and behavioral needs; provides supervision and counseling.

Education System in the United States of America An Overview Martha R. Green, M.Ed. Program Coordinator: Office of International Outreach & The Confucius Institute at Texas A&M University [email protected] http://worldroom.tamu.edu

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The Education System of the United States of America: Overview and Foundations

• Reference work entry
• First Online: 01 January 2022
• pp 1015–1042
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• Paul R. Fossum 3  

Part of the book series: Global Education Systems ((GES))

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Prevailing discourse in the USA about the country’s teachers, educational institutions, and instructional approaches is a conversation that is national in character. Yet the structures and the administrative and governance apparatuses themselves are strikingly local in character across the USA. Public understanding and debate about education can be distorted in light of divergence between the country’s educational aspirations and the vehicles in place for pursuing those aims. In addressing its purpose as a survey of US education, the following chapter interrogates this apparent contradiction, first discussing historical and social factors that help account for a social construction of the USA as singular and national system. Discussion then moves to a descriptive analysis of education in the USA as institutionalized at the numerous levels – aspects that often reflect local prerogative and difference more so than a uniform national character. The chapter concludes with summary points regarding US federalism as embodied in the country’s oversight and conduct of formal education.

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The Education System of the United States of America

School Education Systems and Policies in South Asia

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Fossum, P.R. (2021). The Education System of the United States of America: Overview and Foundations. In: Jornitz, S., Parreira do Amaral, M. (eds) The Education Systems of the Americas. Global Education Systems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41651-5_14

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Education in the United States of America - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Education in the United States of America

Schools teach primarily in english satisfy the demand for highly skilled workers the key to maintaining competitiveness and ... psle conducted on last ... – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• Democratic constitutional federal republic of fifty states
• 296,600,000 Population est. (2005)
• GDP per capita 41,557
• Largest Religion Christianity
• Main Language English
• A highly decentralized system
• Funding, curriculum decisions at the local level through school boards.
• Standards generally set by state agencies.
• The federal government, through Department of Education, involved with funding of some programs
• Also have nonprofit private schools.
• Schools teach primarily in English
• Satisfy the demand for highly skilled workers
• The key to maintaining competitiveness and prosperity in the global economy.
• Evident in recent reports showing that raising student achievement --gt national economic growth.
• Reports estimate significant improvements in education over a 20 year period can lead to as much as a 4 GDP growth, or over US400b.
• Total 97 Literacy Rate
• Male 97 Literacy Rate
• Female 97 Literacy Rate
• Correlation between education and economic growth --gt prompted government to increase spending in education.
• US501.3b, 4.27 of GDP in 2004
• US482.0b in 2003
• US462.7b in 2002
• Students cannot choose their course structure
• Remain in a single classroom
• One teacher for the entire school day
• Education is hardly standardized
• Student learns basic algebra, grammar and spelling, and a year of state, national and world history.
• Teaching of science varies greatly - one of the most undertaught subjects,
• Most teachers only have a degree in English or education
• Students enroll in class schedules
• Classes from several teachers
• Classes include science, mathematics, english, social science courses, interspersed with a reading and/or technology class.
• PE is compulsory from kindergarten to 9th grade.
• Electives are generally limited to only one or two classes.
• Students have more control
• Can choose their core classes.
• Most students take a broad variety of classes
• Curriculum varies widely in quality and rigidity
• Students take one or more standardized tests - based on postsecondary education preferences - and local graduation requirements
• The SAT and ACT are the most common
• Some school offer elective courses such as
• ? Visual arts (drawing, sculpture, painting, photography, film)
• ? Performing Arts (drama, band, orchestra, dance)
• ? Shop (woodworking, metalworking, automobile)
• ? Computers (word processing, programming, graphics)
• ? Athletics (football, baseball, basketball, track and field, swimming, gymnastics, water polo, soccer)
• ? Publishing (journalism, yearbook)
• ? Foreign languages (French, German, Spanish)
• Honors classes for motivated and gifted students
• Quality of education is higher and tougher
• If funds are available, AP or IB courses available
• Most tertiary institutions consider AP or IB results
• AP and IB courses equivalent to freshman year courses
• Therefore, postsecondary institutions allow students to graduate early.
• College or university.
• Public schools more lenient Private schools rigorous
• ECAs considered for admission
• Community college (2 yr) AA degree
• Undergraduate study for 4 yrs bachelors degree
• Postgraduate study 1-3 yrs masters degree.
• 3 or more yrs after the completion of a masters degree, students may earn a doctoral degree.
• No Child Left Behind Act
• Increasing Education Budget
• Reauthorization of some federal programs
• Strive to improve performance of America's schools
• Improved teacher quality (higher standards, e.g. bac. Degree
• Scientifically based research strategies in classroom
• Increase standards of accountability for all schools
• Provide parents more flexibility in choosing schools for child
• Increased focus on reading
• Elementary School (Grade 1 5)
• Mostly 1 teacher who teaches everything
• History, Basic Math, Basic Science, English
• Physical Education (mostly play time but later progressed to exercise time)
• Music Sing, learned recorder in Grade 3 (similar to us)
• Teacher would sit down with students for 20 mins after lunch to read books to them.
• Middle School
• Schedule with 6 periods
• 20 mins of free reading after lunch
• Some interesting lessons
• Robotics (played with lego mindstorms for 1 semester)
• Exploratory choose 2 classes, like art/music/video production/ industrial tech (make stuff out of wood) / journalism/etc
• English More writing, Reading Romeo and Juliet, Do an act from a scene, read To Kill a Mockingbird
• Run 1 mile for every PE lesson
• School Life
• School days and holidays
• 6 hr long days
• Slowly get longer as the years passed
• 5 days a week, few Mondays off, 2 weeks for Xmas and New Year
• 1 Week spring break
• 2.5 month summer break
• Starts at 8am
• Students love holidays (esp. summer break)
• Governed by Ministry of Education
• Begins at Nursery / Kindergarten
• First 6 years in primary school (compulsory), PSLE conducted on last year.
• Heavily Subsidized School Fees
• Pass gt secondary school
• 4 or 5 years in secondary school. CCAs compulsory
• O Levels held on final year unless
• Through-train programmes skip O Levels
• Sec school If pass Junior College (2 years) or Polytechnic (3/4 years)
• A levels at the end of 2nd year, to university if pass
• For polytechnics, students can join universities on the last year.
• Very exam-oriented
• Very stressful
• Similarities
• Emphasis on Education for Economy
• Semestral Assessments of students
• Fitness and Health emphasised
• Meritocracy IB, AP, Honours classes v.s GEP
• Differences
• US has K-12 system, different
• Mandatory education 16-18 vs. 12
• Singapore is more centralised (MOE)
• Free education in USA
• Os and As in Singapore, SAT and ACT in USA
• United States of America
• Investment in Education Students have equal opportunities
• Decentralized system, allows automation
• Recognizes gifted students, provides for them
• More creative (slightly) than Singapore (too rigid)
• Republic of Singapore
• Efficient MOE
• Constant updating of syllabus
• Competitive environment stimulates learning
• Top international quizzes regularly
• One teacher for Elementary School No good
• Decentralization causes large variations
• STRESSFUL life
• Too Rigid, no creativity
• More decentralized system - Schools more autonomy
• Generate schools which cater to the needs of different students. - Establish specialised schools, similar to magnet schools - E.g. Sport schools
• Increase the number of years of mandatory education. - To develop a larger pool of talents - Contribute to a larger skilled workforce - Maintain competitive economy
• Less Stressful Education - Students work smarter, not harder - Increase life-span, standard of living

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