climate change essay in nepali

Explore historical and projected climate data, climate data by sector, impacts, key vulnerabilities and what adaptation measures are being taken. Explore the overview for a general context of how climate change is affecting Nepal.

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This page presents high-level information for Nepal's climate zones and its seasonal cycle for mean temperature and precipitation for the latest climatology, 1991-2020. Climate zone classifications are derived from the  Köppen-Geiger climate classification system , which divides climates into five main climate groups divided based on seasonal precipitation and temperature patterns. The five main groups are  A  (tropical),  B  (dry),  C  (temperate),  D  (continental), and  E  (polar). All climates except for those in the E group are assigned a seasonal precipitation sub-group (second letter).  Climate classifications are identified by hovering your mouse over the legend. A narrative overview of Nepal's country context and climate is provided following the visualizations.

Nepal is a landlocked country of South Asia, located in the Himalayas between India and China. The terrain is generally mountainous and contains many of the world’s highest peaks, including Mount Everest (8,848 meters [m]). The country also has low-lying areas in the south with elevations less than 100 m. About 80% of the country’s 28 million inhabitants (2019) live in rural areas. Small-scale, subsistence agriculture is a mainstay of Nepal’s economy, employing 69% of the country’s workforce in 2015. Despite this, agriculture contributed only 25% to GDP in 2019, compared to a 60% contribution from the service sector. Nepal’s National Planning Commission estimated in 2018 that around 28.6% of the population experiences multidimensional poverty, with a clear divide between rural areas, where the rate is 33%, and urban areas where the rate is 7%. An estimated 8% of Nepal’s population are undernourished.

Water and forests are Nepal’s most abundant natural resources, with freshwater (derived from glaciers, snowmelt, and rainfall) accounting for an estimated 2.27% of the total world supply. This water feeds the country’s major rivers: Koshi, Gandaki, and Karnali. Together, these river systems supply freshwater to a large portion of the 500 million people who live in the Ganges river basin. Nepal’s varied topography and social vulnerability make the country particularly susceptible to geological and climate-related disasters. Weakness in effective response mechanisms and strategies for dealing with natural hazards has historically exacerbated this vulnerability. An increase in soil erosion, landslides, flash floods, and droughts has been reported in recent years across the country, with increased intensity and impact on the lives and livelihoods of the Nepalese. Nepal is highly vulnerable to climate change impacts and recent studies by the Asian Development Bank suggested Nepal faces losing 2.2% of annual GDP due to climate change by 2050. Nepal ratified the Paris Climate Agreement and its Second Nationally Determined Communication (NDC) in 2020. Nepal’s Second National Communication to the UNFCCC (2014) (NC2) identifies the country’s energy, agriculture, water resources, forestry and biodiversity and health sectors as the most at risk to climate change.

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Highlighting the climate crisis with Nepali stories

Tulsi Rauniyar

“I feel the public is not sufficiently informed or worried about this pertinent issue today because of a huge gap in climate change communication. That is why I decided to start my own outreach campaign,” says Vallangi, who decided to tackle the issue head-on, after being overwhelmed by the disastrous consequences of climate change in India and across the world.

“I saw communities being affected by continuous floods, having no adequate assistance or preparation for responding to the disaster. I saw how women’s health and people’s aspirations and opportunities will take a serious hit due to climate change,” shares Vallangi.

The first of the three segments revolves around women’s health and the water crisis. The second segment looks at instances of extreme flooding and how it affects the dreams and opportunities of youths in a community. It has been tentatively decided that the third will be based in the Himalayas, leveraging Nepal’s diverse geography.

Vallangi urges her audience to think about unspoken or seemingly unrelated effects too, such as the increased frequency and intensity of flooding in Nepal, erratic rainfall patterns and increased water scarcity. Tropical diseases, like Kathmandu’s Dengue outbreak last year, may also be telltale signs that all of Nepal is already being affected, not just remote areas.

There are enough academic institutions working on climate change and the amount of scientific research available in Nepal made it easy for Vallangi to find experts and data to connect the science of climate crisis with what’s happening on ground. It was important from the beginning that the documentary should present the whole story in an enlightening and relatable way, which required a compelling integration of science with storytelling.

“Nepal was perfect that way because there are both powerful personal stories and adequate scientific expertise to effectively tell the overall story of the climate crisis.” says Vallangi. Because of the country’s diverse climate and topography, the stories covered here carry global significance because similar climate-related issues replicate world over.

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Key Highlights: Country Climate and Development Report for Nepal

Nepal country climate and development report: towards a green, resilient, and inclusive development.

