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Computer Organization and Architecture Tutorial

In this Computer Organization and Architecture Tutorial, you’ll learn all the basic to advanced concepts like pipelining, microprogrammed control, computer architecture, instruction design, and format.

Computer Organization and Architecture is used to design computer systems. Computer Architecture is considered to be those attributes of a system that are visible to the user like addressing techniques, instruction sets, and bits used for data, and have a direct impact on the logic execution of a program, It defines the system in an abstract manner, It deals with What does the system do.

Whereas, Computer Organization is the way in which a system has to structure and It is operational units and the interconnections between them that achieve the architectural specifications, It is the realization of the abstract model, and It deals with How to implement the system.

Table of Content

Basic Computer Instructions :
Instruction Design and Format :
Computer Arithmetic :
Microprogrammed Control :
Memory Organization :
Input and Output Systems :
Pipelining :
IEEE Number Statndards
Miscellaneous :
Quick Links :

To deepen your knowledge in Computer Organization and Architecture and prepare for exams like GATE, consider enrolling in the GATE CS Self-Paced course . This course offers detailed coverage of essential topics, helping you build a solid foundation in computer science and achieve your academic and career goals.

Basic Computer Instructions
A simple understanding of Computer
Issues in Computer Design
Computer System Level Hierarchy
Computer Architecture and Computer Organization
Timing diagram of MOV Instruction in Microprocessor
Assembly language and High level language
Addressing Modes
Memory based Vs Register based addressing modes
Von Neumann architecture
Harvard Architecture
Interaction of a Program with Hardware
Simplified Instructional Computer (SIC)
Instruction Set used in simplified instructional Computer (SIC)
Instruction Set used in SIC/XE
RISC and CISC
RISC and CISC | Set 2
Vector processor classification
Essential Registers for Instruction Execution
Single Accumulator based CPU organization
Stack based CPU Organization
General Register based CPU Organization
Data Transfer instructions in AVR microcontroller
Arithmetic instructions in AVR microcontroller
Conditional Branch Instructions in AVR Microcontroller
CALL Instructions and Stack in AVR Microcontroller
Branch Instructions in AVR Microcontroller
Logical Instructions in AVR Microcontroller
Data Manipulation Instructions
Machine Control Instruction
Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW) Architecture

Instruction Design and Format

Different Instruction Cycles
Machine Instructions
Instruction Formats (Zero, One, Two and Three Address Instruction)
2-address instruction and 1-address instructions
3-address instruction and 0-address instruction
3-address instruction and 2-address instructions
Register content and Flag status after Instructions
Debugging a machine level program
Vector Instruction Format
Vector instruction types
Branch Prediction in Pentium
Instruction Word Size
>> Problem Solving on Instruction Format

Computer Arithmetic

Computer Arithmetic | ALU and Data Path
Computer Arithmetic | Set 1
Computer Arithmetic | Set 2
Difference between 1’s complement and 2’s complement
Restoring Division Algorithm For Unsigned Integer
Non-Restoring Division For Unsigned Integer
Booth’s Algorithm
Overflow in Arithmetic Addition
How the negative numbers are stored in memory?
Conventional Computing vs Quantum Computing

Quiz on Number Representation

Microprogrammed Control

Micro-Operation
Microarchitecture and Instruction Set Architecture
Types of Program Control Instructions
Difference between CALL and JUMP instructions
Hardwired v/s Micro-programmed Control Unit
Implementation of Micro Instructions Sequencer
Performance of Computer
Control Unit and design
Horizontal micro-programmed Vs Vertical micro-programmed control unit
Camparisons between Hardwired Vs Micro-programmed Control unit
Computer Organization | Subprogram and its characteristics