Download Country Climate and Development Report for Nepal 

Nepal has achieved significant development progress in recent decades. To sustain the development gains, Nepal must adapt its development pathway to a changing climate. Nepal 's Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) identifies ways that Nepal can achieve its overall development objectives while fostering its strategic ambition to transition to a greener, more resilient, and inclusive development pathway.

Global warming and climate change are already affecting Nepal’s gross domestic product. Increased flooding, heat stress on labor productivity and health, and heat stress on crops and livestock are expected to be a continual drag on growth. Women, indigenous people, and other marginalized groups are often excluded from mainstream development and suffer from cumulative and cascading impacts of climate change and disasters. Without comprehensive and scaled-up climate action, climate change will continue to jeopardize gains in Nepal’s human development and poverty reduction.

To respond to this challenge, Nepal is already implementing steps to recalibrate its economy by adopting a Green, Resilient, and Inclusive Development (GRID) approach . In 2021, Nepal adopted the  Green, Resilient and Inclusive Development (GRID) approach  as a national vision to guide long-term green growth and build resilience to climate and other shocks that are barriers to Nepal’s development ambitions. Under Nepal’s federal structure, the local governments are placed at the center of climate resilience and development efforts with extensive implementation responsibilities and play a crucial role in translating the GRID strategy into action.

Nepal has pledged to achieve net zero emissions by 2045 and to significantly scale up hydropower investment in the coming decade.  Nepal has begun to put in place the necessary policy framework, such as the 2019 National Climate Change Policy, the 2022 Solid Waste Management Policy, the 2022 Forest Regulation and the 2022 Land Use Regulation. However, implementation of this reform agenda and prioritization of investments is incipient. Moreover, enhanced prioritization and efficiency of public expenditure are required to maximize climate and development benefits.

Last Updated: Sep 15, 2022

Nepal's CCDR report also outlines three key enabling themes to help support the priority system transitions  toward a greener future for Nepal:

• Strengthening the resilience of people and community assets through early warning systems, shock-responsive safety nets, and access to quality skills training;
• Embedding disaster risk management at all tiers of government and across all sectors;
• Prioritizing Nepal’s funding needs by convening and coordinating financing for climate action.

Nepal Climate and Development Report – Full Profile

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Climate change in Nepal: a comprehensive analysis of instrumental data and people’s perceptions

• Published: 26 March 2019
• Volume 154 , pages 315–334, ( 2019 )

Cite this article

• Uttam Babu Shrestha   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8766-279X 1 , 2 ,
• Asheshwor Man Shrestha 3 ,
• Suman Aryal 1 ,
• Sujata Shrestha 2 ,
• Madhu Sudan Gautam 4 &
• Hemant Ojha 5  

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Despite broad scientific consensus on climate change, public views may not always correspond with scientific findings. Understanding public perceptions of climate change is thus crucial to both identifying problems and delivering solutions. Investigations of climate change that integrate instrumental records and people’s perceptions in the Himalayas are scarce and fragmentary compared to other regions of the world. We analyzed nationally representative data ( n  = 5060) of local peoples’ perception of climate change in Nepal, and assessed annual and seasonal trends of temperature and precipitation, onsets of seasons, and trends of climate extremes, based on gridded climate datasets. We firstly used quantitative and spatial techniques to compare local perceptions and the instrumentally observed trends of climate variables. We then examined the possible association of demographic variables, place attachment, regional differences, and prior understanding of climate change with the accuracy of people’s perceptions. Instrumental evidence showed consistent warming, increasing hot days and nights, and increasing annual precipitation, wet spells, heavy precipitation and decreasing dry spells in Nepal. Our results indicate that locals accurately perceived the shifts in temperature but their perceptions of precipitation change did not converge with the instrumental records. We suggest that, in future as exposure to changes in weather, particularly extreme events, continues, people may become more likely to detect change which corresponds with observed trends. With some new methodological insights gained through integrating community perceptions with observed climate data, the results of this study provides valuable information to support policies to reduce climate-related risk and enhance climate change adaptation.

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Institute for Agriculture and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia

Uttam Babu Shrestha & Suman Aryal

Global Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies, Kathmandu, Nepal

Uttam Babu Shrestha & Sujata Shrestha

Discipline of Geography, Environment and Population, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia

Asheshwor Man Shrestha

School of Education, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal

Madhu Sudan Gautam

Institute for Studies and Development Worldwide (IFSD), Sydney, Australia

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Shrestha, U.B., Shrestha, A.M., Aryal, S. et al. Climate change in Nepal: a comprehensive analysis of instrumental data and people’s perceptions. Climatic Change 154 , 315–334 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-019-02418-5

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Received : 25 October 2018

Accepted : 15 March 2019

Published : 26 March 2019

Issue Date : 30 June 2019

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-019-02418-5

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