Memory Organization

Introduction to memory and memory units
Memory Hierarchy Design and its Characteristics
Difference between Byte Addressable Memory and Word Addressable Memory
Difference between Simultaneous and Hierarchical Access Memory Organisations
Register Allocation
Cache Memory
Cache Organization | Set 1 (Introduction)
Multilevel Cache Organisation
Locality and Cache friendly code
Locality of Reference and Cache Operation
Amdahl’s law and its proof
Subroutine, Subroutine nesting and Stack memory
What’s difference between CPU Cache and TLB?
Different Types of RAM
Types of computer memory (RAM and ROM)
Secondary memory – Hard disk drive
Introduction to solid-state drive (SSD)
Read and Write operations in memory
2D and 2.5D Memory organization

Input and Output Systems

Priority Interrupts | (S/W Polling and Daisy Chaining)
I/O Interface (Interrupt and DMA Mode)
Direct memory access with DMA controller 8257/8237
Asynchronous input output synchronization
Programmable peripheral interface 8255
Interface 8255 with 8085 microprocessor for 1’s and 2’s complement of a number
8255 (programmable peripheral interface)
Microcomputer system
Working of 8085-based Single board microcomputer
Interface 8254 PIT with 8085 microprocessor
Synchronous Data Transfer
Input-Output Processor
MPU Communication
Memory mapped I/O and Isolated I/O
BUS Arbitration
Instruction Level Parallelism
Execution, Stages and Throughput
Types and Stalling
Dependencies and Data Hazard

IEEE Number Standards

IEEE Standard 754 Floating Point Numbers

Miscellaneous

Microprocessor
Microprocessor | Externally Initiated Operations
Bus organization of 8085 microprocessor
Generations of computer
Intel x86 evolution and main features
Memory Banking
Introduction to quantum computing
Rethinking binary with Quantum computers
Flynn’s taxonomy
Clusters In Computer Organisation
Parallel processing – systolic arrays
8259 PIC Microprocessor
Block Diagram of 8259 Microprocessor
Microprocessor | 8251 USART
Evolution of Microprocessors
Human – Computer interaction through the ages
Computer Ports
Introduction to Parallel Computing
Hardware architecture (parallel computing)
Computer Architecture | Multiprocessor and Multicomputer
Timing diagram of INR M
Program for Binary To Decimal Conversion
Program for Decimal to Binary Conversion
Program for decimal to octal conversion
Program for octal to decimal conversion
Program for hexadecimal to decimal

Quick Links

‘Quizzes’ on Computer Organization and Architecture !
‘Practice Problems’ on Computer Organization and Architecture !

Computer Organization and Architecture Tutorial – FAQs

What is computer organization.

Computer organization refers to the operational units and their interconnections that realize the architectural specifications of a computer. It involves the structural relations and the manner in which the components of the computer system are connected and work together.

What is computer architecture?

Computer architecture is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system. It encompasses the layout of the hardware, the design of the instruction set, and the techniques for data handling and processing. The objective is to outline a blueprint that ensures optimal performance and efficiency.

What is the difference between computer organization and architecture?

While computer architecture is concerned with the conceptual design and functional specification of a computer system, computer organization deals with the detailed operational implementation of the system. Essentially, architecture provides the macro-level blueprint, while organization focuses on the micro-level realization.

Why is understanding computer organization and architecture important?

Understanding computer organization and architecture is crucial for designing efficient computer systems, improving existing ones, and making informed decisions about hardware resources. It also helps in optimizing software to make full use of the underlying hardware and enhance overall system performance.

What are the key components of computer organization?

The key components of computer organization include the central processing unit (CPU), memory hierarchy (registers, cache, RAM, and secondary storage), input/output devices, and the interconnection system (buses and communication channels) that allows these components to interact effectively.

this Computer Organization and Architecture Tutorial has covered the fundamental concepts essential for understanding how computer systems function. From the basic building blocks like registers and ALUs to complex concepts such as pipelining and memory hierarchies, you now have a solid foundation. This knowledge is crucial for anyone pursuing a career in computer science or related fields. Keep exploring and practicing these concepts to deepen your understanding and stay updated with the latest advancements in computer architecture. This tutorial is just the beginning of your journey into the fascinating world of computer systems.

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